The Environment Movement: an Evolving Force for Social Change in Australia
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1 Table 1: The Environment Movement: An Evolving Force for Social Change in Australia This table forms part of the thematic entry about the Australian Environment Movement in The Encyclopaedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia published by the Australian Women’s Archives Project in 2014. This table and the thematic entry it relates to were written by Jane Elix and Judy Lambert. The thematic entry can be found at http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0443b.htm. The era The focus Women leaders Their roles Prior to Federation: There Gentleman naturalists (pastoralists, Georgiana Molloy (1805–1843) Supporting male colleagues in their scientific from the early days merchants, professionals)—widely read Elizabeth Gould (1804–1841) endeavours amateurs contributing to science Jane Franklin (1791–1875) Renegade explorers and scientific adventurers Ellis Rowan (1847–1922) Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891) Louisa Anne Meredith (1812–1895) Lobbied for legislation to protect Tasmania’s (O’Neill, <i>ADB</i>; Lemon, ‘Meredith’, wildlife <i>AWR</i>) Louisa Atkinson (1834–1872) (Chishom, Presented <i>Nature Notes of the Month</i> in ‘Atkinson’, <i>ADB</i>; Morrell, the <i>Illustrated Sydney News</i> ‘Atkinson’, <i>AWR</i>) The early 1900s: Bushwalkers seeking solace from the cities. Ethel Lun & two colleagues 250km walk – Victorian southern highlands Escape from suburbia Barely a decade as a male-only domain. (1909) Became campaigners for the conservation of favourite areas. Hattie Clark Lamington Plateau camp-outs (1921) Irene Longman (O’Keeffe, <i>ADB</i>; Parks & Playgrounds Association leader Heywood, ‘Longman’, <i>AWR</i>) Early Sydney Bush Walkers, Bouddi (1935) & Marie Byles Blue Mountains National Park campaigners Dorothy Butler ©Jane Elix and Judy Lambert, 2014, ‘Environment Movement’, The Encyclopaedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth Century Australia, The Australian Women’s Archives Project, Available online at: http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0443b.htm 2 Hobart Walking Club (1936) Jessie Luckman The 1950s & 1960s: Emergence of outdoor recreation clubs—Field The rise of the ‘intellectuals’ Naturalists, National Parks Associations, state- based Conservation Councils as peak bodies. Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland (1962) Judith Wright (Heywood, ‘Wright’, Artists, poets & naturalists campaigning for <i>AWR</i>), Kathleen McArthur & protection of the Great Barrier Reef Australian Conservation Foundation (1965) David Fleay Combining science & environmentalism nationally Penny Figgis Canberra lobbyist (1982), Vice-President (1985– 2005) Little Desert campaign (1968) Tricia Caswell Only female director (1992–1995) Valerie Honey & A turning point in citizen action to conserve Gwynnyth Taylor natural areas The 1970s: Lake Pedder campaign (1971–1972) Brenda Hean & others Unsuccessful but fired activist outrage and Lake Pedder, Green Bans, action against future losses Woodchips Kelly’s Bush Battlers (1971) Kath Lehaney & other middle-class Organised union bans in defence of urban urban residents bushland—catalysed many Resident Action Groups Millers Point/Dawes Point/The Rocks Resident Nita McCrae, Shirley Ball & Millicent Ensuring social justice and the environment Action Group (from early 1970s) Chalmers (from 1990s) were considered prior to development approvals. Campaign to Save Native Forests & Beth Schultz SW Forests Defence Foundation (1975) Protecting Western Australia’s south-west forests from woodchipping Animal Liberation (1976) Christine Townend (Alafaci, ‘Townend’, A campaign for animal welfare run by Christine ©Jane Elix and Judy Lambert, 2014, ‘Environment Movement’, The Encyclopaedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth Century Australia, The Australian Women’s Archives Project, Available online at: http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0443b.htm 3 <i>AWR</i>) from her home for 15 years The 1980s: A strong voice, a political Franklin Dam campaign (1970s–1982) Karen Alexander Led Victorian aspects of campaign against player, strange bedfellows damming of Franklin River in SW Tasmanian wilderness—touchstone for a generation of Margaret