Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

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Phylum Porifera (sponges) Classification of sponges Class Calcarea • Share cellular organization • Class Demospongiae (cellular vs. syncitial) Diversity Share spicules’ chemistry • Class Hexactinellida (carbonate vs. silicon dioxide) Diversity of sponges Diversity of sponges • Class Calcarea • Class Calcarea • “obscure and taxonomically difficult” • “beautiful and fragrant” • Class Demospongiae • small, colorless • ~500 described species Class Hexactinellida = Glass Sponges likely a monophyletic group • • • Entirely marine and usually deep water • Siliceous spicules of triaxonic symmetry; • Class Demospongiae usually fuse together • Living tissues are mainly syncytial • Class Hexactinellida • ~500 described species Diversity of sponges • Class Calcarea • Class Demospongiae • Marine and freshwater; all depths • All shapes and colors • Siliceous spicules, collagen fibers, both or none • ~6000 described species • Class Hexactinellida Euplectella aspergillum = Venus’s flower basket Haliclona manglaris Tedania ignis Chalinula molitba C M O A R Neofibularia nolitangere Verongula rígida Ircinia strobilina N A G L R Oceanapia nodosa Mycale Amphimedon erina O microsigmatosa Aplysina archeri Aplysina fistularis Geodia neptuni V R E E S E F Agelas conifera Ptilocaulis walpersi Cliona delitrix Photos by MC Díaz Photos by S. Zea Hyalonema Aphrocallistes vastus Staurocalyptus dowlingi Tedania ignis Xestospongia muta Clathria shoenus S D E E A E G Leys P R Spheciospongia vesparia A S S S Platylistrum E Rosella A Amphimedon viridis, Aplysina fulva, Chondrilla nucula, Clathria Pleurochorium eschoenus, Cliona varians, Desmapsamma anchorata, Dysidea etheria annandale Photos by S. Zea and MC Díaz Hexactinellid Sponges 200 - 8000 m Lubromirskia baicalensis Volkmer-Ribeiro F R E S Corvoheteromeyenia heterosclera H Ephydatia muelleri Spongilla lacustris Eichhornia crassipes W A T E Volkmer-Ribeiro R Radiospongilla amazoniensis What is a sponge? A porous animal (Porifera = ‘pore bearing’) From NBE What is a sponge? What is a sponge? • Metazoans with a cellular grade of organization, no organs, no nerves, no true tissues • Sessile; movement limited to concerted crawling by cells (re-modeling) • Adults asymmetrical; larvae radially • A lucrative industry. Traders distinguish 400 commercial symmetrical varieties. In fact, only 7 (endangered) species from Mediterranean and 9 species from Caribbean • Body a system of water canals • Fortunately, bath sponges are only a few species out of ~ 15,000 (We’ll see why shortly) .

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Appendix: Some important early collections of West Indian type specimens, with historical notes Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 between 1841 and 1864, we gain additional information concerning the sponge memoir, starting with the letter dated 8 May 1855. Jacob Gysbert Samuel van Breda A biography of Placide Duchassaing de Fonbressin was (1788-1867) was professor of botany in Franeker (Hol published by his friend Sagot (1873). Although an aristo land), of botany and zoology in Gent (Belgium), and crat by birth, as we learn from Michelotti's last extant then of zoology and geology in Leyden. Later he went to letter to van Breda, Duchassaing did not add de Fon Haarlem, where he was secretary of the Hollandsche bressin to his name until 1864. Duchassaing was born Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, curator of its cabinet around 1819 on Guadeloupe, in a French-Creole family of natural history, and director of Teyler's Museum of of planters. He was sent to school in Paris, first to the minerals, fossils and physical instruments. Van Breda Lycee Louis-le-Grand, then to University. He finished traveled extensively in Europe collecting fossils, especial his studies in 1844 with a doctorate in medicine and two ly in Italy. Michelotti exchanged collections of fossils additional theses in geology and zoology. He then settled with him over a long period of time, and was received as on Guadeloupe as physician. Because of social unrest foreign member of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der after the freeing of native labor, he left Guadeloupe W etenschappen in 1842. The two chief papers of Miche around 1848, and visited several islands of the Antilles lotti on fossils were published by the Hollandsche Maat (notably Nevis, Sint Eustatius, St.
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