This is a scanned version of the text of the original Soil Survey report of Grays Harbor County Area, Pacific County, and Wahkiakum County, Washington issued July 1986. Original tables and maps were deleted. There may be references in the text that refer to a table that is not in this document.

Updated tables were generated from the NRCS National Soil Information System (NASIS). The soil map data has been digitized and may include some updated information. These are available from http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov.

Please contact the State Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) for additional information.

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in Grays Harbor County Area, Pacific County, and Wahkiakum County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to insure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Soil Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Lynn A. Brown State Conservationist Soil Conservation Service

Location of Grays Harbor County Area, Pacific County, and Wahkiakum County in Washington. Soil Survey of Grays Harbor County Area, Pacific County, and Wahkiakum County, Washington

By Russell F. Pringle, Soil Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Russell F. Pringle, Steven B. Campbell, and Carl J. McMurphy, Soil Conservation Service, and Ralph V. Minden, John W. Jennings, and Steven M. Howes, Washington State Department of Natural Resources

Woodland Fieldwork by George Carnine, Washington State Department of Natural Resources

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service In cooperation with Washington State Department of Natural Resources, and Washington State University, Agriculture Research Center

GRAYS HARBOR COUNTY AREA, PACIFIC COUNTY, were logged. Lumber from the forests supplied local AND WAHKIAKUM COUNTY comprise the southwestern needs and those of the rapidly expanding market for coastal region of Washington. The survey area makes up building materials in California. about 1,625,570 acres, or about 2,540 square miles. Forestry movements, such as the Washington Forest The Columbia River forms the southern border of the Protection Association, the Keep Washington Green survey area. The Pacific Ocean is to the west, the Quinault Program, and the Tree Farm Movement, were either Indian Reservation and the Olympic National Forest are to initiated or strongly supported by forest owners. In 1908, the north, and Cowlitz, Thurston, Lewis, and Mason owners of public and private forests were instrumental in Counties are to the east. Aberdeen, in Grays Harbor forming the Washington Forest Protection Association, County, is the largest city in the survey area. It is 108 miles which was formed to provide protection from fire. In 1940, southwest of Seattle and about 49 miles west of Olympia. the forest owners in the survey area were active in The topography in much of the survey area is hilly and developing the Keep Washington Green Program. This was steep. The foothills of the Olympic Mountains are in the the first such program in the United States. northern part of the area, and the Willapa Hills are in the The first privately owned certified tree farm in the United central part. Elevation ranges from sea level along the States, the Clemons Tree Farm, was established near Pacific Ocean to about 2,700 feet in the northeastern Montesano in Grays Harbor County in 1941. Currently, corner of the area. The survey area is drained by eleven there are 49 certified tree farms in the survey area. river systems-the Chehalis, Columbia, Elochoman, Grays, This highly productive area continues to be a major Humptulips, Naselle, North, Satsop, Willapa, Wishkah, and supplier of wood products to the state and nation and to the Wynoochee Rivers. export markets of the world. The high level of production The original vegetation in the area was conifers. The first has been maintained through better use of resources and sawmill was built near Grays Harbor in the early 1880's. through improvements in forest management. The major Since then, the lumber industry has dominated the land use in the survey area is forestry. About 92 percent of development and economy of the area. Virgin Douglas-fir, the land area, or 1,495,525 acres, is in woodland (3). The Sitka spruce, and western redcedar principal forest products

are softwood and hardwood lumber, shingles, shakes, of air results in a dry season that begins late in spring poles, pilings, and pulpwood. Minor forest products such as and reaches its peak in midsummer. tree boughs, floral greenery, and cascara bark are also In fall and winter, a low-pressure center near the harvested. Aleutian Islands intensifies and spreads southward. At the Additional principal sources of income are mariculture, same time, the high-pressure center over the northeastern recreation, and farming. Commercial fisheries within the Pacific Ocean becomes smaller and also moves survey area produce, in order of the most value, crab, southward. This causes the prevailing flow of warm, moist salmon, and oysters. Albacore, smelt, and razor clams are air to shift from the west to the southwest. Fog banks also important resources. frequently form offshore and move inland at night, but the Most of the farmland is planted to pasture or hay for use beaches are clear by the following noon. by livestock. Other crops are oats, wheat, Christmas trees, In winter, weather disturbances crossing the North Pacific flower bulbs, vegetables, peas, and cranberries. follow a more southerly course, and the number of storms Six previous soil surveys have been completed for parts of striking the Washington coast increase. Wind velocity the soil survey area: Soil Survey of Pacific County Area, normally ranges from 50 to 70 miles per hour as intense Washington (unpublished) 1970; Soil Survey of Grays Harbor storms move inland, but the velocity has been recorded at County Area, Washington (unpublished) 1970; Soil Survey of 113 miles per hour at North Head and at 100 miles per hour Capitol Forest Area, published in 1968 (15); Soil Survey of on peaks of the Willapa Hills. In spring, the ocean becomes the St. Helens Tree Farm, published in 1971 (8); Soil Survey calmer and the frequency of storms decreases. The high- of the McDonald Tree Farm, published in 1966 (23); and Soil pressure area spreads northward, and the prevailing Survey of the Clemons Tree Farm, published in 1969 (22). direction of the wind gradually shifts from southwest to west. The present survey updates the earlier surveys, provides a Tables 1, 2, and 3 give data as recorded at Aberdeen, survey of areas omitted in earlier surveys, and provides Elma, Grays River, and Willapa Harbor, Washington, for the additional information and maps that show the soils in period 1951 to 1977. The information in these tables is greater detail. based on incomplete records. Table 1 gives data on Descriptions, names, and delineations of soils in this soil temperature and precipitation for the survey area. Table 2 survey do not fully agree with those on soil maps of shows probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last adjacent survey areas. Differences are the result of better freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the knowledge of soils, modifications in series concepts, growing season. intensity of mapping, or the extent of soils within the survey. In winter, the average temperature is 41 to 42 degrees F and the average daily minimum temperature is 33 to 36 degrees. Colder periods occur, usually when cold, dry, Climate northeasterly or easterly winds from east of the Cascade Range reach the coast. The sky is frequently clear under By Earl Phillips, climatologist for Washington, National Weather these conditions, and additional heat is lost by radiation at Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the National Climatic night. The lowest temperature on record, which occurred at Center, Asheville, North Carolina. Elma and at Grays River on December 8, 1972, is 2 The climate of the survey area is influenced by the degrees. The colder weather seldom continues for more prevailing direction of the wind, the surface temperature of than a few days before the warmer, moist air from the the Pacific Ocean, the Coast and Cascade Ranges, and the ocean moves inland. In summer, the average temperature is position and intensity of the large high- and low-pressure 60 to 62 degrees and the average daily maximum centers over the ocean. The summers are cool and temperature is 71 degrees. The highest recorded comparatively dry, and the winters are mild, wet, and cloudy. temperature, which occurred at Elma on July 20, 1956, is The air is moist, and the annual range in temperature is 105 degrees. narrow. The ocean current near the coast reverses Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are directions between summer and winter; in summer the equivalent to "heat units." During the month, growing California Current moves southward, and in winter the degree days accumulate by the amount that the average Davidson Current moves northward. The temperature of the temperature each day exceeds a base temperature (40 water along the coast ranges from 48 degrees F in degrees F). The normal monthly accumulation is used to February and March to 58 degrees in August. schedule single or successive plantings of a crop between In spring and summer, a large high-pressure area covers the last freeze in spring and the first freeze in fall. In the most of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The prevailing flow cranberry bogs near the ocean, the first frost in fall is near of air into Washington is from the northwest. In midsummer, the end of October. the average air temperature over the ocean ranges from 55 In beach areas some distance from the hills, the to 60 degrees F. As the air moves inland, it becomes annual precipitation generally ranges from 65 to 75 warmer and drier. This flow inches. Near the foothills, annual precipitation ranges from 80 to 90 inches. It increases to 100 inches in the

Willapa Hills and ranges from 125 to 150 inches or more in specific segments of the landscape, a soil scientist develops a the rain forest along the windward slopes of the Olympic concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, during Mountains. The total annual precipitation is 84 inches at mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with Aberdeen, 68 inches at Elma, 114 inches at Gray River, and considerable accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous 87 inches at Willapa Harbor. Of this, 20 percent usually falls area at a specific location on the landscape. in April through September. The growing season for most Individual soils on the landscape commonly merge into crops is within this period. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during one another as their characteristics gradually change. To the period of record was 6.1 inches at Grays River on construct an accurate map, however, soil scientists must December 2, 1977. Thunderstorms occur on about 5 or 6 determine the boundaries between the soils. They can days each year, and most occur in summer. observe only a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, Snowfall is light in the beach areas, and the snow these observations, supplemented by an understanding of frequently melts as it falls. Snowfall increases in the the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to foothills, and the higher elevations of the Olympic Mountains verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to are covered with snow from early in winter until late in determine the boundaries. spring. The average seasonal snowfall is 9 inches at Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil Aberdeen, 10 inches at Elma, 9 inches at Grays River, and profiles that they studied. They noted color, texture, size and 6 inches at Willapa Harbor. The greatest snow depth at any shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock one time during the period of record was 19 inches at Elma. fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other On an average of 1 or 2 days, at least 1 inch of snow is on features that enable them to identify soils. After describing the ground. The number of such days varies greatly from the soils in the survey area and determining their properties, year to year. the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes The average relative humidity in midafternoon is about 65 (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic to 70 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the average at class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely defined dawn is about 90 percent. In midsummer, easterly winds limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to that are hot and dry sometimes cross the Cascade Range classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of and reach the coast and relative humidity sometimes drops taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based to 30 percent. The sun shines 45 percent of the time in mainly on the kind and character of soil properties and the summer and 20 percent in winter. The prevailing wind is arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil from the south-southwest. Average windspeed is highest, 8 scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, or 9 miles per hour, in winter. they compared the individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on How This Survey Was Made experience and research. While the soil survey was in progress, samples of some of This survey was made to provide information about the the soils in the area were collected for laboratory analyses soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The and for engineering tests. Soil scientists interpreted the data information includes a description of the soils and from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed miscellaneous areas and their location and a discussion of characteristics and the soil properties to determine the their suitability, limitations, and management for specified expected behavior of the soils under different uses. uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and Interpretations for all of the soils were field tested through shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the observation of the soils in different uses and under different kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. levels of management. Some interpretations were modified They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is the to fit local conditions, and some new interpretations were sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile developed to meet local needs. Data were assembled from extends from the surface down into the unconsolidated other sources, such as research information, production material in which the soil formed. The unconsolidated records, and field experience of specialists. For example, material is devoid of roots and other living organisms and data on crop yields under defined levels of management has not been changed by other biologic activity. were assembled from farm records and from field or plot The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area are experiments on the same kinds of soil. in an orderly pattern that is related to the geology, Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the properties but also on such variables as climate and area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over long associated with a particular kind or segment of the periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to landscape. By observing the soils and miscellaneous areas year. For example, soil scientists can state with a in the survey area and relating their position to

After soil scientists located and identified the significant fairly high degree of probability that a given soil will have a high water table within certain depths in most years, but they natural bodies of soil in the survey area, they drew the cannot predict that a high water table will be at a specific boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and level in the soil on a specific date. identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication map units in each group are described in the following shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils, pages. relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, a map unit consists Soils on flood plains, terraces, dunes, and fans of one or more major soils or miscellaneous areas and some Four map units are on these landscape positions. minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major They make up about 12 percent of the survey area. soils or miscellaneous areas. The soils or miscellaneous areas making up one unit can occur in other units but in a 1. Ocosta different pattern. Very deep, poorly drained, nearly level soils; on flood The general soil map can be used to compare the plains and deltas protected from tidal overflow suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of This map unit is along coastal bays in the survey area. suitable soils or miscellaneous areas can be identified on Slope is 0 to 2 percent. The vegetation is mainly grasses the map. Likewise, areas that are not suitable can be and sedges and an overstory of hardwoods and conifers. identified. Elevation ranges from sea level to 20 feet. The average Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for annual precipitation is 50 to 100 inches, the average annual planning the management of a farm or field or for selecting air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average a site for a road or building or other structure. The soils in growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. any one map unit differ from place to place in slope, depth, This unit makes up about 3 percent of the survey area. It drainage, and other characteristics that affect management. is about 80 percent Ocosta soils. The remaining 20 percent The general map units in this survey have been grouped is components of minor extent (fig. 1). into general kinds of landscape for broad interpretive The very deep, poorly drained Ocosta soils formed in purposes. Each of the broad groups and the alluvium deposited in coastal bays. Drainage has been

Figure 1.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map units 1 and 2. altered by ditching, tiling, and pumping. The surface is and hardwoods. Elevation is 50 to 200 feet. The average covered with a mat of sedge and grass leaves. The annual precipitation is 50 to 90 inches, the average annual surface layer is silty clay loam. The underlying material to air temperature is 50 to 52 degrees F, and the average a depth of 60 inches or more is silty clay and clay. growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. Of minor extent in this unit are areas of Sauvie soils; This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey area. It Beaches; Fluvaquents, tidal; and excessively drained is about 35 percent Chehalis soils, 25 percent Skamo soils, Udipsamments, level. and 15 percent Spanaway soils. The remaining 25 percent is This unit is used mainly for hay, pasture, and crops and components of minor extent (fig. 2). as habitat for openland and wetland wildlife. It is poorly The well drained Chehalis soils are on flood plains. They suited to homesite development and to use as woodland. If formed in alluvium. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. The surface this unit is used for homesite development or as woodland, layer is silt loam. The subsoil to a depth of 52 inches is silt the main limitation is the high water table. loam and silty clay loam. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is silt loam. 2. Grehalem-Rennie The moderately well drained Skamo soils are on terraces and fans. They formed in alluvium derived Very deep, well drained and poorly drained, nearly level dominantly from basic igneous and sedimentary rock. soils, on flood plains Slope is 0 to 8 percent. The surface is covered with a This map unit is along drainageways throughout the mat of needles, leaves, and twigs. The surface layer is silt survey area. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. The vegetation is loam. The subsoil and substratum to a depth of 60 inches mainly grasses and sedges and an overstory of hardwoods or more are silty clay loam. and conifers. Elevation ranges from sea level to 100 feet. The somewhat excessively drained Spanaway soils are on The average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the outwash terraces. They formed in glacial outwash derived average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and from various kinds of rock. Slope is 1 to 8 percent. The the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 surface is covered with a mat of moss. The surface layer is days. very gravelly sandy loam. The subsoil is extremely gravelly This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey area. It sandy loam to a depth of 16 inches. The substratum to a is about 35 percent Grehalem soils and 15 percent Rennie depth of 60 inches or more is extremely gravelly sand. soils. The remaining 50 percent is components of minor Of minor extent in this unit are areas of well drained extent (see fig. 1). Cloquato soils; somewhat excessively drained Carstairs The well drained Grehalem soils formed in alluvium and Lyre soils; well drained Newberg soils; very poorly derived dominantly from basic igneous and sedimentary drained Salzer soils; and well drained Satsop soils. rock. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. The surface layer is silt loam. This unit is used mainly for hay, pasture, and crops. It is The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches or more is also used as homesites, for woodland, and as wildlife dominantly silty clay loam. habitat. An additional use is as a source of gravel. The poorly drained Rennie soils are in depress ional This unit is well suited to hay, pasture, and crops and to areas. They formed in alluvium derived dominantly from habitat for open land and woodland wildlife. If the Chehalis basic igneous and sedimentary rock. Slope is 0 to 2 percent. soils are used for homesite development, the main The surface layer is silty clay loam. The subsoil and limitation is the hazard of flooding. If the Skamo soils are substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more are silty clay used for septic tank absorption fields, the main limitation is and clay. a seasonal high water table. The Spanaway soils are well Of minor extent in this unit are areas of somewhat suited to homesite development. poorly drained Aabab soils, somewhat excessively drained Humptulips soils, poorly drained Nemah and 4. Yaquina-Netarts-Dune land Nuby soils, and well drained Satsop soils. This unit is used for hay, pasture, crops, wildlife habitat, Very deep, somewhat poorly drained and well drained, woodland, and homesites. If the unit is used for homesite nearly level to moderately steep soils, on dunes development, the main limitations are the hazard of This map unit is along the Pacific Coast. Slope is 0 to 30 flooding and a seasonal high water table. percent. The vegetation is mainly grasses, sedges, and conifers. Elevation is sea level to 100 feet. The average 3. Chehalis-Skamo-Spanaway annual precipitation is 70 to 100 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average Very deep, moderately well drained to somewhat growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. excessively drained, nearly level to gently sloping soils; on This unit makes up about 3 percent of the survey area. It flood plains, terraces, and fans is about 20 percent Yaquina soils, 20 percent Netarts soils, This map unit is in the southeastern part of Grays Harbor and 10 percent Dune land. The remaining 50 percent is County. Slope is 0 to 8 percent. The vegetation is mainly components of minor extent (fig. 3). grasses and sedges and an overstory of conifers

Figure 2.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 3.

Figure 3.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 4.

The somewhat poorly drained Yaquina soils are in The well drained Netarts soils are on stabilized sand depressional areas between stabilized sand dunes. They dunes. They formed in sand. Slope is 3 to 12 percent. formed in sand. Slope is 0 or 1 percent. The surface layer is These soils are fine sand to a depth of 60 inches or more. loamy fine sand. The subsoil and substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more are fine sand.

Dune land consists of ridges, dunes, and hummocks of The very deep Le Bar soils are on terraces and benches sand piled up by the wind along the ocean shore. Slope is 0 of uplands. They formed in old alluvium. Slope is 1 to 65 to 30 percent. percent. The surface is covered with a mat of twigs and Of minor extent in this unit are areas of poorly drained leaves. The surface layer is silt loam. The subsoil is silt Ocosta soils, very poorly drained Orcas and Seastrand soils, loam to a depth of 60 inches or more. and excessively drained Westport soils. Of minor extent in this unit are areas of the well drained This unit is used mainly for recreation areas and Calawah, Copalis, Mopang, and Papac soils, and the homesites. It is also used as woodland and wildlife habitat. If somewhat poorly drained Wishkah soils. this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, the main Most areas of this unit are used as woodland, wildlife limitation is a seasonal high water table in the Yaquina soils. habitat, or recreation areas. A few areas are used as rural The Netarts soils and Dune land are poor filters for septic homesites. This unit is well suited to use as woodland and tank absorption fields. recreation areas. If the unit is used for homesite development, the main limitation is steepness of slope. Soils on glacial uplands Two map units are on these landscape positions. They 6. Halbert-Willaby make up about 19 percent of the survey area. Shallow and very deep, poorly drained and moderately 5. Hoquiam-Le Bar well drained, nearly level to moderately steep soils; on uplands Deep and very deep, well drained, nearly level to steep This map unit is in the northern part of the survey area. soils; on uplands Slope is 1 to 15 percent. The vegetation is mainly conifers. This map unit is in the northern part of the survey area. Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. The average annual precipitation Slope is 1 to 65 percent. The vegetation is mainly conifers. is 80 to 150 inches, the average annual air temperature is 48 Elevation is 100 to 900 feet. The average annual to 50 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 precipitation is 80 to 130 inches, the average annual air degrees) is 180 to 240 days. temperature is 48 to 50 degrees F, and the average This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey area. It is growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 240 days. about 25 percent Halbert soils and 20 percent Willaby soils. This unit makes up about 15 percent of the survey The remaining 55 percent is components of minor extent (fig. area. It is about 30 percent Hoquiam soils and 20 5). percent LeBar soils. The remaining 50 percent is The shallow, poorly drained Halbert soils are on outwash components of minor extent (fig. 4). plains on uplands. They formed in glaciolacustrine sediment The deep Hoquiam soils are on ground moraines of deposited over glacial outwash. Slope is 0 to 10 percent. uplands. They formed in old alluvium deposited over glacial The surface is covered with a mat of needles and twigs. The drift. Slope is 1 to 65 percent. The surface is covered with surface layer is muck. The subsoil is silty clay loam. An a mat of twigs and leaves. The surface layer is silt loam. indurated iron pan is at a depth of about 26 inches. Depth to The subsoil is gravelly silt loam and gravelly sandy loam. the iron pan ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Dense glacial drift is at a depth of about 51 inches. Depth The Willaby soils are on terraces of uplands. They are very to the glacial drift ranges from 40 to 55 inches. deep and moderately well drained. These soils

Figure 4.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 5.

Figure 5.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 6.

percent. The surface is covered with a mat of twigs and formed in glacial drift. Slope is 1 to 15 percent. The needles. The surface layer is silt loam. The subsoil is silty surface is covered with a mat of leaves, needles, twigs, clay loam over siltstone, which is at a depth of about 50 and moss. The surface layer is silt loam. The subsoil is silty inches. Depth to weathered siltstone ranges from 40 to 60 clay in the upper part and very gravelly silty clay in the inches or more. lower part. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or The very deep Astoria soils are on uplands. They formed more is extremely gravelly silty clay loam. in residuum derived dominantly from siltstone. Slope is 3 to Of minor extent in this unit are areas of somewhat 65 percent. The surface layer is silt loam. The subsoil to a excessively drained Nordby soils, well drained O'Brien depth of 60 inches or more is silty clay. soils, and moderately well drained Oyhut soils. Of minor extent in this unit are areas of moderately well This unit is used mainly as woodland, recreation areas, drained Arta soils, well drained Bunker, Lebam, and Palix and wildlife habitat. If the unit is used as woodland, the main soils, and moderately well drained Swem soils. limitation is a seasonal high water table. This unit is used mainly as woodland, wildlife habitat, and Soils on marine terraces and uplands recreation areas. It is also used for hay, pasture, and rural Four map units are on these landscape positions. homesites. If this unit is used for homesite development, the They make up about 48 percent of the survey area. main limitations are steepness of slope and the hazard of sliding. 7. Lytell-Astoria 8. Zenker-Elochoman Deep and very deep, well drained, nearly level to extremely steep soils; on siltstone uplands Very deep, well drained, nearly level to extremely steep This map unit is on broad low ridges and uneven side soils; on sandstone uplands slopes throughout the survey area. Areas of this unit include This map unit is on sharp ridges and long slopes weakly defined, irregular, dendritic streams. Slope is 3 to 90 throughout the survey area. Areas of this unit include percent. The vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 20 strongly defined, dendritic streams. Slope is 1 to 90 to 1,500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 percent. The vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation inches, the average annual air temperature is 48 to 50 ranges from 50 to 1,800 feet. The average annual degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air degrees) is 180 to 240 days. temperature is 48 to 50 degrees F, and the average This unit makes up about 17 percent of the survey area. It growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 240 days. is about 55 percent Lytell soils and 15 percent Astoria soils. This unit makes up about 18 percent of the survey area. The remaining 30 percent is components of minor extent (fig. It is about 50 percent Zenker soils and 40 percent 6). Elochoman soils. The remaining 10 percent is components The deep Lytell soils are on slumps on uplands. They of minor extent (fig. 7). formed in colluvium derived dominantly from marine The Zenker soils are on shoulders, back slopes, and siltstone and fine-grained sandstone. Slope is 8 to 90 foot slopes of uplands. They formed in colluvium derived

Figure 6.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 7.

Figure 7.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 8.

dominantly from marine sandstone. Slope is 8 to 90 This unit is used mainly as woodland, wildlife habitat, percent. The surface layer is silt loam. The subsoil is and recreation areas. It is also used as rural homesites. If dominantly loam to a depth of 60 inches or more. this unit is used for homesite development, the main The Elochoman soils are on uplands. They formed in limitations are steepness of slope and the hazard of residuum derived dominantly from sandstone. Slope is 1 to sliding. 65 percent. The surface layer is silt loam. The subsoil is silt loam to a depth of 60 inches or more. 9. Buckpeak-Centralia Of minor extent in this unit are areas of Ilwaco and Narel soils. Deep and very deep, well drained, nearly level to

Of minor extent in this unit are areas of Melbourne, extremely steep soils; on siltstone and sandstone Olympic, and Raught soils. uplands This unit is used mainly as woodland and wildlife habitat. This map unit is on low ridges and uneven side slopes in It is also used for hay, pasture, rural homesites, and the southeastern part of Grays Harbor County. Areas of this recreation areas. This unit is well suited to use as woodland unit include dendritic streams. Slope is 1 to 90 percent. The and recreation areas. If the unit is used for homesite vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation ranges from 200 to development, hay, or pasture, the main limitation is 1,200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 75 steepness of slope. inches, the average annual air temperature is 50 to 51 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. 10. Willapa-Newskah This unit makes up about 6 percent of the survey area. It is about 50 percent Buckpeak soils and 35 percent Centralia Very deep, moderately well drained and well drained, nearly soils. The remaining 15 percent is components of minor level to extremely steep soils; on marine terraces extent (fig. 8). This map unit is in the western part of the survey area. The deep Buckpeak soils are on shoulders, slumps, and Slope is 1 to 90 percent. The vegetation is mainly conifers. foot slopes on uplands. They formed in residuum and Elevation is 20 to 500 feet. The average annual precipitation colluvium derived dominantly from siltstone. Slope is 8 to 90 is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is percent. The surface is covered with a mat of needles and about 48 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 twigs. The surface layer is silt loam. The subsoil is silty clay degrees) is 180 to 220 days. loam. Siltstone is at a depth of about 47 inches. Depth to This unit makes up about 7 percent of the survey area. It weathered siltstone ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. is about 45 percent Willapa soils and 20 percent Newskah The very deep Centralia soils are on broad ridgetops, soils. The remaining 35 percent is components of minor shoulders, and back slopes of uplands. They formed in extent (fig. 9). residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from The moderately well drained Willapa soils are on wave-cut sandstone. Slope is 1 to 65 percent. The surface is marine terraces. They formed in stratified marine sediment. covered with a mat of needles and twigs. The surface layer Slope is 1 to 70 percent. The surface is covered with a mat is loam. The subsoil is clay loam. The substratum to a of needles, leaves, and twigs. The surface layer is silt loam. depth of 60 inches or more is loam. The subsoil and substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more are silty clay loam.

Figure 8.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 9.

Figure 9.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 10.

The well drained Newskah soils are on broad ridgetops average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 and back slopes of marine terraces. They formed in sandy days. marine sediment. Slope is 1 to 90 percent. The surface is This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey area. It covered with a mat of moss, needles, and twigs. The surface is about 25 percent Raught soils and 20 percent Germany layer and subsoil are loam. The substratum to a depth of 60 soils. The remaining 55 percent is components of minor inches or more is loamy fine sand. extent (fig. 10). Of minor extent in this unit are areas of well drained The Raught soils are on shoulders and back slopes on Knappton soils, poorly drained Nemah soils, moderately uplands. Slope is 5 to 90 percent. The Germany soils are on well drained Sylvia soils, and well drained Vesta soils. plateaus, shoulders, and back slopes on uplands. Slope is 1 This unit is used mainly as woodland, recreation areas, to 65 percent. The soils formed in residuum and colluvium and wildlife habitat. It is also used as rural homesites. This derived dominantly from basic igneous rock. The surface of unit is well suited to use as woodland, recreation areas, and both soils is covered with a mat of leaves. The surface wildlife habitat. If the unit is used for homesite development, layers are silt loam, and the subsoils to a depth of 60 inches the main limitation is steepness of slope. or more are silt loam. Of minor extent in this unit are areas of well drained Soils on uplands and mountains Cathlamet, Schneider, and Tebo soils, and Umbric Three map units are on these landscape positions. Dystrochrepts. Poorly drained Stimson soils are also They make up about 21 percent of the survey area. included. This unit is used mainly as woodland and wildlife habitat. 11. Raught-Germany It is also used for hay, pasture, and rural homesites. This unit is well suited to use as woodland. If the unit is used for Very deep, well drained, nearly level to extremely steep hay, pasture, or homesite development, the main limitation soils; on uplands is steepness of slope. This map unit is in the eastern part of the survey area. Slope is 1 to 90 percent. The vegetation is mainly conifers. 12. Bunker-Knappton Elevation is 100 to 1,500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average annual air Deep, well drained, sloping to extremely steep soils; on temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the uplands This map unit is on uplands throughout the survey area. Slope is 5 to 90 percent. The vegetation is mainly

conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The average 13. Lates-Murnen annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is 48 to 50 degrees F, and the Moderately deep and very deep, well drained, sloping to average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 240 extremely steep soils; on mountains days. This map unit is in the eastern part of the survey area. This unit makes up about 14 percent of the survey area. Slope is 5 to 90 percent. The vegetation is mainly conifers. It is about 35 percent Bunker soils and 25 percent Knappton Elevation is 1,800 to 2,700 feet. The average annual soils. The remaining 40 percent is components of minor precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air extent (fig. 11). temperature is about 44 degrees F, and the average The Bunker and Knappton soils are on side slopes on growing season (at 28 degrees) is 150 to 180 days. uplands. Bunker soils have slopes of 5 to 90 percent, and This unit makes up about 3 percent of the survey area. It is Knappton soils have slopes of 8 to 90 percent. The soils about 35 percent Lates soils and 10 percent Murnen soils. formed in colluvium derived dominantly from basic igneous The remaining 55 percent is components of minor extent (fig. rock. The surface of the Bunker soils is covered with a mat 12). of leaves. The surface layer is silt loam, and the subsoil is The moderately deep Lates soils formed in residuum gravelly silt loam. Basalt is at a depth of about 50 inches. derived dominantly from basic igneous rock. Slope is 8 to The surface of the Knappton soils is covered with a mat of 90 percent. The surface layer is silt loam, and the subsoil needles and twigs. The surface layer is silt loam. The is gravelly loam. Basalt is at a depth of 35 inches. Depth subsoil is gravelly silt loam and gravelly silt clay loam. to basalt ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Basalt is at a depth of about 43 inches. Depth to weathered The very deep Murnen soils formed in residuum derived basalt ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. dominantly from basic igneous rock. Slope is 5 to 65 Of minor extent in this unit are areas of very deep percent. The surface is covered with a mat of leaves. The Boistfort soils, moderately deep Katula soils, very deep soils are silt loam to a depth of 60 inches or more. Squally soils, moderately deep Traham soils, very deep Of minor extent in this unit are areas of Bunker, Vesta soils, and deep Zyzyl soils. Katula, Knappton, and Traham soils. This unit is used as woodland and wildlife habitat. It is This unit is used as woodland and wildlife habitat. It is well well suited to use as woodland. suited to use as woodland.

Figure 10.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 11.

Figure 11.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 12.

Figure 12.-Pattern of soils and parent material in general soil map unit 13.

Broad Land Use Considerations management programs for individual farms. Specific information appropriate for designing a detailed land use The general soil map is useful in determining the plan is given in the section "Detailed Soil Map Units" and in potential of the soils in an area for a general land use the tables. pattern. It is not, however, suitable for selecting a Approximately 90 percent of the survey area is used for specific site for a specific use or for designing commercial timber. Productivity of western hemlock and Douglas-fir is very high in general soil map units 5, 7, development, the main limitations are low bearing 8, 10, 11, 12, and 13, and it is high in unit 6. Productivity strength, wetness, and steepness of slope. Soils on flood of Douglas-fir is very high in map unit 9. plains, such as those in map units 1 and 2 and in parts of Because of the extreme steepness of most of the soils that unit 3, have low potential for urban development. are used for timber, logging roads should be constructed The potential of the soils for use as recreation areas carefully to avoid soil erosion and reduce sedimentation of ranges from low to high, depending on the expected use streams. Heavy tracked or wheeled equipment should be and its intensity and on the properties of the soils. Most of used only during the dry summer months. Use of this the soils in map unit 4 have high potential for intensive equipment when the soil is moist compacts the soil and recreation use. Soils in units 1 and 2 and in parts of unit 3 creates ruts. have low potential because they are susceptible to flooding. About 6 percent in the survey area is used for hay, pasture Steepness of slope limits the soils in map units 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and silage, sweet corn, corn silage, peas, small grain, and 10, 11, 12, and 13 for intensive recreation uses, such as cranberries. Areas of cropland are scattered throughout the playgrounds and camping areas. Soils in all the units, survey area but are concentrated in general soil map units however, are suitable for extensive recreation uses, such as 1, 2, 3, and 4. The soils in map units 1, 2, and 3 are subject hiking or horseback riding. Small areas suitable for intensive to flooding during winter. Because flooding occurs in winter development may be included in map units that mainly have after row crops are harvested, crop damage is minimal. In low potential for recreation development. poorly drained areas and depressional areas, perennial The potential of the soils for use as wildlife habitat grasses and fall-planted small grain can be severely generally is high throughout the survey area. The soils in damaged. Orcas and Seastrand soils in unit 4 are the main map units 1, 2, 3, and 4 have high potential for openland soils that are used for cranberries. wildlife habitat, and the soils in map units 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, About 38,000 acres in the survey area has been 11, 12, and 13 have high potential for woodland wildlife classified as urban or built-up land. The nearly level to habitat. Some of the soils on flood plains in map units 1, 2, sloping Netarts, Nordby, and Spanaway soils, mainly in and 3 have high potential for wetland wildlife habitat. map units 3, 4, and 5, generally have high potential for urban uses. If soils in other units are used for urban

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at the The presence of included areas in a map unit in no way back of this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in this objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic section, along with the maps, can be used to determine the classes but rather to separate the landscape into segments suitability and potential of a unit for specific uses. They also that have similar use and management requirements. The can be used to plan the management needed for those delineation of such landscape segments on the map uses. More information on each map unit is given under provides sufficient information for the development of "Use and Management of the Soils." resource plans, but if intensive use of small areas is A map unit delineation on a map represents an area planned, onsite investigation to precisely define and locate dominated by one of more major kinds of soil or the soils and miscellaneous areas is needed. miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant map unit descriptions. Each description includes general soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a taxonomic class there facts about the unit and gives the principal hazards and are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On limitations to be considered in planning for specific uses. the landscape, however, the soils and miscellaneous areas Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a are natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic soil series. Except for differences in texture of the surface variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some layer or of the underlying layers, all the soils of a series observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined have major horizons that are similar in composition, for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic thickness, and arrangement. class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including areas Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is layer or of the underlying layers. They also can differ in made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is slope, stoniness, wetness, degree of erosion, and other named and some "included" areas that belong to other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of such taxonomic classes. differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of Most included soils and miscellaneous areas have the areas shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the soil series. The name of a soil phase commonly indicates a map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. feature that affects use or management. For example, These are called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They Elochoman silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes, is one of may or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. several phases in the Elochoman series. Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, however, This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such areas have have properties and behavior divergent enough to affect little or no soil material and support little or no vegetation. use or to require different management. These are called Dune land is an example. contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally are This survey was mapped at two levels of detail. At the in small areas and could not be mapped separately most detailed level, map units are narrowly defined. This because of the scale used. Some small areas of strongly means that map unit boundaries were plotted and verified at contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified by a closely spaced intervals. At the less detailed level, map units special symbol on the maps. The included areas of are broadly defined. Boundaries were plotted and verified at contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are mentioned in wider intervals. The broadly defined units are indicated by the map unit descriptions. A few included areas may not an asterisk in the map legend. The detail of mapping was have been observed, and consequently they are not selected to meet the anticipated long-term use of the survey, mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern and the map units were designed to meet the needs for that was so complex that it was impractical to make enough use. observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent of areas on the landscape. each map unit. Other tables (see "Summary of Tables") give properties of the soils and the limitations,

capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The Glossary The restricted rooting depth, caused by the high water defines many of the terms used in describing the soils or table, frequently causes windthrow. miscellaneous areas. Common forest understory species include trailing blackberry, western swordfern, salmonberry, vine maple, Map Unit Descriptions and devilsclub. This map unit is in capability subclass Illw. 1-Aabab silt loam. This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on river terraces. It formed in alluvium derived 2-Arta silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This very from sandstone and siltstone. The slope is 0 to 3 percent. deep, moderately well drained soil is on uplands and The native vegetation is mainly conifers and hardwoods. terraces. It formed in material derived from sandstone, Elevation is 10 to 500 feet. The average annual precipitation siltstone, and shale. Drainageways generally are more than is 75 to 100 inches, the average annual air temperature is 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. about 49 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. The average annual precipitation degrees) is 180 to 220 days. is 70 to 110 inches, the average annual air temperature is Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves about 49 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark degrees) is 180 to 200 days. yellowish brown silt loam about 11 inches thick. The Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown and very subsoil is mottled, dark yellowish brown, brown, and dark grayish brown silt loam about 18 inches thick. The yellowish brown silty clay loam about 32 inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is mottled, dark substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is mottled, brown and dark yellowish brown silty clay loam. In some greenish gray silty clay loam. areas the subsoil has thin, discontinuous, gravelly or sandy Included in this unit are about 10 percent Grehalem strata. soils, 5 percent Humptulips soils, and 2 percent Nuby Included in this unit are about 2 percent Sylvia soils and 5 soils. percent Astoria, Elochoman, and Bear Prairie soils. Also Permeability of this Aabab soil is slow. Available water included in some mapped areas are as much as 5 percent capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a Arta soils that have a gravelly surface layer and 5 percent seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 12 to 30 Arta soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent. inches from October to March. Runoff is slow, and the Permeability of this Arta soil is moderate. Available water hazard of water erosion is slight. This soil is subject to rare capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or periods of flooding. more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is This unit is used as woodland. slight. The seasonal high water table is at a depth of 24 to Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. 42 inches in winter. Trees of limited extent include western hemlock, Sitka This unit is used mainly as woodland. It is also used for spruce, Douglas-fir, and western redcedar. On the basis of a hay, pasture, and rural homesites. 50-year site curve, the mean site index for red alder is 100. Red alder and western hemlock are the principal forest Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka culmination (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is 118 cubic feet spruce, Douglas-fir, and western redcedar. On the basis of a per acre per year. 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 91 for red alder The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness and about 115 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 100- when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment year site curve, the mean site index is about 161 for western when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft increment at culmination (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable 102 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is age 50 it is about 256 cubic feet per acre per year. not readily available in areas of this unit. The seasonal high The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness water table restricts the use of equipment to the dry summer when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment months. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable accomplished by hand planting western hemlock, Sitka surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is spruce, or western redcedar. If seed trees are present, not readily available in areas of this unit. natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. The Seedling establishment is the main concern in seasonal high water table reduces root respiration and producing timber. Reforestation in cutover areas increases seedling mortality. If openings are made in the generally is accomplished by hand planting western canopy, invading brushy plants can delay reforestation. hemlock or Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. If openings annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for red alder at are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can delay age 40 is 102 cubic feet per acre per year, and for reforestation. The restricted rooting depth, caused by the western hemlock at age 50 it is 256 cubic feet per acre high water table, occasionally causes windthrow. per year. Common forest understory species include vine maple, The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness salmonberry, western swordfern, salal, and red huckleberry. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. It is also suited when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and to row and grain crops, but the seasonal high water table is damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft a limitation. The high water table can be lowered by and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable installing tile drains or open ditches if adequate outlets are surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is available. Restricting grazing during wet periods helps to not readily available in areas of this unit. maintain the condition of the pasture and soil. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing If this unit is used for homesite development, the main timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is limitation is the seasonal high water table. Tile drainage can accomplished by hand planting western hemlock or Douglas- be used to lower the water table if suitable outlets are fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation available. Septic tank absorption fields do not function by red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the properly because of wetness. canopy, invading brushy plants can delay reforestation. The This map unit is in capability subclass IIIw. restricted rooting depth, caused by the high water table, occasionally causes windthrow. 3-Arta silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes. This very Common forest understory species include vine maple, deep, moderately well drained soil is on uplands and salmonberry, western swordfern, salal, and red huckleberry. terraces. It formed in material derived from sandstone, This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Restricting siltstone, and shale. Drainageways generally are more than grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. the pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. The average annual precipitation this unit to reduce soil erosion. is 70 to 110 inches, the average annual air temperature is If this unit is used for homesite development, the main about 49 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 limitations are the seasonal high water table and steepness degrees) is 180 to 200 days. of slope. Tile drainage can be used to lower the water table Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown and very if suitable outlets are available. Septic tank absorption fields dark grayish brown silt loam about 18 inches thick. The do not function properly because of wetness. subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is mottled, dark This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. brown and dark yellowish brown silty clay loam. In some areas the subsoil has thin, discontinuous, gravelly or sandy 4-Arta silt loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes. This very strata. deep, moderately well drained soil is on uplands and Included in this unit is about 5 percent Astoria, terraces. It formed in material derived from sandstone, Elochoman, and Lytell soils. Also included in some mapped siltstone, and shale. Drainageways generally are more than areas are as much as 3 percent Arta soils that have a 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. gravelly surface layer and 10 percent Arta soils that have Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. The average annual precipitation slopes of less than 3 percent or more than 15 percent. is 70 to 110 inches, the average annual air temperature is Permeability of this Arta soil is moderate. Available water about 49 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or degrees) is 180 to 200 days. more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown and very slight. The seasonal high water table is at a depth of 24 to dark grayish brown silt loam about 18 inches thick. The 42 inches in winter. subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is mottled, dark This unit is used mainly as woodland. It is also used for brown and dark yellowish brown silty clay loam. In some hay, pasture, and rural homesites. areas the subsoil has thin, discontinuous, gravelly or sandy Red alder and western hemlock are the principal forest strata. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka Included in this unit is about 5 percent Astoria, spruce, Douglas-fir, and western redcedar. On the basis of a Elochoman, and Lytell soils. Also included in some 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 91 for red alder mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Arta soils that and 115 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 100-year have slopes of less than 15 percent. site curve, the mean site index is 161 for

Permeability of this Arta soil is moderate. Available water mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Astoria soils capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or that have slopes of more than 8 percent. more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is Permeability of this Astoria soil is moderate. Available slight. The seasonal high water table is at a depth of 24 to water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches 42 inches in winter. or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is This unit is used as woodland. slight. Red alder and western hemlock are the principal forest Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka areas are used for hay, pasture, or rural homesites. spruce, Douglas-fir, and western redcedar. On the basis of a Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 91 for red alder species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, and 115 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 100-year western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On the site curve, the mean site index is 161 for western hemlock. basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 180 for Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at Douglas-fir and 173 for western hemlock. On the basis of a culmination (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is 102 cubic feet 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 137 for Douglas-fir per acre per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it is and 122 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the 256 cubic feet per acre per year. mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas- The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness fir at age 60 is 191 cubic feet per acre per year, and for when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment western hemlock at age 50 it is 279 cubic feet per acre per when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and year. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft erode readily unless a plant cover is established. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of accomplished by hand planting western hemlock or Douglas- wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation protective layer of duff. by red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing canopy, invading brushy plants can delay reforestation. The timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is restricted rooting depth, caused by the high water table, accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed occasionally causes windthrow. trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock Common forest understory species include vine maple, and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the salmonberry, western swordfern, salal, and red huckleberry. canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of western hemlock. 5-Astoria silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes. This very Common forest understory species include deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in material Oregongrape, Oregon oxalis, salal, salmonberry, western derived from siltstone. Drainageways generally are swordfern, and western brackenfern. more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Restricting conifers. Elevation is 50 to 1,000 feet. The average annual grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air the pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average this unit to reduce soil erosion. growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown silt unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 12 inches of the moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the subsoil is dark yellowish brown silty clay loam, and the size of the absorption field. lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. yellowish brown silty clay. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Elochoman 6-Astoria silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This very soils and 5 percent Arta soils. Also included in some deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in material derived from siltstone. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 1,000 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 1,000 feet. The average 240 days. annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown silt air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 12 inches of the growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. subsoil is dark yellowish brown silty clay loam, and the lower Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown silt part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark yellowish brown loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 12 inches of the silty clay. subsoil is dark yellowish brown silty clay loam, and the lower Included in this unit are about 10 percent Lytell soils, 5 part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark yellowish brown percent Elochoman soils, 2 percent Boistfort and Bunker silty clay. soils, 2 percent Stimson soils, and 1 percent Swem soils. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Lytell soils, 5 Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 15 percent Elochoman and Zenker soils, and 2 percent Boistfort percent Astoria soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent and Bunker soils. Also included in some mapped areas is as or more than 30 percent. much as 10 percent Astoria soils that have slopes of less Permeability of this Astoria soil is moderate. Available than 30 percent. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Permeability of this Astoria soil is moderate. Available or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches slight. or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion This unit is used as woodland. is moderate. Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest This unit is used as woodland. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and big leaf maple. On the species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 180 for western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On the Douglas-fir and 173 for western hemlock. On the basis of a basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 180 for 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 137 for Douglas-fir Douglas-fir and 173 for western hemlock. On the basis of a and 122 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 137 for Douglas-fir mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir and 122 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the at age 60 is 191 cubic feet per acre per year, and for mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir western hemlock at age 50 it is 279 cubic feet per acre per at age 60 is 191 cubic feet per acre per year, and for year. western hemlock at age 50 it is 279 cubic feet per acre per The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness year. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping the protective layer of duff. and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed or vegetation. trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock western hemlock. and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the Common forest understory species include canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Oregongrape, Oregon oxalis, salal, salmonberry, western Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of swordfern, and western brackenfern. western hemlock. This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. Common forest understory species include Oregongrape, Oregon oxalis, salal, salmonberry, western 7-Astoria silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This swordfern, and western brackenfern. very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. material derived from siltstone. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is

in old alluvium. The native vegetation is mainly grasses and 8-Beaches. Beaches are long, narrow, nearly level strips ferns and scattered conifers and hardwoods. Elevation is of sandy and gravelly material (fig. 13). They are above the 20 to 300 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to level of the mean tide but are swept by storm waves. They 100 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 are at the base of coastal bluffs or lowlands bordering the degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 Pacific Ocean, Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, and at the mouth degrees) is 200 to 240 days. of the Columbia River. Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown and very Beaches support no vegetation and are subject to dark grayish brown silt loam about 12 inches thick. The continual wave action during high tides and storms. subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown and Included in this unit are small areas of Dune land and dark yellowish brown silty clay loam. Ocosta soils. Included in this unit is about 5 percent Arta soils. This unit is used for razor clam and butter clam Permeability of this Bear Prairie soil is moderate. production, recreation areas, and wildlife habitat. Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is This map unit is in capability subclass Vlllw. 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of

water erosion is slight. 9-Bear Prairie silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on terraces. It formed

Figure 13.-Beaches along the Pacific ocean between Copalis and Moclips.

Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some Included in this unit are about 5 percent Bunker soils and areas are used for hay, pasture, and rural homesites. 2 percent Astoria, Elochoman, Katula, Lates, and Murnen Douglas-fir and red alder are the principal forest species soils. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 5 on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western hemlock, percent Boistfort soils that have slopes of more than 8 Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- percent. year site curve, the mean site index is 189 for Douglas-fir. Permeability of this Boistfort soil is moderate. Available On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or 137 for Douglas-fir and 106 for red alder. Yield tables more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination slight. (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 199 cubic feet per acre Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some per year, and for red alder at age 40 it is 128 cubic feet per areas are used as rural homesites. acre per year. Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and year site curve, the mean site index is 170 for Douglas-fir damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft and 161 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable curve, the mean site index is 129 for Douglas-fir and 114 for surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the 181 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at protective layer of duff. age 50 it is 256 cubic feet per acre per year. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and present, natural reforestation by red alder and western damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, and generally are impassable. Logging roads require invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of construction is readily available in areas of this unit, western hemlock. generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Common forest understory species include salmonberry, Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing salal, western brackenfern, vine maple, and western timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is swordfern. accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Restricting trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the the pasture and soil. canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of western hemlock. moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the Common forest understory species include size of the absorption field. salmonberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, This map unit is in capability subclass Ills. salal, and vine maple. This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the 10-Boistfort silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in material moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are more than size of the absorption field. 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the average annual air 11-Boistfort silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. material derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly twigs about 4.5 inches thick. The surface layer is dark brown conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The average annual silt loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 5 inches of the precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the average annual air subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam, and the lower part to a temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown silty clay. season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days.

Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The average and twigs about 4.5 inches thick. The surface layer is dark annual precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the average brown silt loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 5 inches of annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the the subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam, and the lower part average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown silty clay. days. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Bunker soils and Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles 2 percent Astoria, Elochoman, Katula, Lates, Lytell, and twigs about 4.5 inches thick. The surface layer is dark Murnen, and Zenker soils. Also included in some mapped brown silt loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 5 inches of areas is as much as 5 percent Boistfort soils that have the subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam, and the lower part slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 30 percent. to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown silty clay. Permeability of this Boistfort soil is moderate. Available Included in this unit are about 5 percent Bunker and water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or Katula soils and 2 percent Lates and Murnen soils. Also more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is included in some mapped areas is as much as 5 percent slight. Boistfort soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent. This unit is used as woodland. Permeability of this Boistfort soil is moderate. Available Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- moderate. year site curve, the mean site index is 170 for Douglas-fir This unit is used as woodland. and 161 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest curve, the mean site index is 129 for Douglas-fir and 114 for species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual alder, western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 170 for 181 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at Douglas-fir and 161 for western hemlock. On the basis of a age 50 it is 256 cubic feet per acre per year. 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 129 for Douglas-fir The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness and 114 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and at age 60 is 181 cubic feet per acre per year, and for damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft western hemlock at age 50 it is 256 cubic feet per acre per and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable year. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of readily available in areas of this unit, generally at a depth of slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and cover is established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and duff. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and generally are impassable. Logging roads require timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed construction is readily available in areas of this unit, trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts and fills and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling western hemlock. and gullying unless they are adequately protected by water Common forest understory species include bars or vegetation. salmonberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing salal, and vine maple. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock 12-Boistfort silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of material derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is western hemlock. Common forest understory species include salmonberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, salal, and vine maple.