Robertson, Judy Lambert, environmental campaigners Janet Rice, Linda Parlane, Christine Milne Anti-nuclear/anti-uranium campaign (early Jo Vallentine Campaign against proposed nuclear power 1980s), started in WA station, Nuclear Disarmament Party Senator (elected 1984, Independent then Greens Senator to 1992) Land Release Study Group (early 1980s), WA Rosemary Jasper, Brenda Newbey & Campaign against alienation of 3 million Heather Pearce hectares of public land to marginal agricultural production Australian Rainforest Conservation Society (1982) Aila Keto ARCS formed by Aila & husband Keith to protect the Daintree rainforest in far north Queensland NSW Wilderness Act (1987) Australia’s first wilderness protection legislation Margaret Robertson National campaign led by Concerned Residents Wesley Vale pulp-mill campaign (1988) Opposing Pulp-mill Siting; Tasmanian Greens Christine Milne MP (1989–1998), Senator (2004–present) The 1990s & beyond: Federal Government Ecologically Sustainable Jane Elix, Imogen Zethoven, Lyn Community representatives in a male- Networks, international Development process (early 1990s) Goldsworthy dominated government-driven process environmentalism, more forests Decade of Landcare (1990s), leading on to regional Bushcare, Coastcare and Rivercare Jane Elix (Morrell, ‘Elix’, <i>AWR</i>), Originating in Victoria and Queensland and groups Colma Keating brought together nationally by Australian ©Jane Elix and Judy Lambert, 2014, ‘Environment Movement’, The Encyclopaedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth Century Australia, The Australian Women’s Archives Project, Available online at: http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0443b.htm 4 Conservation Foundation & National Farmers Federation with strong support from Victorian Premier Joan Kirner. National Threatened Species Network Vicki-Jo Russell (SA Coord, 14 yrs) New, government sponsored environmental Peg Putt (Tas Coord) (Francis, ‘Putt’, networks <i>AWR</i>), Greens MP for Denison, Marine & Coastal Community Network 15 years) Di Tarte (National Coord), Giz Watson (WA Coord) State & regional environmental lobby groups For a short period in the 1990s, all state Rachel Siewert (WA Conservation Conservation Councils were led by women. Council, 16 years), now WA Greens Senator; Judy Messer (NSW Conservation Council chair, 16 years); Michelle Grady (Conservation Council of SA, 12 years) Liz Bourne, Rosie Crisp, Imogen Zethoven, Felicity Wishart (Queensland Conservation Council Coordinators, 1980s & 1990s) Kelly O’Shannassy (Vic) In 2011 only one Conservation Council had a woman as Executive Director, Environment Victoria) Maria Mann (Environs Kimberley, 12 years) Jill Redwood (East Gippsland forests, 1980s–present) (Francis, ‘Redwood’, <i>AWR</i>) National environmental campaigns Philippa Walsh, WWF (Australia), 10 National biodiversity campaign years National forests campaign Virginia Young, Wilderness Society, 15 ©Jane Elix and Judy Lambert, 2014, ‘Environment Movement’, The Encyclopaedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth Century Australia, The Australian Women’s Archives Project, Available online at: http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0443b.htm 5 years Verna Simpson (1994–present) & Co-founder and Senior campaigner Humane Nicola Beynon Society International (Aust), combining animal welfare & environment protection. Nicola has since moved to a position as adviser to Greens Catchment Management Groups NSW MP. (1990s to present) Grecian Sandwell (WA), Brigid Dowsett Bringing together environmental protection, and Judy Henderson (NSW) and other agricultural production and natural resource chairs and board members management Private land acquisition & conservation management (2000s) Judy Henderson Bush Heritage, co-founder Philippa Walsh Senior conservation manager, Bush Heritage International science-based environmental NGOs (2000s) Imogen Zethoven UK-based Pew Trusts Michelle Grady *You can learn more about the roles played by many of these women as leaders in the environment movement by visiting janeelix.wordpress.com/ ©Jane Elix and Judy Lambert, 2014, ‘Environment Movement’, The Encyclopaedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth Century Australia, The Australian Women’s Archives Project, Available online at: http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0443b.htm .