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Studying the Vulnerability Reduction and Physical-Spatial Organization of Bojnord City Through the Urban Land Use Planning (Case Study: Flood)

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Studying the Vulnerability Reduction and Physical-Spatial Organization of Bojnord City Through the Urban Land Use Planning (Case Study: Flood) e-ISSN 2675-8229 Journal of RESEARCH and Journal Section: Engineerings, Exact and Earth Sciences Publication Type: Research KNOWLEDGE SPREADING Studying the vulnerability reduction and physical-spatial organization of Bojnord city through the urban land use planning (case study: flood) Estudo da redução da vulnerabilidade e organização físico- espacial da cidade de Bojnord por meio do planejamento do uso do solo urbano (estudo de caso: inundação) Estudio de la reducción de la vulnerabilidad y la organización físico-espacial de la ciudad de Bojnord a través de la planificación del uso del suelo urbano (estudio de caso: inundaciones) Ali Gholamzadeh Doab1 , Saeed Kamyabi1 1Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran. Corresponding author: Saeed Kamyabi E-mail: [email protected] How to cite: Doab, A. G., & Kamyabi, S. (2021). Studying the vulnerability reduction and physical-spatial organization of Bojnord city through the urban land use planning (case study: flood). Journal of Research and Knowledge Spreading, 2(1), e12503. https://doi.org/10.20952/jrks2112503 ABSTRACT Flood is one of the most important natural disasters that cause the casualties and losses every year. Today, the massive growth of the population, the leveling of the land and the occupation of rivers and waterway s, along with the climatic and physiographic factors in big cities, have caused the urban flood spread .Bojnourd City has a high degree of vulnerability to natural hazards due to its geographical location in the Kopet Dag and Aladagh mountains, and the presence of rivers and waterway s inside it, on the one hand, and placing on the faults on the other hand.In this research, a descriptive-analytical method and the aerial maps have been used to collect the information.The results of the research indicated that Bojnord City is highly expected to flood in terms of the probability of flood-related vulnerability. Keywords: Bojnord. Flood. land use. Sustainable urban development. Vulnerability. RESUMO A inundação é um dos mais importantes desastres naturais que causam vítimas e perdas a cada ano. Hoje, o crescimento massivo da população, o nivelamento do solo e a ocupação de rios e hidrovias, juntamente com os fatores climáticos e fisiográficos em grande escala cidades, causaram a propagação das inundações urbanas. Bojnourd City tem um alto grau de vulnerabilidade a desastres naturais devido à sua localização geográfica nas montanhas Kopet 2021 | Journal of Research and Knowledge Spreading, 2(1), e12503. https://doi.org/10.20952/jrks2112503 1 Studying the vulnerability reduction and physical-spatial organization of Bojnord city through the urban land use planning… Dag e Aladagh, e à presença de rios e hidrovias em seu interior, por um lado, e colocação nas falhas, por outro lado. Nesta pesquisa, um método descritivo-analítico e os mapas aéreos foram usados para coletar as informações. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que a cidade de Bojnord é altamente esperada para inundar em termos de probabilidade de vulnerabilidade relacionada às inundações. Palavras-chave: Bojnord. Desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. Inundação. Uso do solo urbano. Vulnerabilidade. RESUMEN Las inundaciones son uno de los desastres naturales más importantes que causan las bajas y pérdidas cada año. Hoy en día, el crecimiento masivo de la población, la nivelación del terreno y la ocupación de ríos y vías fluviales, junto con los factores climáticos y fisiográficos en gran medida. ciudades, han provocado la propagación de las inundaciones urbanas. La ciudad de Bojnourd tiene un alto grado de vulnerabilidad a los peligros naturales debido a su ubicación geográfica en las montañas Kopet Dag y Aladagh, y la presencia de ríos y vías fluviales en su interior, por un lado, y la ubicación de las fallas, por otro. En esta investigación, se ha utilizado un método descriptivo-analítico y los mapas aéreos para recolectar la información. Los resultados de la investigación indicaron que la ciudad de Bojnord tiene altas expectativas de inundaciones en términos de probabilidad de vulnerabilidad relacionada con las inundaciones. Palabras clave: Bojnord. Desarrollo urbano sostenible. Inundaciones. Uso del suelo urbano. Vulnerabilidad. INTRODUCTION Natural hazards have always existed as a natural phenomenon during the life of the planet. The occurrence of natural hazards such as flood, earthquake, storms, etc. has often left destructive impacts on human settlements and has caused heavy casualties on their inhabitants, destroy the buildings and infrastructure of these areas, and impose high economic and social costs on human societies and countries of the world. Cities as a gathering place for human populations are not excluded from the occurrence of these natural hazards, and there is a need for serious measures to reduce the vulnerability of these settlements to