This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. 13-Buckpeak silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This Common forest understory species include Oregongrape, deep, well drained soil is on foot slopes and shoulders of western swordfern, salal, vine maple, and trailing blackberry. uplands. It formed in residuum and colluvium derived from This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. siltstone and very fine sandstone. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly 14-Buckpeak silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This conifers. Elevation is 300 to 1,200 feet. The average annual deep, well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It formed in precipitation is 60 to 75 inches, the average annual air residuum and colluvium derived from siltstone and very fine temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing sandstone. Drainageways generally are less than 1,000 feet season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles 300 to 1,200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 60 to and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark 75 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 grayish brown and dark brown silt loam about 20 inches degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) thick. The subsoil is dark yellowish brown silty clay loam is 200 to 240 days. about 30 inches thick. Partly consolidated siltstone is at a Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles depth of about 50 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Soft angular siltstone grayish brown and dark brown silt loam about 16 inches pebbles make up 15 to 20 percent of the surface layer and thick. The subsoil is dark yellowish brown silty clay loam 35 to 60 percent of the subsoil. about 31 inches thick. Partly consolidated siltstone is at a Included in this unit are about 10 percent Melbourne soils depth of about 47 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock and 5 percent Centralia soils. Also included in some mapped ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Soft angular siltstone areas is as much as 10 percent Buckpeak soils that have pebbles make up 15 to 20 percent of the surface layer and slopes of more than 30 percent. 35 to 60 percent of the subsoil. Permeability of this Buckpeak soil is moderate. Available Included in this unit are about 10 percent Melbourne soils water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 40 to and 5 percent Centralia soils. Also included in some mapped 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water areas is as much as 15 percent Buckpeak soils that have erosion is slight. slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 65 percent. This unit is used as woodland. Permeability of this Buckpeak soil is moderate. Available Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 40 to Trees of limited extent include red alder, western hemlock, 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of a water erosion is moderate. 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is This unit is used as woodland. 176, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. index is 133. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual Trees of limited extent include red alder, western hemlock, increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of a is 187 cubic feet per acre per year. 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness 176, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment site index is 133. Yield tables indicate that the mean when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft age 60 is 187 cubic feet per acre per year. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable protective layer of duff. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and readily. If openings are made in the gullying unless

they are adequately protected by water bars or road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding vegetation. paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is or vegetation. Use of harvesting systems that lift logs accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If entirely off the ground reduces disturbance of the protective seed trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder layer of duff. occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, invading Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is seedlings. accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed Common forest understory species include Oregongrape, trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs western swordfern, salal, vine maple, and trailing blackberry. readily. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. Common forest understory species include Oregongrape, 15-Buckpeak silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This western swordfern, salal, vine maple, and trailing deep, well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It formed in huckleberry. residuum and colluvium derived from siltstone and very fine This map unit is in capability subclass VIIe. sandstone. Drainageways generally are less than 1,000 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. 16-Bunker silt loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes. This Elevation is 300 to 1,200 feet. The average annual deep, well drained soil is on side slopes of uplands. It precipitation is 60 to 75 inches, the average annual air formed in colluvium derived from basalt. Drainageways temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, grayish brown and dark brown silt loam about 15 inches and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to thick. The subsoil is dark yellowish brown silty clay loam 240 days. about 25 inches thick. Partly consolidated siltstone is at a Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter depth of about 40 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is black and dark ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Soft angular siltstone reddish brown silt loam about 13 inches thick. The subsoil pebbles make up 15 to 20 percent of the surface layer and is dark yellowish brown and dark brown gravelly silt loam 35 to 60 percent of the subsoil. about 37 inches thick. Fractured basalt is at a depth of Included in this unit is about 20 percent Buckpeak about 50 inches. Depth to basalt ranges from 40 to 60 soils that have slopes of less than 65 percent. inches or more. Permeability of this Buckpeak soil is moderate. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Boistfort and Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting Katula soils, 10 percent Squally soils, and 10 percent depth is 40 to 60 inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and Bunker soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent. Also the hazard of water erosion is severe. included in some mapped areas is as much as 2 percent This unit is used as woodland. Lates, Murnen, and Swem soils. Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. Permeability of this Bunker soil is moderate. Available Trees of limited extent include red alder, western hemlock, water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of a inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is erosion is slight. 176, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean This unit is used as woodland. site index is 133. Yield tables indicate that the mean Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red age 60 is 187 cubic feet per acre per year. alder, western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 161 for Douglas- slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, fir and 156 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. site curve, the mean site index is 124 for Douglas-fir and Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. 110 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant 65 is 171 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western cover is established. Slumping and hemlock at age 50 it is 248 cubic feet per acre per year. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked

equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil acre per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it is 248 compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, cubic feet per acre per year. unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of Rock for road construction is readily available in areas of slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment this unit, generally at a depth of 3 to 5 feet. Steep cuts and during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable the protective layer of duff. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing readily available in areas of this unit, generally at a depth of timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is 3 to 5 feet. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed cover is established. Slumping and road failures can occur in trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing western hemlock. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is Common forest understory species include red accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed huckleberry, salal, western swordfern, Oregon-grape, and trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock western brackenfern. and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the This map unit is in capability subclass lVe. canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of 17-Bunker silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This western hemlock. deep, well drained soil is on side slopes of uplands. It formed Common forest understory species include red in colluvium derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are huckleberry, salal, western swordfern, Oregon-grape, and 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly western brackenfern. conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,300 feet. The average annual This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing 18-Bunker silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. deep, well drained soil is on side slopes of uplands. It Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter formed in colluvium derived from basalt. Drainageways about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is black and dark generally are less than 1,000 feet apart. The native reddish brown silt loam about 13 inches thick. The subsoil vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. is dark yellowish brown and dark brown gravelly silt loam The average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the about 37 inches thick. Fractured basalt is at a depth of average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and about 50 inches. Depth to basalt ranges from 40 to 60 the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 inches or more. days. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Katula soils, 5 Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter percent Boistfort and Squally soils, and 10 percent Bunker about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is black and dark soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or more than reddish brown silt loam about 13 inches thick. The subsoil 65 percent. Also included in some mapped areas is as is dark yellowish brown and dark brown gravelly silt loam much as 2 percent Swem soils. about 37 inches thick. Fractured basalt is at a depth of Permeability of this Bunker soil is moderate. Available about 50 inches. Depth to basalt ranges from 40 to 60 water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or more. inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water Included in this unit are about 15 percent Katula soils, 5 erosion is moderate. percent Squally soils, and 5 percent Bunker soils that have This unit is used as woodland. slopes of less than 65 percent. Also included are some Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest mapped areas of as much as 2 percent Lates soils and species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, some areas of soils that are less than 40 inches deep to western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- bedrock. year site curve, the mean site index is 161 for Douglas-fir Permeability of this Bunker soil is moderate. Available and 156 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 curve, the mean site index is 124 for Douglas-fir and 110 for inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual erosion is severe. increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is This unit is used as woodland. 171 cubic feet per Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include

red alder, western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis Permeability of this Calawah soil is moderate. Available of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 161 for water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Douglas-fir and about 156 for western hemlock. On the basis or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 124 for slight. Douglas-fir and about 110 for western hemlock. Yield tables Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination small areas are used for hay, pasture, or rural homesites. (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is 171 cubic feet per acre Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it is about 248 unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka cubic feet per acre per year. spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100-year The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is 157, slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. is 111. Yield tables indicate that the mean annum increment Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is 249 Rock for road construction is readily available in areas of this cubic feet per acre per year. unit, generally at a depth of 3 to 5 feet. Steep cuts and fills The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable or vegetation. Use of harvesting systems that lift logs entirely surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is off the ground reduces disturbance of the protective layer of not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of duff. wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing protective layer of duff. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock accomplished by hand planting western hemlock and and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily. If openings Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent western hemlock. establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural Common forest understory species include red regeneration of western hemlock. huckleberry, salal, western swordfern, Oregon-grape, and Common forest understory species include western western brackenfern. swordfern, salal, salmonberry, western brackenfern, and This map unit is in capability subclass VIle. trailing blackberry. This unit is suited to hay and pasture. Restricting grazing 19-Calawah silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the deep, well drained soil is on high terraces. It formed in pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on this glaciofluvial sediment and valley fill material of mixed origin. unit to reduce soil erosion. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the unit native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 400 is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and size of the absorption field. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. days. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and 20-Calawah silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark very deep, well drained soil is on concave side slopes of grayish brown and dark brown silt loam about 16 inches thick. terraces. It formed in glaciofluvial sediment and valley fill The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark yellowish material of mixed origin. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to brown silt loam. 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Mopang soils, 5 Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. The average annual percent Newskah soils, and 2 percent Willapa soils. Also precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average growing Calawah soils that have slopes of more than 8 percent. season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days.

average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and days. This soil is subject to strong coastal winds and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark prolonged seasonal fog cover. grayish brown and dark brown silt loam about 13 inches Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark yellowish brown silt loam. grayish brown and dark brown silt loam about 13 inches thick. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Mopang soils, The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark yellowish 5 percent Newskah soils, and 2 percent Willapa soils. Also brown silt loam. included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Included in this unit are about 5 percent Mopang, cool, Calawah soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent. soils; 5 percent Newskah soils; and 2 percent Willapa, cool, Permeability of this Calawah soil is moderate. soils. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is percent Calawah, cool, soils that have slopes of more than 8 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water percent. erosion is slight. Permeability of this Calawah soil is moderate. Available This unit is used as woodland. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka slight. spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100-year Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is 157, areas are used as homesites. and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are the principal forest is 111. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is 249 redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a cubic feet per acre per year. 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness is 142, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment site index is 101. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft 55 is 220 cubic feet per acre per year. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the accomplished by hand planting western hemlock and protective layer of duff. Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily. If openings timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent accomplished by hand planting western hemlock and establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural regeneration of western hemlock. reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka Common forest understory species include western spruce it occurs periodically. If openings are made in the swordfern, salal, salmonberry, western brackenfern, and canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of trailing blackberry. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by western This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. hemlock and Sitka spruce.

Common forest understory species include salal, 21-Calawah silt loam, cool, 1 to 8 percent slopes. western swordfern, salmonberry, western brackenfern, and This very deep, well drained soil is on high terraces. It formed trailing blackberry. in glaciofluvial sediment and valley fill material of mixed This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the origin. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the sea level to 200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 size of the absorption field. to 100 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 46 This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. degrees F, and the

Common forest understory species include salal, 22-Calawah silt loam, cool, 8 to 30 percent slopes. western swordfern, salmonberry, western brackenfern, This very deep, well drained soil is on concave side slopes and trailing blackberry. of terraces. It formed in glaciofluvial sediment and valley fill This map unit is in capability subclass lVe. material of mixed origin. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. 23-Carstairs very gravelly loam, 1 to 8 percent Elevation is sea level to 200 feet. The average annual slopes. This very deep, somewhat excessively drained soil precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the average annual air is on glacial outwash terraces. It formed in extremely temperature is about 46 degrees F, and the average growing gravelly glacial outwash. The native vegetation is mainly season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. This soil is grasses, ferns, and scattered conifers. Elevation is 100 to subject to strong coastal winds and prolonged seasonal fog 200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 80 cover. inches, the average annual air temperature is 50 degrees F, Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark 240 days. grayish brown and dark brown silt loam about 13 inches Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown very gravelly thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark loam about 14 inches thick. The subsoil is dark yellowish yellowish brown silt loam. brown extremely gravelly loamy sand about 14 inches thick. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Mopang, cool, The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark soils; 5 percent Newskah soils; and 2 percent Willapa, cool, grayish brown extremely gravelly sand. soils. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 Included in this unit are about 10 percent Lyre soils percent Calawah, cool, soils that have slopes of less than 8 and 3 percent Lyre Variant soils. percent. Permeability of this Carstairs soil is rapid. Available water Permeability of this Calawah soil is moderate. Available capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. slight. This unit is used as woodland. It is also used for hay and This unit is used as woodland. pasture, as rural homesites, and as a source of gravel. Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are the principal forest Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western Trees of limited extent include Lodgepole pine, western redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a hemlock, western redcedar, and red alder. On the basis of 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western a 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is hemlock is 142, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the 163, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site mean site index is 101. Yield tables indicate that the mean index is 123. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is at age 55 is 220 cubic feet per acre per year. 173 cubic feet per acre per year. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable trails are slippery. Logging roads require suitable surfacing surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is for year-round use. Rounded gravel and cobbles for road not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills construction are readily available in areas of this unit. This erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use unit is well suited to year-round logging operations except of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the during short periods when the soil is wet. Careful use of protective layer of duff. wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing protective layer of duff. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing accomplished by hand planting western hemlock and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily and by trees are present, natural reforestation by Douglas-fir occurs Sitka spruce it occurs periodically. If openings are made in infrequently. Droughtiness of the surface layer increases the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent seedling mortality. Seedlings planted in the less fertile establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay subsoil grow poorly and have poor vigor. If reforestation by western hemlock and Sitka spruce.

openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas- can delay establishment of planted seedlings. fir at age 60 is 184 cubic feet per acre per year, and for Common forest understory species include western hemlock at age 50 it is 260 cubic feet per acre per Oregongrape, salal, Indian plum, western swordfern, year. western brackenfern, and kinnikinnick. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness This unit is poorly suited to hay and pasture. The main when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment limitations are the low available water capacity and low soil when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and fertility. Because the soil is droughty, applications of water damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft should be light and frequent. Sprinkler irrigation is a suitable and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable method. Water should be applied in amounts sufficient to surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is wet the root zone but small enough to minimize the not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of leaching of plant nutrients. wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the This unit is well suited to homesite development. Removal protective layer of duff. of pebbles and cobbles in disturbed areas is needed for best Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing results in landscaping, particularly in areas used for lawns. In timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is summer, irrigation is needed for lawn grasses, shrubs, vines, accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed shade trees, and ornamental trees. Mulch, fertilizer, and trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock irrigation are needed to establish lawn grasses. If the density and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the of housing is moderate to high, community sewage systems canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of are needed to prevent contamination of water supplies as a Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of result of seepage from onsite sewage disposal systems. western hemlock. This map unit is in capability subclass IVs. Common forest understory species include western swordfern, vine maple, red huckleberry, salal, and 24-Cathiamet silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This western brackenfern. very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Restricting material derived from sandstone. Drainageways grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native the pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 1,500 feet. this unit to reduce soil erosion. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the days. size of the absorption field. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown and This map unit is in capability subclass Ile. dark brown silt loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 10 inches of the subsoil is dark brown silt loam, and the lower 25-Cathlamet silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown silty very deep, well drained soil is on shoulders and back clay loam. slopes of uplands. It formed in material derived from Included in this unit is about 5 percent Germany and sandstone. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 Raught soils. Also included in some mapped areas are as feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. much as 3 percent Cathlamet soils that have slopes of Elevation is 50 to 1,500 feet. The average annual more than 8 percent and 5 percent soils that have a clay precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average annual air layer at a depth of about 40 inches. temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average Permeability of this Cathlamet soil is moderate. Available growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is and dark brown silt loam about 12 inches thick. The upper slight. 10 inches of the subsoil is dark brown silt loam, and the This unit is used mainly as woodland. It is also used lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown for hay, pasture, and rural homesites. silty clay loam. Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest Included in this unit is about 5. percent Germany and species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder Raught soils. Also included in some mapped areas are as and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, much as 5 percent Cathlamet soils that have slopes of the mean site index is 173 for Douglas-fir and 163 for less than 8 percent or more than 30 percent and 2 percent western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the soils that have a clay layer at a depth of about 40 inches. mean site index is 131 for Douglas-fir and 115 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the

Permeability of this Cathlamet soil is moderate. of less than 30 percent and 5 percent soils that have a clay Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is layer at a depth of about 40 inches. 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water Permeability of this Cathlamet soil is moderate. Available erosion is slight. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches This unit is used as woodland. or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest is moderate. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder This unit is used as woodland. and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest the mean site index is 173 for Douglas-fir and 163 for species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, mean site index is 131 for Douglas-fir and 115 for western the mean site index is 173 for Douglas-fir and 163 for hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is mean site index is 131 for Douglas-fir and 115 for western 184 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual age 50 it is 260 cubic feet per acre per year. increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness 184 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment age 50 it is 260 cubic feet per acre per year. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills protective layer of duff. erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock or vegetation. and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed western hemlock. trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock Common forest understory species include western and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the swordfern, vine maple, red huckleberry, salal, and canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of western brackenfern. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of This map unit is in capability subclass lVe. western hemlock. Common forest understory species include western 26-Cathiamet silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This swordfern, vine maple, red huckleberry, salal, and western very deep, well drained soil is on concave back slopes of brackenfern. uplands. It formed in material derived from sandstone. This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 1,500 27-Centralia loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, deep, well drained soil is on broad ridgetops, small plateaus, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and shoulders. It formed in material derived from sandstone. and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The 240 days. native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 200 to 1,200 Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown and feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the dark brown silt loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 10 average annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F, and inches of the subsoil is dark brown silt loam, and the lower the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown silty clay days. loam. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of-needles and Included in this unit is about 5 percent Germany and twigs about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is very dark Raught soils. Also included in some mapped areas are as grayish brown and dark brown loam about 16 much as 10 percent Cathlamet soils that have slopes inches thick. The subsoil is dark yellowish brown and 28-Centralia loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This very dark brown clay loam about 34 inches thick. The deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of uplands. It substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark formed in material derived from sandstone. Drainageways brown loam. generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native Included in this unit are about 10 percent Buckpeak soils vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 200 to 1,100 feet. and 5 percent Melbourne soils. Also included in some The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Centralia soils that average annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F, and have slopes of more than 8 percent. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 Permeability of this Centralia soil is moderate. Available days. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is and twigs about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is very dark slight. grayish brown and dark brown loam about 14 inches thick. Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some The subsoil is dark yellowish brown and dark brown clay small areas are used for hay, pasture, or rural homesites. loam about 36 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. inches or more is dark brown loam. Trees of limited extent include red alder, western redcedar, Included in this unit are about 5 percent Melbourne soils western hemlock, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a and 5 percent Buckpeak soils. Also included in some 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Centralia soils that 188, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 30 percent. site index is 140. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual Permeability of this Centralia soil is moderate. Available increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches 198 cubic feet per acre per year. or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness slight. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment This unit is used as woodland. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft Trees of limited extent include red alder, western redcedar, and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable western hemlock, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of 180, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the site index is 135. Yield tables indicate that the mean protective layer of duff. annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing age 60 is 191 cubic feet per acre per year. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and readily. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable Common forest understory species include western surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is brackenfern, western swordfern, salal, red huckleberry, and not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills Oregon-grape. erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use This unit is suited to hay and pasture. Restricting grazing of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the protective layer of duff. pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on this Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing unit to reduce soil erosion. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is If this unit is used for homesite development, the main accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed limitation is shrink-swell potential. The effects of shrinking trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs and swelling can be minimized by using proper engineering readily. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy designs and backfilling with material that has low shrink-swell plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. potential. If this unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, Common forest understory species include western the limitation of moderate permeability can be overcome by swordfern, western brackenfern, salal, red huckleberry, increasing the size of the absorption field. and Oregon-grape. This map unit is in capability subclass Ile. This map unit is in capability subclass IVe.

29-Centralia loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes and foot slopes of uplands. It formed in material derived from 30-Chehalis silt loam. This very deep, well drained soil sandstone. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet is on natural levees of flood plains. It formed in alluvium. apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is The slope is 0 to 3 percent. The native vegetation is mainly 200 to 1,000 feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 conifers. Elevation is 50 to 200 feet. The average annual to 70 inches, the average annual air temperature is about precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average annual air 51 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 temperature is about 52 degrees F, the average growing degrees) is 200 to 240 days. season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 220 days, and the average Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles frost-free season (at 32 degrees) is 150 to 210 days. and twigs about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is very Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown dark grayish brown and dark brown loam about 10 inches and dark brown silt loam about 12 inches thick. The upper thick. The subsoil is dark yellowish brown and dark brown 12 inches of the subsoil is dark brown silt loam, and the clay loam about 38 inches thick. The substratum to a depth lower 28 inches is dark brown silty clay loam. The of 60 inches or more is dark brown loam. substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark Included in this unit are about 15 percent Buckpeak soils yellowish brown silt loam. and 5 percent Melbourne soils. Also included in some Included in this unit are about 10 percent Newberg mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Centralia soils that soils, 10 percent Cloquato soils, and 5 percent Rennie have slopes of less than 30 percent. soils. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as Permeability of this Centralia soil is moderate. Available 5 percent Salzer soils. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Permeability of this Chehalis soil is moderate. Available or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or is moderate. more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is This unit is used as woodland. slight. This soil is subject to occasional, brief periods of Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. flooding in winter. Trees of limited extent include red alder, western redcedar, Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated crops or for western hemlock, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- hay or pasture (fig. 14). Some small areas are used as rural year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is 180, homesites or woodland. and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site This unit is well suited to hay, pasture, and cultivated index is 135. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual crops. The main limitation is the hazard of flooding. Flooding increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is can be controlled by diking adjacent streams or diverting 191 cubic feet per acre per year. upland runoff away from the area. Restricting grazing during The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the pasture slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment and soil. during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and Sweet corn, corn silage, and peas are commonly grown disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft on this unit. In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum and generally are impassable. Logging roads require production of most crops. Sprinkler irrigation is a suitable suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road method. Returning all crop residue and green manure crops construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. to the soil helps to maintain fertility and tilth. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. established. Slumping and road failures can occur in clear- Trees of limited extent include red alder, grand fir, western cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100-year site subject to rilling and gullying unless they are adequately curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is about 173, and protected by water bars or vegetation. on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing about 130. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed about 184 cubic feet per acre per year. trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness readily. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment plants can prevent the establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Common forest understory species include western damage to tree roots. Unsurfaced roads and skid trails are swordfern, western brackenfern, salal, red huckleberry, soft and sticky, and they generally are impassable when wet. and Oregon-grape. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for

Figure 14.-Beef cattle on Chehalis silt loam. These soils are in Grays Harbor County.

road construction is not readily available in areas of this buildings and onsite sewage disposal systems from unit. flooding. Roads and streets should be located above the Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing expected flood level. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is This map unit is in capability subclass Ilw. accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder 31-Cloquato silt loam. This very deep, well drained occurs readily. Occasional, brief floods reduce root soil is on natural levees of flood plains. It formed in respiration and seedling survival. If openings are made in alluvium. The slope is 0 to 3 percent. The native vegetation the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent is mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 150 feet. The average establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average annual Common forest understory species include western air temperature is about 52 degrees F, the average growing swordfern, vine maple, western brackenfern, season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 220 days, and the average Oregongrape, and trailing blackberry. frost-free season (at 32 degrees) is 150 to 210 days. If this unit is used for homesite development, the main Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam limitation is the hazard of flooding. Dikes and channels that about 36 inches thick. The upper 21 inches of the have outlets for floodwater can be used to protect

underlying material is dark brown silt loam, and the lower part If this unit is used for homesite development, the main to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown sandy loam. limitation is the hazard of flooding. Dikes and channels that Included in this unit are about 10 percent Chehalis have outlets for floodwater can be used to protect buildings soils and 10 percent Newberg soils. Also included in and onsite sewage disposal systems from flooding. Roads some mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Rennie and streets should be located above the expected flood and Salzer soils. level. Permeability of this Cloquato soil is moderate. Available This map unit is in capability subclass Ilw. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is 32-Copalis silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This slight. This soil is subject to occasional, very brief periods of moderately deep, well drained soil is on glaciofluvial flooding in winter. terraces. It formed in material weathered from piedmont Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated crops or for glacial drift that includes local Olympic basalt, graywacke, hay or pasture. Some small areas are used as rural shale, and argillite. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. homesites or woodland. Elevation is 30 to 800 feet. The average annual precipitation This unit is well suited to hay, pasture, and cultivated is 80 to 140 inches, the average annual air temperature is crops. The main limitation is the hazard of flooding. Flooding about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 can be controlled by diking adjacent streams or diverting degrees) is 200 to 240 days. upland runoff away from the area. Restricting grazing during Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the pasture bark, and moss about 1.5 inches thick. The surface layer is and soil. dark reddish brown and dark brown silt loam about 11 Sweet corn, corn silage, and peas are commonly grown inches thick. The subsoil is dark reddish brown silt loam on this unit. In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum about 15 inches thick. The substratum is strong brown silt production of most crops. Sprinkler irrigation is a suitable loam about 12 inches thick. Dense glacial drift that crushes method. Returning all crop residue and green manure crops to extremely gravelly loamy sand is at a depth of about 38 to the soil helps to maintain fertility and tilth. inches. Depth to the glacial drift ranges from 20 to 40 Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. inches. Trees of limited extent include red alder, western redcedar, Included in this unit are about 20 percent Mopang soils, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the 5 percent Halbert and Nemah soils, 5 percent Hoquiam mean site index for Douglas-fir is about 173, and on the and Le Bar soils, and 3 percent Nordby, O'Brien, and basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is about Willaby soils. Also included is 10 percent Copalis soils 130. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at that have slopes of more than 8 percent. culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is about 184 Permeability of this Copalis soil is moderate to the dense cubic feet per acre per year. glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and slight. The effect of the drift layer on use and management damage to tree roots. Unsurfaced roads and skid trails are is similar to the effect of a hardpan. soft and sticky, and they generally are impassable when wet. Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. small areas are used for hay, pasture, or rural homesites. Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest of this unit. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing spruce, red alder, and western redcedar. On the basis of a timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 165 for Douglas- accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If fir and 159 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year seed trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder site curve, the mean site index is 126 for Douglas-fir and occurs readily. Occasional, very brief floods reduce root 113 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean respiration and seedling survival. If openings are made in annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent age 60 is 176 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. hemlock at age 50 it is 252 cubic feet per acre per year. Common forest understory species include willow, vine The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness maple, western brackenfern, Oregon-grape, and trailing when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment blackberry. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is readily available in areas erosion is slight. The effect of the drift layer on use and of this unit. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment management is similar to the effect of a hardpan. reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. This unit is used as woodland. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are spruce, red alder, and western redcedar. On the basis of a present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 165 for Douglas- alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, fir and 159 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of site curve, the mean site index is 126 for Douglas-fir and Douglas-fir seedlings and delay natural regeneration of 113 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean western hemlock. Because rooting depth is restricted by the annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at underlying dense glacial drift, trees are subject to occasional age 60 is 176 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western windthrow. hemlock at age 50 it is 252 cubic feet per acre per year. Common forest understory species include western The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness swordfern, western brackenfern, salal, vine maple, and when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment cascara buckthorn. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and This unit is suited to hay and pasture. Restricting grazing damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the and generally are impassable. Logging roads require pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on this suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road unit to reduce soil erosion. construction is readily available in areas of this unit. Steep If this unit is used for homesite development, the main cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is limitation is the dense glacial drift at a depth of 20 to 40 established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment inches. The glacial drift is rippable and therefore is not a reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. serious limitation for most engineering uses. Because of the Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing very slow permeability of the drift, onsite sewage disposal timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished systems often do not function properly. by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, 33-Copalis silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of moderately deep, well drained soil is on glaciofluvial Douglas-fir seedlings and delay natural regeneration of terraces. It formed in weathered piedmont glacial drift that western hemlock. Because rooting depth is restricted by the includes local Olympic basalt, graywacke, shale, and argillite. underlying dense glacial drift, trees are subject to occasional The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 30 to windthrow. 800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 140 Common forest understory species include western inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 swordfern, western brackenfern, salal, vine maple, and degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) cascara buckthorn. is 200 to 240 days. This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, bark, and moss about 1.5 inches thick. The surface layer is 34-Copalis silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This dark reddish brown and dark brown silt loam about 8 inches moderately deep, well drained soil is on glaciofluvial thick. The subsoil is dark reddish brown silt loam about 17 terraces. It formed in weathered piedmont glacial drift that inches thick. The substratum is strong brown silt loam about includes local Olympic basalt, graywacke, shale, and 12 inches thick. Dense glacial drift that crushes to extremely argillite. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is gravelly loamy sand is at a depth of about 37 inches. Depth 30 to 800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 140 to the glacial drift ranges from 20 to 40 inches. inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 Included in this unit are about 20 percent Mopang soils, 10 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) percent Hoquiam and Le Bar soils, and 3 percent Nordby, is 200 to 240 days. O'Brien, and Willaby soils. Also included is 10 percent Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, Copalis soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or bark, and moss about 1.5 inches thick. The surface layer is more than 30 percent. dark reddish brown and dark brown silt loam about 6 inches Permeability of this Copalis soil is moderate to the dense thick. The subsoil is dark reddish brown silt loam about 15 glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water inches thick. The substratum is strong brown silt loam capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 about 15 inches thick. Dense glacial drift that crushes to inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water extremely gravelly loamy sand is at a depth of about 36 inches. Depth to the nearer the shore generally form a narrow ridge that is 5 to glacial drift ranges from 20 to 40 inches. 30 feet high and is parallel to the coastline. The interdune Included in this unit are about 20 percent Mopang soils, area is nearly level and has a water table that is at the 10 percent Hoquiam and Le Bar soils, and 5 percent Nordby surface during the rainy season. The dunes inward from the soils. Also included is 10 percent Copalis soils that have ocean shore form a ridge 20 to 60 feet high. The dunes are slopes of less than 30 percent. constantly shifted by strong coastal winds. Permeability of this Copalis soil is moderate to the dense Dune land formed in fine sand. The slope is 0 to 30 glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water capacity percent. The native vegetation is very sparse beachgrass. is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. Elevation is sea level to 60 feet. The average annual Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is precipitation is 60 to 80 inches, the average annual air moderate. The effect of the drift layer on use and temperature is about 50 degrees F, the average growing management is similar to the effect of a hardpan. season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days, and the This unit is used as woodland. average frost-free season (at 32 degrees) is 150 to 200 Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest days. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka A commonly observed profile of Dune land is grayish spruce, red alder, and western redcedar. On the basis of a brown fine sand to a depth of 60 inches or more. 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 165 for Douglas- Included in this unit is about 10 percent Westport soils. fir and 159 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year Permeability of Dune land is dominantly very rapid. site curve, the mean site index is 126 for Douglas-fir and 113 Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is very severe. 60 is 176 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western This unit is used for recreation and as homesites. hemlock at age 50 it is 252 cubic feet per acre per year. This unit is poorly suited to homesite development. The The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of main limitations are the hazard of soil blowing and the high slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked water table in the interdune area. In some places, equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems excavation for houses and access roads exposes material are safer and disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or that is highly susceptible to soil blowing. Disturbed areas tracked equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil around construction sites should be revegetated as soon as compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, possible to reduce soil blowing. Shifting sand can be unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. stabilized by planting beachgrass followed by Scotch-broom Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year- and shore pine (fig. 15). In summer, irrigation is required for round use. Rock for road construction is readily available in lawn grasses, shrubs, vines, shade trees, and ornamental areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a trees. Mulch, fertilizer, and irrigation are needed to establish plant cover is established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, lawn grasses. If the density of housing is moderate to high, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they community sewage systems are needed to prevent are adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. contamination of water supplies as a result of seepage. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing This map unit is in capability subclass Vllle. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are 36-Elochoman silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red very deep, well drained soil is on broad ridgetops, small alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, plateaus, and shoulders of uplands. It formed in material invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of derived from sandstone. Drainageways generally are more Douglas-fir seedlings and delay natural regeneration of than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly western hemlock. Because rooting depth is restricted by the conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The average underlying dense glacial drift, trees are subject to occasional precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air windthrow. temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing Common forest understory species include western season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. swordfern, western brackenfern, salal, vine maple, and Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown and dark cascara buckthorn. brown silt loam about 21 inches thick. The subsoil to a This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. depth of 60 inches or more is yellowish brown silt loam. Included in this unit are about 2 percent Astoria soils, 2 35-Dune land. This very deep, dominantly excessively percent Montesa soils, and 2 percent Stimson soils. drained land type consists of a ridge of dunes near the ocean shore, an interdune area, and a ridge of dunes inward from the ocean shore. Dunes

Figure 15.-Beachgrass on Dune land in Pacific County.

Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 3 site index is 178 for Douglas-fir and for western hemlock. percent Elochoman soils that have slopes of more than 8 On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is percent. 136 for Douglas-fir and 124 for western hemlock. Yield Permeability of this Elochoman soil is moderate. tables indicate that the mean annual increment at Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 189 cubic 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it erosion is slight. is 288 cubic feet per acre per year. This unit is used mainly as woodland. It is also used as The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness rural homesites. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft alder, western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On and generally are impassable. the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean

Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment of this unit. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of protective layer of duff. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing western hemlock. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Common forest understory species include salal, by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are western swordfern, western brackenfern, vine maple, present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red and salmonberry. alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the western hemlock. size of the absorption field. Common forest understory species include salal, This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. western swordfern, western brackenfern, vine maple, and salmonberry. 37-Elochoman silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This This map unit is in capability subclass lVe. very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of uplands. It formed in material derived from sandstone. Drainageways 38-Elochoman silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native This very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes and foot vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. slopes of uplands. It formed in material derived from The average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the sandstone. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 100 to 1,800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to days. 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown and dark degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) brown silt loam about 18 inches thick. The subsoil to a is 200 to 240 days. depth of 60 inches or more is yellowish brown silt loam. Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown and dark Included in this unit are about 10 percent Zenker soils, 2 brown silt loam about 17 inches thick. The subsoil to a percent Lytell soils, and 5 percent Astoria soils. Also depth of 60 inches or more is yellowish brown silt loam. included in some mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Included in this unit are about 10 percent Zenker soils Elochoman soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or and 5 percent Astoria and Lytell soils. Also included in some more than 30 percent. mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Elochoman soils that Permeability of this Elochoman soil is moderate. have slopes of less than 30 percent. Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is Permeability of this Elochoman soil is moderate. 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is water erosion is slight. 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of This unit is used as woodland. water erosion is moderate. Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest This unit is used as woodland. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest alder, western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On the 178 for Douglas-fir and for western hemlock. On the basis of basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 178 for a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 136 for Douglas- Douglas-fir and for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50- fir and 124 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that year site curve, the mean site index is 136 for Douglas-fir the mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for and 124 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the Douglas-fir at age 60 is 189 cubic feet per acre per year, mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas- and for western hemlock at age 50 it is 288 cubic feet per fir at age 60 is 189 cubic feet per acre per year, and for acre per year. western hemlock at age 50 it is 288 cubic feet per acre per year.

The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment conifers. Elevation is 400 to 1,500 feet. The average during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and annual precipitation is 55 to 70 inches, the average disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 220 to 240 damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft days. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves and surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is twigs about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is dark brown not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills silt loam about 24 inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping inches or more is dark brown silt loam. and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding Included in this unit are about 2 percent Raught and paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and Cathlamet soils and 2 percent Stimson soils. Also included gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars in some mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Germany or vegetation. soils that have slopes of more than 8 percent. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing Permeability of this Germany soil is moderate. Available timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red slight. alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of areas are used for hay, pasture, or rural homesites. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest western hemlock. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, Common forest understory species include salal, western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- western swordfern, western brackenfern, vine maple, and year site curve, the mean site index is 163 for Douglas-fir salmonberry. and 165 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. curve, the mean site index is 125 for Douglas-fir and 116 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual 39-Fluvaquents, tidal. This very deep, very poorly increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is drained soil is on flood plains and deltas. It formed in 173 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock alluvium. The slope is 0 to 1 percent. The native vegetation at age 50 it is 264 cubic feet per acre per year. is sparse grasses and salt tolerant plants. Elevation is sea The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness level to 10 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment 100 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft is 200 to 240 days. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require No single profile is representative of Fluvaquents, tidal, suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road but one commonly observed in the survey area has a dark construction is readily available in areas of this unit, olive gray very fine sand surface layer about 6 inches thick. generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches or more is Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing very dark gray loamy very fine sand. The underlying material timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished ranges from loamy very fine sand to silty clay. by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are Permeability of Fluvaquents, tidal, is slow to moderately present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red rapid. Available water capacity is moderately high. Effective alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, rooting depth is limited by a high water table that is between invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of a depth of 1 foot and the surface during periods of high tide. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of Runoff is very slow, and the hazard of water erosion is western hemlock. none. This soil is subject to frequent, very brief periods of Common forest understory species include western flooding during high tides. swordfern, western brackenfern, salal, salmonberry, and This unit is used as wildlife habitat and for recreation. Oregon-grape. This map unit is in capability subclass Vlllw. This unit is suited to strawberries, cane fruit, nuts, and grain. 40-Germany silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very This unit is suited to hay and pasture. Restricting grazing deep, well drained soil is on broad, convex shoulders and during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the plateaus of uplands. It formed in loess and weathered basalt. pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on this Drainageways generally are more unit to reduce soil erosion.

This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of natural regeneration of western hemlock. moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the Common forest understory species include western size of the absorption field. swordfern, western brackenfern, salal, salmonberry, and This map unit is in capability subclass Ile. Oregon-grape. This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. 41-Germany silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on convex shoulders of 42-Germany silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This uplands. It formed in loess and weathered basalt. very deep, well drained soil is on shoulders and back slopes Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The of uplands. It formed in loess and material weathered from native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 400 to basalt. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet 1,500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 55 to 70 apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 400 to 1,500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 55 to degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) 70 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 is 220 to 240 days. degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves and is 220 to 240 days. twigs about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is dark brown Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves and silt loam about 26 inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 twigs about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is dark brown inches or more is dark brown silt loam. silt loam about 20 inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 Included in this unit are about 5 percent Raught soils, 2 inches or more is dark brown silt loam. percent Cathlamet soils, 2 percent Stimson soils, and 5 Included in this unit are about 10 percent Raught soils, 5 percent Germany soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent Cathlamet soils, and 3 percent Germany soils that percent or more than 30 percent. are gravelly below the surface layer or have fractured basalt Permeability of this Germany soil is moderate. Available at a depth of less than 60 inches. Also included in some water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Germany soils that or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is have slopes of less than 30 percent. slight. Permeability of this Germany soil is moderate. Available This unit is used as woodland. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, is moderate. western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- This unit is used as woodland. year site curve, the mean site index is 163 for Douglas-fir Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest and 165 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, curve, the mean site index is 125 for Douglas-fir and 116 for western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual year site curve, the mean site index is 163 for Douglas-fir increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is and 165 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site 173 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at curve, the mean site index is 125 for Douglas-fir and 116 for age 50 it is 264 cubic feet per acre per year. western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment 173 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and age 50 it is 264 cubic feet per acre per year. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of and generally are impassable. Logging roads require slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems are construction is readily available in areas of this unit, safer and disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts and fills equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. of the protective layer of duff. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing Rock for road construction is readily available in areas of timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished this unit, generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, to rilling and gullying unless they are adequately protected invading brushy plants can prevent by water bars or vegetation.

Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished about 198 cubic feet per acre per year. by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and invading brushy plants can prevent the establishment of damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable western hemlock. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is Common forest understory species include western not readily available in areas of this unit. swordfern, western brackenfern, salal, salmonberry, and Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing Oregon-grape. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. 43-Grehalem silt loam. This very deep, well drained soil Occasional, brief floods reduce root respiration and seedling is on natural levees of flood plains. It formed in alluvium. survival. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy The slope is 0 to 3 percent. The native vegetation is mainly plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. conifers. Elevation is 10 to 100 feet. The average annual Common forest understory species include precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air salmonberry, salal, Oregon-grape, red elderberry, temperature is about 50 degrees F, the average growing and western brackenfern. season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days, and the average If this unit is used for homesite development, the main frost-free season (at 32 degrees) is 150 to 200 days. limitation is the hazard of flooding. Dikes and channels that Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam about 8 have outlets for floodwater can be used to protect buildings inches thick. The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches and onsite sewage disposal systems from flooding. Roads or more is mainly dark brown and dark yellowish brown silty and streets should be located above the expected flood clay loam. It is weakly stratified with very fine sandy loam to level. clay loam. This map unit is in capability subclass Illw. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Nuby soils and 2 percent Humptulips soils. Also included in some 44-Halbert muck, 0 to 10 percent slopes. This mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Aabab soils. shallow, poorly drained soil is on glacial outwash plains. It Permeability of this Grehalem soil is moderate. Available formed in glaciolacustrine sediment deposited over glacial water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches outwash. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is is 50 to 500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to slight. This soil is subject to occasional, brief periods of 110 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 flooding in winter. degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated crops or for is 180 to 220 days. hay or pasture (fig. 16). Some areas are used as woodland Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles or rural homesites. and twigs about 5 inches thick. The upper layer is black This unit is well suited to hay, pasture, and cultivated muck about 11 inches thick. The next layer is mottled, very crops. The main limitation is the hazard of flooding. Flooding dark brown and dark grayish brown silty clay loam about 15 can be controlled by diking adjacent streams or diverting inches thick over a dark reddish brown, indurated, upland runoff away from the area. Restricting grazing during continuous iron pan about 1 inch thick. The next layer is wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the pasture mottled, grayish brown silty clay loam about 7 inches thick. and soil. Below this to a depth of 60 inches or more is olive gray Corn silage is commonly grown on this unit. In summer, extremely gravelly sandy loam. Depth to the iron pan ranges irrigation is needed for maximum production of most crops. from 20 to 40 inches below the surface of the muck. Sprinkler irrigation is a suitable method. Returning all crop Included in this unit are about 5 percent O'Brien and residue to the soil and growing green manure crops help to Papac soils, 5 percent Oyhut and Willaby soils, and 10 maintain fertility and tilth. percent Nemah soils. Douglas-fir and red alder are the principal forest species Permeability of this Halbert soil is moderately slow above on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western the iron pan and very slow through it. Available water hemlock, western redcedar, grand fir, and bigleaf maple. On capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index for seasonal high water table that ranges from a depth of 6 Douglas-fir is about 188, and on the basis of a 50-year site inches to above the surface from October to May. curve, the mean site index is about 140. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual

Figure 16.-Hay on Grehalem silt loam. These soils are in Grays Harbor County Area.

Runoff is slow or ponded, and the hazard of water Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round erosion is slight. use. Rounded gravel and cobbles for road construction This unit is used as woodland. are readily available in areas of this unit. The seasonal This unit is poorly suited to timber production. Western high water table and ponding restrict the use of equipment hemlock and Sitka spruce are the principal forest species. to the dry summer months. Careful use of wheeled or Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, western tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the protective white pine, and shore pine. On the basis of a 100-year site layer of duff. curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is about 98, Seedling establishment and the hazard of windthrow are and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site the main concerns in producing timber. Reforestation in index is about 70. Yield tables indicate that the mean cutover areas can be accomplished by hand planting annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western western redcedar and Sitka spruce seedlings. If seed trees hemlock at age 50 is about 118 cubic feet per acre per are present, natural reforestation by western redcedar and year. Sitka spruce occurs periodically. The seasonal high water The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness table and ponding reduce root respiration and cause when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment seedling mortality. If openings are made in the canopy, when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft seedlings and can delay natural and generally are impassable. reforestation. The restricted rooting depth, caused by Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing poor drainage and the iron pan, frequently causes timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be windthrow. accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. Common forest understory species include salal, If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western evergreen huckleberry, red huckleberry, rush, and hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made salmonberry. in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent This map unit is in capability subclass VIw. establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of western hemlock. 45-Hoquiam silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This Common forest understory species include salal, red deep, well drained soil is on ground moraines of uplands. It huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, and formed in old alluvium deposited over glacial drift. The native salmonberry. vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 900 feet. This unit is suited to hay and pasture. Restricting grazing The average annual precipitation is 80 to 130 inches, the during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on this the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 unit to reduce soil erosion. days. If this unit is used for homesite development, the main Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of moss, limitation is the glacial drift. The glacial drift is rippable; twigs, and leaves about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is therefore, it is not a serious limitation for most engineering dark reddish brown silt loam about 18 inches thick. The uses. Because of this restrictive layer, onsite sewage upper 11 inches of the subsoil is reddish brown silt loam, the disposal systems often fail or do not function properly. next 17 inches is dark brown gravelly silt loam, and the lower This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. part is dark brown gravelly sandy loam about 8 inches thick. Dense glacial drift is at a depth of about 54 inches. Depth to 46-Hoquiam silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This the glacial drift ranges from 40 to 55 inches. deep, well drained soil is on ground moraines of uplands. It Included in this unit are about 10 percent Le Bar soils, 5 formed in old alluvium deposited over glacial drift. The native percent Copalis soils, and 5 percent Hoquiam soils that have vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 900 feet. slopes of more than 8 percent. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 130 inches, the Permeability of this Hoquiam soil is moderate to the dense average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water capacity the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 55 inches. Runoff is days. slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. The effect of Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of moss, the drift layer on use and management is similar to the effect twigs, and leaves about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is of a hardpan. dark reddish brown silt loam about 15 inches thick. The Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some upper 11 inches of the subsoil is reddish brown silt loam, the small areas are used for hay, pasture, or rural homesites. next 17 inches is dark brown gravelly silt loam, and the lower Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest part is dark brown gravelly sandy loam about 8 inches thick. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder Dense glacial drift is at a depth of about 51 inches. Depth to and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the glacial drift ranges from 40 to 55 inches. the mean site index is 170 for Douglas-fir and 159 for Included in this unit are about 10 percent Le Bar soils, 5 western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the percent Copalis soils, and 10 percent Hoquiam soils that mean site index is 127 for Douglas-fir and 113 for western have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 30 hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual percent. increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is Permeability of this Hoquiam soil is moderate to the 181 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at dense glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water age 50 it is 252 cubic feet per acre per year. capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 55 inches. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment The effect of the drift layer on use and management is when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and similar to the effect of a hardpan. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft This unit is used as woodland. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rounded pebbles and species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder cobbles are readily available in areas of this unit. Careful and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance the mean site index is 170 for Douglas-fir and 159 for of the protective layer of duff. western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 127 for Douglas-fir and

113 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean red alder and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at site curve, the mean site index is 170 for Douglas-fir and 159 age 60 is 181 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, hemlock at age 50 it is 252 cubic feet per acre per year. the mean site index is 127 for Douglas-fir and 113 for The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and 181 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft age 50 it is 252 cubic feet per acre per year. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable The main limitation for harvesting timber is the steepness surfacing for year-round use. Rounded pebbles and cobbles of slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked are readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems are wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the safer and disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads protective layer of duff. are soft and generally are impassable. Logging roads require Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rounded pebbles and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished cobbles are readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, rilling and gullying unless they are adequately protected by invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of water bars or vegetation. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing western hemlock. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Common forest understory species include salal, red by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, and present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red salmonberry. alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, This map unit is in capability subclass lVe. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of 47-Hoquiam silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This western hemlock. deep, well drained soil is on ground moraines of uplands. It Common forest understory species include salal, red formed in old alluvium deposited over glacial drift. The huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, and native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 900 salmonberry. feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 130 inches, This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 48-Humptulips silt loam. This very deep, somewhat 240 days. excessively drained soil is on flood plains. It formed in Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of moss, twigs, alluvium. The slope is 0 to 3 percent. The native vegetation and leaves about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is dark is mainly hardwoods. Elevation is 10 to 50 feet. The average reddish brown silt loam about 10 inches thick. The upper 15 annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual inches of the subsoil is reddish brown silt loam, the next 12 air temperature is about 49 degrees F, the average growing inches is dark brown gravelly silt loam, and the lower part is season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days, and the average dark brown gravelly sandy loam about 8 inches thick. Dense frost-free season (at 32 degrees) is 150 to 200 days. glacial drift is at a depth of about 45 inches. Depth to the Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt glacial drift ranges from 40 to 55 inches. loam about 8 inches thick. The upper 18 inches of the Included in this unit are about 10 percent Le Bar soils, 10 underlying material is dark brown and dark yellowish percent Copalis soils, and 15 percent Hoquiam soils that brown silt loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 have slopes of less than 30 percent. inches or more is dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly Permeability of this Hoquiam soil is moderate to the dense sand. glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water Included in this unit are about 10 percent Grehalem capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 55 inches. soils, 5 percent Aabab soils, and 5 percent Nuby soils. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is Permeability of this Humptulips soil is moderate. moderate. The effect of the drift layer on use and Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting management is similar to the effect of a hardpan. depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the This unit is used as woodland. hazard of water erosion is slight. This soil is subject to Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest frequent, very brief periods of flooding in winter. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include

Permeability of this Ilwaco soil is moderate. Available Most areas of this unit are used for hay or pasture. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Some areas are used as woodland. or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is If this unit is used for hay and pasture, the main limitation slight. is the hazard of flooding. Flooding can be controlled by Most areas of this unit are used as woodland (fig. 17). diking adjacent streams or diverting upland runoff away from Some areas are used as rural homesites. the area. Restricting grazing during wet periods helps to Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this maintain the condition of the pasture and soil. unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, Trees of limited extent include western hemlock, bigleaf the mean site index for western hemlock is 153, and on the maple, and black cottonwood. On the basis of a 50-year site basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 110. curve, the mean site index for red alder is 93. Yield tables Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is 243 (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is 106 cubic feet per acre per cubic feet per acre per year. year. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is surfacing for year-round use. Rounded pebbles and cobbles not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of are, readily available in areas of this unit. Frequent, very wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the brief floods restrict the use of equipment to the dry summer protective layer of duff. months. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. timber. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by red If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western alder occurs readily in cutover areas and by western hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, hemlock it occurs periodically. If openings are made in the invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of canopy, invading brushy plants can delay natural Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of reforestation. western hemlock. Common forest understory species include Common forest understory species include salal, salmonberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, red salmonberry, red huckleberry, vine maple, and western elderberry, and deer fern. swordfern. This map unit is in capability subclass Illw. This unit is well suited to homesite development.

This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. 49-Ilwaco silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on broad ridgetops, small 50-Ilwaco silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This very plateaus, and shoulders. It formed in material derived from deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of uplands. It sandstone. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 formed in material derived from sandstone. Drainageways feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native Elevation is sea level to 1,000 feet. The average annual vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,000 precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, the average annual air feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average the average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, 220 days. twigs, moss, and roots about 2 inches thick. The surface Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of layer is dark brown silt loam about 17 inches thick. The needles, twigs, moss, and roots about 2 inches thick. subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark yellowish The surface layer is dark brown silt loam about 15 brown silt loam. inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is Included in this unit are about 2 percent Lebam soils, 2 dark yellowish brown silt loam. percent Montesa soils, and 2 percent Stimson soils. Also Included in this unit are about 10 percent Narel soils, 5 included in some mapped areas is as much as 3 percent percent Palix and Lebam soils, and 10 percent Ilwaco soils Ilwaco soils that have slopes of more than 8 percent. that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 30 percent.

Figure 17.-Second growth western hemlock on Ilwaco silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. These soils are in Pacific County.

Permeability of this llwaco soil is moderate. Available unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas slight. of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant This unit is used as woodland. cover is established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, duff. and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is 153, and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. about 110. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, 50 is about 243 cubic feet per acre per year. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment western hemlock. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Common forest understory species include salal, damage to tree roots. When wet, salmonberry, red huckleberry, vine maple, and western swordfern.

This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. Common forest understory species include salal, salmonberry, red huckleberry, vine maple, and western 51-Ilwaco silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This swordfern. very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes and foot This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. slopes of uplands. It formed in material derived from sandstone. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 52-Ilwaco silt loam, cool, 1 to 8 percent slopes. feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. This very deep, well drained soil is on broad ridgetops, Elevation is sea level to 1,000 feet. The average annual small plateaus, and shoulders. It formed in material derived precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, the average annual air from sandstone. Drainageways generally are more than temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. Elevation is sea level to 1,000 feet. The average annual Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, the average annual air needles, twigs, moss, and roots about 2 inches thick. temperature is about 46 degrees F, and the average The surface layer is dark brown silt loam about 12 growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. This inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is soil is subject to strong coastal winds and prolonged dark yellowish brown silt loam. seasonal fog cover. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Narel soils Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of and 5 percent Lebam and Palix soils. Also included in needles, twigs, moss, and roots about 2 inches thick. The some mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Ilwaco soils surface layer is dark brown silt loam about 17 inches thick. that have slopes of less than 30 percent. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark Permeability of this Ilwaco soil is moderate. Available yellowish brown silt loam. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Included in this unit are about 2 percent Lebam, cool, or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion soils; 2 percent Montesa soils; and 2 percent Stimson soils. is moderate. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 3 This unit is used as woodland. percent Ilwaco, cool, soils that have slopes of more than 8 Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this percent. unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, Permeability of this Ilwaco soil is moderate. Available and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches the mean site index for western hemlock is 153, and on the or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 110. slight. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is 243 areas are used as rural homesites. cubic feet per acre per year. Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are the principal forest The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment hemlock is 138, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and mean site index is 99. Yield tables indicate that the mean damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western and generally are impassable. Logging roads require hemlock at age 50 is 214 cubic feet per acre per year. suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are adequately and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable protected by water bars or vegetation. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. protective layer of duff. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock. western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it occurs periodically. If openings are made

Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily and by establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay Sitka spruce it occurs periodically. If openings are made in reforestation by western hemlock and Sitka spruce. the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent Common forest understory species include salal, establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay salmonberry, red huckleberry, vine maple, and western reforestation by western hemlock and Sitka spruce. swordfern. Common forest understory species include salal, This unit is well suited to homesite development. salmonberry, red huckleberry, vine maple, and western This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. swordfern.

This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. 53-Ilwaco silt loam, cool, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of uplands. It 54-Ilwaco silt loam, cool, 30 to 65 percent slopes. formed in material derived from sandstone. Drainageways This very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes and foot generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native slopes of uplands. It formed in material derived from vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,000 sandstone. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is the average annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F, sea level to 1,000 feet. The average annual precipitation is and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 80 to 110 inches, the average annual air temperature is 220 days. This soil is subject to strong coastal winds and about 46 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 prolonged seasonal fog cover. degrees) is 180 to 220 days. This soil is subject to strong Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of coastal winds and prolonged seasonal fog cover. needles, twigs, moss, and roots about 2 inches thick. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of The surface layer is dark brown silt loam about 15 needles, twigs, moss, and roots about 2 inches thick. inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is The surface layer is dark brown silt loam about 12 dark yellowish brown silt loam. inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is Included in this unit are about 10 percent Narel soils and 5 dark yellowish brown silt loam. percent Palix, cool, soils and Lebam, cool, soils. Also Included in this unit are about 10 percent Narel soils and included is about 10 percent Ilwaco, cool, soils that have 5 percent Lebam, cool, soils and Palix, cool, soils. Also slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 30 percent. included in some mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Permeability of this Ilwaco soil is moderate. Available Ilwaco, cool, soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Permeability of this Ilwaco soil is moderate. Available or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches slight. or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water This unit is used as woodland. erosion is moderate. Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are the principal forest This unit is used as woodland. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are the principal forest redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a hemlock is 138, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western mean site index is 99. Yield tables indicate that the mean hemlock is 138, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock mean site index is 99. Yield tables indicate that the mean at age 50 is 214 cubic feet per acre per year. annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness hemlock at age 50 is 214 cubic feet per acre per year. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and and generally are impassable. Logging roads require disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Steep timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished yarding paths, by hand planting western hemlock and

Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rifling and gullying disturbance of the protective layer of duff. unless they are adequately protected by water bars or Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing vegetation. timber. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by red Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing alder occurs readily in cutover areas. Frequent, very brief timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished floods reduce root respiration and cause seedling mortality. If by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by can delay reforestation by red alder. western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it Common forest understory species include salmonberry, occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, stinging nettle, buttercup, horsetail, and pig-a-back plant. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of If this unit is used for hay and pasture, the main Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by limitations are the hazard of flooding and the low available western hemlock and Sitka spruce. water capacity. Flooding can be controlled by diking Common forest understory species include salal, adjacent streams or diverting upland runoff away from the salmonberry, red huckleberry, vine maple, and western area. Because the soil in this unit is droughty, applications swordfern. of irrigation water should be light and frequent. Sprinkler This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. irrigation is a suitable method. Water should be applied in

amounts sufficient to wet the root zone but small enough to 55-Juno sandy loam. This very deep, somewhat minimize the leaching of plant nutrients. excessively drained soil is on flood plains. It formed in This map unit is in capability subclass IVw. alluvium derived from glacial sediment. The slope is 0 to 3 percent. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation 56-Katula very cobbly loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes. is 100 to 300 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to This moderately deep, well drained soil is on narrow 100 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 ridgetops, shoulders, and back slopes of uplands. It formed degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) in colluvium and residuum derived from basalt. is 200 to 240 days. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 1,100 to sandy loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 6 inches of the 2,200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 underlying material is dark grayish brown gravelly sand, and inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) grayish brown and yellowish brown extremely gravelly sand. is 180 to 220 days. Included in this unit is about 10 percent Humptulips Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and soils. Also included are small areas of soils that are in the twigs about 7 inches thick. The upper 3 inches of the 120-inch rainfall zone. surface layer is dark reddish brown very cobbly loam, and Permeability of this Juno soil is rapid. Available water the lower 10 inches is dark reddish brown extremely cobbly capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. loam. The subsoil is dark reddish brown and dark brown Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. extremely cobbly clay loam about 19 inches thick. Fractured This soil is subject to frequent, very brief periods of flooding basalt is at a depth of about 32 inches. Depth to bedrock in winter. ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. A few Included in this unit are about 10 percent Bunker soils, 3 areas are used for hay and pasture. percent Boistfort soils, and 2 percent Lates and Murnen Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. Trees soils. Also included in some mapped areas are as much as of limited extent include black cottonwood and bigleaf 5 percent Katula soils that have slopes of more than 30 maple. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site percent and 2 percent Rock outcrop. index for red alder is 106. Yield tables indicate that the Permeability of this Katula soil is moderate. Available mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for red alder water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 at age 40 is 128 cubic feet per acre per year. inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness slight. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment This unit is used as woodland. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable alder, bigleaf maple, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a surfacing for year-round use. Rounded gravel and cobbles 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 143 for Douglas- for road construction are readily available in areas of this fir and 145 for western hemlock. On the unit. Frequent, very brief floods restrict the use of equipment during winter.

less than 30 percent or more than 65 percent and 4 basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 108 for percent Rock outcrop. Douglas-fir and 104 for western hemlock. Yield tables Permeability of this Katula soil is moderate. Available indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is 149 cubic feet per acre inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it is 228 cubic is moderate. feet per acre per year. This unit is used as woodland. The main limitation for harvesting timber is cobbles on the Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest surface, which can hinder ground-skidding harvesting species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red operations. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year- alder, bigleaf maple, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a round use. Rock for road construction is readily available in 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 143 for Douglas- areas of this unit. This unit is well suited to year-round fir and 145 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year logging operations. Careful use of wheeled or tracked site curve, the mean site index is 108 for Douglas-fir and 104 equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished age 65 is 149 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are hemlock at age 50 it is 228 cubic feet per acre per year. present, natural reforestation by western hemlock occurs The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of periodically. Droughtiness of the surface layer increases slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked seedling mortality, particularly on south- and southwest- equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems are facing slopes. Seedling mortality is higher on ridgetops, safer and disturb the soil less. Logging roads require which are subject to strong, persistent winds. Areas on suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road ridgetops are less productive than other areas of the unit. construction is readily available in areas of this unit. Steep Seedlings planted in the less fertile subsoil grow poorly and yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling have poor vigor. If openings are made in the canopy, and gullying unless they are adequately protected by water invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of bars or vegetation. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing western hemlock. Because the rooting depth is restricted by timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished the underlying fractured bedrock, trees are subject to by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are occasional windthrow. present, natural reforestation by western hemlock occurs Common forest understory species include salal, periodically. Droughtiness of the surface layer increases Oregon-grape, red huckleberry, western swordfern, and seedling mortality, particularly on south- or southwest-facing western brackenfern. slopes. Seedling mortality is higher on ridgetops, which are This map unit is in capability subclass Vls. subject to strong, persistent winds. Areas on ridgetops are

less productive than other areas of the unit. Seedlings 57-Katula very cobbly loam, 30 to 65 percent planted in the less fertile subsoil grow poorly and have poor slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on narrow vigor. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy ridgetops and back slopes of uplands. It formed in colluvium plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and residuum derived from basalt. Drainageways generally and can delay natural regeneration of western hemlock. are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly Because the rooting depth is restricted by the underlying conifers. Elevation is 1,100 to 2,200 feet. The average fractured bedrock, trees are subject to occasional annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual windthrow. air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average Common forest understory species include salal, growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. Oregon-grape, red huckleberry, western swordfern, and Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles western brackenfern. and twigs about 7 inches thick. The upper 3 inches of the This map unit is in capability subclass VIs. surface layer is dark reddish brown very cobbly loam, and the lower 10 inches is dark reddish brown extremely cobbly 58-Katula very cobbly loam, 65 to 90 percent loam. The subsoil is dark reddish brown and dark brown slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on extremely cobbly clay loam about 19 inches thick. Fractured narrow ridgetops and back slopes of uplands. It formed in basalt is at a depth of about 32 inches. Depth to bedrock colluvium and residuum derived from basalt. Drainageways ranges from 20 to 40 inches. generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native Included in this unit are about 10 percent Bunker soils, 3 vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 1,100 to 2,200 percent Boistfort soils, and 2 percent Lates and Murnen feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, soils. Also included in some mapped areas are as much as 5 the average annual air, temperature is percent Katula soils that have slopes of about 48 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 Common forest understory species include salal, degrees) is 180 to 220 days. Oregon-grape, red huckleberry, western swordfern, Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and western brackenfern. and twigs about 7 inches thick. The upper 3 inches of the This map unit is in capability subclass Vlls. surface layer is dark reddish brown very cobbly loam, and the lower 10 inches is dark reddish brown extremely cobbly 59-Knappton silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This loam. The subsoil is dark reddish brown and dark brown deep, well drained soil is on side slopes of uplands. It extremely cobbly clay loam about 19 inches thick. Fractured formed in colluvium derived from basalt. Drainageways basalt is at a depth of about 32 inches. Depth to bedrock generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation ranges from 20 to 40 inches. is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The Included in this unit are about 10 percent Bunker soils, 5 average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average percent Katula soils that have slopes of less than 65 annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the percent, and 5 percent Rock outcrop. average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. Permeability of this Katula soil is moderate. Available Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark inches. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is brown and dark reddish brown silt loam about 12 inches severe. thick. The upper 12 inches of the subsoil is reddish brown This unit is used as woodland. gravelly silt loam, and the lower part is dark brown and Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest strong brown gravelly silty clay loam about 19 inches thick. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, Weathered, fractured basalt is at a depth of about 43 bigleaf maple, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a 100- inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or year site curve, the mean site index is 143 for Douglas-fir more. and 145 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site Included in this unit are about 10 percent Squally soils, 5 curve, the mean site index is 108 for Douglas-fir and 104 for percent Vesta and Traham soils, and 10 percent Knappton western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent. Also increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is included in some mapped areas is as much as 2 percent 149 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at Lates, Murnen, and Swem soils. age 50 it is 228 cubic feet per acre per year. Permeability of this Knappton soil is moderate. Available The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. Logging inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for erosion is slight. road construction is readily available in areas of this unit. This unit is used as woodland. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are adequately Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- protected by water bars or vegetation. Use of harvesting year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is systems that lift logs entirely off the ground reduces 146, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site disturbance of the protective layer of duff. index is 104. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing timber. increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished by 50 is 230 cubic feet per acre per year. hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness present, natural reforestation by western hemlock occurs when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment periodically. Droughtiness of the surface layer increases when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and seedling mortality, particularly on south- or southwest-facing damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft slopes. Seedling mortality is higher on ridgetops, which are and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable subject to strong, persistent winds. Areas on ridgetops are surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is less productive than other areas of the unit. Seedlings readily available in areas of this unit, generally at a depth of planted in the less fertile subsoil grow poorly and have poor 3 to 5 feet. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant vigor. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy cover is established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of and can delay natural regeneration of western hemlock. duff. Because the rooting depth is restricted by the underlying Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing fractured bedrock, trees are subject to occasional timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished windthrow. by hand planting western hemlock and

Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural Rock for road construction is readily available in areas of reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily. Seedling this unit, generally at a depth of 3 to 5 feet. Steep cuts and mortality is higher on ridgetops, which are subject to strong, fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. persistent winds. Areas on ridgetops are less productive Slumping and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. than other areas of the unit. If openings are made in the Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of rifling and gullying unless they are adequately protected by Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of water bars or vegetation. western hemlock. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing Common forest understory species include salal, timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished salmonberry, western swordfern, red huckleberry, and by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. red elderberry. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. hemlock occurs readily. Seedling mortality is higher on

ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent winds. 60-Knappton silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other areas of deep, well drained soil is on side slopes of uplands. It the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, invading formed in colluvium derived from basalt. Drainageways brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of western vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. hemlock. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the Common forest understory species include salal, average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and salmonberry, western swordfern, red huckleberry, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 red elderberry. days. This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface 61-Knappton silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This layer is dark brown and dark reddish brown sift loam about deep, well drained soil is on side slopes of uplands. It 11 inches thick. The upper 12 inches of the subsoil is reddish formed in colluvium derived from basalt. Drainageways brown gravelly silt loam, and the lower part is dark brown generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native and strong brown gravelly silty clay loam about 21 inches vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. thick. Weathered, fractured basalt is at a depth of about 44 The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and more. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 Included in this unit are about 10 percent Traham soils, 5 days. percent Vesta and Squally soils, and 10 percent Knappton Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or more than needles, twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface 65 percent. Also included in some mapped areas is as much layer is dark brown and dark reddish brown silt loam about as 2 percent Swem soils. 10 inches thick. The upper 12 inches of the subsoil is Permeability of this Knappton soil is moderate. Available reddish brown gravelly silt loam, and the lower part is dark water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 brown and strong brown gravelly silty clay loam about 18 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water inches thick. Weathered, fractured basalt is at a depth of erosion is moderate. about 40 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 This unit is used as woodland. inches or more. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this Included in this unit are about 15 percent Traham soils, 5 unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, percent Squally soils, and 5 percent Knappton soils that Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- have slopes of less than 65 percent. Also included in some year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is mapped areas are as much as 2 percent Lates soils and as 146, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site much as 10 percent soils that are less than 40 inches deep index is 104. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual to bedrock. increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age Permeability of this Knappton soil is moderate. Available 50 is 230 cubic feet per acre per year. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment erosion is severe. during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and This unit is used as woodland. disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- and generally are impassable. year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is 146, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, to 40 inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water the mean site index is 104. Yield tables indicate that the erosion is slight. mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western This unit is used as woodland. hemlock at age 50 is 230 cubic feet per acre per year. Western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and Pacific silver fir are the The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of principal forest species on this unit. Trees of limited extent slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, include red alder, bigleaf maple, Sitka spruce, and western unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. site index is 135 for western hemlock and 138 for Douglas- Rock for road construction is readily available in areas of this fir. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index unit, generally at a depth of 3 to 5 feet. Steep cuts and fills is 95 for western hemlock and 110 for Douglas-fir. Yield erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping tables indicate that the mean annual increment at and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is 209 paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and cubic feet per acre per year, and for Douglas-fir at age 70 it gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars is 142 cubic feet per acre per year. or vegetation. Use of harvesting systems that lift logs The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness entirely off the ground reduces disturbance of the protective when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment layer of duff. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western readily available in areas of this unit. Occasionally, a hemlock occurs readily. Seedling mortality is higher on snowpack hinders use of ground skidding in harvesting. ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent winds. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other areas of established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and can delay natural regeneration of western hemlock. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Common forest understory species include salal, by hand planting Douglas-fir or noble fir seedlings. If seed salmonberry, western swordfern, red huckleberry, and red trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock elderberry. and Pacific silver fir occurs periodically. Seedling mortality is This map unit is in capability subclass Vlle. higher on ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent winds. Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other 62-Lates silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This areas of the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, moderately deep, well drained soil is on mountains. It invading brushy plants can delay establishment of Douglas-fir formed in material derived from basalt. Drainageways seedlings and natural regeneration of western hemlock. generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native Because the rooting depth is restricted by the underlying vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 1,800 to 2,700 fractured bedrock, trees are subject to occasional windthrow. feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, Common forest understory species include salmonberry, the average annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F, salal, red huckleberry, western swordfern, and western and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 150 to brackenfern. 180 days. This map unit is in capability subclass lVe. Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown and black silt loam about 14 inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown 63-Lates silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This gravelly loam about 21 inches thick. Fractured basalt is at a moderately deep, well drained soil is on mountains. It depth of about 35 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 formed in material derived from basalt. Drainageways to 40 inches. generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native Included in this unit are about 10 percent Murnen soils vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 1,800 to 2,700 and 5 percent Lates soils that have slopes of more than 30 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, percent. Also included in some mapped areas are as much the average annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F, as 2 percent soils that are less than 20 inches deep to and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 150 to bedrock, 2 percent poorly drained soils, and 1 percent Rock 180 days. outcrop. Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown and black Permeability of this Lates soil is moderate. Available silt loam about 14 inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20 gravelly loam about 21 inches thick. Fractured

64-Lates silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This basalt is at a depth of about 35 inches. Depth to moderately deep, well drained soil is on mountains. It bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. formed in material derived from basalt. Drainageways Included in this unit are about 10 percent Murnen soils generally are less than 1,000 feet apart. The native and 5 percent Lates soils that have slopes of less than 30 vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 1,800 to 2,700 percent or more than 65 percent. Also included in some feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, mapped areas are as much as 2 percent soils that are less the average annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F, than 20 inches deep to bedrock, 1 percent poorly drained and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 150 to soils, and 2 percent Rock outcrop. 180 days. Permeability of this Lates soil is moderate. Available water Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown and black capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 silt loam about 14 inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is gravelly loam about 21 inches thick. Fractured basalt is at a moderate. depth of about 35 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 This unit is used as woodland. to 40 inches. Western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and Pacific silver fir are the Included in this unit is about 10 percent Lates soils that principal forest species on this unit. Trees of limited extent have slopes of less than 65 percent. Also included in some include red alder, bigleaf maple, Sitka spruce, and western mapped areas are as much as 5 percent soils that are less redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean than 20 inches deep to bedrock and 2 percent Rock site index is 135 for western hemlock and 138 for Douglas- outcrop. fir. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index Permeability of this Lates soil is moderate. Available is 95 for western hemlock and 110 for Douglas-fir. Yield water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20 to tables indicate that the mean annual increment at 40 inches. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is 209 is severe. cubic feet per acre per year, and for Douglas-fir at age 70 it This unit is used as woodland. is 142 cubic feet per acre per year. Western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and Pacific silver fir are the The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of principal forest species on this unit. Trees of limited extent slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked include red alder, bigleaf maple, Sitka spruce, and western equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean are safer and disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked site index is about 135 for western hemlock and about 138 equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil for Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, mean site index is about 95 for western hemlock and about unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. 110 for Douglas-fir. Yield tables indicate that the mean Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western Rock for road construction is readily available in areas of hemlock at age 50 is about 209 cubic feet per acre per this unit. Occasionally, a snowpack hinders skidding and year, and for Douglas-fir at age 70 it is about 142 cubic feet yarding. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant per acre per year. cover is established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Rock for road construction is readily available in areas of by hand planting Douglas-fir or noble fir seedlings. If seed this unit. Occasionally, a snowpack hinders cable yarding. trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is and Pacific silver fir occurs periodically. Seedling mortality is established. Slumping and road failures can occur in clear- higher on ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are winds. Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other subject to rilling and gullying unless they are adequately areas of the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, protected by water bars or vegetation. Use of harvesting invading brushy plants can delay establishment of Douglas- systems that lift logs entirely off the ground reduces fir seedlings and natural regeneration of western hemlock. disturbance of the protective layer of duff. Because the rooting depth is restricted by the underlying Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing fractured bedrock, trees are subject to occasional windthrow. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Common forest understory species include salmonberry, by hand planting Douglas-fir or noble fir seedlings. If seed salal, red huckleberry, western swordfern, and western trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock brackenfern. and Pacific silver fir occurs periodically. Seedling mortality is This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. higher on ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent winds. Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other areas of the unit. If Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished delay establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and natural by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. regeneration of western hemlock. Because the rooting depth If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western is restricted by the underlying fractured bedrock, trees are hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, subject to occasional windthrow. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Common forest understory species include salmonberry, Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of salal, red huckleberry, western swordfern, and western western hemlock. brackenfern. Common forest understory species include salal, red This map unit is in capability subclass Vlle. huckleberry, salmonberry, vine maple, and western swordfern. 65-Lebam silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in material unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of derived from siltstone. Drainageways generally are moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly size of the absorption field. conifers. Elevation is 20 to 1,100 feet. The average annual This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average 66-Lebam silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, material derived from siltstone. Drainageways twigs, and moss about 2 inches thick. The surface layer is generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native dark brown and dark yellowish brown silt loam about 21 vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 20 to 1,100 feet. inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the dark yellowish brown silty clay loam. average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and Included in this unit are about 5 percent Ilwaco soils and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 5 percent Arta soils. Also included in some mapped areas is days. as much as 10 percent Lebam soils that have slopes of Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, more than 8 percent. twigs, and moss about 2 inches thick. The surface layer is Permeability of this Lebam soil is moderate. Available dark brown and dark yellowish brown silt loam about 18 water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is dark yellowish brown silty clay loam. slight. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Palix soils, 5 Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some percent Ilwaco soils, 2 percent Stimson soils, 2 percent areas are used as rural homesites. Vesta and Knappton soils, and 1 percent Swem soils. Also Western hemlock and Douglas-fir are the principal forest included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, Lebam soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent. Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- Permeability of this Lebam soil is moderate. Available year site curve, the mean site index is 159 for western water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches hemlock and 173 for Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 50-year or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is site curve, the mean site index is 112 for western hemlock slight. and 134 for Douglas-fir. Yield tables indicate that the mean This unit is used as woodland. annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock Western hemlock and Douglas-fir are the principal forest at age 50 is 252 cubic feet per acre per year, and for species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red Douglas-fir at age 60 it is 184 cubic feet per acre per year. alder, western redcedar, and Sitka spruce. On the basis of a The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 159 for western when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment hemlock and 173 for Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 50-year when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and site curve, the mean site index is 112 for western hemlock damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft and 134 for Douglas-fir. Yield tables indicate that the mean and generally are impassable. Logging roads require annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road at age 50 is 252 cubic feet per acre per year, and for construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. Douglas-fir at age 60 it is 184 cubic feet per acre per year. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness disturbance of the protective layer of duff. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year- Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of round use. Rock for road construction is not readily this unit. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use of Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished protective layer of duff. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration by invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of western hemlock and Sitka spruce. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of Common forest understory species include salal, red western hemlock. huckleberry, salmonberry, vine maple, and western Common forest understory species include salal, red swordfern. huckleberry, salmonberry, vine maple, and western This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. swordfern. This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. 68-Le Bar silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on glacial terraces. It formed in old 67-Lebam silt loam, cool, 5 to 30 percent slopes. alluvium. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet This very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is material derived from siltstone. Drainageways generally are 100 to 800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 conifers. Elevation is 20 to 600 feet. The average annual degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air is 200 to 240 days. temperature is about 46 degrees F, and the average growing Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. This soil is twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark subject to strong coastal winds and prolonged seasonal fog brown and dark reddish brown silt loam about 12 inches cover. thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, brown and reddish brown silt loam. twigs, and moss about 2 inches thick. The surface layer is Included in this unit are about 10 percent Hoquiam soils dark brown and dark yellowish brown silt loam about 21 and 2 percent Copalis soils. Also included in some mapped inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is areas is as much as 10 percent Le Bar soils that have dark yellowish brown silty clay loam. slopes of more than 8 percent. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Arta soils; 5 Permeability of this Le Bar soil is moderate. Available percent Ilwaco, cool, soils; and 10 percent Palix, cool, water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches soils. or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is Permeability of this Lebam soil is moderate. Available slight. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is small areas are used for hay, pasture, or rural homesites. slight. Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest This unit is used as woodland. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this alder, western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 176 for redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a Douglas-fir and 164 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 131 for Douglas-fir is about 140, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the and 117 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean site index is about 100. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western at age 60 is 187 cubic feet per acre per year, and for hemlock at age 50 is about 218 cubic feet per acre per year. western hemlock at age 50 it is 262 cubic feet per acre per The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness year. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable.

The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft year site curve, the mean site index is 176 for Douglas-fir and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable and 164 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is curve, the mean site index is 131 for Douglas-fir and 117 for not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is protective layer of duff. 187 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing age 50 it is 262 cubic feet per acre per year. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is western hemlock. not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills Common forest understory species include salal, erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use western swordfern, Oregon-grape, vine maple, and red of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the huckleberry. protective layer of duff. This unit is suited to hay and pasture. Restricting grazing Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on this by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are unit to reduce soil erosion. present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, unit is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of size of the absorption field. western hemlock. This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. Common forest understory species include salal, western swordfern, Oregon-grape, vine maple, and red 69-Le Bar silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This very huckleberry. deep, well drained soil is on glacial terraces. It formed in old This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. alluvium. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 70-Le Bar silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This 100 to 800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to very deep, well drained soil is on glacial terraces. It formed 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 in old alluvium. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. is 200 to 240 days. Elevation is 100 to 800 feet. The average annual Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing brown and dark reddish brown silt loam about 14 inches season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, brown and reddish brown silt loam. twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark Included in this unit are about 10 percent Hoquiam soils brown and dark reddish brown silt loam about 10 inches and 2 percent Copalis soils. Also included in some mapped thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark areas is as much as 15 percent Le Bar soils that have brown and reddish brown silt loam. slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 30 percent. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Copalis soils Permeability of this Le Bar soil is moderate. Available and 10 percent Hoquiam soils. Also included in some water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Le Bar soils that or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is have slopes of less than 30 percent. slight. Permeability of this Le Bar soil is moderate. Available This unit is used as woodland. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of Permeability of this Lyre soil is moderately rapid. Available water erosion is moderate. water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or This unit is used as woodland. more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest slight. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, This unit is used as woodland, pasture, and homesites. It is western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- also used for hay and as a source of Christmas trees. year site curve, the mean site index is 176 for Douglas-fir Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. and 164 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site Trees of limited extent include western hemlock, western curve, the mean site index is 131 for Douglas-fir and 117 for redcedar, bigleaf maple, and red alder. On the basis of a western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 157, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site 187 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at index is 119. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual age 50 it is 262 cubic feet per acre per year. increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of 167 cubic feet per acre per year. slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked This unit is well suited to year-round logging operations. equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems Using wheeled or tracked equipment when the soil is wet are safer and disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced can cause ruts and damage to tree roots. When wet, roads are soft and generally are impassable. Logging roads unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery. Logging require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. Rounded gravel and cobbles for road construction are Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of wheeled established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the protective are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are adequately layer of duff. protected by water bars or vegetation. Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by Douglas-fir occurs present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red infrequently. Droughtiness of the surface layer increases alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, seedling mortality. Seedlings planted in the less fertile invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of subsoil grow poorly and have poor vigor. If openings are Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent western hemlock. establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. Common forest understory species include salal, Common forest understory species include salal, western swordfern, Oregon-grape, vine maple, and red salmonberry, red huckleberry, western brackenfern, and huckleberry. western swordfern. This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. Scotch pine and Douglas-fir can be harvested for use as Christmas trees. 71-Lyre very gravelly loamy sand, 0 to 8 percent This unit is poorly suited to hay and pasture. It is limited slopes. This very deep, somewhat excessively drained soil mainly by the low available water capacity and low soil is on glacial outwash plains. It formed in glacial outwash. fertility. Because the soil in this unit is droughty, The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to applications of irrigation water should be light and frequent. 300 feet. The average annual precipitation is 60 to 90 Sprinkler irrigation is a suitable method. Water should be inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 applied in amounts sufficient to wet the root zone but small degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 enough to minimize the leaching of plant nutrients. degrees) is 200 to 240 days. This unit is well suited to homesite development. Removal Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, of pebbles and cobbles in disturbed areas is needed for best twigs, and leaves about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is results in landscaping, particularly in areas used for lawns. In dark reddish brown very gravelly loamy sand about 7 inches summer, irrigation is needed for lawn grasses, shrubs, vines, thick. The upper 16 inches of the subsoil is dark reddish shade trees, and ornamental trees. Mulch, fertilizer, and brown very gravelly sandy loam, and the lower 12 inches is irrigation are needed to establish lawn grasses. If the dark brown very gravelly sand. The substratum to a depth density of housing is moderate to high, community sewage of 60 inches or more is dark grayish brown extremely systems are needed to prevent contamination of water gravelly sand. supplies as a result of seepage from onsite sewage disposal Included in this unit are about 10 percent Carstairs systems. soils, 5 percent Lyre Variant soils, and 5 percent Spanaway soils.

This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished 72-Lyre Variant very gravelly sandy loam. This by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are moderately deep, moderately well drained soil is on benches present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. and valley floors. It formed in glacial till and outwash. The Droughtiness of the surface layer increases seedling slope is 0 to 3 percent. The native vegetation is mainly mortality. Seedlings planted in the less fertile subsoil grow conifers. Elevation is 100 to 300 feet. The average annual poorly and have poor vigor. If openings are made in the precipitation is 60 to 75 inches, the average annual air canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing Douglas-fir seedlings. Because of the seasonal perched season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. water table, trees are occasionally subject to windthrow. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown very gravelly Common forest understory species include vine maple, sandy loam about 9 inches thick. The subsoil is dark reddish western brackenfern, western swordfern, red huckleberry, brown and dark brown very gravelly sandy loam about 19 and Oregon-grape. inches thick. Dense glacial drift is at a depth of about 28 If this unit is used for homesite development, the main inches. Depth to the glacial drift ranges from 20 to 40 inches. limitations are depth to the dense glacial drift and depth to Included in this unit are about 10 percent Lyre soils, 5 the perched water table. Drainage should be provided for percent Carstairs soils, and 5 percent Spanaway soils. buildings with basements and crawl spaces. Excavation for Permeability of this Lyre Variant soil is rapid to the dense building sites is limited by the dense glacial drift. Because of glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water this restrictive layer, onsite sewage disposal systems often capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. fail or do not function properly. Plant cover can be Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion established and maintained through proper fertilizing, is slight. Water is perched above the glacial drift in winter seeding, mulching, and shaping of the slopes. Removal of and spring. The effect of the drift layer on use and pebbles and cobbles in disturbed areas is needed for the management is similar to the effect of a hardpan. best results in landscaping, particularly in areas used for Most areas of this unit are used as rural homesites lawns. and for hay and pasture. Some areas are used as This map unit is in capability subclass IVw. woodland. This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The main 73-Lytell silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This deep, limitations are low soil fertility and restricted rooting depth. well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It formed in The perched water table, which builds up over the glacial drift colluvium derived from siltstone or in fine-grained sandstone during the rainy period in winter and spring, generally limits sediment. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet the suitability of this unit for deep-rooted crops. The dense apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is glacial drift also reduces the yield of deep-rooted plants. 20 to 1,500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to Where feasible, deep ripping of the glacial drift helps to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 overcome this limitation. degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. is 200 to 240 days. Trees of limited extent include red alder, western hemlock, Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of twigs and western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a needles about 3 inches thick. The upper 10 inches of the 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is surface layer is dark brown silt loam, and the lower 6 172, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site inches is dark brown silty clay loam. The subsoil is dark index is 132. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual yellowish brown silty clay loam about 34 inches thick. Partly increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is consolidated siltstone is at a depth of about 50 inches. 183 cubic feet per acre per year. Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. This unit is well suited to year-round logging operations. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Astoria and Using wheeled or tracked equipment when the soil is wet can Zenker soils, 1 percent Boistfort and Bunker soils, 2 cause ruts and damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced percent Stimson soils, and 2 percent Swern soils. Also roads and skid trails are slippery and generally are included in some mapped areas are as much as 5 percent impassable. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for Lytell soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent and year-round use. Rounded gravel and cobbles for road 2 percent basalt Rock outcrop. construction are readily available in areas of this unit. Permeability of this Lytell soil is moderate. Available water Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or disturbance of the protective layer of duff. more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. This soil is subject to slippage. This unit is used as woodland.

Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest areas are as much as 5 percent Lytell soils that have species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 65 percent and western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On the as much as 10 percent soils that are less than 40 inches basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 181 for deep to bedrock. Douglas-fir and 173 for western hemlock. On the basis of a Permeability of this Lytell soil is moderate. Available water 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 136 for Douglas-fir capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or and 123 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir moderate. This soil is subject to slippage. at age 60 is 192 cubic feet per acre per year, and for This unit is used as woodland. western hemlock at age 50 it is 279 cubic feet per acre per Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest year. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On the when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 174 for when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Douglas-fir and 173 for western hemlock. On the basis of a damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 132 for Douglas-fir and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable and 123 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir not readily available. Steep cuts and fills erode readily at age 60 is 185 cubic feet per acre per year, and for unless a plant cover is established. Slumping and road western hemlock at age 50 it is 279 cubic feet per acre per failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Careful use of wheeled year. or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the protective The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of layer of duff. slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills western hemlock. erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping Common forest understory species include salal, and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding salmonberry, red huckleberry, western swordfern, paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and vine maple, and western brackenfern. gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. or vegetation. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing 74-Lytell silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This deep, timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It formed in by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are colluvium derived from siltstone or in fine-grained sandstone present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red sediment. Drainageways generally are less than 1,000 feet alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of 20 to 1,500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 western hemlock. degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) Common forest understory species include salal, is 200 to 240 days. salmonberry, red huckleberry, vine maple, and western Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of twigs and brackenfern. needles about 3 inches thick. The upper 11 inches of the This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. surface layer is dark brown silt loam, and the lower 6 inches is dark brown silty clay loam. The subsoil is dark yellowish 75-Lytell silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This deep, brown silty clay loam about 33 inches thick. Partly well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It formed in consolidated siltstone is at a depth of about 50 inches. colluvium derived from siltstone or in fine-grained sandstone Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. sediment. Drainageways generally are less than 1,000 feet Included in this unit are about 5 percent Zenker soils, 2 apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is percent Astoria soils, 2 percent Swem soils, and 1 percent 20 to 1,500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to Stimson soils. Also included in some mapped 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 76-Melbourne silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This days. very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of twigs and residuum derived from siltstone and sandstone. needles about 3 inches thick. The upper 12 inches of the Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The surface layer is dark brown silt loam, and the lower 6 inches native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 250 to 700 is dark brown silty clay loam. The subsoil is dark yellowish feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the brown silty clay loam about 32 inches thick. Partly average annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F, and consolidated siltstone is at a depth of about 50 inches. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. days. Included in this unit is about 5 percent Zenker soils. Also Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, included in some mapped areas are as much as 10 percent moss, and bark about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very Lytell soils that have slopes of less than 65 percent, 2 dark grayish brown silt loam about 14 inches thick. The percent basalt Rock outcrop, and 10 percent soils that are upper 5 inches of the subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam, less than 40 inches deep to bedrock. and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark Permeability of this Lytell soil is moderate. Available water brown and dark yellowish brown silty clay. capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or Included in this unit are about 5 percent Buckpeak soils, 5 more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is percent Centralia soils, and 5 percent Melbourne soils that severe. This soil is subject to slippage. have slopes of more than 8 percent. This unit is used as woodland. Permeability of this Melbourne soil is moderately slow. Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On the erosion is slight. basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 175 for Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some Douglas-fir and 173 for western hemlock. On the basis of a areas are used as rural homesites. 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 131 for Douglas-fir Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. and 123 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the Trees of limited extent include red alder, western redcedar, mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir western hemlock, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- at age 60 is 186 cubic feet per acre per year, and for year site curve, the mean site index is 175 for Douglas-fir. western hemlock at age 50 it is 279 cubic feet per acre per On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is year. 132 for Douglas-fir and 98 for red alder. Yield tables The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 186 cubic feet per acre unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. per year, and for red alder at age 40 it is 115 cubic feet per Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round acre per year. use. Rock for road construction is not readily available in The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment plant cover is established. Slumping and road failures can when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. Use of surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is harvesting systems that lift logs entirely off the ground not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing protective layer of duff. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. If invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. western hemlock. Common forest understory species include salal, red Common forest understory species include salal, huckleberry, Oregon-grape, western brackenfern, and salmonberry, red huckleberry, vine maple, and western western swordfern. brackenfern. If this unit is used for homesite development, the main This map unit is in capability subclass VIle. limitations are the shrink-swell potential and the moderately slow permeability. The effects of shrinking and seed trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder swelling can be minimized by using a proper engineering occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, invading design and by backfilling with material that has low shrink- brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir swell potential. Septic tank absorption fields do not function seedlings. properly because of the moderately slow permeability. Common forest understory species include salal, red This map unit is in capability subclass Ile. huckleberry, Oregon-grape, western brackenfern, and western swordfern. 77-Melbourne silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in residuum derived from siltstone and sandstone. 78-Melbourne silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 250 to 700 residuum derived from siltstone and sandstone. feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the Drainageways generally are less than 1,000 feet apart. The average annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F, and native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 250 to 700 the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the days. average annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F, and Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 moss, and bark about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very days. dark grayish brown silt loam about 10 inches thick. The Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, upper 9 inches of the subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam, moss, and bark about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark dark grayish brown silt loam about 12 inches thick. The brown and dark yellowish brown silty clay. upper 7 inches of the subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam, Included in this unit are about 10 percent Centralia soils, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark 5 percent Buckpeak soils, and 10 percent Melbourne soils brown and dark yellowish brown silty clay. that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 30 Included in this unit are about 15 percent Centralia percent. soils, 10 percent Buckpeak soils, and 10 percent Permeability of this Melbourne soil is moderately slow. Melbourne soils that have slopes of less than 30 Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is percent. 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water Permeability of this Melbourne soil is moderately slow. erosion is slight. Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is This unit is used as woodland. 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. water erosion is moderate. Trees of limited extent include red alder, western redcedar, This unit is used as woodland. western hemlock, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. year site curve, the mean site index is 175 for Douglas-fir. Trees of limited extent include red alder, western redcedar, On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is western hemlock, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- 132 for Douglas-fir and 98 for red alder. Yield tables indicate year site curve, the mean site index is 175 for Douglas-fir. that the mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is Douglas-fir at age 60 is 186 cubic feet per acre per year, and 132 for Douglas-fir and 98 for red alder. Yield tables for red alder at age 40 it is 115 cubic feet per acre per year. indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 186 cubic feet per acre when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment per year, and for red alder at age 40 it is 115 cubic feet per when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and acre per year. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft protective layer of duff. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rifling and gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars high water table reduces root respiration and increases or vegetation. seedling mortality. If openings are made in the canopy, Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Douglas-fir seedlings. This unit is subject to occasional by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are windthrow because of the seasonal high water table. present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. If Common forest understory species include openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants salmonberry, red huckleberry, western swordfern, can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. Oregon-grape, and western brackenfern. Common forest understory species include salal, red This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Restricting huckleberry, Oregon-grape, western brackenfern, and grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of western swordfern. the pasture and soil. This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. If this unit is used for homesite development, the main limitations are the seasonal high water table and moderately 79-Montesa silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This slow permeability. Septic tank absorption fields do not very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on alluvial fans. It function properly because of wetness and the moderately formed in alluvium derived from sedimentary and igneous slow permeability. The water table can be lowered by sediment. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation installing tile drains if adequate outlets are available. is 25 to 300 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to This map unit is in capability subclass IIIw. 110 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) 80-Mopang silt loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes. This is 200 to 240 days. deep, well drained soil is on ground moraines of uplands. It Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam about formed in old alluvium deposited over glacial drift. The native 18 inches thick. The subsoil is strong brown fine sandy vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 400 feet. loam about 7 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of The average annual precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, the 60 inches or more is pale brown silt loam. average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and Included in this unit are about 10 percent Satsop soils the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 and 10 percent Skamo soils. days. Permeability of this Montesa soil is moderately slow. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 twigs, and moss about 4 inches thick. The surface layer is inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water dark reddish brown silt loam about 6 inches thick. The erosion is slight. The seasonal high water table is at a depth subsoil is dark reddish brown and dark brown silty clay loam of 18 to 30 inches from October through April. about 37 inches thick. The substratum is strong brown very Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some gravelly silt loam about 8 inches thick. Dense glacial drift is areas are used for hay, pasture, or rural homesites. at a depth of about 51 inches. Depth to the glacial drift Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, western hemlock, Included in this unit are about 10 percent Calawah bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 50- soils, 5 percent Papac soils, and 10 percent Mopang year site curve, the mean site index for red alder is 102. soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at Permeability of this Mopang soil is moderate to the dense culmination (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is 121 cubic feet glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water capacity per acre per year. is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or more. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment The effect of the drift layer on use and management is when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and similar to the effect of a hardpan. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft This unit is used as woodland. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100-year Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is 157, disturbance of the protective layer of duff. and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing index is 111. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age by hand planting Douglas-fir and western hemlock 50 is 249 cubic feet per acre per year. seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. The seasonal

The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness hemlock is 147, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment the mean site index is 105. Yield tables indicate that the when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft hemlock at age 50 is 232 cubic feet per acre per year. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable The main limitation for harvesting timber is the steepness surfacing for year-round use. Rounded pebbles and cobbles of slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked are readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems are wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the safer and disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked protective layer of duff. equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western Rounded pebbles and cobbles are readily available in areas hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent cover is established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are regeneration of western hemlock. adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. Common forest understory species include salal, red Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished salmonberry. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made 81-Mopang silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent deep, well drained soil is on ground moraines of uplands. It establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural formed in old alluvium deposited over glacial drift. The native regeneration of western hemlock. vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 400 feet. Common forest understory species include salal, red The average annual precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, the huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, and average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and salmonberry. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. days. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, 82-Mopang silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This twigs, and moss about 4 inches thick. The surface layer is deep, well drained soil is on ground moraines of uplands. It dark reddish brown silt loam about 6 inches thick. The formed in old alluvium deposited over glacial drift. The subsoil is dark reddish brown and dark brown silty clay loam native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 400 about 40 inches thick. The substratum is strong brown very feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, gravelly silt loam about 8 inches thick. Dense glacial drift is the average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, at a depth of about 54 inches. Depth to the glacial drift and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. 220 days. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Calawah soils, Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, 10 percent Papac soils, and 15 percent Mopang soils that twigs, and moss about 4 inches thick. The surface layer is have slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 65 dark reddish brown silt loam about 5 inches thick. The percent. subsoil is dark reddish brown and dark brown silty clay loam Permeability of this Mopang soil is moderate to the dense about 43 inches thick. The substratum is strong brown very glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water gravelly silt loam about 9 inches thick. Dense glacial drift is capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or at a depth of about 57 inches. Depth to the glacial drift more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. moderate. The effect of the drift layer on use and Included in this unit are about 15 percent Papac soils and management is similar to the effect of a hardpan. 15 percent Mopang soils that have slopes of less than 65 This unit is used as woodland. percent. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this Permeability of this Mopang soil is moderate to the dense unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100- capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or year site curve, the mean site index for western more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is severe. The effect of the drift layer on use and Included in this unit are about 10 percent Calawah, management is similar to the effect of a hardpan. This unit cool, soils; 5 percent Papac soils; and 5 percent is used as woodland. Mopang, cool, soils that have slopes of more than 30 Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this percent. unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, Permeability of this Mopang soil is moderate to the dense Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water capacity year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or more. about 147, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. mean site index is about 105. Yield tables indicate that the The effect of the drift layer on use and management is mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western similar to the effect of a hardpan. hemlock at age 50 is about 232 cubic feet per acre per year. This unit is used as woodland. The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western use. Rounded pebbles and cobbles are readily available in hemlock is about 138, and on the basis of a 50-year site areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a curve, the mean site index is about 98. Yield tables indicate plant cover is established. Slumping and road failures can that the mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, western hemlock at age 50 is about 214 cubic feet per acre firebreaks, and roadfills are subject to rilling and gullying per year. unless they are adequately protected by water bars or The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness vegetation. Use of harvesting systems that lift logs entirely when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment off the ground reduces disturbance of the protective layer of when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and duff. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished surfacing for year-round use. Rounded pebbles and cobbles by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir are readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the western hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings protective layer of duff. are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished regeneration of western hemlock. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir Common forest understory species include salal, red seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, and western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it salmonberry. occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, This map unit is in capability subclass VIle. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by 83-Mopang silt loam, cool, 5 to 30 percent slopes. western hemlock and Sitka spruce. This deep, well drained soil is on ground moraines of Common forest understory species include salal, red uplands. It formed in old alluvium deposited over glacial drift. huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, and The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea salmonberry. level to 200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. 110 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) 84-Mopang silt loam, cool, 30 to 65 percent slopes. is 180 to 220 days. This soil is subject to strong coastal This deep, well drained soil is on ground moraines of winds and prolonged seasonal fog cover. uplands. It formed in old alluvium deposited over glacial Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, drift. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is twigs, and moss about 4 inches thick. The surface layer is sea level to 200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 dark reddish brown silt loam about 6 inches thick. The to 110 inches, the average annual air temperature is about subsoil is dark reddish brown and dark brown silty clay loam 46 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 about 37 inches thick. The substratum is strong brown very degrees) is 180 to 220 days. This soil is subject to strong gravelly silt loam about 8 inches thick. Dense glacial drift is coastal winds and prolonged seasonal fog cover. at a depth of about 51 inches. Depth to the glacial drift Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. needles, twigs, and moss about 4 inches thick. The surface layer is dark reddish brown silt loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is dark reddish brown and dark moraines of uplands. It formed in old alluvium deposited brown silty clay loam about 40 inches thick. The substratum over glacial drift. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. is strong brown very gravelly silt loam about 8 inches thick. Elevation is sea level to 200 feet. The average annual Dense glacial drift is at a depth of about 54 inches. Depth to precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, the average annual air the glacial drift ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. temperature is about 46 degrees F, and the average Included in this unit are about 10 percent Calawah, growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. This cool, soils; 5 percent Papac soils; and 10 percent soil is subject to strong coastal winds and prolonged Mopang, cool, soils that have slopes of less than 30 seasonal fog cover. percent or more than 65 percent. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, Permeability of this Mopang soil is moderate to the dense twigs, and moss about 4 inches thick. The surface layer is glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water capacity dark reddish brown silt loam about 5 inches thick. The is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or more. subsoil is dark reddish brown and dark brown silty clay loam Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is about 43 inches thick. The substratum is strong brown very moderate. The effect of the drift layer on use and gravelly silt loam about 9 inches thick. Dense glacial drift is management is similar to the effect of a hardpan. at a depth of about 57 inches. Depth to the glacial drift This unit is used as woodland. ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this Included in this unit are about 15 percent Papac soils unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western and 15 percent Mopang, cool, soils that have slopes of less redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a than 65 percent. 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock Permeability of this Mopang soil is moderate to the dense is about 138, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the glacial drift and very slow through it. Available water mean site index is about 98. Yield tables indicate that the capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is hemlock at age 50 is about 214 cubic feet per acre per year. severe. The effect of the drift layer on use and management The main limitation for harvesting timber is the steepness is similar to the effect of a hardpan. of slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked This unit is used as woodland. equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this and disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a and damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western soft and generally are impassable. Logging roads require hemlock is about 138, and on the basis of a 50-year site suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rounded pebbles and curve, the mean site index is about 98. Yield tables indicate cobbles are readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts that the mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. western hemlock at age 50 is about 214 cubic feet per acre Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to per year. rilling and gullying unless they are adequately protected by The main limitation for harvesting timber is the steepness water bars or vegetation. of slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing wet, unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir Rounded pebbles and cobbles are readily available in areas seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it cover is established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, firebreaks, and roadfills are subject to rilling and gullying invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of unless they are adequately protected by water bars or Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by vegetation. Use of harvesting systems that lift logs entirely western hemlock and Sitka spruce. off the ground reduces disturbance of the protective layer of Common forest understory species include salal, red duff. huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, and Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing salmonberry. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by 85-Mopang silt loam, cool, 65 to 90 percent western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it slopes. This deep, well drained soil is on ground occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir or noble fir reforestation by western hemlock and Sitka spruce. seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by Common forest understory species include salal, red western hemlock and Pacific silver fir occurs periodically. huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, and Seedling mortality is higher on ridgetops, which are subject to salmonberry. strong, persistent winds. Areas on ridgetops are less This map unit is in capability subclass VIIe. productive than other areas of the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can delay 86-Murnen silt loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes. This very establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. deep, well drained soil is on mountains. It formed in material Common forest understory species include red derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are more huckleberry, salmonberry, western brackenfern, western than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly swordfern, and vine maple. conifers. Elevation is 1,800 to 2,700 feet. The average This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F, and the average 87-Murnen silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This growing season (at 28 degrees) is 150 to 180 days. very deep, well drained soil is on mountains. It formed in Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter material derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are about 1 inch thick. The upper 8 inches of the surface layer 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly is dark reddish brown silt loam, and the lower 8 inches is conifers. Elevation is 1,800 to 2,700 feet. The average annual dark brown silt loam. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air more is dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown silt loam. temperature is about 44 degrees F, and the average growing Included in this unit are about 10 percent Lates soils season (at 28 degrees) is 150 to 180 days. and 2 percent Katula soils. Also included in some mapped Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter areas is as much as 10 percent Murnen soils that have about 1 inch thick. The upper 5 inches of the surface layer slopes of more than 30 percent. is dark reddish brown silt loam, and the lower 8 inches is Permeability of this Murnen soil is moderate. Available dark brown silt loam. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more is dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown silt or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is loam. slight. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Lates soils and 2 This unit is used as woodland. percent Katula soils. Also included in some mapped areas is Western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and Pacific silver fir are the as much as 5 percent Murnen soils that have slopes of less principal forest species on this unit. Trees of limited extent than 30 percent. include red alder and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- Permeability of this Murnen soil is moderate. Available year site curve, the mean site index is 131 for western water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches hemlock and 136 for Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 50-year or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion site curve, the mean site index is 93 for western hemlock is moderate. and 109 for Douglas-fir. Yield tables indicate that the mean This unit is used as woodland. annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western Western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and Pacific silver fir are the hemlock at age 50 is 202 cubic feet per acre per year, and principal forest species on this- unit. Trees of limited extent for Douglas-fir at age 70 it is 139 cubic feet per acre per include red alder and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- year. year site curve, the mean site index is 131 for western The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness hemlock and 136 for Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 50-year when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment site curve, the mean site index is 93 for western hemlock when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and and 109 for Douglas-fir. Yield tables indicate that the mean damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable hemlock at age 50 is 202 cubic feet per acre per year, and surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is for Douglas-fir at age 70 it is 139 cubic feet per acre per readily available in areas of this unit, generally at a depth of year. 5 to 10 feet. Occasionally, a snowpack hinders the use of The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of ground skidding in harvesting. Steep cuts and fills erode slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use of during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment protective layer of duff. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be and generally are impassable. Rock for road construction is readily available in areas of this unit, generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet.

Occasionally, a snowpack hinders the use of ground skidding The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness in harvesting. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment cover is established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills by hand planting Douglas-fir or noble fir seedlings. If seed erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Careful use of and Pacific silver fir occurs periodically. Seedling mortality is wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the higher on ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent protective layer of duff. winds. Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing areas of the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished invading brushy plants can delay establishment of Douglas-fir by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by Common forest understory species include red western hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings huckleberry, salmonberry, western brackenfern, are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent western swordfern, and vine maple. establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. natural regeneration of western hemlock. Common forest understory species include salal, 88-Narel silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This deep, western swordfern, salmonberry, western brackenfern, well drained soil is on foot slopes and shoulders of uplands. It and red huckleberry. formed in colluvium derived from sandstone. Drainageways This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,100 feet. The 89-Narel silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of uplands. It annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the formed in colluvium derived from sandstone. Drainageways average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,100 moss, and twigs about 5 inches thick. The surface layer is feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, very dark brown and dark brown silt loam about 16 inches the average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, thick. The subsoil is dark brown and dark yellowish brown silt and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to loam about 41 inches thick. Partly consolidated sandstone is 220 days. at a depth of about 57 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. needles, moss, and twigs about 5 inches thick. The surface Included in this unit are about 10 percent Ilwaco soils, 5 layer is very dark brown and dark brown silt loam about 18 percent Lebam and Palix soils, and 2 percent Willapa soils. inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown and dark yellowish Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 brown silt loam about 38 inches thick. Partly consolidated percent Narel soils that have slopes of more than 30 sandstone is at a depth of about 56 inches. Depth to percent. weathered bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Permeability of this Narel soil is moderate. Available water Included in this unit are about 10 percent Ilwaco soils, 5 capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or percent Lebam and Palix soils, and 2 percent Willapa soils. more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 slight. percent Narel soils that have slopes of less than 30 This unit is used as woodland. percent or more than 65 percent. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this Permeability of this Narel soil is moderate. Available unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water the mean site index for western hemlock is about 147, and erosion is moderate. on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is This unit is used as woodland. about 104. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, 50 is about 232 cubic feet per acre per year. and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is about

147, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water site index is about 104. Yield tables indicate that the mean erosion is severe. annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western This unit is used as woodland. hemlock at age 50 is about 232 cubic feet per acre per Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this year. unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment the mean site index for western hemlock is about 147, and during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment about 104. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft 50 is about 232 cubic feet per acre per year. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars cover is established. Slumping and road failures can occur in or vegetation. clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. Use of by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir harvesting systems that lift logs entirely off the ground seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. western hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir natural regeneration of western hemlock. seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by Common forest understory species include salal, western hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings western swordfern, salmonberry, western brackenfern, and are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent red huckleberry. establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. natural regeneration of western hemlock. Common forest understory species include salal, 90-Narel silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This western swordfern, salmonberry, western brackenfern, deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of uplands. It and red huckleberry. formed in colluvium derived from sandstone. Drainageways This map unit is in capability subclass VIIe. generally are less than 1,000 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,100 91-Nemah silty clay loam. This very deep, poorly feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, drained soil is in depressional areas of terraces. It formed the average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, in alluvium derived from mixed sediment. The slope is 0 to and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 2 percent. The native vegetation is mainly sedges, rushes, 220 days. and hardwoods. Elevation is 20 to 400 feet. The average Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, annual precipitation is 70 to 100 inches, the average moss, and twigs about 5 inches thick. The surface layer is annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the very dark brown and dark brown silt loam about 11 inches average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 thick. The subsoil is dark brown and dark yellowish brown days. silt loam about 35 inches thick. Partly consolidated Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of moss, sandstone is at a depth of about 46 inches. Depth to leaves, and twigs about 4 inches thick. The upper 5 inches weathered bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. of the surface layer is black silty clay loam, and the lower 3 Included in this unit is about 5 percent Palix soils. Also inches is mottled, very dark brown silty clay. The subsoil is included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent mottled, dark grayish brown and gray clay about 28 inches Narel soils that have slopes of less than 65 percent. thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is Permeability of this Narel soil is moderate. Available mottled, gray very gravelly clay. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60

Included in this unit is about 10 percent Salzer and grayish brown fine sand about 22 inches thick. The Wishkah soils. Also included in some mapped areas is as substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is light much as 10 percent Nemah soils that are drained. brownish gray fine sand. Iron staining is common in the Permeability of this Nemah soil is very slow. Available upper part of the subsoil. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a Included in this unit are about 5 percent Westport soils, 2 seasonal high water table that ranges from a depth of 6 percent Yaquina soils, and 1 percent Orcas and Seastrand inches to above the surface from October through April. soils. Runoff is slow or ponded, and the hazard of water erosion is Permeability of this Netarts soil is moderately rapid. slight. Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 This unit is used as woodland. inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is very severe. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. A few spruce, and western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site areas are irrigated and are used for ornamental azaleas and curve, the mean site index is 86 for red alder. Yield tables rhododendrons. Some areas are used as rural homesites. indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is 94 cubic feet per acre per unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, shore pine, year. and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness mean site index for western hemlock is 151, and on the when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 107. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is 240 trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. cubic feet per acre per year. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. This unit is suited to year-round harvesting operations. Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of Unsurfaced roads and skid trails are soft. Logging roads this unit. The seasonal high water table restricts the use of require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road equipment to the dry summer months. Careful use of construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. The wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the surface layer is loose when dry and hinders the use of protective layer of duff. wheeled equipment. Careful use of wheeled or tracked Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished duff. by hand planting western redcedar seedlings. If seed trees Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished The seasonal high water table and ponding reduce root by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are respiration and seedling survival. If openings are made in present, natural reforestation by western hemlock occurs the canopy, invading brushy plants can delay establishment periodically. Droughtiness of the surface layer increases of planted western redcedar seedlings. The restricted seedling mortality. Seedlings planted in the less fertile rooting depth, caused by the high water table, frequently subsoil grow poorly and have poor vigor. If openings are causes windthrow. made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent Common forest understory species include devilsclub, establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural salmonberry, sedges, western swordfern, and red regeneration of western hemlock. Looseness of the surface elderberry. layer and subsoil occasionally causes windthrow. This map unit is in capability subclass VIw. Common forest understory species include evergreen huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, salal, 92-Netarts fine sand, 3 to 12 percent slopes. This and salmonberry. very deep, well drained soil is on old stabilized sand dunes. If this unit is used for ornamental crops, the main It formed in slightly weathered sand. The native vegetation limitation is low available water capacity. Because this soil is is mainly conifers. Elevation is 20 to 100 feet. The average droughty, applications of irrigation water should be light and annual precipitation is 70 to 100 inches, the average annual frequent. Sprinkler irrigation is a suitable method. Water air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average should be applied in amounts sufficient to wet the root zone growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. but small enough to minimize the leaching of plant nutrients. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of twigs, This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the bark, and needles about 3 inches thick. The surface layer density of housing is moderate to high, community sewage is dark brown and dark grayish brown fine sand about 3 systems are needed to prevent contamination of inches thick. The subsoil is dark brown and

water supplies as a result of seepage from onsite Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. sewage disposal systems. This map unit is in Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of capability subclass IVe. this unit. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing 93-Newberg silt loam. This very deep, well drained timber. Reforestation in cutover areas generally is soil is on natural levees of flood plains. It formed in accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed alluvium. The slope is 0 to 3 percent. The native vegetation trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs is mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 200 feet. The average readily. Occasional, brief floods reduce root respiration and annual precipitation is 50 to 60 inches, the average annual cause seedling mortality. If openings are made in the canopy, air temperature is about 51 degrees F, the average growing invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 220 days, and the average Douglas-fir seedlings. frost-free season (at 32 degrees) is 150 to 210 days. Common forest understory species include willow, vine Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam about maple, western brackenfern, Oregon-grape, and trailing 13 inches thick. The upper 23 inches of the underlying blackberry. material is dark yellowish brown sandy loam, and the If this unit is used for homesite development, the main lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark yellowish limitation is the hazard of flooding. Dikes and channels that brown loamy fine sand. have outlets for floodwater can be used to protect buildings Included in this unit are about 10 percent Chehalis and onsite sewage disposal systems from flooding. During soils, 10 percent Cloquato soils, and 5 percent Rennie and periods of flooding, effluent from septic tank absorption Salzer soils. fields can surface and create a hazard to health. Roads and Permeability of this Newberg soil is moderately rapid. streets should be located above the expected flood level. Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 This map unit is in capability subclass Ilw. inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. This soil is subject to occasional, brief 94-Newskah loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very periods of flooding in winter. deep, well drained soil is on broad ridgetops of terraces. It Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated crops formed in sandy marine sediment. Drainageways generally and for hay and pasture. Some areas are used as are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is woodland and rural homesites. mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. The average This unit is well suited to hay, pasture, and cultivated annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual crops. The main limitation is the hazard of flooding. air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average Flooding can be controlled by diking the adjacent streams growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. or diverting upland runoff away from the area. Restricting Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of moss, grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of needles, and twigs about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is the pasture and soil. very dark grayish brown loam about 20 inches thick. The Sweet corn, corn silage, and peas are commonly grown subsoil is dark yellowish brown loam about 35 inches thick. on this unit. In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is yellowish production of most crops. Sprinkler irrigation is a suitable brown loamy fine sand. method. Water should be applied in amounts sufficient to Included in this unit is about 5 percent Ilwaco, cool, soils wet the root zone but small enough to minimize the and Lebam, cool, soils. Also included in some mapped leaching of plant nutrients. Returning all crop residue to the areas are as much as 5 percent Willapa, cool, soils and 10 soil and growing green manure crops help to maintain percent Newskah soils that have slopes of more than 8 fertility and tilth. percent. Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. Permeability of this Newskah soil is moderate. Available Trees of limited extent include red alder, bigleaf maple, black water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches cottonwood, western redcedar, and Oregon ash. On the or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index for slight. Douglas-fir is about 160, and on the basis of a 50-year site Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some curve, the mean site index is about 120. Yield tables areas are used for hay, pasture, or rural homesites. indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is 170 cubic feet per acre unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western per year. redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment hemlock is 147, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and mean site index is 105. Yield tables indicate that the mean damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft annual increment at culmination and generally are impassable.

(CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is 232 cubic feet per percent Willapa, cool, soils and 10 percent Newskah acre per year. soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness than 30 percent. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment Permeability of this Newskah soil is moderate. Available when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable slight. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of areas are used for hay and pasture. wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this protective layer of duff. unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. is 147, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western site index is 105. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it occurs increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age periodically. Seedling mortality is higher in areas of this unit 50 is 232 cubic feet per acre per year. on ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent winds. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other areas of when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft and can delay reforestation by western hemlock and Sitka and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable spruce. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is Common forest understory species include salmonberry, not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills red huckleberry, western swordfern, evergreen erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping huckleberry, and salal. and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Careful use of This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Restricting wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of protective layer of duff. the pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing this unit to reduce soil erosion. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir density of housing is moderate to high, community sewage seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by systems are needed to prevent contamination of water western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it supplies as a result of seepage from onsite sewage disposal occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, systems. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by western hemlock and Sitka spruce. 95-Newskah loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This very Common forest understory species include salmonberry, deep, well drained soil is on terraces and back slopes of red huckleberry, western swordfern, evergreen huckleberry, terraces. It formed in sandy marine sediment. and salal. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The If this unit is used for hay or pasture, the main limitation native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 500 is steepness of slope. If practical, seedbed preparation feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, should be on the contour or across the slope. Restricting the average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to the pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required on 220 days. this unit to reduce soil erosion. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of moss, This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. needles, and twigs about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown loam about 17 inches thick. The 96-Newskah loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This very subsoil is dark yellowish brown loam about 29 inches thick. deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of terraces. It The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is yellowish formed in sandy marine sediment. Drainageways generally brown loamy fine sand. are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is Included in this unit is about 5 percent Ilwaco, cool, mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. The average soils; Lebam, cool, soils; and Palix, cool, soils. Also annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual included in some mapped areas are as much as 5 air temperature is about

48 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 terraces. It formed in sandy marine sediment. Drainageways degrees) is 180 to 220 days. generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of moss, vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. needles, and twigs about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is The average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the very dark grayish brown loam about 13 inches thick. The average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and subsoil is dark yellowish brown loam about 30 inches thick. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is yellowish days. brown loamy fine sand. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of moss, Included in this unit is about 5 percent Ilwaco, cool, soils; needles, and twigs about 3 inches thick. The surface layer Lebam, cool, soils; Narel soils; and Palix, cool, soils. Also is very dark grayish brown loam about 12 inches thick. included in some mapped areas are as much as 5 percent The subsoil is dark yellowish brown loam about 25 inches Willapa, cool, soils and 10 percent Newskah soils that have thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 65 percent. yellowish brown loamy fine sand. Permeability of this Newskah soil is moderate. Available Included in this unit are about 2 percent Ilwaco, cool, water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches soils and Lebam, cool, soils and 5 percent Narel soils and or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion Palix, cool, soils. Also included in some mapped areas are is moderate. as much as 2 percent Willapa, cool, soils and 10 percent This unit is used as woodland. Newskah soils that have slopes of less than 65 percent. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this Permeability of this Newskah soil is moderate. Available unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a or more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock severe. is 147, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean This unit is used as woodland. site index is 105. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western 50 is 232 cubic feet per acre per year. redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked hemlock is 147, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems are the mean site index is 105. Yield tables indicate that the safer and disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads mean annual increment at culmination (CMA1) for western are soft and generally are impassable. Logging roads require hemlock at age 50 is 232 cubic feet per acre per year. suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. established. Slumping and road failures can occur in clear- Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, firebreaks, and Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of logging road drainage ditches are subject to rifling and this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars cover is established. Slumping and road failures can occur in or vegetation. clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, firebreaks, Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and logging road drainage ditches are subject to rilling and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir or vegetation. Use of harvesting systems that lift logs seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by entirely off the ground reduces disturbance of the protective western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it layer of duff. occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir western hemlock and Sitka spruce. seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by Common forest understory species include western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it salmonberry, red huckleberry, western swordfern, occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, evergreen huckleberry, and salal. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by western hemlock and Sitka spruce. 97-Newskah loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of

Common forest understory species include salmonberry, wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the red huckleberry, western swordfern, evergreen huckleberry, protective layer of duff. and salal. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing This map unit is in capability subclass Vlle. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are 98-Nordby very gravelly loam, 1 to 8 percent present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red slopes. This very deep, somewhat excessively drained soil alder occurs readily. Droughtiness of the surface layer is on benches and terraces. It formed in valley and increases seedling mortality. If openings are made in the continental glacial outwash. Drainageways generally are canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of conifers. Elevation is 300 to 900 feet. The average annual western hemlock. precipitation is 80 to 130 inches, the average annual air Common forest understory species include salal, temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average salmonberry, vine maple, western brackenfern, and western growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. swordfern. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is dark reddish density of housing is moderate to high, community sewage brown very gravelly loam about 13 inches thick. The subsoil systems are needed to prevent contamination of water is dark brown extremely gravelly sandy loam about 20 supplies as a result of seepage from onsite sewage disposal inches thick. The upper 17 inches of the substratum is dark systems. brown extremely gravelly loamy sand, and the lower part to a This map unit is in capability subclass lVe. depth of 60 inches or more is dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly sand. 99-Nordby very gravelly loam, 8 to 30 percent Included in this unit are about 10 percent O'Brien and slopes. This very deep, somewhat excessively drained soil Willaby soils, 5 percent Copalis and Hoquiam soils, and 2 is on benches and terraces. It formed in valley and percent Carstairs and Lyre soils. Also included in some continental glacial outwash. Drainageways generally are mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Nordby soils that more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly have slopes of more than 8 percent. conifers. Elevation is 300 to 900 feet. The average annual Permeability of this Nordby soil is rapid. Available water precipitation is 80 to 130 inches, the average annual air capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more, temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average but there are few roots below a depth of 30 inches. Runoff growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is dark reddish areas are used as rural homesites. brown very gravelly loam about 15 inches thick. The subsoil Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest is dark brown extremely gravelly sandy loam about 18 inches species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red thick. The upper 19 inches of the substratum is dark brown alder, bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of extremely gravelly loamy sand, and the lower part to a depth a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 172 for of 60 inches or more is dark yellowish brown extremely Douglas-fir and 166 for western hemlock. On the basis of a gravelly sand. 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 129 for Douglas-fir Included in this unit are about 5 percent O'Brien and and 119 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the Willaby soils and 10 percent Copalis and Hoquiam soils. mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 at age 60 is 183 cubic feet per acre per year, and for percent Nordby soils that have slopes of less than 8 western hemlock at age 50 it is 266 cubic feet per acre per percent or more than 30 percent. year. Permeability of this Nordby soil is rapid. Available water The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more, when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment but there are few roots below a depth of 30 inches. Runoff is when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid This unit is used as woodland. trails are slippery. Logging roads require suitable surfacing Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest for year-round use. Rounded gravel and cobbles for road species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, construction are readily available in areas of this unit. This bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- unit is well suited to year-round logging operations except year site curve, the mean site index is 172 for Douglas-fir and during the short periods when the soil is wet. Careful use of 166 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 129 for Douglas-fir and 119 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination inches or more, but there are few roots below a depth of 30 (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 183 cubic feet per acre inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it is 266 moderate. cubic feet per acre per year. This unit is used as woodland. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid year site curve, the mean site index is 172 for Douglas-fir trails are slippery. Logging roads require suitable surfacing and 166 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site for year-round use. Rounded gravel and cobbles for road curve, the mean site index is 129 for Douglas-fir and 119 for construction are readily available in areas of this unit. This western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual unit is well suited to year-round logging operations except increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is during the short periods when the soil is wet. Steep cuts and 183 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at fills that have no plant cover readily ravel and slough. age 50 it is 266 cubic feet per acre per year. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of disturbance of the protective layer of duff. slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished disturb the soil less. Logging roads require suitable by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are surfacing for year-round use. Rounded gravel and present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red cobbles for road construction are readily available in areas alder occurs readily. Droughtiness of the surface layer of this unit. Steep cuts and fills that have no plant cover increases seedling mortality. Seedlings planted in the less readily ravel and slough. fertile subsoil grow poorly and have poor vigor. If openings Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are regeneration of western hemlock. present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red Common forest understory species include salal, alder occurs readily. Droughtiness of the surface layer salmonberry, vine maple, western brackenfern, and western increases seedling mortality. Seedlings planted in the less swordfern. fertile subsoil grow poorly and have poor vigor. If openings This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural 100-Nordby very gravelly loam, 30 to 65 percent regeneration of western hemlock. slopes. This very deep, somewhat excessively drained soil Common forest understory species include salal, is on benches and terraces. It formed in valley and salmonberry, vine maple, western brackenfern, and continental glacial outwash. Drainageways generally are western swordfern. 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. conifers. Elevation is 300 to 900 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 130 inches, the average annual air 101-Norma sandy loam. This very deep, poorly drained temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing soil is on narrow flood plains. It formed in sandy alluvium. season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. The slope is 0 to 2 percent. The native vegetation is mainly Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter hardwoods. Elevation is 200 to 400 feet. The average about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is dark reddish annual precipitation is 50 to 60 inches, the average annual brown very gravelly loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average is dark brown extremely gravelly sandy loam about 16 growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. inches thick. The upper 15 inches of the substratum is dark Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves, brown extremely gravelly loamy sand, and the lower part to twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is a depth of 60 inches or more is dark yellowish brown very dark grayish brown sandy loam about 10 inches thick. extremely gravelly sand. The subsoil is mottled, grayish brown sandy loam about 19 Included in this unit is about 15 percent Copalis and inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or Hoquiam soils. Also included in some mapped areas is as more is dark gray sandy loam. much as 15 percent Nordby soils that have slopes of less Included in this unit are about 5 percent Montesa soils, 5 than 30 percent. percent Salzer soils, and 5 percent Norma soils that are Permeability of this Nordby soil is rapid. Available drained. water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60

Permeability of this Norma soil is moderately rapid. Typically, the surface layer is mottled, grayish brown silt Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is loam about 7 inches thick. The underlying material to a limited by a seasonal high water table that ranges from a depth of 60 inches or more is mottled, light brownish gray depth of 12 inches to above the surface from November and dark grayish brown silt loam. through April. Runoff is slow or ponded, and the hazard of Included in this unit are about 5 percent Aabab soils, 5 water erosion is slight. percent Grehalem soils, 2 percent Humptulis soils, and 10 Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some percent Ocosta soils. Also included in some mapped areas small areas are used for hay and pasture. is as much as 15 percent Nuby soils that are not drained. Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. Permeability of this Nuby soil is moderate. Available water Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, western capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a hemlock, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 50-year site seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 24 to 36 curve, the mean site index for red alder is about 90. Yield inches from October through April. Runoff is slow, and the tables indicate that the mean annual increment at hazard of water erosion is slight. This soil is subject to culmination (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is about 101 occasional, very brief periods of flooding in winter. cubic feet per acre per year. Most areas of this unit are used for hay, pasture, and The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness corn silage (fig. 18). Some areas are used as woodland, when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment cropland, or rural homesites. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The main damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft limitations are soil wetness and the hazard of flooding. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable Flooding can be controlled by diking the adjacent streams surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is or diverting upland runoff away from the area. Restricting not readily available in areas of this unit. The seasonal high grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition water table and ponding restrict the use of equipment to the of the pasture and soil. dry summer months. Careful use of wheeled or tracked Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, western duff. hemlock, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 50-year site Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing curve, the mean site index for red alder is 103. Yield tables timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished indicate that mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) by hand planting western redcedar seedlings. If seed trees for red alder at age 40 is 123 cubic feet per acre per year. are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Ponding and the seasonal high water table reduce root when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment respiration and seedling survival. If openings are made in when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and the canopy, invading brushy plants can delay establishment damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid of planted seedlings. The restricted rooting depth, caused by trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. the high water table, frequently causes windthrow. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round Common forest understory species include salal, use. Rock for road construction is not readily available in western swordfern, Oregon-grape, hazelnut, and vine areas of this unit. Occasional, very brief flooding and the maple. seasonal high water table restrict the use of equipment to If this unit is used for hay or pasture, the main limitation dry summer months. Careful use of wheeled or tracked is the seasonal high water table. The high water table can equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of be lowered by installing tile drains or open ditches if duff. adequate outlets are available. Restricting grazing during Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the pasture timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished and soil. by hand planting western redcedar seedlings. If seed trees This map unit is in capability subclass VIw. are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. Occasional, very brief flooding and the seasonal high water 102-Nuby silt loam. This very deep, poorly drained soil table reduce root respiration and can result in seedling is on flood plains. Drainage has been altered by ditching mortality. If openings are made in the canopy, invading and tiling. The soil formed in alluvium. The slope is 0 to 3 brushy plants can delay establishment of western redcedar percent. The native vegetation is mainly conifers and seedlings. The restricted rooting depth, caused by the hardwoods. Elevation is 20 to 100 feet. The average annual seasonal high water table, frequently causes windthrow. precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days, and the average frost-free season (at 32 degrees) is 150 to 200 days.

Figure 18.-Pasture on Nuby silt loam in foreground. These soils are in Wahkiakum County.

Common forest understory species include salal, more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is salmonberry, vine maple, red huckleberry, and western mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 500 feet. The average swordfern. annual precipitation is 90 to 120 inches, the average If this unit is used for homesite development, the main annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the limitations are the seasonal high water table and the hazard average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 of flooding. Tile drainage can be used to lower the water days. table if suitable outlets are available. Dikes and channels Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, that have outlets for floodwater can be used to protect twigs, and moss about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is buildings and onsite sewage disposal systems from flooding. very dark grayish brown silt loam about 13 inches thick. The Roads and streets should be located above the expected upper part of the subsoil is brown silt loam about 15 inches flood level. thick, and the lower part is dark yellowish brown gravelly This map unit is in capability subclass IIIw. silt loam about 3 inches thick. The upper part of the substratum is yellowish brown very gravelly loam about 4 103-O'Brien silt loam, 1 to 15 percent slopes. This inches thick, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or very deep, well drained soil is on terraces and uplands. It more is brown very gravelly sandy loam. formed in glacial outwash. Drainageways generally are

Included in this unit are about 10 percent Nordby soils, 10 Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves and percent Willaby soils, 5 percent Copalis and Hoquiam soils, roots about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is dark grayish and 5 percent Le Bar soils. brown silty clay loam about 7 inches thick. The upper 5 Permeability of this O'Brien soil is moderate to the inches of the underlying material is mottled, dark grayish substratum and moderately rapid through it. Available water brown silty clay loam, the next 8 inches is dark grayish capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or brown silty clay, the next 2 inches is black sapric material, more, but there are few roots below a depth of 30 inches. and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is very Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. dark grayish brown clay. This unit is used as woodland. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Nuby and Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest Rennie soils and 2 percent Seastrand soils. Also included species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder in some mapped areas is as much as 40 percent soils and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, that are not protected by dikes from tidal overflow. the mean site index is 173 for Douglas-fir and 157 for Permeability of this Ocosta soil is very slow. Available western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by mean site index is 130 for Douglas-fir and 112 for western a high water table that is at a depth of 12 to 24 inches hemlock. Yield tables indicate that mean annual increment throughout the year. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 184 cubic water erosion is slight. In undiked areas, this soil is subject feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it to frequent, very brief periods of flooding. is 249 cubic feet per acre per year. Most areas of this unit are used for hay and pasture. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Some areas are used as woodland. A few small areas are when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment used as rural homesites. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and The main limitation for hay and pasture is the high water damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft table. Restricting grazing during wet periods helps to and generally are impassable. Logging roads require maintain the condition of the pasture and soil. suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rounded gravel Red alder and Sitka spruce are the principal forest and cobbles for road construction are readily available in species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western areas of this unit, generally at a depth of 2 to 3 feet. Careful redcedar and western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of site curve, the mean site index for red alder is 94. Yield the protective layer of duff. tables indicate that the mean annual increment at Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing culmination (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is 108 cubic feet timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be per acre per year. accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. regeneration of western hemlock. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Common forest understory species include salal, Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of salmonberry, western brackenfern, western swordfern, and this unit. Frequent, very brief flooding and the high water red huckleberry. table restrict the use of equipment to the dry summer This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. months. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. 104-Ocosta silty clay loam. This very deep, poorly Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing drained soil is on flood plains and deltas protected from tidal timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished overflow. Drainage has been altered by ditching, tiling, and by hand planting western redcedar and Sitka spruce pumping. The soil formed in clayey alluvium deposited in the seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by quiet water of coastal bays. The slope is 0 to 2 percent. The red alder occurs readily. Frequent, very brief floods and the native vegetation is mainly grass and sedges. Elevation is high water table reduce root respiration and cause seedling sea level to 20 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to mortality. If openings are made in the canopy, invading 100 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 brushy plants can delay establishment of planted seedlings. degrees F, the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is The restricted rooting depth, caused by the high water table, 200 to 240 days, and the average frost-free season (at 32 frequently causes windthrow. degrees) is 150 to 200 days.

Common forest understory species include salal, generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable salmonberry, vine maple, red huckleberry, and surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is western swordfern. readily available in areas of this unit, generally at a depth of If this unit is used for homesite development, the main 5 to 10 feet. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment limitations are the high water table, the shrink-swell reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. potential, and the hazard of flooding. Tile drainage can be Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing used to lower the water table if suitable outlets are timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished available. The effects of shrinking and swelling can be by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are minimized by using a proper engineering design and by present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. If backfilling with material that has low shrink-swell potential. openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants Dikes need to be maintained to control flooding. Septic tank can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. absorption fields do not function properly because of Common forest understory species include salal, Oregon- wetness and the very slow permeability. grape, vine maple, red huckleberry, and western swordfern. This map unit is in capability subclass IVw. If this unit is used for homesite development, the main limitation is the shrink-swell potential. The effects of 105-Olympic clay loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This shrinking and swelling can be minimized by using a proper very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in engineering design and by backfilling with material that has material derived from basalt. Drainageways generally low shrink-swell potential. Septic tank absorption fields do are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is not function properly because of the moderately slow mainly conifers. Elevation is 250 to 1,800 feet. The average permeability. annual precipitation is 60 to 70 inches, the average annual This map unit is in capability subclass lIe. air temperature is about 51 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. 106-Olympic clay loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in and twigs about 2 inches thick. The upper 7 inches of the material derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are surface layer is dark brown clay loam, and the lower 5 more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly inches is dark brown silty clay loam. The upper 8 inches of conifers. Elevation is 250 to 1,800 feet. The average annual the subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam, and the lower part precipitation is 60 to 70 inches, the average annual air to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown and yellowish temperature is about 51 degrees F, and the average growing red silty clay. season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Buckpeak, Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and Centralia, and Melbourne soils and 5 percent Raught soils. twigs about 2 inches thick. The upper part of the surface Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 layer is dark brown clay loam about 7 inches thick, and the percent Olympic soils that have slopes of more than 8 lower part is dark brown silty clay loam about 7 inches percent. thick. The upper part of the subsoil is dark brown silty clay Permeability of this Olympic soil is moderately slow. loam about 8 inches thick, and the lower part to a depth of Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more is dark brown and yellowish red silty 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water clay. erosion is slight. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Buckpeak, Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some Centralia, and Melbourne soils and 15 percent Raught areas are used as rural homesites. soils. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as Douglas-fir and red alder are the principal forest species 10 percent Olympic soils that have slopes of less than 8 on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western percent or more than 30 percent. hemlock, bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the Permeability of this Olympic soil is moderately slow. basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is Douglas-fir is 175, and on the basis of a 50-year site 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water curve, the mean site index is 133. Yield tables indicate that erosion is slight. the mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for This unit is used as woodland. Douglas-fir at age 60 is 186 cubic feet per acre per year. Douglas-fir and red alder are the principal forest species The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment hemlock, bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index for damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and Douglas-fir is 175, and on the basis of a 50- skid trails are soft and sticky and year site curve, the mean site index is 133. Yield tables western hemlock, bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index for (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 186 cubic feet per acre Douglas-fir is 175, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, per year. the mean site index is 133. Yield tables indicate that the The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas- when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment fir at age 60 is 186 cubic feet per acre per year. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid use. Rock for road construction is readily available in areas trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. of this unit, generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. use. Rock for road construction is readily available in areas Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces of this unit, generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts disturbance of the protective layer of duff. and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished rilling and gullying unless they are adequately protected by by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are water bars or vegetation. present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. If Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are Common forest understory species include salal, Oregon- present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. If grape, vine maple, red huckleberry, and western swordfern. openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. Common forest understory species include salal, Oregon- 107-Olympic clay loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. grape, vine maple, red huckleberry, and western swordfern. This very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. material derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly 108-Orcas peat. This very deep, very poorly drained soil conifers. Elevation is 250 to 1,800 feet. The average annual is in flat-bottomed depressional areas or basins, in or precipitation is 60 to 70 inches, the average annual air between sand dunes. Drainage has been altered by ditching. temperature is about 51 degrees F, and the average growing The soil formed in sphagnum and hypnum moss. The native season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. vegetation is mainly living spagnum moss, Labrador tea, Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles rushes, and sedges. The slope is 0 to 1 percent. Elevation is and twigs about 2 inches thick. The upper part of the 10 to 30 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 90 surface layer is dark brown clay loam about 5 inches thick, inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 and the lower part is dark brown silty clay loam about 5 degrees F, and the average frost-free season (at 32 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is dark brown degrees) is 160 to 180 days. silty clay loam about 15 inches thick, and the lower part to a Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of moss and depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown and yellowish red roots about 4 inches thick. The soil is dark reddish brown silty clay. sphagnum peat to a depth of 60 inches or more. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Buckpeak, Included in this unit is about 10 percent Seastrand Centralia, and Melbourne soils and 15 percent Raught Variant soils. Also included in some mapped areas are as soils. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as much as 5 percent Seastrand soils, 5 percent Yaquina 10 percent Olympic soils that have slopes of less than 30 soils, and 35 percent Orcas soils that are not drained. percent. Permeability of this Orcas soil is very rapid. The available Permeability of this Olympic soil is moderately slow. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is controlled water table that is at a depth of 6 to 18 inches 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of throughout the year. Runoff is very slow, and water erosion water erosion is moderate. is not a hazard. This unit is used as woodland. Douglas-fir and red alder are the principal forest species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include

Most areas of this unit are used for cultivating western hemlock at age 50 is 244 cubic feet per acre cranberries. Some areas are used as habitat for wetland per year. wildlife or as pasture. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness This unit is well suited to cranberries. Regulation of the when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment water table is necessary to control the rate of subsidence in when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and the cranberry bogs. Bogs are mulched with a layer of sand damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft to control weeds and reduce oxidation. Sprinkler irrigation is and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable used to minimize frost damage. Under a high level of surfacing for year-round use. Rounded gravel and cobbles management, this unit is capable of producing 7 to 10 tons for road construction are readily available in areas of this of cranberries per acre per year. unit, generally at a depth of 3 to 5 feet. Careful use of If this unit is used for pasture, the main limitation is the wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the high water table. The water table can be lowered by protective layer of duff. installing tile drains or open ditches if adequate outlets are Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing available. Restricting grazing during wet periods helps to timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished maintain the condition of the pasture and soil. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. This map unit is in capability subclass VIw. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, 109-Oyhut silt loam, 1 to 15 percent slopes. This invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of moderately deep, moderately well drained soil is on Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of terraces. It formed in material weathered from glacial western hemlock. The restricted rooting depth, caused by outwash. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet the dense glacial outwash, occasionally causes windthrow. apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is Common forest understory species include salal, red 50 to 300 feet. The average annual precipitation is 90 to huckleberry, blue huckleberry, Indian plum, and western 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 swordfern. degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. is 180 to 220 days. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of partially 110-Oyhut silt loam, cool, 1 to 15 percent slopes. decomposed wood, twigs, and needles about 7 inches thick. This moderately deep, moderately well drained soil is on The surface layer is very dark grayish brown silt loam about terraces. It formed in weathered glacial outwash. The native 9 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is dark brown vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 200 feet. silt loam about 15 inches thick, and the lower part is The average annual precipitation is 90 to 110 inches, the yellowish brown gravelly silt loam about 5 inches thick. Iron- average annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F, and cemented, dense glacial outwash is at a depth of about 29 the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 inches. Depth to glacial outwash ranges from 24 to 40 days. This soil is subject to strong coastal winds and inches. prolonged seasonal fog cover. Included in this unit are about 15 percent Halbert soils Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of partially and 10 percent Mopang and Papac soils. Also included in decomposed wood, twigs, and needles about 7 inches thick. some mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Calawah soils. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown silt loam about Permeability of this Oyhut soil is moderate to the dense 9 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is dark brown glacial outwash and slow through it. Available water capacity silt loam about 15 inches thick, and the lower part is is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 24 to 40 inches. yellowish brown gravelly silt loam about 5 inches thick. Iron- Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. cemented, dense glacial outwash is at a depth of about 29 Water is perched above the glacial outwash from November inches. Depth to glacial outwash ranges from 24 to 40 to April. The effect of the outwash layer on use and inches. management is similar to the effect of a hardpan. Included in this unit are about 15 percent Halbert soils This unit is used as woodland. and 10 percent Mopang, cool, soils and Papac soils. Also Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this included in some mapped areas is as much as 5 percent unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka Calawah, cool, soils. spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100- Permeability of this Oyhut soil is moderate to the dense year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is glacial outwash and slow through it. Available water capacity 154, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 24 to 40 inches. index is 110. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual Water is perched above the glacial outwash from November increment at culmination (CMAI) for to April. The effect of the outwash layer on use and management is similar to the effect of a hardpan.

This unit is used as woodland. have slopes of more than 30 percent and 10 percent soils Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this that are less than 40 inches deep to consolidated siltstone. unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western Permeability of this Palix soil is moderate. Available water redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is hemlock is about 140, and on the basis of a 50-year site slight. This soil is subject to slippage. curve, the mean site index is about 100. Yield tables This unit is used as woodland. indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination Western hemlock and Douglas-fir are the principal forest (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 60 is about 218 cubic species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red feet per acre per year. alder, Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment hemlock is 168, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and mean site index is 119. Yield tables indicate that the mean damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable at age 50 is 270 cubic feet per acre per year. surfacing for year-round use. Rounded pebbles and cobbles The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness are readily available in areas of this unit, generally at a when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment depth of 3 to 5 feet. Careful use of wheeled or tracked when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft duff. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished not readily available in areas of this unit. Slumping and road by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Careful use of wheeled If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the protective hemlock occurs readily in cutover areas and by Sitka spruce layer of duff. it occurs periodically. If openings are made in canopy, Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. western hemlock and Sitka spruce. The restricted rooting If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western depth, caused by the dense glacial outwash, occasionally hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, causes windthrow. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Common forest understory species include salal, red Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of huckleberry, blue huckleberry, Indian plum, and western western hemlock. swordfern. Common forest understory species include salal, red This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. huckleberry, vine maple, western swordfern, and western brackenfern. 111-Palix silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. deep, well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It formed in colluvium derived from siltstone. Drainageways generally are 112-Palix silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly deep, well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It formed in conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,100 feet. The average colluvium derived from siltstone. Drainageways generally are annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual less than 1,000 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,100 feet. The average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. grayish brown silt loam about 18 inches thick. The subsoil is Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and dark yellowish brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark silty clay loam about 28 inches thick. Partly consolidated grayish brown silt loam about 14 inches thick. The subsoil is siltstone is at a depth of about 46 inches. Depth to dark yellowish brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown weathered bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. silty clay loam about 32 inches thick. Partly consolidated Included in this unit are about 5 percent Narel and Lebam siltstone is at a depth of about 46 soils, 1 percent Knappton soils, 2 percent Swem soils, and 1 percent Stimson soils. Also included in some mapped areas are as much as 5 percent Palix soils that

inches. Depth to weathered bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 inches or more. degrees) is 180 to 220 days. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Narel and Lebam Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and soils, 1 percent Knappton soils, 2 percent Swem soils, and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark 1 percent Stimson soils. Also included in some mapped grayish brown silt loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil is areas are as much as 5 percent Palix soils that have slopes dark yellowish brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown silty of less than 30 percent or more than 65 percent and 10 clay loam about 28 inches thick. Partly consolidated siltstone percent soils that are less than 40 inches deep to is at a depth of about 40 inches. Depth to weathered consolidated siltstone. bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Permeability of this Palix soil is moderate. Available water Included in this unit are about 5 percent Narel soils, 2 capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or percent Knappton soils, and 2 percent Swem soils. Also more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is included in some mapped areas are as much as 5 percent moderate. This soil is subject to slippage. Palix soils that have slopes of less than 65 percent and 10 This unit is used as woodland. percent soils that are less than 40 inches deep to Western hemlock and Douglas-fir are the principal forest consolidated siltstone. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, Permeability of this Palix soil is moderate. Available water Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is 160, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site severe. This soil is subject to slippage. index is 112. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual This unit is used as woodland. increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age Western hemlock and Douglas-fir are the principal forest 50 is 254 cubic feet per acre per year. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of alder, Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and hemlock is 160, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft mean site index is 112. Yield tables indicate that the mean and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is at age 50 is 254 cubic feet per acre per year. not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of or vegetation. this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing cover is established. Slumping and road failures can occur in timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. Use of hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, harvesting systems that lift logs entirely off the ground invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing western hemlock. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Common forest understory species include salal, red by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. huckleberry, vine maple, western swordfern, and western If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western brackenfern. hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of 113-Palix silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This western hemlock. deep, well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It formed in Common forest understory species include salal, red colluvium derived from siltstone. Drainageways huckleberry, vine maple, western swordfern, and western generally are less than 1,000 feet apart. The native brackenfern. vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,100 This map unit is in capability subclass VIle. feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48

114-Palix silt loam, cool, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay deep, well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It formed in reforestation by western hemlock and Sitka spruce. colluvium derived from siltstone. Drainageways generally are Common forest understory species include salal, red 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly huckleberry, vine maple, western swordfern, and western conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,100 feet. The average brackenfern. annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the average annual This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. air temperature is about 46 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. This soil 115-Palix silt loam, cool, 30 to 65 percent slopes. is subject to strong coastal winds and prolonged seasonal This deep, well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It fog cover. formed in colluvium derived from siltstone. Drainageways Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles generally are less than 1,000 feet apart. The native and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,100 grayish brown silt loam about 18 inches thick. The subsoil is feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, dark yellowish brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown silty the average annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F, clay loam about 40 inches thick. Partly consolidated siltstone and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to is at a depth of about 58 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock 220 days. This soil is subject to strong coastal winds and ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. prolonged seasonal fog cover. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Ilwaco, cool, soils Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and Lebam, cool, soils; 1 percent Vesta, cool, soils; 2 and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark percent Swem soils; and 1 percent Stimson soils. Also grayish brown silt loam about 14 inches thick. The subsoil is included in some mapped areas are as much as 5 percent dark yellowish brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown Palix, cool, soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent silty clay loam about 32 inches thick. Partly consolidated and 10 percent soils that are less than 40 inches deep to siltstone is at a depth of about 46 inches. Depth to consolidated siltstone. weathered bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Permeability of this Palix soil is moderate. Available water Included in this unit are about 5 percent Ilwaco, cool, soils capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or and Lebam, cool, soils; 1 percent Vesta, cool, soils; and 2 more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is percent Swem soils. Also included in some mapped areas slight. This soil is subject to slippage. are as much as 5 percent Palix, cool, soils that have slopes This unit is used as woodland. of less than 30 percent or more than 65 percent and 10 Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are the principal forest percent soils that are less than 40 inches deep to species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western consolidated siltstone. redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a Permeability of this Palix soil is moderate. Available water 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or is about 147, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is mean site index is about 105. Yield tables indicate that the moderate. This soil is subject to slippage. mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western This unit is used as woodland. hemlock at age 50 is about 232 cubic feet per acre per year. Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are the principal forest The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft is about 147, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable mean site index is about 105. Yield tables indicate that the surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western not readily available in areas of this unit. Slumping and road hemlock at age 50 is about 232 cubic feet per acre per year. failure can occur in clear-cut areas. Careful use of wheeled The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the protective slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment layer of duff. during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills invading brushy plants can prevent erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping and road The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. unless they are adequately protected by water bars or Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. vegetation. Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished cover is established. Slumping and road failures can occur in by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western firebreaks are subject to rifling and gullying unless they are hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it occurs adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. Use of periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, invading harvesting systems that lift logs entirely off the ground brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. seedlings and can delay reforestation by western hemlock Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and Sitka spruce. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Common forest understory species include salal, red by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir huckleberry, vine maple, western swordfern, and western seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by brackenfern. western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of 116-Palix silt loam, cool, 65 to 90 percent slopes. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by This deep, well drained soil is on slumps of uplands. It western hemlock and Sitka spruce. formed in colluvium derived from siltstone. Drainageways Common forest understory species include salal, red generally are less than 1,000 feet apart. The native huckleberry, vine maple, western swordfern, and western vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 1,100 brackenfern. feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, This map unit is in capability subclass VIle. the average annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 117-Papac gravelly silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. 220 days. This soil is subject to strong coastal winds and This moderately deep, well drained soil is on glacial prolonged seasonal fog cover. terraces. It formed in weathered glacial drift. Drainageways Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 400 grayish brown silt loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil is feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, dark yellowish brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown silty the average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, clay loam about 28 inches thick. Partly consolidated siltstone and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to is at a depth of about 40 inches. Depth to weathered 220 days. bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of Included in this unit are about 5 percent Willapa, cool, needles, twigs, and moss about 3 inches thick. The surface soils and 1 percent Vesta, cool, soils. Also included in some layer is very dark brown and very dark grayish brown mapped areas are as much as 15 percent Palix, cool, soils gravelly silt loam about 15 inches thick. The upper 4 inches that have slopes of less than 65 percent and 10 percent of the subsoil is dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam, and soils that are less than 40 inches deep to consolidated the lower part is dark brown and yellowish brown gravelly siltstone. silty clay loam about 19 inches thick. Light olive brown, Permeability of this Palix soil is moderate. Available water dense glacial till is at a depth of about 38 inches. Depth to capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 inches or the glacial till ranges from 20 to 40 inches. more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is Included in this unit are about 10 percent Halbert and severe. This soil is subject to slippage. Wishkah soils and 15 percent Mopang soils. Also included This unit is used as woodland. in some mapped areas are as much as 10 percent Papac Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are the principal soils that have slopes of more than 8 percent. forest species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include Permeability of this Papac soil is moderate to the dense western redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the glacial till and very slow through it. Available water capacity basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index for is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. western hemlock is about 147, and on the basis of a 50- Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. year site curve, the mean site index is about 105. Yield The effect of the till layer on use and management is tables indicate that the mean annual increment at similar to the effect of a hardpan. culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is about 232 cubic feet per acre per year.

silt loam, and the lower part is dark brown and yellowish Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some brown gravelly silty clay loam about 17 inches thick. Light areas are used as rural homesites. olive brown, dense glacial till is at a depth of about 33 Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this inches. Depth to the glacial till ranges from 20 to 40 inches. unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka Included in this unit are about 5 percent Halbert and spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100- Wishkah soils and 15 percent Mopang soils. Also included year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is in some mapped areas is as much as 15 percent Papac 160, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than index is 114. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual 30 percent. increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age Permeability of this Papac soil is moderate to the dense 50 is 254 cubic feet per acre per year. glacial till and very slow through it. Available water capacity The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and The effect of the till layer on use and management is damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft similar to the effect of a hardpan. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require This unit is used as woodland. suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rounded gravel Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this and cobbles for road construction are readily available in unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka areas of this unit, generally at a depth of 3 to 5 feet. Careful spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100- use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is of the protective layer of duff. 152, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing index is 108. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir 50 is 241 cubic feet per acre per year. seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness western hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft natural regeneration of western hemlock. The restricted and generally are impassable. Logging roads require rooting depth, caused by the dense glacial till, occasionally suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rounded gravel and causes windthrow. cobbles for road construction are readily available in areas Common forest understory species include salal, blue of this unit, generally at a depth of 3 to 5 feet. Steep cuts huckleberry, western swordfern, red elderberry, and red and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. huckleberry. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces If this unit is used for homesite development, the main disturbance of the protective layer of duff. limitation is the dense glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing inches. The glacial till is rippable; therefore, it is not a timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished serious limitation for most engineering uses. Because of the by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir very slow permeability of the till, onsite sewage disposal seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by systems often fail or do not function properly. western hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent

establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay 118-Papac gravelly silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. natural regeneration of western hemlock. The restricted This moderately deep, well drained soil is on glacial rooting depth, caused by the dense glacial till, occasionally terraces. It formed in weathered glacial drift. Drainageways causes windthrow. generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native Common forest understory species include salal, blue vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 400 huckleberry, western swordfern, red elderberry, and red feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, huckleberry. the average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, This map unit is in capability subclass lVe. and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to

220 days. 119-Papac gravelly silt loam, 30 to 65 percent Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on twigs, and moss about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is glacial terrace escarpments. It formed in weathered glacial very dark brown and very dark grayish brown gravelly silt drift. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 4 inches of the subsoil is dark yellowish brown gravelly feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of western Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. The average annual hemlock. The restricted rooting depth, caused by the dense precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the average annual air glacial till, occasionally causes windthrow. temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average Common forest understory species include salal, blue growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. huckleberry, western swordfern, red elderberry, and red Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of huckleberry. needles, twigs, and moss about 3 inches thick. The surface This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. layer is very dark brown and very dark grayish brown gravelly silt loam about 10 inches thick. The upper 4 inches of the 120-Pits, gravel. This map unit consists of open subsoil is dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam, and the excavations from which the soil and underlying rounded lower part is dark brown and yellowish brown gravelly silty gravel and stones of glacial origin have been removed. The clay loam about 16 inches thick. Light olive brown, dense unit supports little or no vegetation. glacial till is at a depth of about 30 inches. Depth to the The excavated gravelly material is used mainly as a glacial till ranges from 20 to 40 inches. source of gravel for concrete and as top dressing and Included in this unit is about 15 percent Mopang soils. ballast for logging roads. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 This map unit is in capability subclass Vllls. percent Papac soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent. 121-Pits, quarries. This map unit consists of open Permeability of this Papac soil is moderate to the dense excavations from which the soil and underlying parent glacial till and very slow through it. Available water capacity material have been removed. Basalt is exposed at the is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. bottom of these pits. The unit supports little or no Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is vegetation. moderate. The effect of the till layer on use and This unit is used mainly as a source of gravel for management is similar to the effect of a hardpan. construction, material for protection of channels, and This unit is used as woodland. road ballast. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this This map unit is in capability subclass Vllls. unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100-year 122-Raught silt loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes. This very site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is about deep, well drained soil is on shoulders of uplands. It formed 152, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site in material derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are index is about 108. Yield tables indicate that the mean more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,500 feet. The average annual at age 50 is about 241 cubic feet per acre per year. precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average annual air The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter are safer and disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark reddish brown tracked equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil silt loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, inches or more is dark reddish brown and dark red silt loam. unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Cathlamet and Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Germany soils, 1 percent Stimson soils, and 3 percent Rounded gravel and cobbles for road construction are Raught soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent. readily available in areas of this unit, generally at a depth of Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 3 to 5 feet. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant percent soils that are less than 60 inches deep to cover is established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and bedrock. firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are Permeability of this Raught soil is moderate. Available adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished slight. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir This unit is used mainly as woodland. It is also used as seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation rural homesites. by western hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir alder, bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is

176 for Douglas-fir and 162 for western hemlock. On the much as 10 percent soils that are less than 60 inches basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 131 for deep to bedrock. Douglas-fir and 115 for western hemlock. Yield tables Permeability of this Raught soil is moderate. Available indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 187 cubic feet per acre or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it is 258 cubic is moderate. feet per acre per year. This unit is used as woodland. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft year site curve, the mean site index is 176 for Douglas-fir and generally are impassable. Logging roads require and 162 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road curve, the mean site index is 131 for Douglas-fir and 115 for construction is readily available in areas of this unit, western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual generally at a depth of 5 to 7 feet. Steep cuts and fills erode increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use of 187 cubic feet per acre per year and for western hemlock at wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the age 50 it is 258 cubic feet per acre per year. protective layer of duff. The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily and when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and by western hemlock it occurs periodically. If openings are damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent and generally are impassable. Logging roads require establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road regeneration of western hemlock. construction is readily available in areas of this unit, Common forest understory species include generally at a depth of 5 to 7 feet. Steep cuts and fills erode salmonberry, salal, Oregon-grape, vine maple, and readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping and western swordfern. road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding If this unit is used for homesite development, the main paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and limitation is steepness of slope. The slope is a concern in gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars installing septic tank absorption fields. Absorption lines or vegetation. should be installed on the contour. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished by planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, 123-Raught silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily and by very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of uplands. It western hemlock it occurs periodically. If openings are made formed in material derived from basalt. Drainageways in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,500 feet. The regeneration of western hemlock. average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average Common forest understory species include salal, annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the salmonberry, Oregon-grape, vine maple, and average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. western swordfern. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark reddish brown silt loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 124-Raught silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This inches or more is dark reddish brown and dark red silt loam. very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of uplands. It Included in this unit are about 5 percent Cathlamet and formed in material derived from basalt. Drainageways Germany soils, 1 percent Raught soils that have a gravelly generally are less than 1,000 feet apart. The native surface layer, and 5 percent Raught soils that have slopes vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,500 feet. of less than 30 percent or more than 65 percent. Also The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the included in some mapped areas is as average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days.

Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter alluvium derived from basic igneous and sedimentary rocks. about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark reddish brown The slope is 0 to 2 percent. The native vegetation is mainly silt loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 conifers and hardwoods. Elevation is sea level to 100 feet. inches or more is dark reddish brown and dark red silt loam. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the Included in this unit are about 5 percent Olympic soils, 10 average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and percent Raught soils that have a gravelly surface layer, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 200 10 percent Raught soils that have slopes of less than 65 days. percent. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as Typically, the surface layer is mottled, very dark grayish 15 percent soils that are less than 60 inches deep to brown silty clay loam about 7 inches thick. The upper 6 bedrock. inches of the subsoil is mottled, dark grayish brown silty Permeability of this Raught soil is moderate. Available clay loam, the next 25 inches is grayish brown silty clay, water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or and the lower part to a depth of 54 inches is grayish brown more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is clay. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is severe. gleyed, dark greenish gray clay. This unit is used as woodland. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Nuby and Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest Ocosta soils, 5 percent Salzer soils, and 5 percent Aabab species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red soils. Also included is about 5 percent Grehalem soils and alder, bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 20 percent Rennie soils that are drained. 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 176 for Douglas- Permeability of this Rennie soil is slow. Available water fir and 162 for western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a site curve, the mean site index is 131 for Douglas-fir and 115 seasonal high water table that ranges from a depth of 6 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean inches to above the surface from October to May. Runoff is annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at very slow or ponded, and the hazard of water erosion is age 60 is 187 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western slight. This soil is subject to frequent, brief periods of hemlock at age 50 it is 258 cubic feet per acre per year. flooding from November to April. The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of This unit is used for hay, pasture, and woodland. slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, If this unit is used for hay and pasture, the main unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. limitations are the hazard of flooding and the seasonal Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round high water table. Flooding can be controlled by diking the use. Rock for road construction is readily available in areas of adjacent streams or diverting upland runoff away from the this unit, generally at a depth of 5 to 7 feet. Steep cuts and area. The high water table can be lowered by installing tile fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. drains or open ditches if adequate outlets are available. Slumping and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Restricting grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to condition of the pasture and soil. rilling and gullying unless they are adequately protected by Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. Trees water bars or vegetation. Use of harvesting systems that lift of limited extent include western redcedar, western hemlock, logs entirely off the ground reduces disturbance of the and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the protective layer of duff. mean site index for red alder is 99. Yield tables indicate that Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing the mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for red timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished alder at age 40 is 116 cubic feet per acre per year. by planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily and by when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment western hemlock it occurs periodically. If openings are made when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. regeneration of western hemlock. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Common forest understory species include Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of salmonberry, salal, Oregon-grape, vine maple, and this unit. The hazard of flooding, the seasonal high water western swordfern. table, and ponding restrict the use of equipment to the dry This map unit is in capability subclass VIle. summer months. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of 125-Rennie silty clay loam. This very deep, poorly duff. drained soil is on flood plains. It formed in fine-textured Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished by hand planting western redcedar seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. The hazard of flooding, the This unit is used for hay, pasture, and woodland. seasonal high water table, and ponding reduce root If this unit is used for hay and pasture, the main respiration and cause seedling mortality. If openings are limitations are the hazard of flooding and the seasonal made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can delay high water table. Flooding can be controlled by diking the establishment of planted seedlings. The restricted rooting adjacent streams or by diverting upland runoff away from depth, caused by the high water table, frequently causes the area. The high water table can be lowered by installing windthrow. tile drains or open ditches if adequate outlets are Common forest understory species include salmonberry, available. Restricting grazing during wet periods helps devilsclub, skunkcabbage, vine maple, and sedge. to maintain the condition of the pasture and soil. This map unit is in capability subclass Vlw. Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, western 126-Riverwash. This map unit consists of nearly level hemlock, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 50-year site bars of clayey, silty, sandy, or gravelly alluvium of recent curve, the mean site index for red alder is about 85. Yield origin. It is in areas adjacent to perennial and intermittent tables indicate that the mean annual increment at streams and is periodically flooded by runoff from melting culmination (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is about 92 snow and heavy rains. This unit has a very sparse plant cubic feet per acre per year. cover consisting of brush and deciduous trees. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness This unit is used mainly as a source of gravel for when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment construction, material for protection of channels, and road when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and ballast. It is also used for recreation and as wildlife habitat. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid This map unit is in capability subclass VIIIw. trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round 127-Salzer silty clay. This very deep, very poorly use. Rock for road construction is not readily available in drained soil is in swales, depressional areas, and old areas of this unit. The hazard of flooding, the seasonal high abandoned stream channels on flood plains. It formed in water table, and ponding restrict the use of equipment to the fine-textured alluvium derived dominantly from sedimentary dry summer months. Careful use of wheeled or tracked rock. The slope is 0 to 2 percent. The native vegetation is equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of mainly grasses and sedges with scattered conifers and duff. hardwoods. Elevation is 25 to 200 feet. The average annual Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing timber. precipitation is 70 to 90 inches, the average annual air Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished by hand temperature is about 51 degrees F, and the average growing planting western redcedar seedlings. If seed trees are season (at 28 degrees) is 150 to 200 days. present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. Typically, the surface layer is mottled, dark grayish brown The hazard of flooding, the seasonal high water table, and silty clay about 6 inches thick. The upper 15 inches of the ponding reduce root respiration and cause seedling subsoil is mottled, dark gray clay, the next 8 inches is olive mortality. If openings are made in the canopy, invading gray clay, and the lower part to a depth of 50 inches is gray brushy plants can delay establishment of planted seedlings. clay. The upper 9 inches of the substratum is grayish brown The restricted rooting depth, caused by the high water table, silty clay loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or frequently causes windthrow. more is dark grayish brown sandy clay loam. When dry for Common forest understory species include salmonberry, short periods, the soil commonly has 1/2-inch cracks devilsclub, skunkcabbage, vine maple, and sedge. extending from the surface to a depth of 24 inches. This map unit is in capability subclass VIw. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Nuby and Rennie soils, 5 percent Aabab soils, 5 percent Grehalem 128-Satsop silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very soils, and 15 percent Salzer soils that have been drained. deep, well drained soil is on alluvial fans and stream Permeability of this Salzer soil is very slow. Available terraces. It formed in alluvium. The native vegetation is water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by mainly conifers. Elevation is 30 to 300 feet. The average a seasonal high water table that ranges from a depth of 6 annual precipitation is 60 to 80 inches, the average annual inches to above the surface from October to May. Runoff air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average is very slow or ponded, and the hazard of water erosion is growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. slight. This soil is subject to frequent, long periods of Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown silt loam flooding from November to April. about 7 inches thick. The subsoil is olive brown silt loam about 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is light olive brown very fine sandy loam.

Included in this unit are about 10 percent Skamo soils average frost-free season (at 32 degrees) is 165 to 200 and 10 percent Montesa soils. days. Permeability of this Satsop soil is moderately rapid. Typically, the surface layer is mottled, very dark grayish Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is brown silt loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is mottled, 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water dark grayish brown and dark gray silty clay loam about 16 erosion is slight. inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more This unit is used as woodland, hay, pasture, and rural is dark gray silt loam. homesites. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Sauvie soils that Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. have a silty clay loam surface layer and 2 percent Sauvie Trees of limited extent include western hemlock, red alder, soils that have strata of sandy loam to loam at a depth of western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- about 30 inches. Also included is about 1 percent soils that year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is 179, have as much as 10 inches of muck in the subsoil. and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index Permeability of this Sauvie soil is moderately slow. is 136. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 190 cubic limited by a high water table that is at a depth of 24 to 48 feet per acre per year. inches throughout the year. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness water erosion is slight. This soil is rarely flooded. Flooding is when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment caused by dike breakage. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and This unit is used for hay, pasture, cultivated crops, and damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft rural homesites. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Restricting suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. the pasture and soil. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces This unit is well suited to most climatically adapted crops. disturbance of the protective layer of duff. Deep-rooted crops are suited to areas where a drainage Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing system has been installed. In summer, irrigation is needed timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished for maximum production of most crops. Sprinkler irrigation is by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are a suitable method because it permits the even, controlled present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. If application of water. Because of the moderately slow openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can permeability of the soil, the application of water should be prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. regulated so that water does not stand on the surface and Common forest understory species include western damage crops. Returning all crop residue to the soil and brackenfern, western swordfern, salal, cascara buckthorn, growing green manure crops help to maintain fertility and and devilsclub. tilth. This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Restricting If this unit is used for homesite development, the main grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of limitations are the high water table, shrink-swell potential, the pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is necessary to and hazard of flooding. Drainage is needed if roads and reduce soil erosion. building foundations are constructed. Buildings and roads This unit is well suited to homesite development. should be designed to offset the limited ability of the soil in Excavation for roads and buildings increases the risk of this unit to support a load. The effects of shrinking and erosion. Preserving the existing plant cover during swelling can be minimized by using a proper engineering construction helps to control erosion. Plant cover can be design and by backfilling with material that has a low shrink- established and maintained through proper fertilizing, swell potential. Dikes need to be maintained to control seeding, mulching, and shaping of the slopes. flooding. The moderately slow permeability and high water This map unit is in capability subclass Ile. table increase the possibility of failure of septic tank absorption fields. 129-Sauvie silt loam. This very deep, poorly drained soil This map unit is in capability subclass Ilw. is on flood plains protected from tidal overflow. Drainage has been altered by ditching, tiling, and pumping. The soil formed 130-Schneider very gravelly silt loam, very deep, 8 in alluvium. The slope is 0 to 2 percent. The native to 30 percent slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is vegetation is mainly grasses and hardwoods. Elevation is 10 on uplands. It formed in colluvium derived from basalt. The to 20 feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 60 native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 600 to inches, the average annual air temperature is about 53 1,200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 60 to 70 degrees F, and the inches, the average annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days.

Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, temperature is about 49 degrees F, and the average twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The upper 10 inches of growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. the surface layer is dark brown and dark reddish brown very Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, gravelly silt loam, and the lower 17 inches is dark reddish twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The upper 10 inches of brown very gravelly silt loam. The subsoil is dark brown the surface layer is dark brown and dark reddish brown very extremely gravelly silt loam about 24 inches thick. The gravelly silt loam, and the lower 12 inches is dark reddish substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown very gravelly silt loam. The subsoil is dark brown yellowish brown extremely gravelly silt loam. extremely gravelly silt loam about 27 inches thick. The Included in this unit are about 5 percent Tebo soils and substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark 10 percent Schneider soils that have slopes of more than 30 yellowish brown extremely gravelly silt loam. percent. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Tebo soils and Permeability of this Schneider soil is moderate. Available 10 percent Schneider soils that have slopes of less than 30 water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60 percent. inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water Permeability of this Schneider soil is moderate. erosion is slight. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting This unit is used as woodland. depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. hazard of water erosion is moderate. Trees of limited extent include red alder, western hemlock, This unit is used as woodland. bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the basis of a Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is Trees of limited extent include red alder, western hemlock, 186, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100- index is 138. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is about increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 186, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site 196 cubic feet per acre per year. index is about 138. Yield tables indicate that the mean The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment age 60 is about 196 cubic feet per acre per year. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable the protective layer of duff. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Steep by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. and gullying unless they are adequately protected by water The droughtiness of the surface layer increases seedling bars or vegetation. mortality. If openings are made in the canopy, invading Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished seedlings. by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are Common forest understory species include salal, present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. western swordfern, western brackenfern, vine maple, The droughtiness of the surface layer increases seedling and Oregon-grape. mortality. If openings are made in the canopy, invading This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. 131-Schneider very gravelly silt loam, very deep, Common forest understory species include salal, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This very deep, well drained soil western swordfern, western brackenfern, vine maple, and is on uplands. It formed in colluvium derived from basalt. Oregon-grape. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 600 to This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. 1,200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 60 to 70 inches, the average annual air 132-Seastrand mucky peat. This very deep, very poorly drained soil is in depressional areas between

is dark reddish brown mucky peat. Depth to mineral soil sand dunes. Drainage has been altered by ditching. The soil material ranges from 48 to 60 inches or more. formed in decomposed plant remains deposited over sand. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Yaquina soils The slope is 0 to 1 percent. The native vegetation is mainly and 5 percent Orcas soils. Also included in some mapped conifers, rushes, and sedges. Elevation is 10 to 30 feet. The areas is as much as 15 percent Seastrand soils. average annual precipitation is 70 to 90 inches, the average Permeability of this Seastrand Variant soil is moderate. annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is average frost-free season (at 32 degrees) is 160 to 180 limited by a controlled water table that is at a depth of 6 to days. 18 inches throughout the year. Runoff is very slow, and Typically, the surface layer is black, very dark brown, and water erosion is not a hazard. dark reddish brown mucky peat about 30 inches thick. The Most areas of this unit are used for cranberries (fig. 19). underlying material to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark Some areas are used as wetland wildlife habitat or pasture. grayish brown sand. Depth to sand ranges from 20 to 48 This unit is well suited to cranberries. Regulation of the inches. In some areas the underlying sand has thin layers of water table is necessary to control the rate of subsidence in organic material. the cranberry bogs. Bogs are mulched with a layer of sand to Included in this unit are about 5 percent Seastrand control weeds and reduce oxidation. Sprinkler irrigation is Variant soils, 10 percent Yaquina soils, 2 percent Orcas used to minimize frost damage. Under a high level of soils, and 10 percent Seastrand mucky peat that has less management, this unit is capable of producing 7 to 10 tons than 10 inches of organic material over the underlying sand. of cranberries per acre per year. Permeability of this Seastrand soil is moderate in the If this unit is used for pasture, the main limitation is the surface layer and moderately rapid in the underlying material. high water table. The water table can be lowered by Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is installing tile drains or open ditches if adequate outlets are limited by a controlled water table that is at a depth of 6 to available. Restricting grazing during wet periods helps to 18 inches throughout the year. Runoff is very slow, and maintain the condition of the pasture and soil. water erosion is not a hazard. This map unit is in capability subclass Vlw. Most areas of this unit are used for cranberries. Some areas are used as habitat for wetland wildlife or as pasture. 134-Skamo silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes. This very This unit is well suited to cranberries. Regulation of the deep, moderately well drained soil is on terraces and alluvial water table is necessary to control the rate of subsidence in fans. It formed in alluvium derived from sedimentary and the cranberry bogs. Bogs are mulched with a layer of sand igneous rocks. The native vegetation is mainly conifers and to control weeds and reduce oxidation. Sprinkler irrigation is hardwoods. Elevation is 50 to 200 feet. The average annual used to minimize frost damage. Under a high level of precipitation is 50 to 90 inches, the average annual air management, this unit is capable of producing 7 to 10 tons temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing of cranberries per acre per year. season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. If this unit is used for pasture, the main limitation is the Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, high water table. The water table can be lowered by twigs, leaves, and moss about 1.5 inches thick. The upper installing tile drains or open ditches if adequate outlets are part of the surface layer is very dark brown and very dark available. Restricting grazing during wet periods helps to grayish brown silt loam about 10 inches thick, and the lower maintain the condition of the pasture and soil. part is dark brown silty clay loam about 9 inches thick. The This map unit is in capability subclass VIw. upper part of the subsoil is dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam about 10 inches thick, and the lower part to a depth 133-Seastrand Variant muck. This very deep, very of 48 inches is mottled, dark brown silty clay loam. The poorly drained soil is in depressional areas between substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is mottled, dark stabilized sand dunes. Drainage has been altered by brown silty clay loam. ditching. The soil formed in decomposed plant remains. Included in this unit are about 15 percent Montesa soils The slope is 0 to 1 percent. The native vegetation is and 2 percent Grehalem soils. Also included in some mainly conifers, sedges, and rushes. Elevation is sea level mapped areas is as much as 5 percent Satsop soils. to 30 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 90 Permeability of this Skamo soil is moderate. Available inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a degrees F, and the average frost-free season (at 32 seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 18 to 36 degrees) is 160 to 180 days. inches from November to March. Runoff is slow, and the Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, hazard of water erosion is slight. twigs, leaves, and bark about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is dark reddish brown muck about 18 inches thick. Below this to a depth of 60 inches or more

Figure 19.-Suction picker harvesting cranberries on Seastrand Variant muck. These soils are in Grays Harbor County Area.