natural hazards. Today, urban needs and the demand for housing and migration of villagers to cities have caused the over-development of cities. The lack of attention to the correct location of cities, the development of cities, as well as the lack of planning to prevent the unintended development of cities, have caused many problems for the protection of cities. This process has led cities to expand on faults or in the vicinity of rivers and waterway s. This can increase the vulnerability and the financial and life-threatening consequences of these events. It is important to note that the flood cannot be prevented, but its casualties and losses can be reduced through the proper planning of land use. It is impossible to eliminate the disaster, but reducing the damage caused by it, is one of the most important factors in reducing the risk of flood. On the other hand, Bojnord City, has a high degree of vulnerability to the natural hazards due to its geographical location in the Kopet Dagh and Aladagh mountains, and the presence of rivers and waterway s inside it and placing on faults. Another problem of these contexts is their inappropriate and limited access, which makes it difficult for residents to relieve them after natural hazards. The results of this research can be effective in reducing the financial and life damages caused by the inadequate location of Bojnurd City context and the occurrence of natural disasters such as flood. 2021 | Journal of Research and Knowledge Spreading, 2(1), e12503. https://doi.org/10.20952/jrks2112503 2 Studying the vulnerability reduction and physical-spatial organization of Bojnord city through the urban land use planning… LITERATURE REVIEW Rajabi et al. (2018), in an article titled "Zoning the Vulnerability of Natural and Geomorphologic Hazards of Saqez Settlements (A Case Study of Flood and Earthquakes)", showed that among all villages in Saqez City, 145 villages were located on relatively highrisk zone and 135 villages in a relatively moderate riskzone. Esmailie Aloygeh et al. (2017), in an article entitled "Assessing the vulnerability of urban areas against flood with fuzzy logic (Case study: Tehran 22nd District)", showed that according to the final map and percentage of population density in the northeastern region near Ken river (more than 1.07%), the probability of vulnerability is predicted high in that area. Mousavi et al. (2016), in an article entitled "Assessment and Zoning of Flood Risk Using Fuzzy Logic of Topsis in GIS Environment (Case Study: Baghmalek Drainage Basin)", showed that 17.86 percent of the areais located at very high risk zone and 24.15 percent is in high risk zone. MajidiHeravi et al. (2015), in an article entitled "Urban Flood Vulnerability in Northwest of Tehran (Farahzad to Ken Basins)", showed that the combination of natural waterway factors such as high rainfall basins, current non-compliance in flood management, will exacerbate the vulnerability of these areas. Other factors such as context and vulnerability of urban areas are also involved. Leon & March (2014), in a study state that the urban areas will become the main source of many natural disasters. Factors that increase the risk of disasters in urban areas include the population growth, unplanned urban development, property concentration, poverty, rapid development of informal settlements, population overflows, apartment buildings, erosion of the ecosystem, lack of the ability to guarantee infrastructure and poor urban management. Leon & March (2014), studied the role of urban morphology in creating a rapid resilience to tsunami. The results of this study indicate a dramatic increase in the safety of evacuators and an increase in the speed of proposed reforms. Lu & Stead (2013), in a study stated that the land use planning with the effects of avoiding the formation of bad neighborhoods through the isolation of certain uses from one another, and the guidance of urban development towards distant areas, is an effective tool for urban planners to minimize the risk. Smith (2006), believe that planning land use correctly and fairly does not solve our vulnerability but can reduce it. METHODOLOGY Bojnord city is located in the North Khorasan province, in latitude19 56 to 43 57 and longitude 37 37 to 17 38. This city with a total area of 3215 square kilometers, is located in the center and continues in the north and northwest. From the north and the northeast is co-border with Turkmenistan, and from the northwest with Raz and Jargalan County, from the west with Maneh and Samalqan County, from the south west with Jajrom County, from the south with Esfarayen County and from the southeast and east with Shirvan County. Bojnord City isextended between 37 degrees and 27 minutes and 27 seconds to 37 degrees, 29 minutes and 31 seconds of northern latitude and 57 degrees, 17 minutes and 4 seconds to 57 degrees, 21 minutes and 36 seconds to eastern longitude, and its height from sea level is 1070 meters. Bojnord is located in 30 kilometers northeast of Saluk Mountains and 13 kilometers south of Atrak River and is located 270 kilometers northwest of Mashhad and 695 kilometers east of Tehran. The city is 55 kilometers from the border with Iran and Turkmenistan.
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