This unit is used as woodland, hay, pasture, and rural The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness homesites. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment Douglas-fir and red alder are the principal forest species when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft hemlock, bigleaf maple, and western redcedar. On the and generally are impassable. Logging roads require basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road about 150 for Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 50-year site construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. curve, the mean site index is about 115 for Douglas-fir and Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces 101 for red alder. Yield tables indicate that the mean disturbance of the protective layer of duff. annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing age 60 is 158 cubic feet per acre per year, and for red timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be alder at age 40 it is 120 cubic feet per acre per year.

Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. Rounded gravel and cobbles for road construction are If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by red alder readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use of and western hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent protective layer of duff. establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. The restricted rooting Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing timber. depth, caused by the seasonal high water table, Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished by occasionally causes windthrow. hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are Common forest understory species include salmonberry, present, natural reforestation by Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, vine maple, red huckleberry, western swordfern, and red and Oregon white oak occurs infrequently. Droughtiness of elderberry. the surface layer increases seedling mortality. Seedlings This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. Restricting planted in the less fertile subsoil grow poorly and have poor grazing during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of vigor. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy the pasture and soil. Adequate plant cover is required to plants can delay establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. prevent soil erosion. Common forest understory species include Oregon- If this unit is used for homesite development, the main grape, salal, Indian plum, western swordfern, western limitation is the seasonal high water table. Tile drainage can brackenfern, and kinnikinnick. be used to lower the water table if suitable outlets are Scotch pine and Douglas-fir can be planted and available. Septic tank absorption fields do not function harvested for use as Christmas trees. properly because of wetness. This unit is poorly suited to hay and pasture. The main This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. limitations are the low available water capacity and low soil

fertility. Because the soil in this unit is droughty, applications 135-Spanaway very gravelly sandy loam, 1 to 8 of irrigation water should be light and frequent. Sprinkler percent slopes. This very deep, somewhat excessively irrigation is a suitable method. Water should be applied in drained soil is on glacial outwash terraces. It formed in very amounts sufficient to wet the root zone but small enough to gravelly glacial outwash. The native vegetation is mainly minimize the leaching of plant nutrients. grass and western brackenfern. Elevation is 100 to 200 feet. This unit is well suited to homesite development. Removal The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the of pebbles and cobbles in disturbed areas is necessary for average annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F, and best results in landscaping, particularly in areas used for the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is about 200 to lawns. In summer, irrigation is needed for lawn grasses, 240 days. shrubs, vines, shade trees, and ornamental trees. Mulch, Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of fertilizer, and irrigation are needed to establish lawn decomposed moss about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is grasses. If the density of housing is moderate to high, black very gravelly sandy loam about 11 inches thick. The community sewage systems are needed to prevent subsoil is dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly sandy contamination of water supplies as a result of seepage from loam about 5 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 onsite sewage disposal systems. inches or more is dark grayish brown extremely gravelly This map unit is in capability subclass IVs. sand.

Included in this unit are about 10 percent Lyre soils 136-Squally gravelly silt loam, 5 to 30 percent and 3 percent Carstairs and Lyre Variant soils. slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It Permeability of this Spanaway soil is moderately rapid. formed in landslide debris derived from basalt. Available water capacity is low. Roots penetrate to a depth Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The of 60 inches or more, but there are few roots below a depth native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to of 30 inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water 1,500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 erosion is slight. inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 This unit is used as woodland, pasture, rural homesites, degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) and hay. It is also used as a source of gravel and for is 200 to 240 days. Christmas trees. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves and Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. needles about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark brown Trees of limited extent include Oregon white oak, lodgepole gravelly silt loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil to a pine, and red alder. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, depth of 60 inches or more is dark reddish brown very the mean site index for Douglas-fir is 140, and on the basis gravelly fine sandy loam. of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 108. Yield Included in this unit are about 5 percent Boistfort soils, 10 tables indicate that the mean annual increment at percent Bunker soils, and 2 percent Katula soils. Also culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is 145 cubic feet per acre per year. This unit is well suited to year-round use of equipment. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery.

brown gravelly silt loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark reddish brown very Squally soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent. gravelly fine sandy loam. Permeability of this Squally soil is rapid. Available water Included in this unit are about 2 percent Boistfort soils, 10 capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or percent Bunker soils, and 5 percent Katula soils. Also more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent slight. Squally soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent. This unit is used as woodland. Permeability of this Squally soil is rapid. Available water Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion is alder, western redcedar, bigleaf maple, Sitka spruce, and moderate. western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the This unit is used as woodland. mean site index is 176 for Douglas-fir and 172 for western Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red index is 134 for Douglas-fir and 121 for western hemlock. alder, western redcedar, bigleaf maple, and Sitka spruce. On Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 187 cubic feet 176 for Douglas-fir and 172 for western hemlock. On the per acre per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it is basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 134 for 278 cubic feet per acre per year. Douglas-fir and 121 for western hemlock. Yield tables The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 187 cubic feet per acre when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it is 278 cubic damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft feet per acre per year. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment construction is readily available in areas of this unit. Steep during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping hemlock and red alder occurs readily. Seedlings planted in and road failures can occur In clear-cut areas. Steep yarding the less fertile subsoil grow poorly and have poor vigor. If paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can or vegetation. delay natural regeneration of western hemlock. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing Common forest understory species include timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished salmonberry, salal, red elderberry, Oregon-grape, and by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are western swordfern. present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. alder occurs readily. Seedlings planted in the less fertile

subsoil grow poorly and have poor vigor. If openings are 137-Squally gravelly silt loam, 30 to 65 percent made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent slopes. This very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay formed in landslide debris derived from basalt. natural regeneration of western hemlock. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The Common forest understory species include native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to salmonberry, salal, red elderberry, Oregon-grape, 1,500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 and western swordfern. inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. 138-Stimson silt loam. This very deep, poorly drained Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves and soil is in depressional areas on uplands. It formed in needles about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark alluvium derived from loess. The slope is 0 to

3 percent. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. conifers. Elevation is 500 to 1,400 feet. The average Elevation is 500 to 1,500 feet. The average annual annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average precipitation is 60 to 110 inches, the average annual air annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. days. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaf litter Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles about 2 inches thick. The surface layer is very dark brown and twigs about 1.5 inches thick. The surface layer is very and very dark gray silt loam about 11 inches thick. The dark brown gravelly silt loam about 15 inches thick. The subsoil is mottled, gray silty clay loam about 8 inches thick. upper 13 inches of the subsoil is mottled, yellowish brown The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is mottled, gravelly silt loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches grayish brown silty clay loam. or more is mottled, yellowish brown silt loam. Included in this unit are about 2 percent Germany and Included in this unit are about 10 percent Lytell soils, 5 Lytell soils and 3 percent Swem soils. percent Bunker and Zenker soils, 2 percent Astoria and Permeability of this Stimson soil is slow. Available water Elochoman soils, and 2 percent Willapa soils. Also included capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a in some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Swem seasonal high water table that ranges from a depth of 6 soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent. inches to the surface from October to April. Runoff is slow, Permeability of this Swem soil is moderately slow. and the hazard of water erosion is slight. Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is This unit is used as woodland. limited by a seasonal high water table that is at a depth of Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. 30 to 42 inches from November to March. Runoff is slow, Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, bigleaf and the hazard of water erosion is slight. maple, and western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site This unit is used as woodland. curve, the mean site index for red alder is 95. Yield tables Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is 109 cubic feet per acre alder, western redcedar, bigleaf maple, and Sitka spruce. On per year. the basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness 163 for Douglas-fir and 161 for western hemlock. On the when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 125 for when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Douglas-fir and 114 for western hemlock. Yield tables damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination and generally are impassable. Logging roads require (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 65 is 173 cubic feet per acre suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it is 256 cubic construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. feet per acre per year. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness disturbance of the protective layer of duff. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft by hand planting western redcedar seedlings. If seed trees and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily. surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is The seasonal high water table causes seedling mortality. If not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful use can delay establishment of western redcedar seedlings. The of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the restricted rooting depth, caused by the high water table, protective layer of duff. frequently causes windthrow. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing Common forest understory species include salmonberry, timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished red huckleberry, western swordfern, Oregon-grape, and red by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are elderberry. present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red This map unit is in capability subclass VIw. alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of 139-Swem gravelly silt loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on back western hemlock. The restricted rooting depth, caused by slopes and foot slopes of old earthflows. It formed in the seasonal high water table, occasionally causes colluvium derived from basalt and deposited over marine windthrow. sediment. Drainageways generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly

Common forest understory species include salmonberry, gullying unless they are adequately protected by water western swordfern, red huckleberry, salal, and vine maple. bars or vegetation. This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be 140-Swem gravelly silt loam, 30 to 65 percent accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. slopes. This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western old earthflows. It formed in colluvium derived from basalt hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made and deposited over marine sediment. Drainageways in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent generally are more than 1,500 feet apart. The native establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 500 to 1,400 feet. regeneration of western hemlock. The restricted rooting The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the depth, caused by the seasonal high water table, average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and occasionally causes windthrow. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 Common forest understory species include days. salmonberry, western swordfern, red huckleberry, Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles salal, and vine maple. and twigs about 1.5 inches thick. The surface layer is very This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. dark brown gravelly silt loam about 15 inches thick. The upper 13 inches of the subsoil is mottled, yellowish brown 141-Sylvia silt loam. This very deep, moderately gravelly silt loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches well drained soil is in old lakebeds. It formed in lacustrine silt or more is mottled, yellowish brown silt loam. and clay. The slope is 1 to 5 percent. The native vegetation Included in this unit are about 15 percent Lytell soils and is mainly conifers. Elevation is 20 to 200 feet. The average 10 percent Bunker and Zenker soils. Also included in some annual precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, the average annual mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Swem soils that air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average have slopes of less than 30 percent. growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. Permeability of this Swem soil is moderately slow. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is twigs, and moss about 3 inches thick. The surface layer is limited by a seasonal high water table that is at a depth of very dark grayish brown silt loam about 17 inches thick. 30 to 42 inches from November to March. Runoff is The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is mottled, medium, and the hazard of water erosion is moderate. dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown silty clay loam. This unit is used as woodland. Included in this unit is about 5 percent Astoria, Lebam, Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest Lytell, Hoquiam, and Palix soils. Also included in some species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Arta and Willapa western redcedar, bigleaf maple, and Sitka spruce. On the soils. basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 163 for Permeability of this Sylvia soil is slow. Available water Douglas-fir and 161 for western hemlock. On the basis of a capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 125 for Douglas-fir seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 18 to 36 and 114 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the inches from November to March. Runoff is slow, and the mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir hazard of water erosion is slight. at age 65 is 173 cubic feet per acre per year, and for This unit is used as woodland. western hemlock at age 50 it is 256 cubic feet per acre per Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this year. unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, western The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of redcedar, and red alder. On the basis of a 100-year site slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is 168, and during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment 120. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is 270 damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft cubic feet per acre per year. and generally are impassable. Logging roads require The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid established. Slumping and road failures can occur in clear- trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. are subject to rilling and Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. Careful use

of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. protective layer of duff. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year- Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing round use. Rounded gravel and cobbles for road timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be construction are readily available in areas of this unit, accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts and fills If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent the protective layer of duff. establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing natural regeneration of western hemlock. The restricted timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished rooting depth, caused by the high water table, occasionally by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are causes windthrow. present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily and Common forest understory species include western by western hemlock it occurs periodically. If openings are swordfern, vine maple, red huckleberry, salal, and made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent devilsclub. establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural This map unit is in capability subclass Illw. regeneration of western hemlock. Common forest understory species include salal, 142-Tebo silt loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes. This very Oregon-grape, vine maple, western swordfern, and red deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in glacial drift huckleberry. derived dominantly from basalt. Drainageways generally are If this unit is used for homesite development, the main more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly limitation is steepness of slope. Erosion is a hazard in the conifers. Elevation is 200 to 800 feet. The average annual steeper areas, and excavation for roads and buildings precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average annual air increases the risk of erosion. The deep cuts needed to temperature is about 52 degrees F, and the average growing provide essentially level building sites can expose bedrock. season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. Only the part of the site that is used for construction should Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles be disturbed. Preserving the existing plant cover during and twigs about 3.5 inches thick. The upper 9 inches of the construction helps to control erosion. Plant cover can be surface layer is dark reddish brown silt loam, and the lower established and maintained through proper fertilizing, 4 inches is dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam. The upper seeding, mulching, and shaping of the slopes. 35 inches of the subsoil is reddish brown and dark brown Steepness of slope is a concern in installing septic cobbly silty clay loam, the next 9 inches is dark yellowish tank absorption fields. Absorption lines should be brown cobbly clay loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 installed on the contour. inches or more is dark yellowish brown gravelly clay loam. Access roads should be designed to provide adequate cut- Included in this unit are about 10 percent Schneider soils slope grade, and drains are needed to control surface runoff and 10 percent Tebo soils that have slopes of more than 30 and keep soil losses to a minimum. percent. This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. Permeability of this Tebo soil is moderate. Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or 143-Tebo silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in slight. glacial drift derived dominantly from basalt. Drainageways Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native areas are used as rural homesites. vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 200 to 800 feet. Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the Trees of limited extent include red alder, western hemlock, average annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F, and western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is days. 187, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles and index is 138. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual twigs about 3.5 inches thick. The upper 7 inches of the increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 surface layer is dark reddish brown silt loam, and the lower is 197 cubic feet per acre per year. 4 inches is dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam. The upper The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness 35 inches of the subsoil is reddish brown and dark brown when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment cobbly silty clay loam, the next 9 inches is dark yellowish when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and brown cobbly clay loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 damage to tree roots. When wet, inches or more is dark yellowish brown gravelly clay loam.

Included in this unit are about 10 percent Schneider soils Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, and 10 percent Tebo soils that have slopes of less than 30 twigs, and wood fragments about 4 inches thick. The percent. surface layer is dark brown and dark reddish brown very Permeability of this Tebo soil is moderate. Available gravelly loam about 15 inches thick. The subsoil is dark water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 reddish brown and dark brown very gravelly clay loam inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of about 21 inches thick. Fractured basalt is at a depth of water erosion is moderate. about 36 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 24 to 36 This unit is used as woodland. inches. Douglas-fir is the principal forest species on this unit. Included in this unit are about 10 percent Knappton Trees of limited extent include red alder, western hemlock, soils, 3 percent Vesta soils, and 2 percent Lates and western redcedar, and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a Murnen soils. Also included in some mapped areas are as 100-year site curve, the mean site index for Douglas-fir is much as 5 percent Traham soils that have slopes of more 187, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean than 30 percent and as much as 2 percent Rock outcrop. site index is 138. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual Permeability of this Traham soil is moderate. Available increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 24 to 197 cubic feet per acre per year. 36 inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of is slight. slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked This unit is used as woodland. equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this are safer and disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, tracked equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. 135, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. index is 92. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual Rounded gravel and cobbles for road construction are increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age readily available in areas of this unit, generally at a depth of 50 is 209 cubic feet per acre per year. 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness plant cover is established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, when the soil is wet. Logging roads require suitable and firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is are adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Careful timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are of the protective layer of duff. present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and by western hemlock it occurs periodically. If openings timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western regeneration of western hemlock. hemlock occurs readily. Seedling mortality is higher on Common forest understory species include salal, ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent winds. Oregon-grape, vine maple, western swordfern, and red Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other areas of huckleberry. the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. plants can delay natural regeneration of western hemlock and prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. The 144-Traham very gravelly loam, 5 to 30 percent restricted rooting depth, caused by the underlying bedrock, slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on narrow occasionally causes windthrow. ridgetops, shoulders, and back slopes of uplands. It formed Common forest understory species include salal, Oregon- in colluvium and residuum derived from basalt. grape, red huckleberry, western swordfern, and vine maple. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The This map unit is in capability subclass lVe. native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 1,100 to 2,200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 145-Traham very gravelly loam, 65 to 90 percent inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) narrow ridgetops and back slopes of uplands. It formed in is 180 to 220 days. colluvium and residuum derived from basalt.

Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The Common forest understory species include salal, native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 1,100 to Oregon-grape, red huckleberry, western swordfern, 2,200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 and vine maple. inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 This map unit is in capability subclass VIle. degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. 146-Udipsamments, level. These very deep, Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, excessively drained soils are in depressional areas. twigs, and wood fragments about 4 inches thick. The They formed in gravelly sand. The slope is 0 to 2 percent. surface layer is dark brown and dark reddish brown very The native vegetation is sparse grasses and shrubs. gravelly loam about 11 inches thick. The subsoil is dark Elevation is 10 to 30 feet. The average annual precipitation reddish brown and dark brown very gravelly clay loam is 60 to 80 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 20 inches thick. Fractured basalt is at a depth of about 50 degrees F, and the average frost-free season (at about 31 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 24 to 36 32 degrees) is 165 to 200 days. inches. No single profile is representative of these soils, but one Included in this unit are about 10 percent Knappton commonly observed has a surface layer that is dark grayish soils, 5 percent Traham soils that have slopes of less brown sand about 6 inches thick. The underlying material to than 65 percent, and 5 percent Rock outcrop. a depth of 60 inches or more is dark grayish brown sand Permeability of this Traham soil is moderate. Available and gravelly sand. water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 24 to Included in this unit are some small areas of 36 inches. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion Udorthents, level. is severe. Permeability of these Udipsamments, level, soils is rapid. This unit is used as woodland. Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this inches or more. Runoff is very slow, and water erosion is unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, not a hazard. These soils are subject to rare flooding. Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- This unit is used as sites for homes or commercial year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is buildings or as a source of fill material. 135, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site If this unit is used as sites for homes or commercial index is 92. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual buildings, the main limitation is the hazard of rare flooding. increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age Dikes need to be maintained to control flooding. In summer, 50 is 209 cubic feet per acre per year. irrigation is needed for lawn grasses, shrubs, vines, shade The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of trees, and ornamental trees. Mulch, fertilizer, and irrigation slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. Logging are needed to establish lawn grasses. If the density of roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for housing is moderate to high, community sewage systems road construction is readily available in areas of this unit. are needed to prevent contamination of water supplies as a Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is result of seepage from onsite sewage disposal systems. established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks This map unit is in capability subclass VIs. are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. Use of harvesting 147-Udorthents, level. These very deep, moderately systems that lift logs entirely off the ground reduces well drained, somewhat excessively drained, and disturbance of the protective layer of duff. excessively drained soils are on diked tidelands. They Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing formed in sandy and loamy river dredgings. The slope is 0 to timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished 2 percent. The native vegetation is annuals and shrubs. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. Elevation is sea level to 30 feet. The average annual If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western precipitation is 60 to 80 inches, the average annual air hemlock occurs readily. Seedling mortality is higher on temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average frost- ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent winds. free season (at 32 degrees) is 150 to 200 days. Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other areas of No single profile is representative of these soils, but one the unit. If openings are made inn the canopy, invading brushy commonly observed has a surface layer that is dark grayish plants can delay regeneration of western hemlock and brown sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The underlying prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings. The restricted material to a depth of 60 inches or more is dark grayish rooting depth, caused by the underlying bedrock, brown sandy loam and loam. The underlying material has occasionally causes windthrow. layers ranging in texture from sand to silt loam.

Included in this unit are some small areas of This unit is used as wildlife habitat and woodland. Udipsamments, level. Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest Permeability of these Udorthents, level, soils is moderately species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, rapid. Available water capacity is low to moderate. Effective bigleaf maple, and Pacific madrone. On the basis of a 100- rooting depth is limited by a seasonal high water table that is year site curve, the estimated mean site index is 144 for at a depth of 2 to 6 feet from November through May. Runoff Douglas-fir and 141 for western hemlock. On the basis of a is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is slight. These soils 50-year site curve, the estimated mean site index is 110 for are subject to rare flooding. Douglas-fir and 100 for western hemlock. Site index and This unit is used for hay, pasture, industrial sites, and growth for all species are variable on this unit. Yield tables homesites. indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination If this unit is used for hay or pasture, the main limitations (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 150 cubic feet per acre are the low soil fertility and the low available water per year, and for western hemlock at age 50 it is 220 cubic capacity in some areas. In areas where the soils have low feet per acre per year. The included areas of Rock outcrop available water capacity, applications of irrigation water and very stony soils limit yields. should be light and frequent. Sprinkler irrigation is a The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of suitable method. Water should be applied in amounts slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. Logging sufficient to wet the root zone but small enough to roads can be constructed on the more nearly level included minimize the leaching of plant nutrients. Restricting grazing areas in this unit. They require suitable surfacing for year- during wet periods helps to maintain the condition of the round use. Rock for road construction is readily available in pasture and soils. areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a If this unit is used as industrial sites and homesites, the plant cover is established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, main limitation is the hazard of rare flooding. Dikes need to and firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they be maintained to control flooding. Disturbed areas of the are adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. Use unit should be allowed to settle for a year before buildings of harvesting systems that lift logs entirely off the ground are constructed. reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff; This map unit is in capability subclass IVs. however, the included areas of Rock outcrop limit the use of these systems. 148-Umbric Dystrochrepts, very steep. These Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing timber. moderately deep to very deep, well drained soils are on Reforestation in most areas can be accomplished by hand bluffs along the Columbia River, on mountains, and in planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, gullies and canyons. They formed in material derived from natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily and by basalt. The slope is 85 to 100 percent. The soils are mainly western hemlock it occurs periodically. Droughtiness of the on south-facing slopes. The native vegetation is mainly surface layer increases seedling mortality. In areas of soils conifers. Elevation is 200 to 1,800 feet. The average annual that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches, trees are precipitation is 60 to 110 inches, the average annual air occasionally subject to windthrow when winds are moderate temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average to strong and the soils are wet. Storms and high winds on the growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. Columbia River bluffs occasionally cause breakage and No single profile is representative of these soils, but one branch damage. If openings are made in the canopy, commonly observed has a mat of undecomposed needles invading brushy plants can delay establishment of Douglas-fir and twigs about 1 inch thick on the surface. The surface seedlings and natural regeneration of western hemlock. layer is very dark grayish brown gravelly sandy loam about 8 Common forest understory species include salal, Oregon- inches thick. The subsoil to a depth of 60 inches or more is grape, red huckleberry, western swordfern, and western brown, dark brown, and dark reddish brown gravelly clay brackenfern. loam and gravelly loam. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to This map unit is in capability subclass VIle. 60 inches or more. In some areas the subsoil is cobbly clay loam or cobbly loam. 149-Vesta silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very Included in this unit is about 10 percent Boistfort, Bunker, deep, well drained soil is on ridgetops of uplands. It formed and Raught soils. Also included in some mapped areas are in material derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are as much as 10 percent Katula soils and 20 percent Rock more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly outcrop and very stony soils. conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The average annual Permeability of these Umbric Dystrochrepts soils is precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air moderate. Available water capacity is low to high. temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average Effective rooting depth is limited by bedrock at a depth of growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. 20 to 60 inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is severe.

Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of 150-Vesta silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This very needles, twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in material layer is dark reddish brown silt loam about 15 inches thick. derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are more The upper 24 inches of the subsoil is dark brown silty clay than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The average annual strong brown silty clay. precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air Included in this unit are about 5 percent Knappton temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average growing soils and 2 percent Lebam, Ilwaco, and Traham soils. season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 5 Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of percent Vesta soils that have slopes of more than 8 needles, twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface percent. layer is dark reddish brown silt loam about 13 inches thick. Permeability of this Vesta soil is moderate. Available The upper 24 inches of the subsoil is dark brown silty clay water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is strong brown silty clay. slight. Included in this unit are about 5 percent Knappton Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some soils and 2 percent Lebam, Ilwaco, and Traham soils. areas are used as rural homesites. Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 5 Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this percent Vesta soils that have slopes of less than 8 unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, percent or more than 30 percent. Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- Permeability of this Vesta soil is moderate. Available year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches 158, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is index is 112. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual slight. increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age This unit is used as woodland. 50 is 251 cubic feet per acre per year. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid 158, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. index is 112. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age use. Rock for road construction is readily available in areas 50 is 251 cubic feet per acre per year. of this unit, generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Careful use The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment the protective layer of duff. when the soil is wet causes ruts, .soil compaction, and Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished skid trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by Rock for road construction is readily available in areas of western hemlock occurs readily. Seedling mortality is higher this unit, generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts in areas of this unit on ridgetops, which are subject to and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. strong, persistent winds. Areas on ridgetops are less Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces productive than other areas of the unit. If openings are disturbance of the protective layer of duff. made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished regeneration of western hemlock. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir Common forest understory species include seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by salmonberry, red elderberry, red huckleberry, western hemlock occurs readily. Seedling mortality is higher western swordfern, and western brackenfern. in areas of this unit on ridgetops, which are subject to This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the unit strong, persistent winds. Areas on ridgetops are less is used for septic tank absorption fields, the limitation of productive than other areas of the unit. If openings are moderate permeability can be overcome by increasing the made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent size of the absorption field. establishment of Douglas-fir This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. seedlings and can delay regeneration of western accomplished by hand planting western hemlock and hemlock. Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural Common forest understory species include reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily. Seedling salmonberry, red elderberry, red huckleberry, mortality is higher in areas of this unit on ridgetops, which western swordfern, and western brackenfern. are subject to strong, persistent winds. Areas on ridgetops This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. are less productive than other areas of the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent 151-Vesta silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in regeneration of western hemlock. material derived from basalt. Drainageways generally Common forest understory species include are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is salmonberry, red elderberry, red huckleberry, western mainly conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The average swordfern, and western brackenfern. annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. 152-Vesta silt loam, cool, 5 to 30 percent slopes. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, This very deep, well drained soil is on uplands. It formed in twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark material derived from basalt. Drainageways generally are reddish brown silt loam about 11 inches thick. The upper 28 more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly inches of the subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam, and the conifers. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The average annual lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is strong brown precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air silty clay. temperature is about 46 degrees F, and the average growing Included in this unit are about 5 percent Knappton and season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. This soil is Traham soils and 2 percent Lates and Murnen soils. Also subject to strong coastal winds and prolonged seasonal fog included in some mapped areas is as much as 5 percent cover. Vesta soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, Permeability of this Vesta soil is moderate. Available twigs, and moss about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is dark water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches reddish brown silt loam about 15 inches thick. The upper 21 or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water inches of the subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam, and the erosion is moderate. lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is strong brown This unit is used as woodland. silty clay. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this Included in this unit is about 15 percent Lebam, cool, unit. Trees of limited extent include Douglas-fir, red alder, soils; Ilwaco, cool, soils; and Newskah soils. Sitka spruce, and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100- Permeability of this Vesta soil is moderate. Available year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock is water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches 158, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean site or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is index is 112. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual slight. increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age This unit is used as woodland. 50 is 251 cubic feet per acre per year. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock are safer and disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or is 145, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the mean tracked equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil site index is 104. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age unsurfaced roads and skid trails are soft and sticky and 50 is 228 cubic feet per acre per year. generally are impassable. Logging roads require The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment construction is readily available in areas of this unit, when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts and fills damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Steep trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round and gullying unless they are adequately protected by water use. Rock for road construction is readily available in areas bars or vegetation. of this unit, generally at a depth of 5 to 10 feet. Steep cuts Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is established. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the 154-Willaby silt loam, 1 to 15 percent slopes. This very protective layer of duff. deep, moderately well drained soil is on terraces. It formed Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing in piedmont glacial drift. The native vegetation is mainly timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished conifers. Elevation is 100 to 500 feet. The average annual by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. precipitation is 110 to 150 inches, the average annual air If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it occurs season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. periodically. Seedling mortality is higher in areas of this unit Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves, on ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent winds. needles, twigs, and moss about 2.5 inches thick. The Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other areas of surface layer is dark reddish brown and dark brown silt the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy loam about 11 inches thick. The upper 14 inches of the plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings subsoil is strong brown silty clay, and the lower 22 inches is and can delay reforestation by western hemlock and Sitka yellowish brown very gravelly silty clay. The substratum to a spruce. depth of 60 inches or more is yellowish brown extremely Common forest understory species include salmonberry, gravelly silty clay loam. red elderberry, red huckleberry, western swordfern, and Included in this unit are about 10 percent Halbert soils western brackenfern. and 5 percent Nemah soils. Also included in some mapped This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. areas is as much as 10 percent Nordby and O'Brien soils. Permeability of this Willaby soil is moderately slow. 153-Westport fine sand, 3 to 10 percent slopes. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth This very deep, excessively drained soil is on long, narrow, is limited by a seasonal high water table that is at a depth of stabilized sand dunes. It formed in slightly weathered dune 24 to 36 inches from November to March. Runoff is slow, sand. The native vegetation is mainly grass and shore pine. and the hazard of water erosion is slight. Elevation is 10 to 50 feet. The average annual precipitation This unit is used as woodland. is 60 to 80 inches, the average annual air temperature is Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season (at species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. and western redcedar. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, Typically, the surface is covered with a thin mat of grass, the mean site index is 166 for Douglas-fir and 153 for moss, leaves, and needles. The surface layer is very dark western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the grayish brown fine sand about 7 inches thick. The upper 9 mean site index is 125 for Douglas-fir and 110 for western inches of the underlying material is dark grayish brown fine hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual sand, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is olive gray fine sand. 177 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at Included in this unit are about 5 percent Yaquina soils and age 50 it is 243 cubic feet per acre per year. 1 percent Seastrand soils. Also included in some mapped The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness areas are as much as 5 percent Netarts soils and 5 percent when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment Dune land. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Permeability of this Westport soil is very rapid. Available damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth generally is trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. 60 inches or more, but it may be restricted by a lack of Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round moisture and nutrients. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of use. Rock for road construction is not readily available in water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is areas of this unit. Careful use of wheeled or tracked severe. equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of This unit is used as sites for homes and commercial duff. buildings. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing This unit is well suited to homesite development. If the timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished density of housing is moderate to high, community sewage by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are systems are needed to prevent contamination of water present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red supplies as a result of seepage from onsite sewage disposal alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, systems. Revegetating disturbed areas around construction invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of sites as soon as possible helps to control soil blowing. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. western hemlock. The restricted rooting depth, caused by the seasonal high water table, occasionally causes windthrow.

Common forest understory species include salal, blue Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing huckleberry, western swordfern, western brackenfern, and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished deer fern. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, 155-Willapa silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes. This very invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas- deep, moderately well drained soil is on broad, wave-cut fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of western marine terraces. It formed in medium- and fine-textured hemlock. The restricted rooting depth, caused by the marine sediment. Drainageways generally are more seasonal high water table, occasionally causes windthrow. than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly Common forest understory species include conifers. Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. The average salmonberry, salal, red huckleberry, red elderberry, annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the average annual and western swordfern. air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average This unit is well suited to homesite development. growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. Septic tank absorption fields do not function properly Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, because of wetness. leaves, and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is This map unit is in capability subclass Ille. dark brown silt loam about 18 inches thick. The subsoil is mottled, dark yellowish brown silty clay loam about 25 156-Willapa silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or very deep, moderately well drained soil is on wave-cut more is mottled, pale brown silty clay loam. In some areas marine terraces. It formed in medium- and fine-textured the substratum has sandy strata. marine sediment. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to Included in this unit are about 2 percent Nemah soils, 5 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. percent Lebam and Ilwaco soils, and 2 percent Vesta soils. Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. The average annual Also included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the average annual air percent Willapa soils that have slopes of more than 8 temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average growing percent. season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. Permeability of this Willapa soil is moderate. Available Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a leaves, and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 30 to 42 dark brown silt loam about 20 inches thick. The subsoil is inches from November to March. Runoff is slow, and the mottled, dark yellowish brown silty clay loam about 23 hazard of water erosion is slight. inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some more is mottled, pale brown silty clay loam. In some areas areas are used as rural homesites. the substratum has sandy strata. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this Included in this unit are about 5 percent Lebam, Ilwaco, unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka and Palix soils and 2 percent Vesta and Narel soils. Also spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100- included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent year site curve, the mean site index is 158 for western Willapa soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or hemlock and 170 for Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 50-year more than 30 percent. site curve, the mean site index is 113 for western hemlock Permeability of this Willapa soil is moderate. Available and 125 for Douglas-fir. Yield tables indicate that the mean water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 30 to 42 hemlock at age 50 is 251 cubic feet per acre per year, and inches from November to March. Runoff is slow, and the for Douglas-fir at age 60 it is 181 cubic feet per acre per hazard of water erosion is slight. year. This unit is used as woodland. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100- damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid year site curve, the mean site index is 158 for western trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. hemlock and 170 for Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 50-year Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. site curve, the mean site index is 113 for western hemlock Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of and 125 for Douglas-fir. Yield tables indicate that the mean this unit. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. hemlock at age 50 is 251 cubic feet

per acre per year, and for Douglas-fir at age 60 it is 181 Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this cubic feet per acre per year. unit. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar, Sitka The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness spruce, red alder, and Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 100-year when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment site curve, the mean site index is 158 for western hemlock when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and and 170 for Douglas-fir. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid the mean site index is 113 for western hemlock and 125 for trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. Douglas-fir. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. increment at culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of 50 is 251 cubic feet per acre per year, and for Douglas-fir at this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant age 60 it is 181 cubic feet per acre per year. cover is established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked duff. equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems are Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing safer and disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished and skid trails are soft and sticky and generally are by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. impassable. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western year-round use. Rock for road construction is not readily hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas- readily unless a plant cover is established. Steep yarding fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of western paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and hemlock. The restricted rooting depth, caused by the gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars seasonal high water table, occasionally causes windthrow. or vegetation. Common forest understory species include Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing salmonberry, salal, red huckleberry, red elderberry, timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished and western swordfern. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings. This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, 157-Willapa silt loam, 30 to 70 percent slopes. This invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of very deep, moderately well drained soil is on back slopes of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of wave-cut marine terraces. It formed in medium- and fine- western hemlock. The restricted rooting depth, caused by the textured marine sediment. Drainageways generally are less seasonal high water table, occasionally causes windthrow. than 1,000 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly Common forest understory species include salmonberry, conifers. Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. The average salal, red huckleberry, red elderberry, and western annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the average annual swordfern. air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, 158-Willapa silt loam, cool, 1 to 8 percent slopes. leaves, and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on broad, dark brown silt loam about 15 inches thick. The subsoil is wave-cut marine terraces. It formed in medium- and fine- mottled, dark yellowish brown silty clay loam about 22 textured marine sediment. Drainageways generally are inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more than 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly more is mottled, pale brown silty clay loam. In some areas conifers. Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. The average the substratum has sandy strata. annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the average annual Included in this unit are about 5 percent Palix, Newskah, air temperature is about 46 degrees F, and the average and Narel soils and 2 percent Vesta soils. Also included in growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. This soil some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Willapa is subject to strong coastal winds and prolonged seasonal soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent. fog cover. Permeability of this Willapa soil is moderate. Available Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a leaves, and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 30 to 42 dark brown silt loam about 18 inches thick. The subsoil is inches from November to March. Runoff is medium, and the mottled, dark yellowish brown silty clay loam about 25 hazard of water erosion is moderate. inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or This unit is used as woodland. more is mottled, pale brown silty clay loam. In some areas the substratum has sandy strata.

Included in this unit are about 2 percent Nemah soils; 5 are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is percent Lebam, cool, soils; Newskah soils; and Ilwaco, cool, mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. The soils; and 2 percent Vesta, cool, soils. Also included in average annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Willapa, cool, average annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F, and soils that have slopes of more than 8 percent. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 Permeability of this Willapa soil is moderate. Available days. This soil is subject to strong coastal winds and water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a prolonged seasonal fog cover. seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 30 to 42 Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, inches from November to March. Runoff is slow, and the leaves, and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is hazard of water erosion is slight. dark brown silt loam about 20 inches thick. The subsoil is Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some mottled, dark yellowish brown silty clay loam about 23 areas are used as rural homesites. inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this more is mottled, pale brown silty clay loam. In some areas unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western the substratum has sandy strata. redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a Included in this unit are about 5 percent Lebam, cool, 100-year site curve, the mean site index is about 147 for soils; Ilwaco, cool, soils; and Palix, cool, soils and 2 percent western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the Vesta, cool, soils. Also included in some mapped areas is mean site index is about 105 for western hemlock. Yield as much as 10 percent Willapa, cool, soils that have slopes tables indicate that the mean annual increment at of less than 8 percent or more than 30 percent. culmination (CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is about Permeability of this Willapa soil is moderate. Available 232 cubic feet per acre per year. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 30 to 42 when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment inches from November to March. Runoff is slow, and the when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and hazard of water erosion is slight. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid This unit is used as woodland. trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western use. Rock for road construction is not readily available in redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a areas of this unit. Careful use of wheeled or tracked 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western hemlock equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of is about 147, and on the basis of a 50-year site curve, the duff. mean site index is about 105. Yield tables indicate that the Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for western timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished hemlock at age 50 is about 232 cubic feet per acre per year. by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round western hemlock and Sitka spruce. The restricted rooting use. Rock for road construction is not readily available in depth, caused by the seasonal high water table and the areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a strong coastal winds, causes occasional windthrow. plant cover is established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked Common forest understory species include salmonberry, equipment reduces disturbance of the protective layer of salal, red huckleberry, red elderberry, and western duff. swordfern. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing This unit is well suited to homesite development. Septic timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished tank absorption fields, however, do not function properly by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir because of wetness. seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, 159-Willapa silt loam, cool, 8 to 30 percent slopes. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on wave-cut Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by marine terraces. It formed in medium- and fine-textured western hemlock and Sitka spruce. The restricted rooting marine sediment. Drainageways generally depth, caused by the seasonal high water table and the strong coastal winds, causes Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing occasional windthrow. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished Common forest understory species include salmonberry, by hand planting western hemlock and Douglas-fir salal, red huckleberry, red elderberry, and western seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by swordfern. western hemlock occurs readily and by Sitka spruce it This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. occurs periodically. If openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of 160-Willapa silt loam, cool, 30 to 70 percent slopes. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay reforestation by This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on back western hemlock and Sitka spruce. The restricted rooting slopes of wave-cut marine terraces. It formed in medium- depth, caused by the seasonal high water table and the and fine-textured marine sediment. Drainageways generally strong coastal winds, causes occasional windthrow. are less than 1,000 feet apart. The native vegetation is Common forest understory species include salmonberry, mainly conifers. Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. The salal, red huckleberry, red elderberry, and western average annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the swordfern. average annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F, and This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 days. This soil is subject to strong coastal winds and 161-Wishkah silty clay loam. This very deep, somewhat prolonged seasonal fog cover. poorly drained soil is on old alluvial terraces of glacial Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, outwash plains. Drainage has been altered by ditching and leaves, and twigs about 1 inch thick. The surface layer is tiling. The soil formed in glacial lacustrine sediment. The dark brown silt loam about 20 inches thick. The subsoil is slope is 0 to 2 percent. The native vegetation is mainly mottled, dark yellowish brown silty clay loam about 23 conifers and hardwoods. Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. The inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the more is mottled, pale brown silty clay loam. In some areas average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the substratum has sandy strata. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 180 to 220 Included in this unit is about 15 percent Palix, cool, soils days. and Newskah soils. Also included in some mapped areas is Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of partially as much as 10 percent Willapa, cool, soils that have slopes decomposed needles, twigs, and wood about 5 inches thick. of less than 30 percent. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown silty clay loam Permeability of this Willapa soil is moderate. Available about 6 inches thick. The upper 4 inches of the subsoil is water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a mottled, dark yellowish brown silty clay, and the lower 29 seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 30 to 42 inches is mottled, yellowish brown and grayish brown clay. inches from November to March. Runoff is medium, and the The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is mottled, hazard of water erosion is moderate. light olive gray clay. In some areas the substratum is as This unit is used as woodland. much as 50 percent gravel. Western hemlock is the principal forest species on this Included in this unit are about 5 percent Nemah soils unit. Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western and 5 percent Aabab soils. Also included is about 30 redcedar, red alder, and Pacific silver fir. On the basis of a percent Wishkah soils that are not drained. 100-year site curve, the mean site index for western Permeability of this Wishkah soil is slow. Available water hemlock is about 147, and on the basis of a 50-year site capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is limited by a curve, the mean site index is about 105. Yield tables indicate seasonal high water table that is at a depth of 30 to 42 that the mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for inches from November to April. Runoff is slow, and the western hemlock at age 50 is about 232 cubic feet per acre hazard of water erosion is slight. per year. This unit is used mainly for hay and pasture. It is also The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of used as woodland. slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment This unit is well suited to hay and pasture. The main during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and limitation is the soil wetness. Restricting grazing during wet disturb the soil less. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid periods helps to maintain the condition of the pasture and trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. soil. Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round Western hemlock and red alder are the principal forest use. Rock for road construction is not readily available in species. Trees of limited extent include western redcedar areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a and bigleaf maple. On the basis of a 100-year site curve, the plant cover is established. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, mean site index is 155 for western hemlock. On the basis of and firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 110 for western are adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. hemlock and 85 for red alder. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment at culmination

(CMAI) for western hemlock at age 50 is 246 cubic feet per limited by a seasonal high water table that ranges from a acre per year, and for red alder at age 40 it is 92 cubic feet depth of 24 inches to the surface from November to April. per acre per year. Runoff is very slow, and water erosion is not a hazard. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Most areas of this unit are used as woodland. Some when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment areas are used for pasture. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Red alder is the principal forest species on this unit. damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads and skid Trees of limited extent include Sitka spruce, western trails are soft and sticky and generally are impassable. hemlock, western redcedar, and shore pine. On the basis Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round of a 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 90 for red use. Rock for road construction is not readily available in alder. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual increment areas of this unit. The seasonal high water table restricts the at culmination (CMAI) for red alder at age 40 is 101 cubic use of equipment to the dry summer months. Careful use of feet per acre per year. wheeled or tracked equipment reduces disturbance of the The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness protective layer of duff. when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft by hand planting western redcedar seedlings. If seed trees and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable are present, natural reforestation by red alder occurs readily surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is and by western hemlock it occurs periodically. The seasonal not readily available in areas of this unit. The seasonal high high water table reduces root respiration and causes water table restricts the use of equipment to the dry summer seedling mortality. If openings are made in the canopy, months. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment invading brushy plants can delay establishment of planted reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. western redcedar and can delay reforestation by western Seedling mortality is the main concern in producing hemlock. The restricted rooting depth, caused by the high timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished water table, frequently causes windthrow. by hand planting western redcedar and Sitka spruce Common forest understory species include salmonberry, seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by devilsclub, vine maple, skunkcabbage, and cascara red alder occurs readily. The seasonal high water table buckthorn. reduces root respiration and causes seedling mortality. If This map unit is in capability subclass Illw. openings are made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can delay establishment of planted seedlings. The restricted 162-Yaquina loamy fine sand. This very deep, rooting depth, caused by the seasonal high water table, somewhat poorly drained soil is in depressional areas frequently causes windthrow. between stabilized sand dunes. It formed in slightly Common forest understory species include weathered beach and dune sand. The slope is 0 to 1 salmonberry, sedges, salal, cascara buckthorn, and percent. The native vegetation is mainly conifers and skunkcabbage. hardwoods. Elevation is 10 to 50 feet. The average annual If this unit is used for pasture, the main limitation is the precipitation is 70 to 90 inches, the average annual air seasonal high water table. The water table can be lowered temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average by installing tile drains or open ditches if adequate outlets growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. are available. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of needles, This map unit is in capability subclass lVw. twigs, and leaves about 0.5 inch thick. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown and dark reddish gray loamy fine 163-Zenker silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This sand about 9 inches thick. The subsoil is dark reddish gray very deep, well drained soil is on foot slopes and shoulders and dark brown fine sand about 15 inches thick. The of uplands. It formed in colluvium derived from moderately substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is olive brown hard sandstone. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to 1,500 fine sand. In some areas the subsoil has thin, weakly feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. cemented strata. Elevation is 50 to 1,600 feet. The average annual Included in this unit are about 2 percent Netarts soils and precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the average annual air 2 percent Westport soils. Also included in some mapped temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average areas are as much as 5 percent Seastrand soils and as growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. much as 2 percent Orcas and Seastrand Variant soils. Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown silt loam Permeability of this Yaquina soil is moderately rapid. about 11 inches thick. The upper 6 inches of the subsoil Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is is very dark grayish brown silt loam, and the lower part to a Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown silt loam depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown loam. about 9 inches thick. The upper 7 inches of the subsoil is Included in this unit are about 10 percent Elochoman soils very dark grayish brown silt loam, and the lower part to a and 5 percent Lytell and Astoria soils. Also included in some depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown loam. mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Zenker soils that Included in this unit are about 10 percent Elochoman soils have slopes of more than 30 percent. and 5 percent Lytell and Astoria soils. Also included in some Permeability of this Zenker soil is moderate. Available mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Zenker soils that water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches have slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 65 percent. or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is Permeability of this Zenker soil is moderate. Available slight. water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches This unit is used as woodland. or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest is moderate. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, This unit is used as woodland. western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On the Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 175 for species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, Douglas-fir and 171 for western hemlock. On the basis of a western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On the 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 133 for Douglas-fir basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 175 for and 122 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the Douglas-fir and 171 for western hemlock. On the basis of a mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 133 for Douglas-fir at age 60 is 186 cubic feet per acre per year, and for and 122 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the western hemlock at age 50 it is 276 cubic feet per acre per mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir year. at age 60 is 186 cubic feet per acre per year, and for The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness western hemlock at age 50 it is 276 cubic feet per acre per when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment year. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked equipment and generally are impassable. Logging roads require during harvesting; cable yarding systems are safer and suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked equipment construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft established. Slumping and road failures can occur in clear-cut and generally are impassable. Logging roads require suitable areas. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment reduces surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road construction is disturbance of the protective layer of duff. not readily available in areas of this unit. Steep cuts and fills Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing erode readily unless a plant cover is established. Slumping timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be and road failures can occur in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars or hemlock and red alder occurs readily. If openings are made vegetation. in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished regeneration of western hemlock. by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are Common forest understory species include salal, present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red salmonberry, Oregon-grape, western swordfern, alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, and western brackenfern. invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of western hemlock. 164-Zenker silt loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. This Common forest understory species include salal, very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of uplands. It salmonberry, Oregon-grape, western swordfern, formed in colluvium derived from moderately hard and western brackenfern. sandstone. Drainageways generally are 1,000 to This map unit is in capability subclass VIe. 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 50 to 1,600 feet. The average annual 165-Zenker silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. This precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the average annual air very deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of uplands. It temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average formed in colluvium derived from moderately hard growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. sandstone. Drainageways generally are less than

1,000 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly conifers. 166-Zyzyl gravelly loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes. This Elevation is 50 to 1,600 feet. The average annual deep, well drained soil is on ridgetops of mountains. It precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the average annual air formed in residuum and colluvium derived from highly temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average chloritized Eocene marine basalt. Drainageways growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. generally are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown silt loam vegetation is mainly conifers. Elevation is 600 to 1,800 feet. about 6 inches thick. The upper 9 inches of the subsoil is The average annual precipitation is 120 to 180 inches, the very dark grayish brown silt loam, and the lower part to a average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and depth of 60 inches or more is dark brown loam. the average growing season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 Included in this unit is about 5 percent Lytell soils. Also days. included in some mapped areas is as much as 10 percent Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves, Elochoman soils and Zenker soils that have slopes of less twigs, and partially decomposed wood about 2 inches thick. than 65 percent. The surface layer is dark brown gravelly loam about 9 inches Permeability of this Zenker soil is moderate. Available thick. The upper 11 inches of the subsoil is dark brown water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches gravelly loam, and the lower 19 inches is dark reddish brown or more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water erosion is gravelly sandy loam. The substratum is reddish brown severe. gravelly sandy loam about 6 inches thick. Highly fractured, This unit is used as woodland. loose, chloritized basalt is at a depth of about 45 inches. Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest Depth to weathered bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include red alder, more. western redcedar, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple. On the Included in this unit are about 5 percent Lytell soils and basis of a 100-year site curve, the mean site index is 162 for 10 percent Nordby and Copalis soils. Also included in some Douglas-fir and 171 for western hemlock. On the basis of a mapped areas are as much as 10 percent Zyzyl soils that 50-year site curve, the mean site index is 127 for Douglas-fir have slopes of more than 30 percent and 5 percent soils and 122 for western hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the that are less than 60 inches deep to consolidated bedrock. mean annual increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir Permeability of this Zyzyl soil is moderate. Available water at age 65 is 172 cubic feet per acre per year, and for capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 western hemlock at age 50 it is 276 cubic feet per acre per inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water year. erosion is slight. The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of This unit is used as woodland. slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. redcedar and Sitka spruce. On the basis of a 100-year site Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of curve, the mean site index is 156 for Douglas-fir and 158 for this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the cover is established. Slumping and road failures can occur in mean site index is 118 for Douglas-fir and 111 for western clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. Use of 165 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock at harvesting systems that lift logs entirely off the ground age 50 it is 251 cubic feet per acre per year. reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. The main limitation for harvesting timber is muddiness Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing when the soil is wet. Using wheeled or tracked equipment timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil compaction, and by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are damage to tree roots. When wet, unsurfaced roads are soft present, natural reforestation by western hemlock and red and generally are impassable. Logging roads require alder occurs readily. If openings are made in the canopy, suitable surfacing for year-round use. Rock for road invading brushy plants can prevent establishment of construction is not readily available in areas of this unit. Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant cover is western hemlock. established. Careful use of wheeled or tracked equipment Common forest understory species include salal, reduces disturbance of the protective layer of duff. salmonberry, Oregon-grape, western swordfern, and Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing western brackenfern. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished This map unit is in capability subclass VIle. by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western hemlock occurs readily. Seedling mortality is higher on safer and disturb the soil less. Using wheeled or tracked ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent winds. equipment when the soil is wet causes ruts, soil Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other areas of compaction, and damage to tree roots. When wet, the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, invading unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. seedlings and can delay natural regeneration of western Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas hemlock. of this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant Common forest understory species include Oregon- cover is established. Slumping and road failures can occur grape, vine maple, salmonberry, western swordfern, and in clear-cut areas. Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and western brackenfern. firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless they are This map unit is in capability subclass IVe. adequately protected by water bars or vegetation. Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing 167-Zyzyl gravelly loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes. timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be accomplished This deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of mountains. by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If seed trees are It formed in residuum and colluvium derived from highly present, natural reforestation by western hemlock occurs chloritized Eocene marine basalt. Drainageways generally readily. Seedling mortality is higher on ridgetops, which are are 1,000 to 1,500 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly subject to strong, persistent winds. Areas on ridgetops are conifers. Elevation is 600 to 1,800 feet. The average annual less productive than other areas of the unit. If openings are precipitation is 120 to 180 inches, the average annual air made in the canopy, invading brushy plants can prevent temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings and can delay natural season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. regeneration of western hemlock. Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves, Common forest understory species include Oregon-grape, twigs, and partially decomposed wood about 2 inches thick. vine maple, salmonberry, western swordfern, and western The surface layer is dark brown gravelly loam about 10 brackenfern. inches thick. The upper 12 inches of the subsoil is dark This map unit is in capability subclass Vle. brown gravelly loam, and the lower 15 inches is dark reddish brown gravelly sandy loam. The substratum is reddish brown 168-Zyzyl gravelly loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. gravelly sandy loam about 10 inches thick. Highly fractured, This deep, well drained soil is on back slopes of mountains. loose, chloritized basalt is at a depth of about 47 inches. It formed in residuum and colluvium derived from highly Depth to weathered bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or chloritized marine basalt. Drainageways generally are less more. than 1,000 feet apart. The native vegetation is mainly Included in this unit are about 5 percent Lytell soils and 5 conifers. Elevation is 600 to 1,800 feet. The average annual percent Nordby and Copalis soils. Also included in some precipitation is 120 to 180 inches, the average annual air mapped areas are as much as 15 percent Zyzyl soils that temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing have slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 65 season (at 28 degrees) is 200 to 240 days. percent and 10 percent soils that are less than 60 inches Typically, the surface is covered with a mat of leaves, deep to consolidated bedrock. twigs, and partially decomposed wood about 2 inches thick. Permeability of this Zyzyl soil is moderate. Available The surface layer is dark brown gravelly loam about 7 water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 40 to inches thick. The upper 9 inches of the subsoil is dark 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of brown gravelly loam, and the lower 13 inches is dark water erosion is moderate. reddish brown gravelly sandy loam. The substratum is This unit is used as woodland. reddish brown gravelly sandy loam about 16 inches thick. Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest Highly fractured, loose, chloritized basalt is at a depth of species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western about 45 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock ranges from redcedar and Sitka spruce. On the basis of a 100-year site 40 to 60 inches or more. curve, the mean site index is 156 for Douglas-fir and 158 for Included in this unit are about 2 percent Lytell soils and western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the 15 percent Zyzyl soils that have slopes of less than 65 mean site index is 118 for Douglas-fir and 111 for western percent. Also included in some mapped areas is as much hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual as 20 percent soils that are less than 60 inches deep to increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is consolidated bedrock. 165 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock Permeability of this Zyzyl soil is moderate. Available water at age 50 it is 251 cubic feet per acre per year. capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 40 to 60 The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water slope. Slope limits the use of wheeled or tracked erosion is severe. equipment during harvesting; cable yarding systems are

This unit is used as woodland. paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and Douglas-fir and western hemlock are the principal forest gullying unless they are adequately protected by water bars species on this unit. Trees of limited extent include western or vegetation. Use of harvesting systems that lift logs redcedar and Sitka spruce. On the basis of a 100-year site entirely off the ground reduces disturbance of the protective curve, the mean site index is 156 for Douglas-fir and 158 for layer of duff. western hemlock. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the Seedling establishment is the main concern in producing mean site index is 118 for Douglas-fir and 111 for western timber. Reforestation in cutover areas can be hemlock. Yield tables indicate that the mean annual accomplished by hand planting Douglas-fir seedlings. If increment at culmination (CMAI) for Douglas-fir at age 60 is seed trees are present, natural reforestation by western 165 cubic feet per acre per year, and for western hemlock hemlock occurs readily. Seedling mortality is higher on at age 50 it is 251 cubic feet per acre per year. ridgetops, which are subject to strong, persistent winds. The main limitation for harvesting timber is steepness of Areas on ridgetops are less productive than other areas of slope. Cable yarding systems generally are used. When wet, the unit. If openings are made in the canopy, invading unsurfaced roads are soft and generally are impassable. brushy plants can prevent establishment of Douglas-fir Logging roads require suitable surfacing for year-round use. seedlings and. can delay natural regeneration of western Rock for road construction is not readily available in areas of hemlock. this unit. Steep cuts and fills erode readily unless a plant Common forest understory species include Oregon- cover is established. Slumping and road failures can occur in grape, vine maple, salmonberry, western swordfern, and clear-cut areas. Steep yarding western brackenfern. This map unit is in capability subclass VIle.

Prime Farmland

In this section, prime farmland is defined and and 3. About 80,000 acres of this is used for crops. These discussed and the prime farmland soils in the survey crops are used mainly as roughage for the beef and dairy area are listed. cattle. Some crops are sold commercially. These include Prime farmland is of major importance in providing the sweet corn and peas, which are used by the frozen food nation's short- and long-range needs for food and fiber. The industry, cranberries, flower bulbs, and some potatoes. acreage of high-quality farmland is limited, and the U.S. Another 60,000 acres, or about 4 percent of the survey Department of Agriculture recognizes that government area, meets the requirements for prime farmland but is at local, state, and federal levels, as well as individuals, must limited by a high water table or by susceptibility to flooding. encourage and facilitate the wise use of our nation's prime A recent trend in land use has been the conversion of farmland. prime farmland to urban and industrial uses. The loss of Prime farmland soils, as defined by the U.S. Department prime farmland to other uses puts pressure on lands that of Agriculture, are soils that are best suited to producing are less productive than prime farmland. food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. Such soils have The detailed soil map units that make up the prime properties that are favorable for the economic production of farmland in the survey area are listed in this section. On sustained high yields of crops. The soils need only to be some soils included in the list, appropriate measures have treated and managed using acceptable farming methods. been applied to overcome a hazard or limitation such as Adequate moisture and a sufficiently long growing flooding or wetness. This list does not constitute a season are required. Prime farmland soils produce the recommendation for a particular land use. The extent of highest yields with minimal inputs of energy and economic each map unit is shown in table 4. The location is shown on resources, and farming these soils results in the least the detailed soil maps at the back of this survey. The soil damage to the environment. qualities that affect use and management are described in Prime farmland soils either are used for producing the section "Detailed Soil Map Units." food or fiber or are available for these uses. Urban or 1 Aabab silt loam (where drained) built-up land and water areas cannot be considered 2 Arta silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes prime farmland. 5 Astoria silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Prime farmland soils have an adequate and dependable 9 Bear Prairie silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation. 10 Boistfort silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes Temperature and growing season are favorable, and the 19 Calawah silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes level of acidity or alkalinity is acceptable. The soils have few, 24 Cathlamet silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes if any, rocks and are permeable to water and air. They are 27 Centralia loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes not excessively erodible or saturated with water for long 30 Chehalis silt loam periods and are not flooded during the growing season. The 31 Cloquato silt loam slope ranges mainly from 0 to 8 percent. 32 Copalis silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes Soils that have a high water table, are subject to flooding, 36 Elochoman silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes or are droughty may qualify as prime farmland soils if the 40 Germany silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes limitations are overcome by drainage, flood control, or 43 Grehalem silt loam 45 Hoquiam silt loam, 1 irrigation. Onsite evaluation is necessary to determine the to 8 percent slopes effectiveness of corrective measures. More information on 48 Humptulips silt loam (where protected from flood- the criteria for prime farmland soils can be obtained at the ing) local office of the Soil Conservation Service. 49 Ilwaco silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes About 230,000 acres, or about 14 percent of the survey 65 Lebam silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes area, meets the requirements for prime farmland. Areas of 68 Le Bar silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes prime farmland are scattered throughout the survey area, 76 Melbourne silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes but most are in general soil map units 1, 2,

79 Montesa silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes (where drained) 127 Salzer silty clay (where drained and protected 91 Nemah silty clay loam (where drained) from flooding) 93 Newberg silt loam 128 Satsop silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes 94 Newskah loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes 129 Sauvie silt loam 101 Norma sandy loam (where drained) 134 Skamo silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes 102 Nuby silt loam 138 Stimson silt loam (where drained) 104 Ocosta silty clay loam 141 Sylvia silt loam (where drained) 105 Olympic clay loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes 149 Vesta silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes 117 Papac gravelly silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes 155 Willapa silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes 125 Rennie silty clay loam (where drained and protect 161 Wishkah silty clay loam ed from flooding)

Use and Management of the Soils

Planners of management systems for individual fields or This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of the farms should consider the detailed information given in the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust land uses description of each soil under "Detailed Soil Map Units." to the limitations and potentials of natural resources and Specific information can be obtained from the local office the environment. Also, it can help avoid soil-related of the Soil Conservation Service or the Cooperative failures in land uses. Extension Service. In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, conservationists, More than 79,895 acres in the survey area was used for engineers, and others collect extensive field data about the crops and pasture in 1967 (30). Of this total, 3,053 acres nature and behavioral characteristics of the soils. They was used for row crops, mainly crops for silage; 1,123 collect data on erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other acres for close-growing crops, mainly wheat and oats; factors that affect various soil uses and management. Field 1,130 acres for cranberries; 70,4077acres for rotation experience and collected data on soil properties and hay and pasture (fig. 20); and the rest as idle cropland. performance are used as a basis in predicting soil behavior. The acreage in crops and pasture is gradually decreasing Information in this section can be used to plan the use as more and more land is being used for urban and management of soils for crops and pasture; as development. In 1967 about 37,493 acres of urban and woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, highways built-up land was in the survey area. The use of this soil and other transportation systems, and parks and other survey to help make land use decisions that will influence recreation facilities; and for wildlife habitat. It can be used to the future role of farming in the area is discussed in the identify the potentials and limitations of each soil for specific section "Broad Land Use Considerations." land uses and to help prevent construction failures caused Soil drainage is a major management need on about 26 by unfavorable soil properties. percent of the acreage used for crops and pasture in the Planners and others using soil survey information can survey area. Some soils are too wet for crops commonly evaluate the effect of specific land uses on productivity and grown in the area. These are the poorly drained Nemah and on the environment in all or part of the survey area. The Rennie soils and the very poorly drained Salzer soils, which survey can help planners to maintain or create a land use make up about 29,000 acres of the survey area, and the pattern in harmony with the natural soil. organic Orcas, Seastrand, and Seastrand Variant soils, Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of which make up about 9,100 acres. sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to Unless artificially drained, the somewhat poorly drained identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil Aabab soils, which total about 6,140 acres, are so wet that layers can cause difficulty in excavation. crops are damaged during most years. Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and others The preferred design of both surface and subsurface may also find this survey useful. The survey can help drainage systems varies with the kind of soil. For crops and them plan the safe disposal of wastes and locate sites for pasture, a combination of surface drainage and subsurface pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, playgrounds, lawns, tile drainage is needed in most areas of the poorly drained and trees and shrubs. and very poorly drained soils. Drains have to be more closely spaced in the slowly permeable soils than in the Crops and Pasture more rapidly permeable ones. Finding adequate outlets for General management needed for crops and pasture is tile drainage systems is difficult in many areas. suggested in this section. The crops or pasture plants best Organic soils oxidize and subside when the pore space is suited to the soils, including some not commonly grown in filled with air; therefore, they require special drainage (9). the survey area, are identified; the system of land capability Keeping the water table at the level required by crops classification used by the Soil Conservation Service is during the growing season and raising it to the surface explained; and the estimated yields of the main crops and during other parts of the year minimize hay and pasture plants are listed for each soil.

Figure 20.-Hay and pasture on Cathlamet silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes, in foreground. Douglas-fir on Germany silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes, in background. These soils are in Wahkiakum County.

the oxidation and subsidence of organic soils such as the nitrogen ratio, thus making more nitrogen available for crops Seastrand and Seastrand Variant soils. In areas where (36). On these soils the prime requisite for good crop cranberries are grown, a thin layer of sand is spread over production is the addition of organic matter and nitrogen, the bog to reduce oxidation. Information on drainage which are best supplied and maintained by using legumes design for each kind of soil is available at the local office of and crop rotations, plowing under green manure crops, and the Soil Conservation Service. adding all available barnyard manure. The cost of The moderately well drained and well drained soils on commercial nitrogen fertilizer may limit its use unless the the uplands and old terraces in the survey area formed fertilizer is applied only to the more intensively grown cash under coniferous forests, are moderately acid and are crops. Phosphorus generally is beneficial, and barnyard strongly leached of plant nutrients. The carbon-to-nitrogen manure is a good source of it. ratio for the newly cleared lands is relatively wide, and only The soils on the younger terraces and alluvial fans in the small quantities of nitrogen are made available to crops area have been subjected to less weathering and leaching from the soil. Investigations indicate that cropping over a than have the soils on the uplands and old terraces and period of years increases the organic matter content and generally are less acid and higher in natural fertility. narrows the carbon-to Nevertheless, the deficiency in nutrients and the response of crops to soil management generally are Summer pasture, clover, and alfalfa in areas near an similar to those already discussed for the soils on uplands adequate water supply are benefited by irrigation during the and old terraces. Arta, Bear Prairie, Montesa, Satsop, drier years. Skamo, and Willapa soils are on the younger terraces and Soil erosion on pastureland can be controlled and the alluvial fans. quality and quantity of the forage maintained by (1) The soils on the alluvial flood plains in the area are only establishing a planned pasture grazing system with a slightly acid and are high in natural fertility, but under minimum of three pastures where key plants can be grazed continuous cropping they are becoming deficient in both at the proper time and the proper height; (2) applying nitrogen and phosphorus. Favorable increases in yield have commercial fertilizer according to the precipitation, soils, been obtained by using complete fertilizer. The most and plant composition; (3) clipping and dragging pasture at beneficial results are obtained by using phosphate and least twice a year; and (4) avoiding grazing when the soil is nitrogen fertilizers. Chehalis, Cloquato, and Grehalem soils wet and allowing a minimum of 3 to 5 days for the soils in are on alluvial flood plains. irrigated pasture to dry, depending on their texture. On all the soils in the area, additions of lime and fertilizer Soil erosion on hayland can be controlled and the quality should be based on the results of soil tests, on the needs of and quantity of the hay maintained by (1) harvesting the hay the crops grown, and on the expected level of yields. The when it is of the highest quality and quantity and when the local office of the Cooperative Extension Service can help to least damage is done to the stand, (2) removing the hay determine the kinds and amounts of fertilizer and lime to from the field before it smothers and damages plants in the apply. stand, and (3) following applicable grazing specifications if Soil tilth is an important factor in the germination and aftermath is grazed. emergence of seeds and in the infiltration of water into the Specialty crops grown commercially in the survey area are soil. Soils that have good tilth are granular and porous. cranberries, flower bulbs, peas, sweet corn, and Christmas Most of the soils used for crops have a silty clay loam or trees. Most of these crops are grown along the Chehalis silt loam surface layer that is dark in color and is moderately River and its tributaries and on Puget Island, in the Columbia high in content of organic matter. Regular additions of crop River. residue, manure, and other organic material can improve soil Christmas tree production is gaining steadily in popularity. structure and reduce formation of crusts and hard clods. Douglas-fir, true firs, and Scotch pine are the most common Generally, the well drained and moderately well drained species planted. soils can be worked early in spring and are sufficiently The latest information and suggestions for growing drained for early crops in spring and for winter grain. specialty crops can be obtained from local offices of the Arta, Astoria, Cathlamet, Elochoman, and Germany Soil Conservation Service and the Cooperative Extension soils are well drained and moderately well drained. Service. The surface layer of the poorly drained Nemah and Rennie soils and the very poorly drained Salzer soils is Yields per Acre moderately high in clay content. If these soils are moist The average yields per acre that can be expected of the when plowed, they can be compacted and become very principal crops under a high level of management are shown cloddy when dry; good seedbeds are difficult to prepare. in table 5. In any given year, yields may be higher or lower Tilth is a concern on these soils because they stay wet until than those indicated in the table because of variations in late in spring. Fall plowing generally promotes good tilth in rainfall and other climatic factors. spring. The yields are based mainly on the experience and Soil erosion is a concern on cropland where the soil is records of farmers, conservationists, and extension barren during the rainy season and slopes are more than 2 agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and percent. Growing a winter cover crop in fields that are results of field trials and demonstrations are also continually row cropped helps to protect the soil from considered. erosion. Other erosion control practices include cross slope The management needed to obtain the indicated yields of tilling, planting permanent cover, planting row crops on the the various crops depends on the kind of soil and the crop. contour, application of organic matter, and using vegetated Management can include drainage, erosion control, and waterways to handle excess water. protection from flooding; the proper planting and seeding The most intensive farming in the area is done on the rates; suitable high-yielding crop varieties; appropriate and fertile alluvial flood plains. The principal crops-generally timely tillage; control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful grown for dairy cattle-are corn silage, small grain, hay, and insects; favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of pasture. The well drained soils on the flood plains, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for those of the Chehalis, Cloquato, and Grehalem series, are each crop; effective use of crop naturally fertile and produce high yields.

residue, barnyard manure, and green manure crops; Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have limitations and harvesting that insures the smallest possible loss. that nearly preclude their use for commercial crop The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity of production. each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are likely to Capability subclasses are soil groups within one class. increase as new production technology is developed. The They are designated by adding a small letter, e, w, s, or c, to productivity of a given soil compared with that of other soils, the class numeral, for example, Ile. The letter e shows that however, is not likely to change. the main limitation is risk of erosion unless close-growing Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown in the plant cover is maintained; w shows that water in or on the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed because the soil interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils acreage of such crops is small. The local office of the Soil the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); s Conservation Service or of the Cooperative Extension shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, Service can provide information about the management droughty, or stony; and c, used in only some parts of the and productivity of the soils for those crops. United States, shows that the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. Land Capability Classification In class I there are no subclasses because the soils of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only the Land capability classification shows, in a general way, the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the soils in class suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops (27). Crops V are subject to little or no erosion. They have other that require special management are excluded. The soils are limitations that restrict their use to pasture, rangeland, grouped according to their limitations for field crops, the risk woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. of damage if they are used for crops, and the way they The capability classification of each map unit is given in respond to management. The grouping does not take into the section "Detailed Soil Map Units." account major and generally expensive landforming that would change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor does it consider possible but unlikely major Woodland Management and Productivity reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a By Lyn Townsend and Gregory S. Fisher, foresters, Soil Conservation substitute for interpretations designed to show suitability and Service, and George Carnine, forester, Washington State Department of limitations of groups of soils for woodland and for Natural Resources. engineering purposes. This survey area is recognized as one of the best timber- In the capability system, soils are generally grouped at growing regions in North America. Its potential for high three levels: capability class, subclass, and unit. Only class productivity is the result of a favorable climate, the fertility of and subclass are used in this survey. These levels are the soils, and the presence of well suited timber species. defined in the following paragraphs. About 92 percent of the area is woodland. About 97 percent Capability classes, the broadest groups, are designated of this woodland is classified as commercial forest land, 2 by Roman numerals I through VIII. The numerals indicate percent as unproductive forest land, and 1 percent as progressively greater limitations and narrower choices for productive-reserve, such as Federal, State, and county practical use. The classes are defined as follows: parks. Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their use. The major part of the commercial forest land, 55 Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce the percent, is owned by the forest industry, 17 percent is choice of plants or that require moderate conservation owned by farmers and other private parties, and 28 practices. percent is publicly owned. Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce the The survey area can be broken down into six major "soil- choice of plants or that require special conservation woodland" zones. These zones are based on forest practices, or both. overstory species, climate, and soil characteristics. Although Class IV soils have very severe limitations that reduce the the species in the zone name predominate, associated choice of plants or that require very careful management, or woodland species commonly occur in nearly pure stands. both. Boundary lines between zones should be thought of as Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other gradual changes in vegetation and soil rather than a precise limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. division. With few exceptions, each soil-woodland zone is Class VI soils have severe limitations that make them characterized by certain soil series and map units; that is, any generally unsuitable for cultivation. given soil will be found only in its related zone. A brief Class VII soils have very severe limitations that make description of each zone follows. them unsuitable for cultivation. Western hemlock-Sitka spruce zone.-This zone is at sea level to 500 feet. Temperatures in this zone are mild, and the growing season (at 28 degrees F) is 180 to 220 days. The mean annual precipitation is 70 to 100 inches.

The soil moisture content is adequate for tree growth in Douglas-fir- western hemlock-red alder.-This is the largest summer. The soils are mostly very deep and poorly drained zone. It is at elevations of 20 to 1,800 feet. Temperatures to well drained. Typical soils in this zone are those of the in this zone are mild, and the growing season (at 28 Netarts, Newskah, and Yaquina series and the cool phases degrees F) is 200 to 240 days. The mean annual of the Calawah, Ilwaco, Lebam, Mopang, Oyhut, Palix, precipitation is 70 to 150 inches. The soil moisture content Vesta, and Willapa soils. Associated woodland species is adequate for tree growth in summer. The soils in this include western redcedar, Douglas-fir, red alder, and some zone are mostly very deep and moderately well drained to Pacific silver fir. Shore pine grows in some areas on well drained. They include those of the Astoria, Boistfort, stabilized sand dunes near the coast. Common forest Bunker, Copalis, Elochoman, Hoquiam, Katula, Le Bar, understory species are salmonberry, sedge, salal, Lytell, Nordby, O'Brien, Willaby, Zenker, and Zyzyl series. cascara buckthorn, skunkcabbage, western brackenfern, Associated woodland species include western redcedar, evergreen huckleberry, and western swordfern. Sitka spruce, bigleaf maple, and black cottonwood. The main forest management concerns in this zone are Common forest understory species are red huckleberry, limitations for harvesting during the rainy season; invasion of western swordfern, salal, Oregon-grape, western cutover areas by brush, which can prevent reforestation; and brackenfern, salmonberry, vine maple, violet, Oregon high seedling mortality on the poorly drained soils. The oxalis, devilsclub, and candy flower. management practices generally used include clear-cut Western hemlock-Douglas-fir-Pacific silver fir.-This harvesting when stands reach an age of 45 to 60 years and zone is at elevations of 1,800 to 2,700 feet. Temperatures disposing of unused woody material and brush by broadcast in this zone are cool, and the growing season (at 28 burning or piling and burning. Reforestation generally degrees F) is 150 to 180 days. Typical soils in this zone consists of hand planting Douglas-fir or relying on natural are those of the Lates and Murnen series. The associated reforestation of cutover areas by western hemlock and Sitka woodland species are red alder and western redcedar. spruce. The planting of Sitka spruce has declined because The common forest understory species essentially are the widespread damage has been inflicted by the Sitka spruce same as those in the Douglas-fir-western hemlock-red weevil. The weevil damages or kills the terminal growth of alder zone. the preceding year. Five- to thirty-year-old trees are most Forest management concerns and practices applicable to commonly injured, resulting in a reduced volume of the Douglas-fir-western hemlock-red alder zone and the production and a deterioration of quality. western hemlock-Douglas-fir-Pacific silver fir zone are Western hemlock zone.-This zone is at elevations of 20 similar to those of the western hemlock zone. A major to 1,000 feet. The temperatures in this zone are mild, and difference is not being able to rely on natural reforestation the growing season (at 28 degrees F) is 180 to 220 days. by western hemlock. If hemlock seeds are present, however, The mean annual precipitation is 70 to 100 inches. Soil cutting methods can be altered to encourage natural moisture content is adequate for tree growth in summer. The reforestation. Western hemlock can tolerate more shade soils are mostly very deep and moderately well drained to than Douglas-fir, which makes encroachment by brush less well drained. Typical soils in this zone are those of the of a concern. Also, in terms of total wood fiber production, Calawah, Ilwaco, Knappton, Lebam, Mopang, Narel, Oyhut, natural stands of western hemlock generally can produce Palix, Papac, Traham, Vesta, and Willapa series. Associated more than those of Douglas-fir within all four of the zones woodland species include Sitka spruce, western redcedar, described. Advance reforestation of Pacific silver fir takes shore pine, western white pine, and red alder. Common place in some of the areas within the western hemlock- forest understory species are western brackenfern, red Douglas-fir-Pacific silver fir zone; however, mechanical huckleberry, western swordfern, salal, salmonberry, damage to these seedlings during harvesting can result in deer fern, Oregon oxalis, red elderberry, and evergreen poor quality or an inadequate degree of reforestation. Noble huckleberry. fir shows promise of being better suited for reforestation on Forest management concerns and practices applicable in ridgetops in this high-elevation zone. this zone are essentially the same as those listed for the Douglas-fir-red alder zone.-This zone is at elevations of western hemlock-Sitka spruce zone, but less Sitka spruce is 100 to 1,500 feet. Temperatures are mild, and the growing available for natural reforestation. The principal reason that season (at 28 degrees F) is 200 to 240 days. The mean western hemlock predominates in most areas of this zone is annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches. There is a limited the forest management practices used in the early 1900's. amount of soil moisture available for tree growth in summer. Old growth stands were harvested, and the areas were not The soils in this zone are mostly very deep and poorly reforested with Douglas-fir. An abundance of seed- drained to well drained. They include those of the Buckpeak, producing western hemlock left after cutting quickly led to Cathlamet, Centralia, Germany, Melbourne, Olympic, establishment of nearly pure stands. Raught, Schneider, and Tebo series. Associated woodland species include western redcedar, bigleaf maple, western hemlock, grand fir, and black cottonwood. Common forest understory species are unit symbols are listed in the table, and the ordination salal, Oregon-grape, western brackenfern, western (woodland suitability) symbol for each unit is given. All soils swordfern, vine maple, red huckleberry, trailing having the same ordination symbol have about the same blackberry, Pacific trillium, northern twinflower, hollyfern, potential productivity. violet, and Oregon oxalis. The ordination symbol is based on a uniform system of The main forest management concerns in this zone are labeling an individual soil to determine the productivity limitations for harvesting during the rainy season; invasion of potential and the principal soil properties in relation to any cutover areas by brush, which can prevent reforestation; and hazards or limitations of that soil. The first element of the high seedling mortality on the poorly drained soils. Suitable ordination symbol is a number that denotes potential management practices are clear-cut harvesting when stands productivity in terms of cubic meters of wood per hectare per reach an age of 45 to 60 years, disposing of unused woody year for the indicated tree species (that species listed first in material and brush in preparation for reforestation, and hand the detailed soil map unit and in table 6 for a particular map planting Douglas-fir seedlings during the first planting season unit). Potential productivity is based on site index and the after harvest. Red alder commonly invades disturbed cut- corresponding culmination of mean annual increment. For over areas and competes with Douglas-fir. Thinning and example, the number 1 indicates a potential production of 1 fertilizing young stands of Douglas-fir increase commercial cubic meter of wood per hectare per year (14.3 cubic feet per yields at the time of intermediate and final harvests. Young acre per year) and 10 indicates a potential production of 10 red alder stands are commonly thinned and, because of their cubic meters of wood per hectare per year (143 cubic feet nitrogen fixing capability, are not fertilized. per acre per year). The second element of the symbol, a Douglas-fir-Oregon white oak (prairie) zone.-This zone is letter, indicates the major kind of soil limitation. The letter w the smallest. It is at elevations of about 100 to 200 feet. indicates excessive water in or on the soil; s, sandy texture; Temperatures are mild, and there is a limited amount of soil f, high content of coarse fragments in the soil profile; and r, moisture available for tree growth in summer. The soils in steep slopes. The letter a indicates that there are few if any this zone are very deep and well drained to excessively limitations or restrictions. If a soil has more than one drained. Typical soils are those of the Lyre and Spanaway limitation, priority in placing the soil into a limitation class is series. Lodgepole pine occurs occasionally as an associated in the following order: w, s, f, and r. species in some areas. Common forest understory species In table 6 the soils are also rated for a number of factors are snowberry, salal, western brackenfern, Scotch broom, to be considered in woodland management. Slight, Oregon-grape, oceanspray, and Indian plum. moderate, and severe are used to indicate the degree of The main forest management concern in this zone is high the major soil limitations. For each moderate or severe mortality of seedlings because of droughtiness. The soils of rating, a sentence in the applicable detailed soil map unit this area are well suited to year-round logging. Little explains the soil factor or factors that are the basis for that management is used in this zone because most of the area rating. is either used for or reserved for housing developments or Equipment limitation ratings refer to the limits on the use has been cleared for agricultural uses. of equipment, year-round or seasonal, as a result of soil Soil surveys are becoming increasingly more important to characteristics. A rating of slight indicates that equipment woodland managers as they seek ways of increasing the use is not normally restricted in kind or time of year because productivity of their forested lands. Some soils respond of soil factors; moderate indicates a short seasonal limitation better to fertilization, some are more susceptible to because of soil wetness, a fluctuating water table, or some landslides and erosion after roadbuilding and harvesting, and other factor; and severe indicates a seasonal limitation, a others require special efforts in harvesting and reforesting. need for special equipment, such as a cable-yarding logging Each map unit suitable for producing wood crops has system, or a hazard in the use of equipment. information concerning woodland productivity, limitations for Steepness of slope and soil wetness are the main factors harvesting timber, concerns for producing timber, and that cause equipment limitations. As slope gradient and common forest understory plants. The methods and length increase, the use of wheeled equipment becomes procedures used by foresters and soil scientists to develop more difficult. On very steep slopes, tracked equipment must the information for each map unit are contained in the Forest be used. On the steepest slopes, where tracked equipment Land Grading Procedures Handbook and the Soil cannot be operated safely, more sophisticated systems must Conservation Service National Forestry Manual (33, 35). be used. Soil wetness, especially where the soil material is Table 6 summarizes the forestry information given in the fine textured, can severely limit the use of equipment and soil map unit descriptions and can serve as a quick make harvesting practical only during the dry period in reference for important woodland interpretations. Map summer.

The potential productivity of common trees on a soil is Seedling mortality ratings refer to the probability of death expressed as a site index. This index is determined by taking of naturally occurring or planted tree seedlings where height and age measurements on selected trees within influenced by kinds of soil or topographic conditions. Plant stands of a given species. The procedure for determining competition is not considered in the ratings. The ratings the site index is given in publications used in this soil survey apply to healthy, dormant seedlings from, good stock that are (3, 11, 14, 37, 41). The site index applies to fully stocked, properly planted during a period of sufficient soil moisture. even-aged, unmanaged stands growing on a particular Slight indicates that no problem is expected under normal detailed soil map unit. The highest timber yields, usually conditions; moderate indicates some mortality can be expressed in board feet or cubic feet per acre, can be expected and extra precautions are advisable; and severe expected from map units with the highest site indexes. Site indicates that mortality will be high and that extra precautions index values can be converted into estimated yields at are essential for successful reforestation. Soil wetness, various ages by carefully using the appropriate yield tables (3, droughtiness of the surface layer (especially on south- or 6, 7, 14, 38, 41). Important trees are listed in the same southwest-facing slopes), and conditions on the ridgetops order as that of their general occurrence observed on the are responsible for most seedling mortality. To offset these map unit. Commonly, only one or two woodland species are concerns, larger than normal planting stock, special site dominant. preparation, surface drainage, or reinforcement planting may Trees to plant are those that are planted for be needed. reforestation or, if suitable conditions exist, are allowed to Windthrow hazard ratings consider the soil characteristics regenerate naturally. Species listed are suited to the soils that affect the development of tree roots and the ability of and to commercial wood production. The desired product, the soil to hold trees firmly. A rating of slight indicates that topographic position (such as a ridgetop), and personal trees are not normally blown down by wind and that strong preference are three factors of many that can influence the winds may break trees but not uproot them; moderate choice of adapted trees to use for reforestation. indicates that an occasional tree may be blown down during periods of excessive wetness combined with moderate or strong winds; and severe indicates that many trees may be Recreation blown down during periods when the soil is wet and winds The soils of the survey area are rated in table 7 according are moderate or strong. Restricted rooting depth because of to limitations that affect their suitability for recreation. The a high water table, underlying bedrock, or an impervious ratings are based on restrictive soil features, such as layer and poor anchoring of roots because of a loose wetness, slope, and texture of the surface layer. surface layer and subsoil are responsible for windthrow or Susceptibility to flooding is considered. Not considered in the tree tipover. Moderate and severe ratings indicate the need ratings, but important in evaluating a site, are the location for more care in thinning the edges of woodland stands, and accessibility of the area, the size and shape of the area periodic salvage of windthrown trees, and an adequate road and its scenic quality, vegetation, access to water, potential and trail system to allow for salvage. water impoundment sites, and access to public sewerlines. Plant competition ratings refer to the likelihood of the The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent and invasion or growth of undesirable brushy plants when the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also openings are made in the tree canopy. A slight rating important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for recreation indicates that unwanted brushy plants are not likely to retard use by the duration and intensity of flooding and the season the development of natural reforestation and that planted when flooding occurs. In planning recreation facilities, onsite seedlings have good potential for development without assessment of the height, duration, intensity, and frequency excessive competition; moderate indicates that competition of flooding is essential. will retard natural or planted reforestation; and severe In table 7, the degree of soil limitation is expressed as indicates that competition can be expected to prevent slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil properties natural or planted reforestation. Favorable climate and soil are generally favorable and that limitations are minor and characteristics account for plant competition problems. In easily overcome. Moderate means that limitations can be many cases, the key to predicting brush competition overcome or alleviated by planning, design, or special problems is the quantity and proximity of seed sources of maintenance. Severe means that soil properties are undesirable plants or the quantity of unwanted brush unfavorable and that limitations can be offset only by costly rootstock that will resprout after harvesting. Moderate and soil reclamation, special design, intensive maintenance, severe ratings indicate the need for careful and thorough limited use, or by a combination of these measures. cleanup after harvesting in preparation for reforestation and The information in table 7 can be supplemented by for use of mechanical or chemical treatment to retard growth other information in this survey, for example, of brush and allow seedlings to develop. interpretations for dwellings without basements and for local roads and streets in table 9 and interpretations for brant, wigeon, gulls, sandpipers, and plovers, also septic tank absorption fields in table 10. use these areas. Camp areas require site preparation such as shaping and Farms on most of the fertile soils on lowlands, along leveling the tent and parking areas, stabilizing roads and flood plains, and in many upland areas provide habitat for intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities and openland wildlife, such as pheasant, California quail, and utility lines. Camp areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and rabbits. These areas also commonly supply some habitat for some vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and woodland wildlife and waterfowl. are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of use. Many areas on the uplands are covered by extensive The surface has few or no stones or boulders, absorbs stands of Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and red alder, and rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not dusty when dry. the wet soils and riparian corridors support bigleaf maple, Strong slopes and stones or boulders can greatly increase cottonwood, and dogwood. These woodland areas have a the cost of constructing campsites. diverse understory of salal, Oregon-grape, and huckleberry. Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most The areas provide habitat for woodland wildlife, such as vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking black-tailed deer, elk, cougar, black bear, fox, coyote, areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm when wet, are woodpeckers, ruffed grouse, and mountain beaver. They not dusty when dry, are not subject to flooding during the also provide food and cover for birds and mammals that period of use, and do not have slopes or stones or boulders feed mainly in forest openings and in areas of cropland. that increase the cost of shaping sites or of building access Most of the streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean roads and parking areas. once contained large runs of salmon, steelhead, and sea- Playgrounds require soils that can withstand intensive foot run cutthroat trout. Some of the runs have been traffic. The best soils are almost level and are not wet or eliminated or reduced, but many streams still support subject to flooding during the season of use. The surface is anadromous fish. free of stones and boulders, is firm after rains, and is not The proximity of the survey area to metropolitan areas to dusty when dry. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil the east and the timber production and farming activities in over bedrock or a hardpan should be considered. the area have a great impact on wildlife habitat. Few of the Paths and trails for hiking, horseback riding, and bicycling soils in the area are managed specifically for wildlife habitat; should require little or no cutting and filling. The best soils therefore, management of the soils used mainly for other are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty when dry, and purposes largely determines the amount and quality of are not subject to flooding more than once a year during the habitat and the abundance of wildlife. period of use. They have moderate slopes and few or no Proper management of the cropland and hay and pasture stones or boulders on the surface. on general soil map units 1, 2, and 3 can improve wildlife Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and some habitat. Suitable practices are planting cover crops, light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are firm when wet, are not returning crop residue to the soil, leaving strips of dusty when dry, and are not subject to prolonged flooding undisturbed vegetation along shorelines and streambanks, during the period of use. They have moderate slopes and no properly handling livestock waste to prevent pollution of stones or boulders on the surface. The suitability of the soil water, and properly using pesticides and chemicals. for tees or greens is not considered in rating the soils. Some soils in the area are poorly drained and are suited to the development of ponds and wetland areas. Practices Wildlife Habitat such as building dikes and water control structures can create or improve wetland wildlife habitat. Ivan L. Lines, Jr., biologist, Soil Conservation Service, helped to Use of suitable management practices in the woodland prepare this section. areas of map units 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 can This survey area has a wide variety of habitat that also enhance wildlife habitat. Small-scale clearcutting helps supports many species of wildlife. It varies from saltwater to create a diversity of successional stages in the tidelands and shorelines along the Pacific Ocean to the vegetation that can result in a wide variety of wildlife forest plant communities in the Willapa Hills and in the habitat. Leaving strips of undisturbed vegetation along foothills of the Olympic Mountains. Elevation of these areas stream corridors and shorelines helps to prevent pollution of ranges from sea level to about 2,700 feet. water sources and destruction of aquatic habitat and Several miles of saltwater shorelines and thousands of provides habitat for wildlife. Leaving standing snags acres of tidelands provide habitat for oysters, clams, crabs, provides habitat for cavity nesting birds and food for many and numerous young saltwater and freshwater fish. Many kinds of wildlife. Logging practices that reduce erosion and species of waterfowl and shorebirds, such as prevent sediment and debris from entering streams should be used. Disturbed areas,

moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain and such as roads, skid trails, and burns, need to be seeded to seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley. grasses and legumes to reduce the pollution of water. Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial grasses and Acreage of the soils in map units 3, 4, and 5 is being herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and features that affect increasingly used for urban development, and careful the growth of grasses and legumes are depth of the root planning is needed to preserve as much wildlife habitat in zone, texture of the surface layer, available water capacity, these areas as is feasible. Landscaping urban areas can wetness, surface stoniness, flood hazard, and slope. Soil beautify the areas as well as provide habitat for wildlife. temperature and soil moisture are also considerations. Control of sediment from construction sites is needed to Examples of grasses and legumes are fescue, bromegrass, prevent water pollution and disturbance of adjacent areas. clover, and alfalfa. Proper disposal systems for sewage, storm runoff, and other Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally established possibly harmful pollutants are needed. Strips of riparian grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil properties and vegetation should be maintained to prevent bank erosion, features that affect the growth of these plants are depth of intercept sediment, and provide areas of wildlife habitat. the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available water Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that is capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, and flood hazard. Soil available to wildlife as food and cover. They also affect the temperature and soil moisture are also considerations. construction of water impoundments. The kind and Examples of wild herbaceous plants are western brackenfern abundance of wildlife depend largely on the amount and and western swordfern. distribution of food, cover, and water. Wildlife habitat can be Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nuts or created or improved by planting appropriate vegetation, by other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage. Soil maintaining the existing plant cover, or by promoting the properties and features that affect the growth of hardwood natural establishment of desirable plants. trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone, the available In table 8, the soils in the survey area are rated according water capacity, and wetness. Examples of these plants are to their potential for providing habitat for various kinds of red alder, willow, vine maple, and dogwood. wildlife. This information can be used in planning parks, Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil wildlife refuges, nature study areas, and other properties and features that affect the growth of coniferous developments for wildlife; in selecting soils that are suitable trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth of the root zone, for establishing, improving, or maintaining specific available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of elements of wildlife habitat; and in determining the intensity coniferous plants are Douglas-fir, western redcedar, and of management needed for each element of the habitat. western hemlock. The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or very Shrubs are bushy woody plants that produce fruit, poor. A rating of good indicates that the element or kind of buds, twigs, bark, and foliage. Soil properties and features habitat is easily established, improved, or maintained. Few or that affect the growth of shrubs are depth of the root zone, no limitations affect management, and satisfactory results available water capacity, salinity, and soil moisture. can be expected. A rating of fair indicates that the element or Examples of shrubs are salmonberry, Oregon-grape, salal, kind of habitat can be established, improved, or maintained huckleberry, snowberry, and elderberry. in most places. Moderately intensive management is required Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild for satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. limitations are severe for the designated element or kind of Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soil habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or maintained in properties and features affecting wetland plants are texture most places, but management is difficult and must be of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, salinity, slope, and intensive. A rating of very poor indicates that restrictions for surface stoniness. Examples of wetland plants are the element or kind of habitat are very severe and that smartweed, saltgrass, rushes, sedges, and cattail. unsatisfactory results can be expected. Creating, Shallow water areas have an average depth of less than 5 improving, or maintaining habitat is impractical or feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are created by impossible. dams, levees, or other water-control structures. Soil The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the properties and features affecting shallow water areas are following paragraphs. depth to bedrock, wetness, surface stoniness, slope, and Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seed- permeability. Examples of shallow water areas are marshes, producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties and features waterfowl feeding areas, and ponds. that affect the growth of grain and seed crops are depth of The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described in the the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available water following paragraphs. capacity, wetness, slope, surface stoniness, and flood hazard. Soil temperature and soil

aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected about kinds Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, pasture, of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand and silt fractions, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with grasses, and the kind of adsorbed cations. Estimates were made for herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas produce grain and erodibility, permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell seed crops, grasses and legumes, and wild herbaceous potential, available water capacity, and other behavioral plants. The wildlife attracted to these areas include characteristics affecting engineering uses. California quail, pheasant, meadowlark, robin, field sparrow, This information can be used to (1) evaluate the potential crow, killdeer, and rabbit. of areas for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreation Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of uses; (2) make preliminary estimates of construction deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and conditions; (3) evaluate alternative routes for roads, streets, associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous plants. highways, pipelines, and underground cables; (4) Wildlife attracted to these areas include band-tailed evaluate alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank pigeon, ruffed grouse, woodpeckers, mountain beaver, absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; (5) plan detailed squirrels, black-tailed deer, and black bear. onsite investigations of soils and geology; (6) locate potential Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy or sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; (7) plan swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife attracted drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces, to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, shore birds, and other structures for soil and water conservation; and (8) kingfishers, muskrat, mink, and beaver. predict performance of proposed small structures and pavements by comparing the performance of existing similar Engineering structures on the same or similar soils. Glenn H. Hough, agricultural engineer, Soil Conservation The information in the tables, along with the soil maps, the Service, helped to prepare this section. soil descriptions, and other data provided in this survey can This section provides information for planning land uses be used to make additional interpretations. related to urban development and to water management. Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a Soils are rated for various uses, and the most limiting special meaning in soil science and are defined in the features are identified. The ratings are given in the following Glossary. tables: Building site development, Sanitary facilities, Construction materials, and Water management. The Building Site Development ratings are based on observed performance of the soils and Table 9 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations that on the estimated data and test data in the "Soil Properties" affect shallow excavations, dwellings with and without section. basements, small commercial buildings, local roads and Information in this section is intended for land use streets, and lawns and landscaping. The limitations are planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for considered slight if soil properties and site features are planning site investigations prior to design and generally favorable for the indicated use and limitations are construction. The information, however, has limitations. For minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or example, estimates and other data generally apply only to site features are not favorable for the indicated use and that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to of the map scale, small areas of different soils may be overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil included within the mapped areas of a specific soil. properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult The information is not site specific and does not to overcome that special design, significant increases in eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils or for construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are. testing and analysis by personnel experienced in the design required. Special feasibility studies may be required where the and construction of engineering works. soil limitations are severe. Government ordinances and regulations that restrict Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a certain land uses or impose specific design criteria were not maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, utility considered in preparing the information in this section. lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The ratings are Local ordinances and regulations need to be considered in based on soil properties, site features, and observed planning, in site selection, and in design. performance of the soils. The ease of digging, filling, and Soil properties, site features, and observed performance compacting is affected by the depth to bedrock, a cemented were considered in determining the ratings in this section. pan, or a very firm dense layer; stone content; soil texture; During the fieldwork for this soil survey, determinations were and slope. The time of the year that excavations can be made about grain-size distribution, liquid limit, plasticity made is affected by the depth to a seasonal high water table index, soil reaction, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock and the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance within 5 to 6 feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a of the seasonal high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure

soil properties and site features are favorable for the use excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is affected and good performance and low maintenance can be by soil texture and the depth to the water table. expected; fair indicates that soil properties and site features Dwellings and small commercial buildings are structures are moderately favorable for the use and one or more soil built on shallow foundations on undisturbed soil. The load properties or site features make the soil less desirable than limit is the same as that for single-family dwellings no higher the soils rated good; and poor indicates that one or more than three stories. Ratings are made for small commercial soil properties or site features are unfavorable for the use buildings without basements, for dwellings with basements, and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special and for dwellings without basements. The ratings are based design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. on soil properties, site features, and observed performance Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which effluent of the soils. A high water table, flooding, shrink-swell from a septic tank is distributed into the soil through potential, and organic layers can cause the movement of subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that part of the soil footings. A high water table, depth to bedrock or to a between depths of 24 and 72 inches is evaluated. The cemented pan, large stones, and flooding affect the ease of ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and excavation and construction. Landscaping and grading that observed performance of the soils. Permeability, a high require cuts and fills of more than 5 to 6 feet are not water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and considered. flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones and Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with installation. carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. They have a Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank absorption subgrade of cut or fill soil material, a base of gravel, crushed fields, including excessively slow absorption of effluent, rock, or stabilized soil material, and a flexible or rigid surface. surfacing of effluent, and hillside seepage, can affect public Cuts and fills are generally limited to less than 6 feet. The health. Ground water can be polluted if highly permeable ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and sand and gravel or fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a below the base of the absorption field, if slope is cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, large stones, excessive, or if the water table is near the surface (34). and slope affect the ease of excavating and grading. Soil There must be unsaturated soil material beneath the strength (as inferred from the engineering classification of absorption field to filter the effluent effectively. Many local the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost action potential, and ordinances require that this material be of a certain depth to a high water table affect the traffic supporting thickness. capacity. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to hold Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf and sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the solid and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level floor maintained. The ratings are based on soil properties, site surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted features, and observed performance of the soils. Soil soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold the sewage reaction, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to a within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly impervious soil material cemented pan, the available water capacity in the upper 40 for the lagoon floor and sides is required to minimize inches, and the content of salts, sodium, and sulfidic seepage and contamination of ground water. materials affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, Table 10 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes up stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 or 2 feet the surface layer affect trafficability after vegetation is of soil material below the surface layer are excavated to established. provide material for the embankments. The ratings are based Sanitary Facilities on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of Table 10 shows the degree and the kind of soil the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, permeability, a limitations that affect tank absorption fields, sewage high water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations are flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter. considered slight if soil properties and site features are Excessive seepage because of rapid permeability of the generally favorable for the indicated use and limitations are soil or a water table that is high enough to raise the level of minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function site features are not favorable for the indicated use and unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is excessive or if special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil matter is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and to overcome that special design, significant increases in cemented pans can cause construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required. Table 10 also shows the suitability of the soils for use as daily cover for landfills. A rating of good indicates that

construction practices are assumed. Each soil is construction problems, and large stones can hinder evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. compaction of the lagoon floor. Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one place and Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is disposed used in road embankments in another place. In this table, of by burying it in soil. There are two types of landfill-trench the soils are rated as a source of roadfill for low and area. In a trench landfill, the waste is placed in a embankments, generally less than 6 feet high and less trench. It is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a exacting in design than higher embankments. thin layer of soil excavated at the site. In an area landfill, the The ratings are for the soil material below the surface waste is placed in successive layers on the surface of the layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed that soil layers soil. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily will be mixed during excavating and spreading. Many soils with a thin layer of soil from a source away from the site. have layers of contrasting suitability within their profile. The Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy table showing engineering index properties provides detailed vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground information about each soil layer. This information can help water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation determine the suitability of each layer for use as roadfill. The needs to be considered. performance of soil after it is stabilized with lime or cement The ratings in table 10 are based on soil properties, site is not considered in the ratings. features, and observed performance of the soils. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a high observed performance of the soils. The thickness of suitable water table, slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. material is a major consideration. The ease of excavation is Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic layers, soil affected by large stones, a high water table, and slope. How reaction, and content of salts and sodium affect trench type well the soil performs in place after it has been compacted landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to and drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from that part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For the engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate may potential. not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand or Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is used to gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable cover compacted solid waste in an area type sanitary material, low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles and stones, landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported to and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the water table is the landfill, and spread over the waste. more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair are more than 35 percent Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope affect silt- and clay-sized particles and have a plasticity index of the ease of removing and spreading the material during less than 10. They have moderate shrink-swell potential, wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are free of slopes of 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the large stones or excess gravel are the best cover for a water table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy and are difficult to index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, many spread; sandy soils are subject to wind erosion. stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They are wet, After soil material has been removed, the soil material and the depth to the water table is less than 1 foot. They remaining in the borrow area must be thick enough over may have layers of suitable material, but the material is less bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table to permit than 3 feet thick. revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer commercial use with a minimum of processing. Sand and generally has the best workability, more organic matter, and gravel are used in many kinds of construction. the best potential for plants. Material from the surface layer Specifications for each use vary widely. In table 11, only the should be stockpiled for use as the final cover. probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific Construction Materials purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect Table 11 gives information about the soils as a source of excavation of the material. roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils are rated good, The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and topsoil. They are sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as indicated by rated as a probable or improbable source of sand and the engineering classification of the soil), the thickness of gravel. The ratings are based on soil properties and site suitable material, and the content of rock fragments. Kinds features that affect the removal of the soil and its use as of rock, acidity, and stratification are given in the soil series construction material. Normal compaction, minor processing, descriptions. Gradation of grain sizes is given in the table on and other standard engineering index properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of clean This table also gives for each soil the restrictive sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is up to 12 features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and percent silty fines. This material must be at least 3 feet thick diversions, and grassed waterways. and less than 50 percent, by weight, large stones. All other Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or soils are rated as an improbable source. Coarse fragments embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low seepage of soft bedrock, such as shale and siltstone, are not potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage potential is considered to be sand and gravel. determined by the permeability of the soil and the depth to Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation can fractured bedrock or other permeable material. Excessive be established and maintained. The upper 40 inches of a slope can affect the storage capacity of the reservoir area. soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also evaluated is the Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures of reclamation potential of the borrow area. soil material, generally less than 20 feet high, constructed to Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by such impound water or to protect land against overflow. In this properties as soil reaction, available water capacity, and table, the soils are rated as a source of material for fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, and spreading is embankment fill. The ratings apply to the soil material below affected by rock fragments, slope, a water table, soil the surface layer to a depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed texture, and thickness of suitable material. Reclamation of that soil layers will be uniformly mixed and compacted during the borrow area is affected by slope, a water table, rock construction. fragments, bedrock, and toxic material. The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural soil Soils rated good have friable loamy material to a depth of to support an embankment. Soil properties to a depth even at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and cobbles, greater than the height of the embankment can affect have little or no gravel, and have slopes of less than 8 performance and safety of the embankment. Generally, percent. They are low in content of soluble salts, are deeper onsite investigation is needed to determine these naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer, and are not so properties. wet that excavation is difficult. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that have a seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable compaction relatively high content of clay, soils that have only 20 to 40 characteristics. Unfavorable features include less than 5 feet inches of suitable material, soils that have an appreciable of suitable material and a high content of stones or amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, or soils that have boulders, organic matter, or salts or sodium. A high water slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are not so wet that table affects the amount of usable material. It also affects excavation is difficult. trafficability. Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less than Drainage is the removal of excess surface and subsurface 20 inches of suitable material, have a large amount of water from the soil. How easily and effectively the soil is gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes of more than drained depends on the depth to bedrock, to a cemented 15 percent, or have a seasonal water table at or near the pan, or to other layers that affect the rate of water surface. movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or The surface layer of most soils is generally preferred for depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding; topsoil because of its organic matter content. Organic matter slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic greatly increases the absorption and retention of moisture layers; and potential frost action. Excavating and grading and nutrients for plant growth. and the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and the Water Management hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity or by toxic Table 12 gives information on the soil properties and site substances in the root zone, such as salts, sodium, or sulfur. features that affect water management. The degree and kind Availability of drainage outlets is not considered in the of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir areas and ratings. embankments, dikes, and levees. The limitations are Irrigation is the controlled application of water to considered slight if soil properties and site features are supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The design generally favorable for the indicated use and limitations are and management of an irrigation system are affected by minor and are easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or depth to the water table, the need for drainage, flooding, site features are not favorable for the indicated use and available water capacity, intake rate, permeability, erosion special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to hazard, and slope. The construction of a system is affected overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil by large stones and depth to bedrock or to a cemented properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult pan. The performance of a system is affected by the depth to overcome that special design, significant increase in of the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are reaction. required.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a Grassed waterways are natural or constructed combination of channels and ridges constructed across a channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct surface slope to reduce erosion and conserve moisture by water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large stones, intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and depth wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the construction of affect the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a severe wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted rooting hazard of wind or water erosion, an excessively coarse depth, toxic substances such as salts or sodium, and texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect restricted permeability adversely affect the growth and maintenance. maintenance of the grass after construction.

Soil Properties

system adopted by the American Association of State Data relating to soil properties are collected during the Highway and Transportation Officials (1). course of the soil survey. The data and the estimates of soil The Unified system classifies soils according to properties and water features listed in tables are explained on the that affect their use as construction material. Soils are following pages. classified according to grain-size distribution of the fraction Soil properties are determined by field examination of the less than 3 inches in diameter and according to plasticity soils and by laboratory index testing of some benchmark index, liquid limit, and organic matter content. Sandy and soils. Established standard procedures are followed. During gravelly soils are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, the survey, many shallow borings are made and examined to SM, and SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, identify and classify the soils and to delineate them on the CH, and OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting soil maps. Samples are taken from some typical profiles and engineering properties of two groups can have a dual tested in the laboratory to determine grain-size distribution classification, for example, SPSM. and plasticity. The AASHTO system classifies soils according to those Estimates of soil properties are based on field properties that affect roadway construction and examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral soil survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of similar that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified in one of soils in nearby areas (29). Tests verify field observations, seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the basis of grain- verify properties that cannot be estimated accurately by field size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in observation, and help characterize key soils. group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine include the range of grain-size distribution and Atterberg grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group A-8 on limits, the engineering classifications, and the physical and the basis of visual inspection. chemical properties of the major layers of each soil. If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 Pertinent soil and water features also are given. groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-25, A- 2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. Engineering Index Properties Rock fragments larger than 3 inches in diameter are Table 13 gives estimates of the engineering classification indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight and of the range of index properties for the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most soils have layers of basis. The percentages are estimates determined mainly by contrasting properties within the upper 5 or 6 feet. converting volume percentage in the field to weight Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is percentage. indicated. The range in depth and information on other Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated properties of each layer are given for each soil series under sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 "Soil Series and Their Morphology." inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The Texture is given in the standard terms used by the U.S. sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard Series), Department of Agriculture. These terms are defined have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 millimeters, according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the respectively. Estimates are based on laboratory tests of fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in soils sampled in the survey area and in nearby areas and diameter. "Loam," for example, is soil that is 7 to 27 on estimates made in the field. percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 percent Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) sand. If the content of particles coarser than sand is as indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The estimates much as 15 percent, an appropriate modifier is added, for are based on test data from the survey area or from nearby example, "gravelly." Textural terms are defined in the areas and on field examination. Glossary. The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and Classification of the soils is determined according to the plasticity index are rounded to the nearest 5 percent. Thus, if Unified soil classification system (2, 16) and the the ranges of gradation and Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 percentage points)

and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for across classification boundaries, the classification in the fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of marginal zone is omitted in the table. corrosion. Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume change in Physical and Chemical Properties a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume change occurs Table 14 shows estimates of some characteristics and mainly because of the interaction of clay minerals with water features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are given and varies with the amount and type of clay minerals in the for the major layers of each soil in the survey area. The soil. The size of the load on the soil and the magnitude of estimates are based on field observations and on test data the change in soil moisture content influence the amount of for these and similar soils. swelling of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles swelling of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. In this table, others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind and the estimated clay content of each major soil layer is given amount of clay minerals in the soil and on measurements of as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less similar soils. than 2 millimeters in diameter. No percentages were given If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very for clay in soils that formed in material high in volcanic ash, high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to pumice, or cinders. The textures specified are apparent field buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design is textures. Because of the influence of volcanic ash, a often needed. complete clay dispersion could not be obtained in the Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the change in laboratory and the reported clay values are low. The length of an unconfined clod as moisture content is measured physical and chemical properties for these soils increased from air-dry to field capacity. The change is indicate a much higher clay content than is reported by the based on the soil fraction less than 2 millimeters in laboratories. diameter. The classes are low, a change of less than 3 The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility and percent; moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and high, more than 6 physical condition of the soil. They determine the ability of percent. Very high, greater than 9 percent, is sometimes the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They used. influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, and plasticity, Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil to the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties. The sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earth- factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to moving operations. predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit water erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are based or air. The estimates indicate the rate of downward primarily on percentage of silt, very fine sand, sand, and movement of water when the soil is saturated. They are organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil structure and based on soil characteristics observed in the field, permeability. Rock fragments in the soil reduce the K value. particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability The K values in table 14 have been modified to reflect the is considered in the design of soil drainage systems, septic amount of rock fragments in the soil. Values of K range from tank absorption fields, and construction where the rate of 0.02 to 0.69. The higher the value the more susceptible the water movement under saturated conditions affects behavior. soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of water Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum average that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants. The annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water that can occur capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per without affecting crop productivity over a sustained period. inch of soil for each major soil layer. The capacity varies, The rate is in tons per acre per year. depending on soil properties that affect the retention of Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the soil water and the depth of the root zone. The most important at various stages of decomposition. properties are the content of organic matter, soil texture, In table 14, the estimated content of organic matter is bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. and in the design and management of irrigation systems. The content of organic matter of a soil can be maintained Available water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of or increased by returning crop residue to the soil. Organic water actually available to plants at any given time. matter affects the available water capacity, infiltration rate, Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and is and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH of each crops. major horizon is based on many field tests. For many soils, values have been verified by laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops

Soil and Water Features deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic matter content with increasing depth; and absence of distinctive Table 15 gives estimates of various water features. horizons that form in soils that are not subject to flooding. The estimates are used in land use planning that involves Also considered are local information about the extent engineering considerations. and levels of flooding and the relation of each soil on the Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff from landscape to historic floods. Information on the extent of precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation are flooding based on soil data is less specific than that assigned to one of four groups- They are grouped according provided by detailed engineering surveys that delineate to the intake of water when the soils are thoroughly wet flood-prone areas at specific flood frequency levels. and receive precipitation from long-duration storms (28). High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a The four hydrologic soil groups are: saturated zone in the soil in most years. The depth to a Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff seasonal high water table applies to undrained soils. The potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist mainly of estimates are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or gravelly zone, namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated sands. These soils have a high rate of water transmission. in table 15 are the depth to the seasonal high water table; Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when the kind of water table-that is, perched, artesian, or thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of moderately deep or apparent; and the months of the year that the water table deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils that have commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally high for moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture. These less than 1 month is not indicated in the table. soils have a moderate rate of water transmission. An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water in Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water stands in thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a layer an uncased borehole after adequate time is allowed for that impedes the downward movement of water or soils of adjustment in the surrounding soil. An artesian water table is moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils have a under hydrostatic head, generally beneath an impermeable slow rate of water transmission. layer. When this layer is penetrated, the water level rises in Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high an uncased borehole. A perched water table is water runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly standing above an unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential, soils that perched, water table is separated from a lower one by a dry have a permanent high water table, soils that have a claypan zone. or clay layer at or near the surface, and soils that are shallow Only saturated zones within a depth of about 6 feet are over nearly impervious material. These soils have a very indicated. A plus sign preceding the range in depth indicates slow rate of water transmission. that the water table is above the surface of the soil. The first Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is caused by numeral in the range indicates how high the water rises overflowing streams, by runoff from adjacent slopes, or by above the surface. The second numeral indicates the depth tides. Water standing for short periods after rainfall or below the surface. snowmelt is not considered flooding, nor is water in swamps Table 16 gives estimates of various soil features. The and marshes. estimates are used in land use planning that involves Table 15 gives the frequency and duration of flooding and engineering considerations. the time of year when flooding is most likely. Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a depth of 5 Frequency, duration, and probable dates of occurrence feet. The depth is based on many soil borings and on are estimated. Frequency is expressed as none, rare, observations during soil mapping. The rock is specified as common, occasional, and frequent. None means that flooding either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or fractured, is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but possible under excavations can be made with trenching machines, unusual weather conditions; common that it is likely under backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is hard or massive, normal conditions; occasional that it occurs, on the average, blasting or special equipment generally is needed for no more than once in 2 years; and frequent that it occurs, on excavation. the average, more than once in 2 years. Duration is Cemented pans are cemented or indurated subsurface expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 layers within a depth of 5 feet. Such pans cause difficulty in days, and long if more than 7 days. Probable dates are excavation. Pans are classified as thin or thick. A thin pan is expressed in months; November-May, for example, means less than 3 inches thick if continuously indurated or less than that flooding can occur during the period November through 18 inches thick if discontinuous or fractured. Excavations May. can be made by trenching machines, backhoes, or small The information is based on evidence in the soil rippers. A thick pan is more than 3 inches thick if profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay continuously indurated or more than 18 inches thick if discontinuous or fractured. Such a pan is so Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced thick or massive that blasting or special equipment is electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or needed in excavation. weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of corrosion Some of the soils in this survey area are underlain by of uncoated steel is related to such factors as soil moisture, dense, compact glacial drift. These soils are identified in the particle-size distribution, acidity, and electrical conductivity detailed map unit descriptions, general map unit of the soil. The rate of corrosion of concrete is based mainly descriptions, and series descriptions as having layers of on the sulfate and sodium content, texture, moisture dense glacial drift; in the interpretation tables, however, they content, and acidity of the soil. Special site examination and are identified as having a cemented pan. For most soil design may be needed if the combination of factors creates interpretations, the effect of the glacial drift is the same as a severe corrosion environment. The steel in installations the effect of a cemented pan. that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that are saturated mineral soils of very low density. Subsidence entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil layer. results from either desiccation and shrinkage or oxidation of For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed as organic material, or both, following drainage. Subsidence low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage class, total takes place gradually, usually over a period of several years. acidity, electrical resistivity near field capacity, and electrical Table 16 shows the expected initial subsidence, which conductivity of the saturation extract. usually is a result of drainage, and annual subsidence, which For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed as usually is a result of oxidation. low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, acidity, Not shown in the table is subsidence caused by an and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract. imposed surface load or by the withdrawal of ground water throughout an extensive area as a result of lowering the water table.

Classification of the Soils

and characteristics considered are particle-size class, The system of soil classification used by the National mineral content, temperature regime, depth of the root Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories (32). zone, consistence, moisture equivalent, slope, and Beginning with the broadest, these categories are the order, permanent cracks. A family name consists of the name of suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil properties. Classification is based on soil properties observed in the An example is loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic field or inferred from those observations or from laboratory Haplumbrepts. measurements. Table 17 shows the classification of the soils SERIES. The series consists of soils that have similar in the survey area. The categories are defined in the horizons in their profile. The horizons are similar in color, following paragraphs. texture, structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and ORDER. Ten soil orders are recognized. The differences chemical composition, and arrangement in the profile. The among orders reflect the dominant soil-forming processes texture of the surface layer or of the substratum can differ and the degree of soil formation. Each order is identified by within a series. a word ending in sol. An example is Inceptisol. SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil genesis and are important to plant growth or properties Soil Series and Their Morphology that reflect the most important variables within the orders. In this section, each soil series recognized in the survey The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the area is described. The descriptions are arranged in order. An example is Umbrept (Umbr, meaning shade, plus alphabetic order. ept, from Inceptisol). Characteristics of the soil and the material in which it GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great formed are identified for each series. A pedon, a small groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of the series in arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic the survey area is described. The detailed description of horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; and base each soil horizon follows standards in the Soil Survey status. Each great group is identified by the name of a Manual (26). Many of the technical terms used in the suborder and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. descriptions are defined in Soil Taxonomy (32). Unless An example is Haplumbrepts (Hapl, meaning minimal otherwise stated, colors in the descriptions are for moist soil. horizonation, plus umbrept, the suborder of the Inceptisols that Following the pedon description is the range of important have an umbric epipedon). characteristics of the soils in the series. SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic The map units of each soil series are described in the subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or extragrades. section "Detailed Soil Map Units." The typic is the central concept of the great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are transitions Aabab Series to other orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some properties that are not representative of the The Aabab series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly great group but do not indicate transitions to any other drained soils on river terraces. Aabab soils formed in mixed known kind of soil. Each subgroup is identified by one or sedimentary alluvium derived from sandstone and siltstone. more adjectives preceding the name of the great group. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. Elevation is 10 to 500 feet. The The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the average annual precipitation is 75 to 100 inches, the average great group. An example is Typic Haplumbrepts. annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F, and the FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup on average growing season is 180 to 220 days. the basis of physical and chemical properties and other These soils are fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquic characteristics that affect management. Mostly the Dystrochrepts. properties are those of horizons below plow depth where Typical pedon of Aabab silt loam, in Pacific County, 8 there is much biological activity. Among the properties miles northwest of Naselle, about 1,425 feet west and

The B horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 to 7 1,775 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 11, T. 11 N., when dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 5 when moist and 2 to R. 10 W. 4 when dry. It is- silt loam or silty clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 5Y, or 5GY when moist or O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of deciduous leaves and dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and twigs. chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or dry. It is silt loam or silty clay A11-0 to 3 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silt loam. loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and Arta Series fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; medium acid; The Arta series consists of very deep, moderately well clear smooth boundary. drained soils on uplands and terraces. Arta soils formed in A12-3 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt material weathered from sandstone, siltstone, and shale. loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate Slope is 0 to 30 percent. Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. The medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine, average annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F, and medium, and coarse roots; many very fine and common the average growing season is 180 to 200 days. fine tubular pores; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. B21-11 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty Typical pedon of Arta silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; few fine Pacific County, 3 miles southeast of Menlo, about 2,600 and medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) mottles, feet east and 2,350 feet south of the northwest corner of light gray (10YR 7/2) dry, and common fine distinct sec. 24, T. 13 N., R. 8 W. yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) dry; moderate coarse and very coarse prismatic Ap-0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, structure; hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; few fine dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; strong fine and very roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; strongly fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, acid; abrupt wavy boundary. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many B22-18 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam, fine and very fine roots; common very fine interstitial light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; common fine and medium pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles, reddish yellow A12-6 to 18 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt (5YR 6/8) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong very fine structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots; subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky few very fine tubular pores; medium acid; clear wavy and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many fine and very boundary. fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores; strongly B23-21 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay acid; clear wavy boundary. loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; many fine and B1-18 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/8) mottles, loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine and very fine yellowish red (5YR 5/8) dry; moderate very coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine and blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots; many very fine roots; many fine and very fine tubular pores; very fine and fine tubular pores; dark reddish brown very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (2.5YR 3/4) iron coatings on some peds, reddish brown B21-26 to 39 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty (2.5YR 4/4) dry; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; few fine Cg-43 to 60 inches; greenish gray (5GY 5/1) silty clay distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles, reddish loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; few fine distinct dark yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry; weak fine subangular blocky greenish gray (5BG 4/1) mottles, not visible when dry; structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly massive; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common plastic; weakly smeary; few fine and very fine roots; very fine and fine tubular pores; medium acid. common fine tubular pores; 10 percent rounded fragments of soft sandstone; very strongly acid; clear The solum is 35 to 52 inches thick. The control smooth boundary. section is 25 to 35 percent clay. B22-39 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) chroma of 3 to 5 when moist or dry. If value is 3 and mottles, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry, and chroma is 3, the horizon is less than 10 inches thick.

slightly hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; few fine common fine distinct gray (10YR 5/1) mottles, light roots; few medium and common fine and very fine gray (10YR 7/1) dry; weak fine subangular tubular pores; 15 to 20 percent pebble-sized blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and slightly fragments of soft siltstone; very strongly acid. plastic; few very fine roots; common fine tubular pores;

5 percent rounded fragments of soft sandstone; very The 10- to 40-inch control section is silty clay or silty strongly acid. clay loam that averages 30 to 50 percent clay and less

than 15 percent rock fragments. The solum is 40 inches to more than 60 inches thick, and The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist. It is depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to mottles silty clay loam to silty clay. that have chroma of 2 or less is 25 to 50 inches. The 10- to 40-inch control section is 27 to 35 percent clay and less than 15 percent coarse fragments. Bear Prairie Series The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or The Bear Prairie series consists of very deep, well dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and drained soils on terraces. Bear Prairie soils formed in old chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or dry. alluvium. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. Elevation is 20 to 300 feet. The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y when The average annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the moist or dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and dry, and chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or dry. It is dominantly the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. silty clay loam but ranges to silty clay below a depth of 40 These soils are medial, mesic Typic Dystrandepts. inches in some areas. The B horizon is 0 to 15 percent Typical pedon of Bear Prairie silt loam, 0 to 3 percent pebble-sized fragments of soft sedimentary rock. slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 4 miles southwest of Rosburg, about 550 feet south and 1,750 feet west of the Astoria Series northeast corner of sec. 32, T. 10 N., R. 8 W. The Astoria series consists of very deep, well drained soils on uplands. Astoria soils formed in material weathered A11-0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, from siltstone. Slope is 3 to 65 percent. Elevation is 50 to very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak very fine 1,000 feet. The average annual precipitation is about 70 to and fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 and nonplastic; weakly smeary; many very fine, fine, degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 medium, and coarse roots; many micro interstitial pores; days. extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. A12-3 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, Typical pedon of Astoria silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; moderate very fine and fine in Wahkiakum County, 4 miles north of Rosburg, about subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, 1,900 feet east and 900 feet south of the northwest corner nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; many very of sec. 3, T. 10 N., R. 8 W. fine roots, common fine roots, and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores; very A1-0 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong medium, fine, and A13-8 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; few coarse moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky roots and many medium and fine roots; many micro structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and interstitial pores; 5 percent pebble-sized fragments of nonplastic; weakly smeary; many very fine roots, soft siltstone; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. common fine roots, and few medium and coarse B1-12 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silty roots; many very fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate clear wavy boundary. medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly B1-12 to 29 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong medium and common medium and fine roots; common medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very many very fine tubular pores; 10 percent pebble-sized friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; fragments of soft siltstone; very strongly acid; gradual few very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular wavy boundary. pores; strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. B2-24 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silty clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

B2-29 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silty The A horizon has value and chroma of 2 or 3 when clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; moist. When dry, value and chroma are 1 unit higher in strong medium, coarse, and very coarse subangular some places. blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and The B horizon has value and chroma of 4 to 6 when slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine roots; moist. It is clay loam, silty clay loam, and silty clay and is common very fine tubular pores; strongly acid. gravelly silty clay loam or gravelly silty clay in the lower part in some pedons. The 10- to 40-inch control section is typically silty clay loam but ranges to silt loam in some places. Buckpeak Series The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The Buckpeak series consists of deep, well drained soils The B horizon has value and chroma of 3 or 4 when on uplands. Buckpeak soils formed in residuum and moist or dry. colluvium derived from siltstone and very fine sandstone. Slope is 8 to 90 percent. Elevation is 300 to 1,200 feet. The Boistfort Series average annual precipitation is about 60 to 75 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and The Boistfort series consists of very deep, well drained the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. soils on uplands. Boistfort soils formed in material weathered These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic from basalt. Slope is 1 to 65 percent. Elevation is 100 to Xerumbrepts. 1,800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 Typical pedon of Buckpeak silt loam, 30 to 65 percent inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 8 miles south of Elma, degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 about 2,400 feet east and 400 feet north of the southwest days. corner of sec. 35, T. 17 N., R. 6 W. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. Typical pedon of Boistfort silt loam, 1 to 8 percent O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of Douglas-fir needles slopes, in Pacific County, 6 miles south of Brooklyn, about and twigs. 500 feet due west of the northeast corner of sec. 12, T. 14 A11-0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) N., R. 7 W. silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong fine O1-4.5 inches to 0; accumulation of Douglas-fir and granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky western hemlock needles and twigs. and slightly plastic; many fine, medium, and coarse A1-0 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam, roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 10 brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; strong fine subangular blocky percent medium iron-manganese concretions; 10 structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and percent angular, pebble-sized fragments of soft siltstone; slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common coarse roots strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. and many medium, fine, and very fine roots; common A12-7 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, very fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine subangular blocky boundary. structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; B1-12 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay many fine, medium, and coarse roots; many fine tubular loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate very fine pores; 20 percent angular, pebble-sized fragments of subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky soft siltstone; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common medium B2-16 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty roots and many fine and very fine roots; common fine clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; and very fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; abrupt moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, smooth boundary. sticky and plastic; common fine and medium roots; B2-17 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay, common fine tubular pores; 35 percent angular, pebble- strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate fine subangular sized fragments of soft siltstone; very strongly acid; blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; weakly gradual wavy boundary. smeary; few coarse, medium, and fine roots; common B3-29 to 47 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty fine and very fine tubular pores; 3 percent pebble-sized clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fragments of basalt; very strongly acid. fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots; common fine tubular pores; 60 The solum is 40 inches to more than 60 inches thick. percent angular, pebble-sized fragments of soft The content of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 35 siltstone; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. percent, but it averages less than 10 percent. Hue is 5YR Cr-47 inches; partly consolidated siltstone. or 7.5YR when moist.

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and Thickness of the solum and depth to paralithic contact are slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common coarse and 40 inches to more than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from medium roots; many fine tubular pores; 20 percent medium acid to very strongly acid. The umbric epipedon is angular basalt pebbles; strongly acid; clear wavy 14 to 19 inches thick. boundary. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or B23-34 to 50 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly silt dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate coarse chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, The B2 horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; few dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and medium roots; many fine tubular pores; 25 percent chroma of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry. It is silty angular basalt pebbles; very strongly acid; abrupt clay loam or silt loam. The content of angular, pebble-sized wavy boundary. fragments of soft siltstone or sandstone ranges from 15 to R-50 inches; fractured basalt. 40 percent. The B3 horizon is silty clay loam or silt loam. The The depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches or content of angular, pebble-sized fragments of soft more. siltstone or sandstone ranges from 40 to 70 percent. The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist or dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist, and chroma of 1 or 2 when Bunker Series moist and 1 to 3 when dry. It is 0 to 15 percent pebbles and The Bunker series consists of deep, well drained soils on cobbles. uplands. Bunker soils formed in colluvium derived from The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or dry, basalt. Slope is 5 to 90 percent. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 and it has value of 5 or 6 when dry. It is gravelly silt loam or feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, gravelly silty clay loam and is 15 to 35 percent rock the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, fragments. and the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. Calawah Series Typical pedon of Bunker silt loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 9 miles northwest of The Calawah series consists of very deep, well drained Skamokawa, about 650 feet west and 500 feet north of the soils on high terraces. Calawah soils formed in glaciofluvial southeast corner of sec. 3, T. 10 N., R. 6 W. sediment and valley fill material of mixed origin. Slope is 1 to 30 percent. Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. The average O1-1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. annual air temperature is about 46 to 48 degrees F, the A11-0 to 6 inches; black (5YR 2/1) silt loam, very dark average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, and the gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak medium, fine, and very fine average growing season is 180 to 220 days. subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, These soils are medial, mesic Typic Dystrandepts. nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; many fine Typical pedon of Calawah silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes, and very fine roots; many micro-interstitial pores; very in Grays Harbor County, 12 miles southwest of Aberdeen, strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. about 2,200 feet west and 1,400 feet south of the northeast A12-6 to 13 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) silt corner of sec. 19, T. 16 N., R. 10 W. loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; moderate medium, fine, and very fine subangular blocky structure; O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of western hemlock slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; needles and twigs. weakly smeary; many medium and fine roots; many A1-0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt micro-interstitial pores; 10 percent angular basalt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; strong fine and pebbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. medium granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, B21-13 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many gravelly silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine interstitial moderate medium, fine, and very fine subangular blocky pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly A3-8 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, plastic; weakly smeary; common coarse, medium, and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine fine roots; many micro-interstitial pores; 20 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, angular basalt pebbles; strongly acid; gradual wavy slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; boundary. common fine and very fine roots; many very fine tubular B22-22 to 34 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly silt pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium, fine, and very fine subangular

waterworn pebbles; medium acid; clear smooth B21-16 to 44 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt boundary. loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate IIC-28 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly extremely gravelly sand, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few roots; common very fine tubular pores; very strongly very fine roots to a depth of 40 inches; 80 percent acid; gradual wavy boundary. waterworn pebbles; medium acid. B22-44 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) silt loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; moderate fine Solum thickness and depth to extremely gravelly sand subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky range from 18 to 30 inches. The content of coarse and plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine roots; fragments in the control section averages 60 to 80 percent. common very fine tubular pores; very strongly acid. The umbric epipedon is 10 to 16 inches thick. The A1 horizon has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or The solum is 60 inches to more than 100 inches thick. dry. The 10- to 40-inch control section has 20 to 27 percent clay. The B2 horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 3 or 4 Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid. when moist, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. The Al horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or This horizon is dominantly extremely gravelly loamy sand, but dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 in some places it is extremely gravelly sandy loam. when dry. The IIC horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist or dry. The A3 horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or dry, value of 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 when dry. Cathlamet Series The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or dry, The Cathlamet series consists of very deep, well value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and drained soils on uplands. Cathlamet soils formed in chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or dry. The horizon is material weathered from sandstone. Slope is 1 to 65 dominantly silt loam, but in some places it is silty clay loam percent. Elevation is 50 to 1,500 feet. The average below a depth of 40 inches. The content of rounded annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average pebbles ranges from 0 to 15 percent. annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. Carstairs Series These soils are medial, mesic Andic Xerochrepts. Typical pedon of Cathlamet silt loam, 1 to 8 percent The Carstairs series consists of very deep, somewhat slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 1 mile west of Cathlamet, excessively drained soils on outwash terraces. Carstairs about 2,400 feet east and 600 feet south of the northwest soils formed in extremely gravelly glacial outwash. Slope is 1 corner of sec. 12, T. 8 N., R. 6 W. to 8 percent. Elevation is 100 to 200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 80 inches, the average annual Ap-0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; moderate growing season is 200 to 240 days. medium and fine granular structure; slightly hard, These soils are sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Andic friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly Xerumbrepts. smeary; few fine and many very fine roots; many very Typical pedon of Carstairs very gravelly loam, 1 to 8 fine interstitial pores; slightly acid; clear smooth percent slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 1 mile west of boundary. Satsop, about 200 feet east and 1,000 feet north of the A12-5 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silt loam, southwest corner of sec. 36, T. 18 N., R. 7 W. yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine A1-0 to 14 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, sticky and gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; plastic; weakly smeary; many fine and very fine roots; weak very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, many very fine interstitial pores; medium acid; gradual nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; many very wavy boundary. fine roots and common coarse roots; 60 percent B21-12 to 22 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam, waterworn pebbles; very strongly acid; clear smooth yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium and boundary. coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate B2-14 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, sticky and extremely gravelly loamy sand, yellowish brown (10YR plastic; weakly smeary; common coarse, fine, and very 5/4) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 75 percent fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; medium acid; gradual wavy boundary.

B22t-30 to 50 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam, B22-22 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; moderate fine and loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; strong coarse medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on faces of peds and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few fine and very and in pores; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. fine roots; many fine and very fine tubular pores; C-50 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, strong medium acid. brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; massive; hard, friable, slightly The 10- to 40-inch control section is silt loam that sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; common averages 20 to 30 percent clay and less than 15 percent very fine tubular pores; 30 percent angular, pebble- rock fragments. sized fragments of soft sandstone; very strongly acid. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or The solum is 40 to 70 inches thick. The control section is dry, value of 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 when silty clay loam or clay loam. It is 27 to 35 percent clay and moist. more than 15 percent material that is coarser than very fine The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or sand. The argillic horizon is 25 to 60 inches thick. Hue is dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 when dry. It is silt loam or 10YR or 7.5YR throughout when moist or dry. silty clay loam. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. Centralia Series The B2t horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or The Centralia series consists of very deep, well 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to drained soils on uplands. Centralia soils formed in 6 when dry. It is clay loam or silty clay loam and is medium material weathered from sandstone. Slope is 1 to 65 acid or strongly acid. percent. Elevation is 200 to 1,200 feet. The average The C horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 6 when moist or dry. annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F, and the It is clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam and is strongly acid average growing season is 200 to 240 days. or very strongly acid. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Haploxeralfs. Chehalis Series Typical pedon of Centralia loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes, The Chehalis series consists of very deep, well drained in Grays Harbor County, 6 miles southwest of Elma, about soils on flood plains. Chehalis soils formed in alluvium. 2,400 feet west and 1,200 feet north of the southeast Slope is 0 to 3 percent. Elevation is 50 to 200 feet. The corner of sec. 24, T. 17 N., R. 6 W. average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average O1-3 inches to 1 inch; accumulation of Douglas-fir annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F, the average needles and twigs. growing season is 200 to 220 days, and the average frost- O2-1 inch to 0; decomposed needles and twigs. free season is 150 to 210 days. A11-0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) These soils are fine-silty, mixed, mesic Cumulic Ultic loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong medium Haploxerolls. granular structure; hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Typical pedon of Chehalis silt loam, in Grays Harbor slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots County, 0.5 mile west of Porter, about 2,250 feet east and and common coarse roots; many very fine interstitial 100 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 28, T. 17 N., pores; 5 percent medium iron-manganese concretions; R. 5 W. medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. Ap-0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) A12-6 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly and slightly plastic; many fine and medium roots; many sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and fine and medium pores; medium acid; abrupt smooth medium roots; common fine tubular pores; medium boundary. acid; clear wavy boundary. A12-8 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, B21t-14 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine subangular clay loam, light. yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly plastic; many fine roots; many fine and hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, and coarse roots; common very fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, medium pores; medium acid; clear smooth nonsticky and nonplastic; few roots; common fine, boundary. medium, and coarse tubular and interstitial pores; B21-12 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, slightly acid. brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common fine The control section is dominantly silt loam, and less than roots; many fine tubular pores; slightly acid; gradual 15 percent of the material is coarser than very fine sand. smooth boundary. Hue is 10YR or 2.5Y when moist or dry. B22-24 to 52 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine subangular when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few fine The C horizon has value of 3 to 6 when moist or dry, and roots; many fine tubular pores; slightly acid; abrupt it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It ranges from smooth boundary. sand to silt loam; sandy loam and coarser textured material C-52 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt are at a depth of more than 40 inches. loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; massive; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many fine and Copalis Series medium tubular pores; neutral. The Copalis series consists of moderately deep, well The control section is silt loam or silty clay loam that is 25 drained soils on glaciofluvial terraces. Copalis soils formed to 35 percent clay. Reaction of the solum ranges from in material weathered from glacial drift. Slope is neutral to medium acid. 1 to 65 percent. Elevation is 30 to 800 feet. The average annual precipitation is about 80 to 140 inches, the average Cloquato Series annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the The Cloquato series consists of very deep, well drained average growing season is 200 to 240 days. soils on flood plains. Cloquato soils formed in alluvium. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. Elevation is 50 to 150 feet. The Typical pedon of Copalis silt loam, 8 to 30 percent average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 30 miles north of Hoquiam, annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F, the average about 1,440 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 2, T. growing season is 200 to 220 days, and the average frost- 21 N., R. 10 W. free season is 150 to 210 days. O1-1.5 inches to 1 inch; conifer needles, branches, These soils are coarse-silty, mixed, mesic bark, and moss. Cumulic Ultic Haploxerolls. O2-1 inch to 0; decomposed needles, bark, and moss; Typical pedon of Cloquato silt loam, in Grays Harbor much mycelial growth. County, 1 mile southwest of Oakville, about 2,000 feet A11-0 to 3 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) silt east and 1,000 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. loam dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and reddish 36, T. 16 N., R. 5 W. brown (5YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky Ap-0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, brown and nonplastic; weakly smeary; common coarse, (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; hard, medium, and fine roots; many fine and medium pores; friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; many fine fibrous 20 percent soft rounded fine pebbles; 15 percent soft roots; many fine and medium interstitial pores; slightly iron-manganese concretions; very strongly acid; abrupt acid; abrupt smooth boundary. wavy boundary. A3-9 to 36 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, brown A12-3 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR structure 3/2) silt (10YR 5/3) dry; weak very fine subangular blocky loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly structure and moderate very fine subangular blocky; plastic; common fine and medium roots; many fine and slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; medium interstitial pores and common coarse tubular weakly smeary; common coarse, medium, and fine roots; pores; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. many fine and medium pores; 20 percent angular and C1-36 to 57 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, pale rounded soft fine pebbles; 15 percent soft iron- brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak very fine subangular manganese concretions; very strongly acid; clear wavy blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly boundary. plastic; few fine fibrous roots; many fine interstitial B21-8 to 18 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt pores and many medium and common coarse tubular loam, structure dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) dry; moderate pores; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. very fine subangular blocky and moderate IIC2-57 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak

These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. fine and medium granular; slightly hard, very friable, Typical pedon of Elochoman silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 7 miles west of common fine and medium roots; many fine and medium Skamokawa, about 1,900 feet south and 550 feet west of pores; 20 percent soft fine pebbles; 5 percent soft iron- the northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 9 N., R. 7 W. manganese concretions; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. A1-0 to 12 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, B22-18 to 25 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silt dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate coarse and loam, structure dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure parting to strong very fine subangular blocky and moderate fine granular; medium and fine granular; soft, very friable, slightly slightly hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; weakly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common smeary; common medium and fine roots; many fine medium and fine roots; common very fine pores; tubular pores; ped surfaces dark reddish brown (5YR extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary. 3/3) and reddish brown (5YR 4/4); 30 percent soft fine A3-12 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pebbles; 20 percent soft iron-manganese yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; moderate coarse and concretions; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. medium subangular blocky structure parting to strong IIC1-25 to 37 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam, fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; common medium sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few medium distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) mottles; massive; and fine roots; common very fine pores; very strongly hard, very firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; acid; clear wavy boundary. weakly cemented; few fine roots; few very fine tubular B2-21 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam, pores; 75 percent rounded and subrounded soft yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; weak very coarse and coarse pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure parting to moderate coarse IlCr-37 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dense glacial drift and medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, that crushes to extremely gravelly loamy sand, light slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; hard, very firm, medium and fine roots; few very fine pores; medium nonsticky and nonplastic; strongly cemented; 75 percent acid. fine pebbles; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 2/4) irregular iron-cemented bands 0.25 to 0.5 inch thick at a depth The A1 horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or of 37 inches; strongly acid. 4 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. The solum is 20 to 36 inches thick. The profile is very The A3 horizon has value of 2 to 4 when moist and 3 to strongly acid or strongly acid. The control section averages 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 more than 35 percent soft coarse fragments. The umbric to 6 when dry. epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The B horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 to 7 The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 6 when moist and 3 to 6 and 10YR or 7.5YR when dry, value of 3 or 4 when when dry. moist or dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The B horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist and Germany Series 10YR or 7.5YR when dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist or dry, and chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or dry. It is silt loam The Germany series consists of very deep, well drained or silty clay loam. soils on uplands. Germany soils formed in loess and The C horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist and material weathered from basalt. Slope is 1 to 65 percent. 10YR or 7.5YR when dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist Elevation is 400 to 1,500 feet. The average annual and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or precipitation is 55 to 70 inches, the average annual air dry. It is cemented or compacted. temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season is 220 to 240 days. Elochoman Series These soils are medial, mesic Andic Xerumbrepts. The Elochoman series consists of very deep, well Typical pedon of Germany silt loam, 1 to 8 percent drained soils on uplands. Elochoman soils formed in slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 6 miles southeast of material weathered from sandstone. Slope is 1 to 65 Cathlamet, about 2,000 feet west and 2,500 feet south of percent. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 feet. The average annual the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 8 N., R. 5 W. precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average O1-3 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaves and growing season is 200 to 240 days. twigs. A11-0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong medium and fine

C1-8 to 40 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay loam, granular structure; hard, very friable, slightly pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) dry; moderate fine subangular sticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; common blocky structure; very hard, friable, sticky and medium and fine roots; many fine and very fine plastic; common fine roots; many fine and medium tubular pores; medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. tubular pores; thin lenses of loose sand and loamy A12-5 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) silt loam, sand; medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong fine and very fine C2-40 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable, clay loam, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) dry; weak medium nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; common subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable, medium and coarse roots; many fine and very fine sticky and plastic; many fine tubular pores; thin lenses tubular pores; medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. of loose sand; medium acid. A3-11 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) silt loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate coarse, The control section is dominantly silty clay loam and is 28 medium, and fine subangular blocky structure; to 35 percent clay. There are thin, discontinuous lenses of slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; sand and clay throughout. weakly smeary; common medium roots and few fine and The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y when dry, value of very fine roots; many medium tubular pores and 3 or 4 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 common fine and very fine tubular pores; medium acid; to 4 when dry. clear wavy boundary. The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y when dry, value of B21-24 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silt loam, 3 to 5 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and chroma of 3 or strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak very coarse, 4 when moist or dry. It is mainly silty clay loam, but it is coarse, and medium subangular blocky structure; weakly stratified with very fine sandy loam to clay loam. hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; few fine and very fine roots; common fine and Halbert Series very fine tubular pores; medium acid. The Halbert series consists of shallow, poorly drained The content of coarse fragments in the solum ranges soils on outwash plains on uplands. Halbert soils formed in from 0 to 10 percent. The solum is more than 60 inches glaciolacustrine sediment deposited over glacial outwash. thick. The profile is medium acid or strongly acid throughout. Slope is 0 to 10 percent. Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. The The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or dry, average annual precipitation is 80 to 110 inches, the and it has value and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. The B2 average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or dry, and it the average growing season is 180 to 220 days. has value and chroma of 3 or 4 when moist. The A horizon These soils are loamy, mixed, acid, mesic, shallow and the upper part of the B2 horizon have 0 to 25 percent Histic Placaquepts. soft concretions. Typical pedon of Halbert muck, 0 to 10 percent slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 1 mile east of Pacific Beach, about Grehalem Series 1,200 feet west and 400 feet north of the southeast corner The Grehalem series consists of very deep, well drained of sec. 16, T. 20 N., R. 12 W. soils on flood plains. Grehalem soils formed in alluvium derived from basic igneous and sedimentary rock. Slope O1-16 to 11 inches; accumulation of needles and twigs. is 0 to 3 percent. Elevation is 10 to 100 feet. The average O2-11 inches to 0; black (10YR 2/1) muck (sapric annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual material), dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine air temperature is about 50 degrees F, the average growing granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and season is 180 to 220 days, and the average frost-free slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and season is 150 to 200 days. common medium and coarse roots; less than 5 These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, nonacid, percent fibers; common very fine interstitial pores; mesic Typic Udifluvents. extremely acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Grehalem silt loam, in Grays Harbor A1-0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty clay County, 3 miles south of Copalis Crossing, about 900 feet loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; common fine east and 1,900 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 4, distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) mottles; moderate fine T. 18 N., R. 11 W. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; many Ap-0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, light very fine tubular and interstitial pores; extremely acid; brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; moderate fine subangular gradual wavy boundary. blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many fine roots; many fine and medium tubular pores; medium acid; clear smooth boundary.

B21g-5 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty Montesano, about 1,300 feet north and 1,300 feet east of clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; common fine the southwest corner of sec. 29, T. 19 N., R. 8 W. and medium prominent dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky O1-3 inches to 0; accumulation of moss, twigs, and structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very leaves. fine tubular and interstitial pores; very strongly acid; A1-0 to 15 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt loam, abrupt smooth boundary. dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; strong medium granular B22irm-15 to 16 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly indurated continuous iron pan, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) plastic; weakly smeary; many fine, medium, and coarse dry; very hard and very firm; very strongly acid; abrupt roots; many very fine tubular and interstitial pores; 10 wavy boundary. percent rounded pebbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy C1g-16 to 23 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay boundary. loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; common fine B21-15 to 26 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt loam, prominent dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) mottles; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate medium massive; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky common very fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine, clear smooth boundary. medium, and coarse roots; many very fine tubular IIC2g-23 to 60 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) extremely gravelly pores; 10 percent rounded pebbles; very strongly acid; sandy loam, light gray (5Y 7/2) dry; massive; soft, very clear wavy boundary. friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine B22-26 to 43 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly silt tubular pores; 65 percent hard rounded pebbles; very loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; weak fine strongly acid. subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few fine roots; The soil is saturated during all but the driest months of the common very fine tubular pores; 20 percent rounded year unless it is artificially drained. Depth to the B22irm pebbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. horizon ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The mineral soil is IIB23-43 to 51 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly extremely acid or very strongly acid. The control section is 30 sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; weak very to 35 percent clay. The histic epipedon is 8 to 16 inches fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, nonsticky thick. and nonplastic; few fine roots; few very fine interstitial The A1 horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or pores; 30 percent rounded and subrounded pebbles; 4 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The B21g horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y when moist IICr-51 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dense glacial drift or dry, value of 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 when that crushes to extremely gravelly loamy sand, light moist or dry. The B22irm horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; compacted; when moist or dry. very hard, very firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; 75 The C1g horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y when moist or dry, percent rounded and subrounded pebbles that have value of 4 or 5 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and chroma dark red (2.5YR 3/6) patchy stains; weakly cemented of 0 to 2 when moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or silty clay. by iron and manganese; very strongly acid. The content of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 10 percent. The solum is 40 to 55 inches thick. The 10- to 40-inch The IIC2g horizon has the same color range as the control section is 20 to 35 percent clay and 5 to 20 percent C1g horizon. It is very gravelly sandy loam, extremely coarse fragments. The profile is very strongly acid or gravelly loam, or extremely gravelly sandy loam. strongly acid throughout. The umbric epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The A1 horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist Hoquiam Series and 7.5YR or 10YR when dry, value of 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. The Hoquiam series consists of deep, well drained soils The B2 horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist and on ground moraines on uplands. Hoquiam soils formed in 7.5YR or 10YR when dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 old alluvium deposited over glacial drift. Slope is 1 to 65 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is percent. Elevation is 100 to 900 feet. The average annual silt loam, gravelly silt loam, silty clay loam, or gravelly silty precipitation is 80 to 130 inches, the average annual air clay loam and is 5 to 35 percent pebbles. temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. Typical pedon of Hoquiam silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 12 miles northwest of

The IIB23 horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist percent clay, 15 to 40 percent fine and coarse sand, and or dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and less than 5 percent rock fragments. chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is gravelly sandy The C horizon is silt loam stratified with fine sandy loam to loam, very gravelly sandy loam, gravelly loam, or very sand. The IIC horizon is extremely gravelly sand or gravelly loam and is 20 to 45 percent pebbles. extremely gravelly loamy sand. The Ap and C horizons have The IICr horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or value of 4 to 6 when dry and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and and 2 to 6 when dry. chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is dense glacial till that crushes to extremely gravelly loamy sand or very Ilwaco Series gravelly sand and is 50 to 80 percent coarse fragments. The Ilwaco series consists of very deep, well drained soils on uplands. Ilwaco soils formed in material weathered from Humptulips Series sandstone. Slope is 1 to 65 percent. Elevation is sea level The Humptulips series consists of very deep, somewhat to 1,000 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 110 excessively drained soils on flood plains. Humptulips soils inches, the average annual air temperature is 46 to 48 formed in alluvium. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. Elevation is 10 degrees F, and the average growing season is 180 to 220 to 50 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 days. inches, the average annual air temperature is about 49 These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. degrees F, the average growing season is 180 to 220 days, Typical pedon of Ilwaco silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes, and the average frost-free season is 150 to 200 days. in Pacific County, 5 miles west of South Bend, about These soils are coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy- 1,800 feet north and 2,200 feet west of the southeast skeletal, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Udifluvents. corner of sec. 25, T. 14 N., R. 10 W. Typical pedon of Humptulips silt loam, in Grays Harbor County, 10 miles north of Montesano, about 900 feet east O1-2 inches to 0; accumulation of needles, twigs, and 1,400 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 22, T. moss, and roots. 19 N., R. 8 W. A11-0 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine granular Ap-0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, roots and common medium and coarse roots; many slightly sticky and nonplastic; common medium and very fine and fine interstitial pores; medium acid; fine roots; many fine interstitial pores; neutral; abrupt gradual wavy boundary. smooth boundary. A12-11 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, C1-8 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine subangular medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very blocky structure; hard; firm, slightly sticky and friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; nonplastic; many fine and medium roots; few fine common fine and very fine roots and few coarse roots; interstitial and tubular pores; thin strata of loose sand many very fine and fine tubular pores; strongly acid; and loamy sand; neutral; clear smooth boundary. clear wavy boundary. C2-12 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt B21-17 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; few fine slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; interstitial and tubular pores; thin strata of loose sand common very fine and fine roots; many very fine and and loamy sand; neutral; clear smooth boundary. fine tubular pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. IIC3-26 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) B22-32 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) silt extremely gravelly sand, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; weak medium single grain; loose; few fine roots; 75 percent hard subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly waterworn pebbles of graywacke and basalt; neutral. sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine Hue is 10YR or 2.5Y when moist or dry. The upper part of roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; medium the control section is silt loam that is less than 18 acid. The solum is 50 inches to more than 60 inches thick. The 10- to 40-inch control section is 20 to 27 percent clay and 0 to 15 percent fragments of soft sandstone. The profile is very strongly acid to medium acid throughout. The umbric epipedon is 12 to 20 inches precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air thick. temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or dry, growing season is 180 to 220 days. value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and These soils are medial-skeletal, mesic Andic chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. Haplumbrepts. The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or dry, Typical pedon of Katula very cobbly loam, 65 to 90 value of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma percent slopes, in Pacific County, 4 miles southwest of of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is silt loam or loam. Frances, about 900 feet east and 2,500 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 27, T. 12 N., R. 7 W. Juno Series The Juno series consists of very deep, somewhat O1-7 to 2 inches; accumulation of Douglas-fir and excessively drained soils on flood plains. Juno soils formed western hemlock needles and twigs. in alluvium derived from glacial sediment. Slope is 0 to 3 O2-2 inches to 0; decomposed needles and twigs. percent. Elevation is 100 to 300 feet. The average annual A11-0 to 3 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) very precipitation is 70 to 100 inches, the average annual air cobbly loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry; strong temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average medium and fine granular structure; slightly hard, growing season is 200 to 240 days. very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; These soils are sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic many very fine and fine roots, common coarse roots, Typic Udifluvents. and few medium roots; many fine tubular and interstitial Typical pedon of Juno sandy loam, in Grays Harbor pores; 40 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; County, 5 miles north of Satsop, about 400 feet east and medium acid; clear smooth boundary. 1,400 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 18 N., A11-3 to 13 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) R. 6 W. extremely cobbly loam, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) dry; strong medium and fine granular structure; slightly hard, A1-0 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak many very fine and fine roots and common medium and fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and coarse roots; many fine tubular and interstitial pores; 45 nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very fine percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; medium acid; interstitial pores; 10 percent waterworn pebbles; gradual smooth boundary. medium acid; abrupt smooth boundary. B21-13 to 18 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) IIC1-12 to 18 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) extremely cobbly clay loam, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) dry; gravelly sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; single grain; loose; few very fine roots; 20 percent slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; waterworn pebbles; medium acid; clear smooth weakly smeary; common very fine and few fine roots; boundary. common fine tubular pores; 45 percent cobbles and 20 IIC2-18 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and percent pebbles; medium acid; gradual smooth yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) extremely gravelly sand, boundary. light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and brownish yellow B22-18 to 32 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely (10YR 6/6) dry; single grain; loose; 80 percent cobbly clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; waterworn pebbles; slightly acid. moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; The solum is 10 to 20 inches thick. weakly smeary; common fine and few very fine roots; The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or common fine tubular and interstitial pores; 70 percent dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; medium acid; abrupt moist or dry. It is strongly acid or medium acid. smooth boundary. The IIC1 horizon is slightly acid or medium acid. R-32 inches; basalt, fractured in the upper part. The IIC2 horizon is extremely gravelly sand or very Depth to basalt ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The profile gravelly sand. averages 60 to 80 percent angular cobbles, pebbles, and stones. The percentage of rock fragments increases with Katula Series depth. The Katula series consists of moderately deep, well The A horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR when moist or drained soils on uplands. Katula soils formed in material dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry, and weathered from basalt. Slope is 5 to 90 percent. Elevation chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 6 when is 1,100 to 2,200 feet. The average annual

fine and medium roots; common fine and medium dry. It is 35 to 45 percent cobbles and 20 to 45 percent tubular pores, 25 percent angular basalt pebbles; pebbles. medium acid; clear wavy boundary. The B horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR when R-43 inches; highly weathered, fractured basalt; few moist or dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 or 5 when very fine roots in fractures. dry, and chroma of 2 to 6 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry. It is extremely cobbly clay loam or extremely cobbly loam. The depth to fractured basalt ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more. The 10- to 40-inch control section is 20 to Knappton Series 40 percent clay and 15 to 35 percent pebbles. The profile is The Knappton series consists of deep, well drained soils strongly acid or medium acid throughout. The umbric on uplands. Knappton soils formed in material weathered epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. from basalt. Slope is 8 to 90 percent. Elevation is 100 to The A horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR when 1,800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 moist or dry, value of 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 3 when moist or dry. degrees F, and the average growing season is 180 to 220 The B horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR when days. moist or dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is gravelly silt Typical pedon of Knappton silt loam, 8 to 30 percent loam or gravelly silty clay loam. slopes, in Pacific County, 5 miles northeast of Nemah, about 750 feet east and 200 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 8, T. 12 N., R. 9 W. Lates Series The Lates series consists of moderately deep, well O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of needles, twigs, and drained soils on mountains. Lates soils formed in material moss. weathered from basalt. Slope is 8 to 90 percent. Elevation is A11-0 to 2 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam, 1,800 to 2,700 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and very fine to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and 44 degrees F, and the average growing season is 150 to 180 slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many very fine and days. common fine roots; many fine interstitial pores; strongly These soils are medial, frigid Andic Haplumbrepts. acid; gradual smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Lates silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes, A12-2 to 12 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt in Wahkiakum County, 14 miles northeast of Cathlamet, loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and about 300 feet south and 750 feet east of the northwest very fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, corner of sec. 4, T. 10 N., R. 5 W. very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine and very fine roots; many very A11-0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, fine tubular pores; 10 percent angular basalt pebbles; dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak medium subangular medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky B21-12 to 24 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly silt and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common medium, loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and fine, and very fine roots; many fine and very fine tubular medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, pores; 1 to 2 percent pebble-sized fragments of basalt; sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. and medium roots and few coarse roots; common very A12-5 to 14 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, very dark fine tubular pores; 20 percent angular basalt pebbles; grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; moderate medium medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly B22-24 to 28 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly silty sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many fine and clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium and common coarse roots; common medium and fine coarse angular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, tubular pores; 5 percent pebble-sized fragments of sticky and plastic; weakly smeary; few fine and medium basalt; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. roots; common fine and medium tubular pores; 20 B2-14 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly percent angular basalt pebbles; medium acid; gradual loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak medium wavy boundary. and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, B23-28 to 43 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; silty clay loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; weak common fine and very fine roots; common medium, medium and coarse angular blocky structure; slightly fine, and very fine tubular pores; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; weakly smeary; few

20 percent pebble-sized fragments of basalt; percent clay and less than 15 percent fragments of soft strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. siltstone. The umbric epipedon is 10 to 18 inches thick. R-35 inches; fractured basalt; few fine and very fine The A1 horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist roots in fractures. or dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. Depth to fractured basalt is 20 to 40 inches. The A3 horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and chroma of 4 or 5 when moist or dry. chroma of 1 or 2 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and when dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 when dry. chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or silty clay. Lebam Series Le Bar Series The Lebam series consists of very deep, well drained soils on uplands. Lebam soils formed in material weathered from The Le Bar series consists of very deep, well drained soils siltstone or very fine sandstone. Slope is 1 to 30 percent. on low terraces and benches. Le Bar soils formed in old Elevation is 20 to 1,100 feet. The average annual alluvium. Slope is 1 to 65 percent. Elevation is 100 to 800 precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, temperature is 46 to 48 degrees F, and the average growing the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, season is 180 to 220 days. and the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. These soils are medial, mesic Typic Dystrandepts. Typical pedon of Lebam silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes, Typical pedon of Le Bar silt loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes, in Pacific County, 3 miles southwest of Nemah, about in Grays Harbor County, 2 miles northwest of Satsop, about 1,700 feet west and 300 feet south of the northeast 2,400 feet west and 600 feet north of the southeast corner corner of sec. 25, T. 12 N., R. 10 W. of sec. 24, T. 18 N., R. 7 W.

O1-2 inches to 0; accumulation of needles, twigs, and O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of needles, twigs, and moss. moss. A1-0 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, brown A1-0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam, dark (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium granular brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; strong fine granular structure; structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many fine and weakly smeary; many very fine, medium, and coarse common medium roots; many fine interstitial pores; very roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. medium firm iron-manganese concretions; very strongly A3-11 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silt loam, acid; clear smooth boundary. yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium A3-5 to 12 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt loam, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong fine subangular blocky slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly common fine and very fine roots; many fine and very fine plastic; weakly smeary; common fine and medium roots; tubular pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. many very fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; gradual B21-21 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty smooth boundary. clay loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; moderate fine B21-12 to 25 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam, subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong fine and medium plastic; weakly smeary; common fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly roots; many fine and very fine tubular pores; strongly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine acid; gradual wavy boundary. and medium roots; common very fine tubular pores; very B22-29 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) silty strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. clay loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; moderate B22-25 to 45 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam, medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; strong fine subangular friable, sticky and plastic; weakly smeary; few fine and blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and very fine tubular pores; 5 percent fragments of soft slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine and siltstone; strongly acid. medium roots; common very fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. The solum is 40 inches to more than 60 inches thick. The 10- to 40-inch control section averages 35 to 55

dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few B23-45 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt loam, very fine roots; 65 percent waterworn pebbles; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; strong fine subangular medium acid. blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few fine roots; common The control section is 55 to 70 percent coarse very fine tubular pores; very strongly acid. fragments, dominantly pebbles. The profile is strongly The solum is more than 40 inches thick. It is 20 to 27 acid to medium acid throughout. percent clay and 0 to 15 percent pebbles. The B2hir horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR when The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR when moist or moist or dry, value of 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and when moist or dry. The B2ir horizon has hue of 5YR or chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. 7.5YR when moist or dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 The B horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist and or 6 when dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is 7.5YR or 10YR when dry, and it has value of 3 or 4 very gravelly sandy loam or extremely gravelly sandy loam. when moist and 5 or 6 when dry. The B3 horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or dry, and it has value and chroma of 3 to 5 when moist or Lyre Series dry. It is very gravelly loamy sand or very gravelly sand. The Lyre series consists of very deep, somewhat The IIC horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y when moist or excessively drained soils on terraces and plains. Lyre soils dry, value of 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when formed in glacial outwash. Slope is 0 to 8 percent. moist or dry. It is extremely gravelly sand or extremely Elevation is 50 to 300 feet. The average annual gravelly coarse sand. precipitation is 60 to 90 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average Lyre Variant growing season is 200 to 240 days. The Lyre Variant consists of moderately deep, moderately These soils are medial-skeletal, mesic Andic well drained soils on benches and valley floors. Lyre Variant Xerochrepts. soils formed in glacial drift. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. Typical pedon of Lyre very gravelly loamy sand, 0 to 8 Elevation is 100 to 300 feet. The average annual percent slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 2 miles east of precipitation is 60 to 75 inches, the average annual air Elma, about 1,600 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing 30, T. 18 N., R. 5 W. season is 200 to 240 days. These soils are medial-skeletal, mesic Andic O1-3 inches to 1 inch; accumulation of needles, twigs, Xerochrepts. and leaves. Typical pedon of Lyre Variant very gravelly sandy loam, in O2-1 inch to 0; decomposed needles, twigs, and Grays Harbor County, 1 mile west of McCleary, about 2,200 leaves. feet east and 300 feet north of the southwest corner of B21hir-0 to 7 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) very sec. 10, T. 18 N., R. 5 W. gravelly loamy sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and Ap-0 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very gravelly nonplastic; weakly smeary; many very fine roots and sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak common medium and coarse roots; common very fine fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky interstitial pores; 50 percent waterworn pebbles; medium and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many very fine roots; acid; clear wavy boundary. many very fine interstitial pores; 60 percent rounded B22ir-7 to 23 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) very pebbles; medium acid; clear smooth boundary. gravelly sandy loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; B2-9 to 19 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) very weak very fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, common very fine roots; common very fine interstitial slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few pores; 60 percent waterworn pebbles; medium acid; very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 60 percent gradual wavy boundary. rounded pebbles; medium acid; clear wavy boundary. B3-23 to 35 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very B3-19 to 28 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly gravelly sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak very single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, common very fine roots; 60 percent waterworn slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly pebbles; medium acid; clear wavy boundary. IIC-35 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) extremely gravelly sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; smeary; 60 percent rounded pebbles; medium acid; common medium and fine roots; common medium and abrupt wavy boundary. fine tubular pores; 25 percent angular fragments of soft IICr-28 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dense glacial drift siltstone; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. that crushes to extremely gravelly sandy loam, light B21-17 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silty brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; very hard, very clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; strongly compacted; 75 medium and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly percent rounded pebbles; slightly acid. hard, firm, sticky and plastic; weakly smeary; few fine The solum is 20 to 40 inches thick. The content of and very fine roots; common medium and fine tubular pebbles in the control section exceeds 40 percent and pores; 60 percent angular fragments of soft siltstone; averages less than 75 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. strongly acid to slightly acid, and acidity decreases with B22-25 to 41 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silty depth. clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist and coarse, medium, and fine subangular blocky 7.5YR or 10YR when dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist and structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; weakly 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. smeary; few very fine and fine roots; many fine and The B horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist and very fine tubular pores; 80 percent angular fragments 7.5YR or 10YR when dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist, of soft siltstone; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is very gravelly B3-41 to 50 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6) silty sandy loam or very gravelly loam. clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; weak very The IICr horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, and 10YR or 2.5Y when dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 sticky and plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine roots; or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. many micro interstitial pores; 80 percent soft angular pebbles, cobbles, and stone-sized fragments of Lytell Series siltstone; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The Lytell series consists of deep, well drained soils on Cr-50 inches; partly consolidated siltstone. uplands. Lytell soils formed in material weathered from siltstone or very fine sandstone. Slope is 8 to 90 percent. Solum thickness and depth to partly consolidated siltstone Elevation is 20 to 1,500 feet. The average annual are 40 to 60 inches or more. The 10- to 40-inch control precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air section is 27 to 35 percent clay. The profile is strongly acid temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average to extremely acid. growing season is 200 to 240 days. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when Typical pedon of Lytell silt loam, 30 to 65 percent moist or dry. It is 20 to 35 percent fragments of soft slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 6 miles northeast of siltstone. Rosburg, about 1,050 feet west and 375 feet north of the The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 southeast corner of sec. 10, T. 10 N., R. 7 W. when dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay loam and is 45 to 85 percent soft O1-3 inches to 1 inch; twigs, needles, and decayed siltstone pebbles, cobbles, and stone-sized fragments. tree limbs. O2-1 inch to 0; decomposed organic matter. Melbourne Series A1-0 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; strong medium and fine granular The Melbourne series consists of very deep, well drained structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly soils on uplands. Melbourne soils formed in material plastic; weakly smeary; common fine and very fine roots weathered from siltstone, shale, and fine grained sandstone. and few coarse and medium roots; few very fine tubular Slope is 1 to 65 percent. Elevation is 250 to 700 feet. The pores and many micro interstitial pores; 20 percent average annual precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average angular fragments of soft siltstone; very strongly acid; annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F, and the gradual smooth boundary. average growing season is 200 to 240 days. A3-11 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay These soils are fine, mixed, mesic Ultic Haploxeralfs. loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; moderate coarse and medium subangular blocky structure and strong medium and fine granular; slightly hard, friable,

Typical pedon of Melbourne silt loam, 8 to 30 percent These soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 6 miles northwest of Dystrochrepts. Oakville, about 2,400 feet west and 1,600 feet north of the Typical pedon of Montesa silt loam, 1 to 8 percent southeast corner of sec. 8, T. 16 N., R. 5 W. slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 1 mile northwest of Skamokawa, about 800 feet west and 1,300 feet south of O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of needles, moss, and the northeast corner of sec. 7, T. 9 N., R. 6 W. bark. A1-0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt Ap-0 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam, light loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong very fine yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many fine, medium, nonsticky and nonplastic; many medium and fine roots; and coarse roots and common very fine roots; many many very fine interstitial pores; very strongly acid; clear very fine interstitial pores; medium acid; clear wavy wavy boundary. boundary. A12-10 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam, B1-10 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine, loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium medium, and coarse subangular blocky structure; subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; and plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium common medium, fine, and very fine roots; many very roots; common very fine tubular pores; strongly acid; fine interstitial pores; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy gradual smooth boundary. boundary. B21t-19 to 38 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay, B2-18 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine sandy yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; when rubbed the subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and horizon is dark brown (7.5YR 3/4), strong brown plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common very (7.5YR 5/6) dry; common medium distinct red (2.5YR fine tubular pores; few thin and moderately thick clay 4/8) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles, films on faces of peds and in pores; strongly acid; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; gradual smooth boundary. weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very B22t-38 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few coarse and silty clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine medium roots; common fine and very fine interstitial subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, sticky and pores; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. plastic; few very fine roots; common very fine tubular C-25 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, very pores; common thin and moderately thick clay films on pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; when rubbed the horizon faces of peds and in pores; strongly acid; clear smooth is dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), light brownish gray boundary. (10YR 6/2) dry; common large prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) mottles, yellowish red (5YR 5/8) dry; massive; The solum thickness ranges from 40 to 90 inches. Hue is slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or dry. The control section is 35 to few fine and very fine roots; few fine and very fine 60 percent clay and is silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam, or interstitial pores; medium acid. clay. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 5 or 6 The profile is medium acid to very strongly acid. The when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is control section is 10 to 15 percent clay and is less than 15 slightly acid or medium acid. percent rock fragments. Depth to mottles is 15 to 24 The B2t horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or inches. 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist and 3 to The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or 8 when dry. It is clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and and is medium acid or strongly acid. chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y when moist or dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and Montesa Series chroma of 2 to 6 when moist or dry. It is silt loam, loam, or The Montesa series consists of very deep, somewhat fine sandy loam. poorly drained soils on benches and alluvial fans. Montesa The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y when moist or dry, soils formed in material derived from sedimentary and value of 4 to 6 when moist and 4 to 7 when dry, and igneous sediment. Slope is 1 to 8 percent. Elevation is 25 to chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. In some places the C 300 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 horizon is layers and lenses of loamy sand to silty clay loam inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 below a depth of 40 inches. degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 days.

Mopang Series 35 percent clay. The umbric epipedon is 10 to 25 inches thick. The Mopang series consists of very deep, well drained The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when dry, and it has soils on uplands. Mopang soils formed in glaciofluvial chroma of 2 to 5 when moist or dry. sediment. Slope is 5 to 90 percent. Elevation is sea level to The B horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 to 7 400 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 110 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or dry. It inches, the average annual air temperature is 46 to 48 is silty clay loam or silt loam. degrees F, and the average growing season is 180 to 220 The IIC horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 to 7 days. when dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. is very gravelly silt loam or extremely gravelly silt loam. Typical pedon of Mopang silt loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 8 miles northwest of Murnen Series Hoquiam, about 800 feet east and 600 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 24, T. 18 N., R. 11 W. The Murnen series consists of very deep, well drained soils on mountains. Murnen soils formed in material O1-4 to 2 inches; undecomposed western hemlock weathered from basalt. Slope is 5 to 65 percent. Elevation is needles, twigs, and moss. 1,800 to 2,700 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to O2-2 inches to 0; decomposed needles and twigs. 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 44 A1-0 to 6 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) silt loam, degrees F, and the average growing season is 150 to 180 dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate medium days. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, These soils are medial, frigid Andic Haplumbrepts. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many Typical pedon of Murnen silt loam, 5 to 30 percent fine, medium, and coarse roots; many fine interstitial slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 9 miles north of Skamokawa, pores; 5 percent rounded pebbles; extremely acid; clear about 1,000 feet west and 900 feet south of the northeast wavy boundary. corner of sec. 4, T. 10 N., R. 6 W. B21-6 to 21 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silty clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine and O1-1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, A11-0 to 3 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) silt loam, sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) dry; weak very fine medium, and coarse roots; many fine tubular pores; 5 granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and percent rounded pebbles; extremely acid; gradual wavy slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many very fine and fine boundary. roots and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine B22-21 to 43 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay interstitial pores; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; weak fine and A12-3 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) silt medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) dry; weak fine and very sticky and plastic; weakly smeary; few fine and medium fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, roots; common fine tubular pores; 10 percent rounded slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; pebbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. common very fine and fine roots and few medium and IIC1-43 to 51 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very coarse roots; many very fine interstitial pores; very gravelly silt loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; A3-8 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam, weakly smeary; few fine tubular pores; 40 percent dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate coarse and rounded pebbles; very strongly acid; clear smooth medium subangular blocky structure; slightly boundary. hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly IIC2r-51 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dense glacial smeary; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine drift that crushes to extremely gravelly silt loam, tubular pores; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; massive; very hard, B21-16 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silt very firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; moderate coarse cemented by iron and manganese; 65 percent rounded and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, pebbles; very strongly acid. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 5 The solum thickness and depth to the IIC horizon range percent pebbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. from 40 to 51 inches. The profile is extremely acid or very strongly acid throughout. Hue is 5YR or 7.5YR when moist. The control section is silty clay loam or silt loam. It is 5 to 15 percent coarse fragments and 25 to

percent soft sandstone pebbles; very strongly acid; B22-33 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt gradual wavy boundary. loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; moderate B22-34 to 57 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, smeary; few very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly 5 percent pebbles; very strongly acid. smeary; few very fine roots; common very fine tubular

pores; 40 percent soft sandstone pebbles and 5 percent The profile is strongly acid or very strongly acid soft cobbles; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. throughout. The umbric epipedon is 10 to 20 inches Cr-57 inches; partly consolidated sandstone. thick. The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR when moist or Thickness of the solum and depth to paralithic contact dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and range from 40 inches to more than 60 inches. The profile is chroma of 1 to 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. It is 0 to strongly acid to extremely acid throughout. The umbric 10 percent pebble-sized fragments of basalt. epipedon is 11 to 19 inches thick. The B horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR when moist or The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 to 7 when dry, and dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 6 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 15 percent chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. pebble-sized fragments of basalt. The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and Narel Series chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is silt loam or loam The Narel series consists of deep, well drained soils on and is 30 to 70 percent soft sandstone pebbles and cobbles. uplands. Narel soils formed in material weathered from sandstone. Slope is 8 to 90 percent. Elevation is sea level to Nemah Series 1,100 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 The Nemah series consists of very deep, poorly drained inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 soils in depressional areas on terraces. Nemah soils formed degrees F, and the average growing season is 180 to 220 in alluvium derived from mixed sediment. Slope is 0 to 2 days. percent. Elevation is 20 to 400 feet. The average annual These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. precipitation is 70 to 100 inches, the average annual air Typical pedon of Narel silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes, in temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average Pacific County, 10 miles southeast of Ilwaco, about 50 feet growing season is 200 to 240 days. west and 1,700 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. These soils are fine, mixed, acid, mesic Humic 11, T. 9 N., R. 10 W. Haplaquepts. Typical pedon of Nemah silty clay loam, in Grays O1-5 inches to 0; accumulation of needles, moss, Harbor County, 11 miles north of Montesano, about rotted wood, and twigs. 1,350 feet east and 600 feet south of the northwest A11-0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt corner of sec. 23, T. 19 N., R. 8 W. loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; slightly hard, very O1-4 to 2 inches; sphagnum moss, leaves, twigs, and friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; stems. many fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine O2-2 inches to 0; black (5YR 2/1) decomposed organic interstitial pores; 10 percent soft sandstone pebbles; material. extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary. A11-0 to 5 inches; black (5YR 2/1) silty clay loam, very A12-3 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, dark gray (N 3/) dry; weak fine subangular blocky yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak medium structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly and fine roots; many fine tubular pores; about 20 sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common percent organic matter; very strongly acid; clear smooth medium roots and many fine and very fine roots; many boundary. fine tubular pores; 30 percent soft sandstone pebbles; A12-5 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty clay, very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; common medium faint B21-16 to 34 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and yellowish red (5YR 5/8) yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine subangular mottles; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; blocky structure; slightly hard, friable; slightly sticky and very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; common slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common very fine roots; medium and fine roots; many fine many fine tubular pores; 30

to 12 percent. Elevation is 20 to 100 feet. The average tubular and interstitial pores; about 10 percent annual precipitation is 70 to 100 inches, the average annual organic matter; very strongly acid; clear wavy air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average boundary. growing season is 200 to 240 days. B21g-8 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay, These soils are sandy, mixed, mesic Entic light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; common coarse distinct Haplorthods. grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Typical pedon of Netarts fine sand, 3 to 12 percent mottles; moderate medium prismatic structure; slopes, in Pacific County, 1.5 miles south of Nahcotta, extremely hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; about 1,100 feet east and 300 feet south of the northwest few fine roots; many fine tubular and interstitial pores; corner of sec. 3, T. 11 N., R. 11 W. very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) coatings on some faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy O1-3 to 2 inches; accumulation of twigs, bark, needles, boundary. and branches. B22g-13 to 26 inches; gray (N 6/) clay, light gray (2.5Y O2-2 inches to 0; black (10YR 2/1) decomposed plant 7/2) dry; common coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR remains matted by roots. 5/8) mottles; moderate medium prismatic structure; A1-0 to 0.5 inch; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) fine sand, extremely hard, firm, very sticky and .plastic; few very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; single fine roots along prism faces; many fine tubular and grain; loose; very strongly acid. interstitial pores; very dark grayish brown (10YR A2-0.5 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine 3/2) coatings on some faces of peds; very strongly sand, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; single grain; loose; acid; gradual wavy boundary. many medium and fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt B23g-26 to 36 inches; gray (N 6/) clay, light gray (2.5Y smooth boundary. 7/2) dry; common coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR B21ir-3 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sand, 5/8) mottles; weak medium prismatic structure; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; single grain; loose; extremely hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; common medium fine yellowish red iron stains on soft few fine roots along prism faces; many fine tubular and nodules; many medium and fine roots; very strongly interstitial pores; extremely acid; gradual wavy acid; abrupt irregular boundary. boundary. B22ir-12 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine IICg-36 to 60 inches; gray (N 6/) very gravelly clay, light sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; single grain; loose; gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; common coarse distinct strong many medium and fine roots; medium acid; clear brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; massive; extremely hard, irregular boundary. firm, very sticky and very plastic; 40 percent waterworn B3-18 to 25 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) fine sand, pebbles; very strongly acid. light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; single grain; loose; common fine roots; medium acid; gradual irregular Unless these soils are artificially drained, they are boundary. saturated most of the year. Depth to the IICg horizon ranges C-25 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) fine from 30 to 40 inches. Rooting depth is normally limited to sand, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; single grain; loose; few less than 20 inches because of the high water table. The fine roots to a depth of 40 inches; medium acid. profile is very strongly acid or extremely acid throughout. The control section is dominantly clay and averages less The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or than 25 percent coarse fragments. dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist or dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 The A horizon has hue of 5YR to N when moist or dry, when moist or dry. value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y when moist chroma of 0 to 2 when moist or dry. It has none to many or dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist, and chroma of 2 to 4 distinct mottles. when moist. The B2g horizon has hue of 10YR to N when moist or dry, The C horizon has value of 5 or 6 when moist. value of 4 to 7 when moist or dry, and chroma of less than 2 In the Netarts soils in this survey area, the difference when moist or dry. It is clay or silty clay and ranges from 45 between the mean soil temperature in summer and the to 60 percent clay. mean soil temperature in winter at a depth of 20 inches is The IlCg horizon has the same color range as the B2g greater than is defined as the range for the series. This horizon. It is gravelly clay, very gravelly clay, gravelly silty difference, however, does not significantly affect use and clay, very gravelly silty clay, gravelly silty clay loam, or very management. gravelly silty clay loam and is 15 to 50 percent coarse fragments. Newberg Series The Newberg series consists of very deep, well drained soils Netarts Series on flood plains. Newberg soils formed in The Netarts series consists of very deep, well drained soils on uplands. Netarts soils formed in sand. Slope is 3 alluvium. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. Elevation is 50 to 200 feet. percent. Elevation is 50 to 500 feet. The average annual The average annual precipitation is 50 to 60 inches, the precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air average annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F, the temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average growing average growing season is 200 to 220 days, and the average season is 180 to 220 days. frost-free season is 150 to 210 days. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. These soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Typical pedon of Newskah loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes, Haploxerolls. in Grays Harbor County, 3 miles northeast of Grayland, Typical pedon of Newberg silt loam, in Grays Harbor about 2,600 feet east and 2,200 feet north of the County, 3 miles southeast of Oakville, about 1,340 feet southwest corner of sec. 3, T. 15 N., R. 11 W. south and 1,500 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 10,T. 15 N., R. 4 W. O1-3 inches to 0; accumulation of moss, needles, and twigs. A1-0 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, A1-0 to 17 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate very fine slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, plastic; many medium and fine roots; many fine and slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many very fine interstitial and tubular pores; slightly acid; clear fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine tubular wavy boundary. pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. IIAC-13 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) B21-17 to 35 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very sticky and slightly plastic; common medium and fine friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; roots; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. common fine and medium roots; common very fine IIC1-18 to 36 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) tubular pores; very strongly acid; gradual smooth sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak boundary. fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, B22-35 to 46 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots; loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, IIC2-36 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few loamy fine sand, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; fine and medium roots; common very fine tubular single grain; loose; few fine roots to a depth of 48 pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. inches; slightly acid. C-46 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loamy fine sand, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; massive; slightly hard, The control section averages loamy very fine sand or friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine tubular sandy loam and does not have contrasting textures. Depth pores; very strongly acid. to loamy fine sand that is less than 50 percent fine sand and coarser textured material ranges from 24 to 42 inches. The solum is 40 to 60 inches thick or more. The 10- to 40- The content of coarse fragments in the control section inch control section is 15 to 20 percent clay. ranges from 0 to 15 percent. The profile is medium acid or The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist slightly acid throughout. Hue is 7.5YR to 2.5Y when moist or or dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and dry. chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. It is very The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 strongly acid or strongly acid. when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The B2 horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or The IIAC horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is dominantly loam, is sandy loam or silt loam. but in some places it is fine sandy loam below a depth of 40 The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 inches. The horizon is extremely acid or very strongly acid. when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y when dry, value of 5 Gravelly, very gravelly, or sandy strata are in some places or 6 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and chroma of 4 to below a depth of 40 inches. 6 when moist or dry. It is loamy sand or loamy fine sand and has thin gravelly strata in some places. The horizon is Newskah Series extremely acid or very strongly acid. The Newskah series consists of very deep, well drained soils on marine terraces and terrace escarpments. Newskah soils formed in material weathered from sandy marine sediment. Slope is 1 to 90

Nordby Series The B horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist and 7.5YR or 10YR when dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 The Nordby series consists of very deep, somewhat or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is excessively drained soils on benches and terraces. Nordby very gravelly loam, very gravelly sandy loam, or extremely soils formed in a mixture of valley and continental glacial gravelly sandy loam and is 40 to 75 percent pebbles. outwash. Slope is 1 to 65 percent. Elevation is 300 to 900 The IIC horizon is extremely gravelly sand or extremely feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 130 inches, gravelly loamy sand and is 80 to 95 percent pebbles. the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. Norma Series These soils are loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Haplumbrepts. The Norma series consists of very deep, poorly drained Typical pedon of Nordby very gravelly loam, 1 to 8 soils on narrow flood plains. Norma soils formed in sandy percent slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 18 miles north of alluvium. Slope is 0 to 2 percent. Elevation is 200 to 400 Montesano, about 1,800 feet west and 1,200 feet south of feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 60 inches, the the northeast corner of sec. 21, T. 20 N., R. 7 W. average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. O1-3 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. These soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic A1-0 to 13 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) very Mollic Haplaquepts. gravelly loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; moderate Typical pedon of Norma sandy loam, in Grays Harbor fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, County, 3 miles northwest of Elma, about 1,600 feet west nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine and medium roots and 600 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 18 and common very fine roots; many micro interstitial N., R. 6 W. pores; 40 percent rounded pebbles; strongly acid; clear O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of leaves, twigs, and smooth boundary. moss. B21-13 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) extremely A1-0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak very sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, very nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine, medium roots; many micro interstitial pores and common medium, and coarse roots; many very fine tubular fine tubular pores; 60 percent rounded pebbles; strongly pores; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. acid; clear smooth boundary. B2g-10 to 29 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy B22-24 to 33 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; many gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak very medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles, fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry; weak thin platy nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and 75 percent rounded pebbles; strongly acid; clear wavy nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; many boundary. very fine interstitial pores; medium acid; gradual wavy IlC1-33 to 50 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) extremely boundary. gravelly loamy sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; Cg-29 to 60 inches; dark gray (5YR 4/1) sandy loam, single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very gray (5Y 6/1) dry; common fine and medium fine roots; 90 percent rounded pebbles; strongly acid; prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and dark reddish clear smooth boundary. brown (5YR 3/4) mottles, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) IIC2-50 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry; massive; slightly extremely gravelly sand, light yellowish brown hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine (10YR 6/4) dry; single grain; weakly compacted; loose, and medium roots; common very fine tubular pores; nonsticky and nonplastic; 90 percent rounded pebbles medium acid. and 2 percent rounded cobbles; very strongly acid. The control section averages less than 15 percent The solum is 28 to 37 inches thick. It is very gravelly coarse fragments, less than 10 percent clay, and more than loam, very gravelly sandy loam, or extremely gravelly 15 percent fine sand and coarser textured material. sandy loam and is 40 to 75 percent pebbles. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 The A horizon has hue of 5YR when moist and 5YR or when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or dry. It 7.5YR when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or is very strongly acid to slightly acid. dry.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y when moist or O'Brien Series dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and The O'Brien series consists of very deep, well drained chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. It has prominent soils on terraces and uplands. O'Brien soils formed in mottles that have high value and chroma. The horizon is glacial outwash. Slope is 1 to 15 percent. Elevation is 100 to medium acid or slightly acid. It is fine sandy loam, sandy 500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 90 to 120 loam, or silt loam. inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 Nuby Series days. The Nuby series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils These soils are medial over loamy-skeletal, mixed, on flood plains. Drainage has been altered by ditching and mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. tiling. Nuby soils formed in alluvium. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. Typical pedon of O'Brien silt loam, 1 to 15 percent Elevation is 20 to 100 feet. The average annual slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 5 miles southwest of precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the average annual air Humptulips, about 2,000 feet east and 2,400 feet south of temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing the northwest corner of sec. 15, T. 20 N., R. 11 W. season is 180 to 220 days. The average frost-free season is 150 to 200 days. O1-3 inches to 0.5 inch; accumulation of needles, These soils are fine-silty, mixed, acid, mesic Typic twigs, and moss. Fluvaquents. O2-0.5 inch to 0; decomposed organic matter. Typical pedon of Nuby silt loam, in Wahkiakum County, A1-0 to 13 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt 4 miles northwest of Rosburg, about 1,050 feet south and loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak very fine and 600 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 9, T. 10 N., fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, R. 8 W. nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; common very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; 6 Ap-0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam, very percent hard subrounded and rounded pebbles and 1 pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; common fine prominent percent hard subrounded and rounded cobbles; very yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles, moist or dry; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. moderate medium and fine subangular blocky B2-13 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, brown structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly (10YR 5/3) dry; weak very fine and fine subangular plastic; many medium, fine, and very fine roots; common blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and medium and fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; nonplastic; weakly smeary; common very fine and fine abrupt smooth boundary. roots and few medium roots; 5 percent hard C1-7 to 17 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt subrounded and rounded pebbles and 5 percent hard loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; many medium subrounded and rounded cobbles; very strongly acid; prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles, strong gradual wavy boundary. brown (7.5YR 5/8) dry; moderate medium and fine B3-28 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, gravelly silt loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common medium and moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; fine roots; common medium and fine tubular pores; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. smeary; common very fine and few fine roots; 15 C2-17 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt percent hard rounded pebbles and 5 percent hard loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; many medium distinct rounded cobbles; very strongly acid; clear smooth yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles, reddish yellow (7.5YR boundary. 6/6) dry; weak medium prismatic structure parting to IIC1-31 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very weak medium and fine subangular blocky; slightly gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; fine roots; few medium and fine tubular pores; strongly few very fine roots; 40 percent hard rounded pebbles acid. and 5 percent hard rounded cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid. The IIC2-35 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly content of clay in the control section ranges from 18 to 35 sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; percent. massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; 50 The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 6 or 7 percent hard rounded pebbles and 5 percent hard when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. rounded cobbles; very strongly acid. The C horizon has value of 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It ranges from silt loam to silty clay loam.

Oa-20 to 22 inches; black (5YR 2/1) sapric material, dark The solum is 20 to 40 inches thick. The upper part of the reddish brown (5YR 2/2) dry; massive; hard, friable; few control section is 5 to 15 percent pebbles and 1 to 5 fine roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. percent cobbles. The lower part of the control section is 35 IIC3-22 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) to 50 percent pebbles and 5 to 10 percent cobbles. The clay, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; massive; profile is very strongly acid or strongly acid. very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist, strong sulphur smell; very strongly acid. value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry. The solum is 14 to 26 inches thick and is very strongly The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist, value acid or extremely acid. The control section is dominantly clay of 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or dry. or silty clay. It averages 45 to 60 percent clay and less than 15 percent rock fragments. Ocosta Series The A1 horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y when moist or dry, The Ocosta series consists of very deep, poorly drained value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and soils on flood plains and deltas. Drainage has been altered chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. by ditching, tiling, and pumping. Ocosta soils formed in The Cg horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y when moist or dry, alluvium deposited in coastal bays. Slope is 0 to 2 percent. and it has value of 5 or 6 when dry. It is dominantly silty clay Elevation is sea level to 20 feet. The average annual or clay, but the range includes silty clay loam. precipitation is 70 to 100 inches, the average annual air The IIC horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y when moist or dry temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average growing and value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry. It has season is 200 to 240 days. The average frost-free season is thin strata of silt loam. 150 to 200 days. The Oa horizon may be at any depth less than 60 These soils are fine, mixed, acid, mesic Typic inches. The thickness of the Oa horizon is less than 12 Fluvaquents. inches. Typical pedon of Ocosta silty clay loam, in Grays Harbor County, 1 mile west of South Aberdeen, about 2,600 feet west and 800 feet south of the northeast Olympic Series corner of sec. 20, T. 17 N., R. 9 W. The Olympic series consists of very deep, well drained soils on uplands. Olympic soils formed in material weathered O1-3 inches to 0; partially decomposed remains of from basalt. Slope is 1 to 65 percent. Elevation is 250 to sedge and grass leaves interlaced with live fine 1,800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 60 to 70 roots. inches, the average annual air temperature is about 51 A1-0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty clay degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; many coarse days. prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/8) mottles; moderate These soils are clayey, mixed, mesic Xeric coarse angular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and Haplohumults. very plastic; many medium and fine roots; many fine Typical pedon of Olympic clay loam, 8 to 30 percent tubular and interstitial pores; extremely acid; abrupt slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 4 miles northeast of Porter, smooth boundary. about 2,400 feet south and 1,400 feet west of the northeast C1g-7 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty clay corner of sec. 2, T. 17 N., R. 5 W. loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; common medium prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) mottles; O1-2 inches to 0; accumulation of Douglas-fir needles moderate coarse prismatic structure; very hard, firm, and twigs. sticky and very plastic; many fine and medium roots; A1-0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay loam, many medium tubular and interstitial pores; few brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong fine and medium granular moderately thick black (5YR 2/1) organic coatings along structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly vertical surfaces of peds; extremely acid; clear smooth plastic; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very boundary. fine interstitial pores; slightly acid; clear smooth C2g-12 to 20 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty boundary. clay, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; common medium A3-7 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) mottles; moderate loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and coarse prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, sticky medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, and very plastic; few fine roots; common medium tubular slightly sticky and plastic; common fine and medium and interstitial pores; few moderately thick black (5YR roots and few coarse roots; many very fine tubular 2/1) organic coatings on faces of peds; extremely acid; pores; medium acid; gradual smooth boundary. abrupt smooth boundary.

B21t-14 to 22 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay nonplastic; many medium, fine, and very fine roots; loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak fine and extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Oi2-8 to 60 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) fibric slightly sticky and plastic; common fine roots; common material; about 95 percent fiber, 90 percent rubbed; very fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on faces of less than 10 percent hemic material; massive; friable, peds and in pores; medium acid; gradual smooth nonsticky and nonplastic; extremely acid. boundary. B22t-22 to 35 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay, Depth to mineral soil material ranges from 48 inches to strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak fine subangular more than 60 inches. Few wood fragments are at any depth. blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few The Oi1 horizon is peat or mucky peat. It has hue of very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; few 5YR or 7.5YR when moist, value of 2 or 3 when moist, thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; strongly and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. acid; gradual smooth boundary. The Oi2 horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist, B23t-35 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty clay, value of 3 or 4 when moist, and chroma of 3 or 4 when strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak fine subangular moist. It is 5 to 10 percent hemic material and 90 to 95 blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few percent fibric material. very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; common thin clay films on faces of peds and in Oyhut Series pores; very strongly acid. The Oyhut series consists of moderately deep, The solum is 60 inches to more than 100 inches thick. moderately well drained soils on terraces. Oyhut soils formed Hue throughout the solum is 7.5YR or 5YR when moist or in material weathered from glacial outwash. Slope is 1 to 15 dry. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to very strongly acid. percent. Elevation is 50 to 300 feet. The average annual The control section is 35 to 60 percent clay and is clay loam, precipitation is 90 to 120 inches, the average annual air silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. temperature is 46 to 48 degrees F, and the average growing The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 season is 180 to 220 days. when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. when dry. Typical pedon of Oyhut silt loam, 1 to 15 percent slopes, The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 in Grays Harbor County, 6 miles west of Humptulips, about when dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 8 when moist or dry. It 1,200 feet north and 200 feet east of the southwest corner is clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay and is 0 to 75 of sec. 9, T. 20 N., R. 11 W. percent rock fragments below a depth of 40 inches. O1-7 inches to 0; partially decomposed wood, twigs, and needles. Orcas Series A1-0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt The Orcas series consists of very deep, very poorly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak very fine drained organic soils in depressional areas or basinlike areas subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, in or between sand dunes. Drainage has been altered by nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; many very ditching. Orcas soils formed in sphagnum and hypnum moss. fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine Slope is 0 to 1 percent. Elevation is 10 to 30 feet. The and fine tubular pores; 3 percent hard rounded average annual precipitation is 70 to 90 inches, the average pebbles; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the B2-9 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, average frost-free season is 160 to 180 days. yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak very fine and fine These soils are dysic, mesic Typic Sphagnofibrists. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Typical pedon of Orcas peat, in Pacific County, 8 miles sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine southeast of Grayland, about 1,925 feet west and 150 feet roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 3 percent south of the northeast corner of sec. 29, T. 15 N., R. 11 W. hard' rounded pebbles; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. O1-4 inches to 0; live sphagnum moss. B3-24 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) gravelly Oi1-0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) fibric silt loam, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; common fine faint material; about 95 percent fiber, 90 percent rubbed; 10 strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate fine percent hemic material; weak thick platy structure; subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly loose, very friable, nonsticky and sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine roots; few medium tubular pores and common fine and very fine tubular

pores; 30 percent hard rounded pebbles; very very fine tubular pores; 50 percent pebble-sized strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. fragments of soft siltstone; very strongly acid; clear IICirm-29 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron- smooth boundary. cemented dense glacial outwash, reddish yellow Cr-46 inches; partly consolidated siltstone; cracks are 2 to (7.5YR 6/6) dry; massive; very hard, very firm, 5 inches apart. nonsticky and nonplastic; 70 percent hard rounded Thickness of the solum and depth to paralithic contact are pebbles; very strongly acid. 40 inches to more than 60 inches. The 10- to 40inch control The solum is 24 to 40 inches thick. The control section section is 27 to 35 percent clay. Reaction is very strongly averages 10 to 35 percent hard rounded pebbles and acid or extremely acid. The umbric epipedon is 12 to 20 cobbles; pebbles are dominant. inches thick. The B2 horizon is 0 to 15 percent rock fragments, and the The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or 83 horizon is 25 to 50 percent rock fragments. dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and The IlCirm horizon is 60 to 80 percent pebbles and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. cobbles. The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and Palix Series chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or The Palix series consists of deep, well drained soils on clay loam and is 20 to 80 percent fragments of soft uplands. Palix soils formed in material weathered from siltstone. siltstone or very fine sandstone. Slope is 8 to 90 percent. Elevation is sea level to 1,100 feet. The average annual Papac Series precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is 46 to 48 degrees F, and the average growing The Papac series consists of moderately deep, well season is 180 to 220 days. drained soils on glacial terraces and terrace escarpments. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. Papac soils formed in material weathered from glacial drift. Typical pedon of Palix silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes, in Slope is 1 to 65 percent. Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. Pacific County, 6 miles northwest of Raymond, about 2,225 The average annual precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the feet west and 1,700 feet north of the southeast corner of average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and sec. 23, T. 15 N., R. 9 W. the average growing season is 180 to 220 days. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of needles and twigs. Typical pedon of Papac gravelly silt loam, 8 to 30 A1-0 to 18 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt percent slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 2 miles east of loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium Moclips, about 200 feet east and 600 feet north of the subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky southwest corner of sec. 10, T. 20 N., R. 12 W. and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine and very fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; many O1-3 inches to 0; western hemlock needles, twigs, and very fine tubular pores; 20 percent pebble-sized moss. fragments of soft siltstone; very strongly acid; clear wavy A1-0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) gravelly silt boundary. loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; strong B21-18 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, smeary; many very fine roots, common fine and medium firm, sticky and plastic; weakly smeary; common fine roots, and few coarse roots; many very fine tubular and and very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 30 interstitial pores; 15 percent rounded pebbles; extremely percent pebble-sized fragments of soft siltstone; very acid; abrupt smooth boundary. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. A3-4 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) B22-25 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay gravelly silt loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; strong loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; weak medium fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly plastic; weakly smeary; few fine and very fine roots; smeary; common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse common very fine tubular pores; 35 percent pebble- roots; common very fine tubular and interstitial pores; 20 sized fragments of soft siltstone; extremely acid; clear percent rounded pebbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. smooth boundary. B3-30 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay B21-12 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine gravelly silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; angular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine roots; few

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky Elevation is 100 to 1,500 feet. The average annual structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average annual air slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common very fine and temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average medium roots and few fine and coarse roots; many growing season is 200 to 240 days. very fine tubular and interstitial pores; 20 percent These soils are medial, mesic Andic Typic rounded pebbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy Xerumbrepts. boundary. Typical pedon of Raught silt loam, 30 to 65 percent B22-16 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly silty slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 9 miles east of Cathlamet, clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; moderate about 400 feet west and 1,500 feet south of the northeast very fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, corner of sec. 18, T. 8 N., R. 4 W. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few coarse roots and common very fine, fine, O1-1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. and medium roots; many very fine tubular and A11-0 to 2 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) silt loam, interstitial pores; 25 percent rounded pebbles; strongly dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) dry; strong fine granular acid; clear smooth boundary. structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly B23-24 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly plastic; weakly smeary; many medium and fine roots; silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; many medium and fine tubular pores; medium acid; moderate very fine subangular blocky structure; clear wavy boundary. slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; weakly A12-2 to 7 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt smeary; common very fine and fine roots; common very loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium fine tubular and interstitial pores; 25 percent rounded and fine granular structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common medium IICr-33 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) dense glacial and fine roots; many medium and fine tubular pores; till that crushes to very gravelly sandy loam, light strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; massive; weakly B21-7 to 17 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt cemented; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; 50 loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/3) dry; moderate coarse, percent rounded pebbles; medium acid. medium, and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly Thickness of the solum and depth to dense glacial till smeary; common medium and fine roots; common are 20 to 40 inches. The umbric epipedon is 10 to 17 medium and fine tubular pores; 5 percent pebbles; inches thick. strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or B22-17 to 31 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silt dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry; weak coarse and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 15 to 25 percent medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, coarse fragments. The horizon is very strongly acid or slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few extremely acid. coarse and medium roots; common medium and fine The B2 horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or tubular pores; 5 percent pebbles; strongly acid; clear dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and smooth boundary. chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is gravelly silt loam or B23-31 to 60 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) silt loam, gravelly silty clay loam and is 15 to 35 percent coarse reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry; weak very coarse and fragments. The horizon is strongly acid or very strongly acid. coarse subangular blocky structure parting to coarse The IICr horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y when moist or dry, and medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few coarse chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is dense glacial drift roots; few very fine tubular pores; 10 percent pebbles; that crushes to very gravelly sandy loam, extremely gravelly strongly acid. sandy loam, very gravelly loam, or extremely gravelly loam. The content of coarse fragments ranges from 40 to 70 The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist or percent. dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. Raught Series The B horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR when moist or The Raught series consists of very deep, well drained dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist or dry, and chroma of 3 to 6 soils on uplands. Raught soils formed in material weathered when moist and 3 to 5 when dry. It is silt loam or silty clay from basalt. Slope is 5 to 90 percent. loam and is 0 to 15 percent pebbles and 0 to 20 percent cobbles.

Rennie Series percent clay and is less than 10 percent coarse fragments. The Rennie series consists of very deep, poorly drained The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y when moist or dry, soils on flood plains. Rennie soils formed in alluvium. Slope value of 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist is 0 to 2 percent. Elevation is sea level to 100 feet. The or dry. average annual precipitation is 70 to 120 inches, the The B2 horizon has hue of 10YR to 5YR when moist or average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and the average growing season is 180 to 200 days. These soils are fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, mesic chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. It is dominantly silty Mollic Fluvaquents. clay or clay, but the range includes silty clay loam in the Typical pedon of Rennie silty clay loam, in Grays Harbor upper part. County, 1.5 miles south of Brady, about 1,900 feet east The C horizon has hue of 5GY to 2.5Y or N when moist and 950 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 11, T. or dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 to 7 when dry, 17 N., R. 7 W. and chroma of less than 2 when moist or dry.

A1g-0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Salzer Series silty clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; common The Salzer series consists of very deep, very poorly fine faint yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and light brownish drained soils on flood plains. Salzer soils formed in alluvium. gray (2.5Y 6/2) mottles; moderate fine angular blocky Slope is 0 to 2 percent. Elevation is 25 to 200 feet. The structure; very hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many average annual precipitation is 70 to 90 inches, the average coarse, medium, and fine roots; many medium and fine annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F, and the tubular pores; about 10 percent organic matter; strongly average growing season is 150 to 200 days. acid; abrupt smooth boundary. These soils are fine, montmorillonitic, acid, mesic B21g-7 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty Vertic Haplaquepts. clay loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; common Typical pedon of Salzer silty clay, in Grays Harbor medium prominent dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) County, 1 mile southwest of Oakville, about 1,700 feet mottles; moderate medium angular blocky structure; west and 2,000 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. very hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many medium and 32, T. 16 N., R. 4 W. fine roots; many medium and fine tubular pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Ap-0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty clay, B22g-13 to 38 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; common fine distinct gray (5Y 6/1) dry; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate fine yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; strong fine angular angular blocky structure; very hard, friable, sticky and blocky structure; extremely hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; many fine grass roots; many medium interstitial very plastic; few fine roots; many fine tubular and pores and many fine tubular pores; vertical cracks 0.25- interstitial pores; medium acid; gradual wavy inch in width; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. boundary. B23g-38 to 54 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay, B21g-6 to 12 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) clay, gray (5Y 6/1) gray (5Y 6/1) dry; common medium prominent dry; common fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate fine mottles; weak medium prismatic structure parting to angular blocky structure; extremely hard, firm, strong medium angular blocky; extremely hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; many fine sticky and very plastic; common fine grass roots; many tubular and interstitial pores; medium acid; abrupt medium tubular pores; vertical cracks 0.25-inch in smooth boundary. width; few organic coatings on vertical sides of peds; Cg-54 to 60 inches; dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1) clay, very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. greenish gray (5GY 5/1) dry; massive; extremely hard, B22g-12 to 21 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) clay, light olive firm, very sticky and very plastic; medium acid. gray (5Y 6/2) dry; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; weak medium prismatic structure The solum is 40 to 60 inches thick or more. Unless the parting to strong medium angular blocky; extremely hard, profile is artificially drained, it is saturated with water most of firm, sticky and very plastic; common fine roots; common the year. The profile is medium acid or strongly acid medium and fine tubular pores; vertical cracks; very throughout. The control section is dominantly silty clay or strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.' clay, but the range includes silty clay loam in the upper part. B23g-21 to 29 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay, light The control section averages 45 to 60 olive gray (5Y 6/2) dry; many medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/8) mottles; weak medium

prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular Satsop, about 1,300 feet west and 1,600 feet north of the blocky; extremely hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; few southeast corner of sec. 30, T. 18 N., R. 6 W. fine roots; common medium and fine tubular pores; vertical cracks; few thin clay films in pores; extremely Ap-0 to 7 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, acid; gradual smooth boundary. brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine granular structure; B24g-29 to 50 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) clay, light gray (5Y soft, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; many fine 7/2) dry; common medium prominent yellowish red roots; many medium, fine, and very fine tubular pores; (5YR 4/8) mottles; moderate coarse prismatic structure very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. parting to strong medium angular blocky; extremely B2-7 to 28 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam, light hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; few fine flattened yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; weak very fine grass roots; few medium interstitial pores and common subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and medium tubular pores; vertical cracks; few thin organic slightly plastic; common fine roots; many medium, fine, coatings on vertical sides of peds; few thin clay films in and very fine tubular pores; medium acid; abrupt pores; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. smooth boundary. IIC1-50 to 59 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay C-28 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) very fine loam, light gray (5Y 7/2) dry; many medium distinct sandy loam, pale olive (5Y 6/3) dry; massive; loose, yellowish red (5YR 4/8) mottles; massive; extremely very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few fine roots; few fine many medium, fine, and very fine tubular pores; medium tubular and interstitial pores; medium acid; abrupt wavy acid. boundary. IIC2-59 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or sandy clay loam, light olive gray (5Y 6/2) dry; dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when common medium distinct dark red (2.5YR 3/6) moist or dry. It is very strongly acid or strongly acid. mottles; massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and The B2 horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y when moist or dry, plastic; few fine roots; few fine interstitial pores; value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and common fine black concretions that are soft and chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is silt loam, loam, or smeary; medium acid. sandy loam and is strongly acid or medium acid. The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y when moist or The profile is extremely acid to medium acid throughout. dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and When dry for short durations, it commonly has cracks 0.5- chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is very fine sandy inch in width extending from the surface to a depth of 24 loam or sandy loam. In some places loamy sand or sand is inches. below a depth of 40 inches. The C horizon is strongly acid or The A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y when moist or dry, medium acid. value of 2 to 4 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. It is faintly to prominently Sauvie Series mottled. The Sauvie series consists of very deep, poorly drained The B horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y when moist or dry, soils on flood plains protected from tidal overflow. Drainage value of 4 to 6 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and chroma has been altered by ditching, tiling, and pumping. Sauvie of less than 2 when moist or dry. soils formed in alluvium. Slope is 0 to 2 percent. Elevation is The C horizon has the same color range as the B 10 to 20 feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 60 horizon. It is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay inches, the average annual air temperature is about 53 loam. degrees F, and the average frost-free season is 165 to 200 days. Satsop Series These soils are fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic The Satsop series consists of very deep, well drained Haplaquolls. soils on alluvial fans and stream terraces. Satsop soils Typical pedon of Sauvie silt loam, in Wahkiakum County, formed in alluvium. Slope is 1 to 8 percent. Elevation is 30 3 miles southwest of Cathlamet, about 1,000 feet east and to 300 feet. The average annual precipitation is 60 to 80 1,800 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 10, T. 8 N., inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 R. 6 W. degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. Ap-0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt These soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; common fine prominent Dystrochrepts. strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles, strong brown (7.5YR Typical pedon of Satsop silt loam, 1 to 8 percent 5/8) dry; moderate coarse subangular slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 0.25 mile north of

blocky structure parting to strong medium subangular These soils are medial-skeletal, mesic Andic blocky; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; Xerumbrepts. many fine roots; few micro interstitial pores; medium Typical pedon of Schneider very gravelly silt loam, very acid; clear smooth boundary. deep, 8 to 30 percent slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 2 B21g-10 to 14 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty miles east of McCleary, about 1,000 feet south and 600 feet clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; common west of the northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 18 N., R. 4 W. medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry; moderate medium O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of Douglas-fir needles, prismatic structure parting to strong coarse subangular twigs, and moss. blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; A11-0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very gravelly common fine roots; common fine tubular pores and silt loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine common very fine interstitial pores; slightly acid; clear granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly wavy boundary. sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many fine, B22g-14 to 19 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty medium, and coarse roots; many very fine interstitial clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; common pores; 50 percent angular basalt pebbles; 10 percent medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/8) mottles, medium hard iron-manganese concretions; slightly acid; reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) dry; moderate coarse clear smooth boundary. subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium A12-3 to 10 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) very and fine subangular blocky; hard, firm, slightly sticky and gravelly silt loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate slightly plastic; common fine roots; few fine tubular fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly pores and few very fine interstitial pores; neutral; clear sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many medium wavy boundary. and coarse roots and common fine roots; many very fine B23g-19 to 26 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay interstitial pores; 55 percent angular basalt pebbles; loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many medium medium acid; clear smooth boundary. prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles, reddish A3-10 to 27 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) very yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry; moderate coarse subangular gravelly silt loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; weak fine blocky structure parting to medium and fine subangular subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly blocky; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine, fine roots; few fine tubular pores and few very fine medium, and coarse roots; common very fine tubular interstitial pores; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. pores; 55 percent angular basalt pebbles; medium acid; Cg-26 to 60 inches; dark gray (N 4/0) silt loam, light gradual wavy boundary. brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many medium B2-27 to 51 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles, reddish gravelly silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry; massive; hard, friable, weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, nonsticky and nonplastic; slightly acid. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common fine, medium, and coarse roots; Unless the soils are artificially drained, they are saturated common very fine tubular pores; 70 percent angular with water throughout the year. Unless the soils are diked, basalt pebbles; medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. they are subject to flooding by freshwater during high tide. C-51 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) The 10- to 40-inch control section is 25 to 37 percent clay. extremely gravelly silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) The A horizon has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist. dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and The B2g horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist, and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few fine roots; 85 it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. percent angular basalt pebbles; medium acid. The Cg horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry. It has strata of sandy loam to loam in The 10- to 40-inch control section averages 35 to 80 some places. percent rock fragments, dominantly pebbles. The control section averages 18 to 25 percent clay. The profile is Schneider Series slightly acid or medium acid throughout. The Schneider series consists of very deep, well drained The Al horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist, soils on uplands. Schneider soils formed in material value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and weathered from basalt. Slope is 8 to 65 percent. Elevation is chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. 600 to 1,200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 60 to The A3 horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist or 70 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 49 dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. and chroma of 3 or 4 when dry. It is very gravelly loam or 1 to 4 when moist. It is 35 to 70 percent fiber when not very gravelly silt loam. rubbed and is 17 to 35 percent fiber when rubbed. The B2 horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR when moist or The IIC horizon has hue of 10YR or 5Y when moist, dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 to 7 when dry, and value of 4 when moist, and chroma of 1 or 2 when moist. chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. Seastrand Variant Seastrand Series The Seastrand Variant consists of very deep, very poorly The Seastrand series consists of very deep, very poorly drained organic soils in depressional areas or basinlike drained organic soils in depressional areas or basinlike areas between sand dunes. Drainage has been altered areas between sand dunes. Drainage has been altered by by ditching. Seastrand Variant soils formed in decomposed ditching. Seastrand soils formed in highly decomposed herbaeous plant material. Slope is 0 to 1 percent. Elevation herbaceous material that is underlain by sand. Slope is 0 to is sea level to 30 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 1 percent. Elevation is 10 to 30 feet. The average annual to 90 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 precipitation is 70 to 90 inches, the average annual air degrees F, and the average frost-free season is 160 to 180 temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average frost- days. free season is 160 to 180 days. These soils are dysic, mesic Typic Medihemists. These soils are sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, dysic, Typical pedon of Seastrand Variant muck, in Pacific mesic Terric Medihemists. County, 1 mile east of Holman, about 2,425 feet west and Typical pedon of Seastrand mucky peat, in Grays 2,200 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 28, T. 10 Harbor County, 0.25 mile northeast of Grayland, about N., R. 11 W. 1,100 feet north and 1,700 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 6, T. 15 N., R. 11 W. O1-3 inches to 0; needles, twigs, leaves, bark, and fine roots. Oe1-0 to 6 inches; black (10YR 2/1-broken faces, Oa1-0 to 18 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2- rubbed and pressed) hemic material; about 35 percent rubbed and pressed) sapric material; about 45 fiber, 20 percent rubbed; weak fine granular structure; percent fiber, 15 percent rubbed; weak fine and very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many fine medium granular structure; friable, nonsticky and and medium roots and common coarse roots; nonplastic; many coarse, medium, and fine live extremely acid; clear smooth boundary. roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Oe2-6 to 15 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2- Oe1-18 to 60 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2- broken faces), black (10YR 2/1-rubbed and pressed) rubbed and pressed) hemic material; about 60 percent hemic material; about 50 percent fiber, 20 percent fiber, 35 percent rubbed; massive; very friable, rubbed; laminar structure; very friable, slightly sticky nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine live roots to a depth and slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots of 36 inches; extremely acid. and few coarse roots; extremely acid; gradual smooth Sandy material is at a depth of 52 inches to more than boundary. 120 inches. The fiber is mostly from sedges. The content of Oe3-15 to 30 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2- wood fragments is as much as 40 percent in some places. broken faces), dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2-rubbed The Oa1 horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist, and pressed) hemic material; about 60 percent fiber, 30 value of 2 or 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when percent rubbed; weak coarse subangular blocky moist. It is 35 to 65 percent fiber when not rubbed and is 15 structure; very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few to 20 percent fiber when rubbed. fine roots and common medium and coarse roots; very The Oa2 horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist, strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. value of 2 or 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 to 4 when IICg-30 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sand, moist. It is 45 to 65 percent fiber when not rubbed and is 30 gray (5Y 5/1) dry; single grain; loose, very friable, to 45 percent fiber when rubbed. nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; very strongly acid. Skamo Series Depth to the IIC horizon ranges from 16 to 50 inches. The Skamo series consists of very deep, moderately well The profile is extremely acid or very strongly acid drained soils on terraces and fans. Skamo soils formed in throughout. The fiber is generally from sedges and grasses. alluvium. Slope is 0 to 8 percent. Elevation is 50 to 200 The organic material has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR when feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to 90 inches, moist, value of 2 or 3 when moist, and chroma of the average annual air temperature is about

roots; common fine and medium vertical tubular 50 degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 pores; strongly acid. days. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. The solum is more than 40 inches thick. The control Typical pedon of Skamo silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, section averages 35 to 45 percent apparent clay and is 0 in Grays Harbor County, 1 mile northwest of Cedarville, to 10 percent rock fragments. Depth to mottles that have about 1,800 feet north and 300 feet east of the southwest chroma of 2 or less ranges from 24 to 40 inches. The corner of sec. 15, T. 16 N., R. 5 W. umbric epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The A1 horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or O1-1.5 inches to 0.25 inch; needles, leaves, twigs, dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and moss, and mycelium. chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. O2-0.25 inch to 0; black (10YR 2/1) decomposed The A3 horizon has the same color range as the Al remains of needles, leaves, twigs, and moss. horizon. The A3 horizon is silt loam or silty clay loam and is A11-0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, medium acid or strongly acid. grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine granular The B2 horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y when moist or structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and plastic; weakly smeary; many fine and medium roots; chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or common medium vesicular and interstitial pores; silty clay and is strongly acid or very strongly acid. slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y when moist or A12-3 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. The C horizon is silt fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay. It is strongly acid or very slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; strongly acid. many fine and medium roots; many fine and medium interstitial pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Spanaway Series A3-10 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay The Spanaway series consists of very deep loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine somewhat excessively drained soils on outwash terraces. subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Spanaway soils formed in glacial outwash. Slope is 1 to 8 slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; percent. Elevation is 100 to 200 feet. The average annual common fine and medium roots; common fine and precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the average annual air medium interstitial pores; medium acid; clear smooth temperature is about 51 degrees F, and the average growing boundary. season is 200 to 240 days. B21-19 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) These soils are sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Andic silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; common fine very Xerumbrepts. dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) stains on surfaces of Typical pedon of Spanaway very gravelly sandy loam, 1 to peds; moderate fine subangular and angular blocky 8 percent slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 0.5 mile south of structure; very hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few Cedarville, about 1,000 feet west and 1,700 feet south of the fine roots; common medium and fine tubular and northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 16 N., R. 5 W. interstitial pores; thin discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. O2-1 inch to 0; black (10YR 2/1) decomposed moss. B22-29 to 48 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay A1-0 to 11 inches; black (10YR 2/1) very gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; many medium distinct loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) mottles, few fine pale brown moderate fine and medium granular structure; soft, (10YR 6/3) mottles when dry; moderate very fine very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine roots; subangular and angular blocky structure; very hard, 55 percent pebbles and 4 percent cobbles; strongly friable, sticky and plastic; few fine roots; common fine acid; clear wavy boundary. and medium tubular pores; thin discontinuous clay films B2-11 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy extremely gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR boundary. 5/4) dry; weak fine and very fine subangular blocky C1-48 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; common medium distinct few fine roots; 75 percent pebbles and 6 percent dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) and light olive brown cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (2.5Y 5/4) mottles, strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) dry; IIC-16 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) massive; very hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly extremely gravelly sand, light brownish gray (2.5Y plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine

6/2) dry; single grain; loose; few fine roots to a The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or depth of 30 inches; 75 percent pebbles and 10 dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and percent cobbles; slightly acid. chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. The B horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR when moist or The solum is 14 to 22 inches thick. The content of coarse dry, and it has value of 3 or 4 when moist. fragments in the control section averages 50 to 85 percent. The weighed average texture of the control section is Stimson Series extremely gravelly sand. The umbric epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The Stimson series consists of very deep, poorly drained The A1 horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR when moist or soils in depressional areas on uplands. Stimson soils dry, value of 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 when formed in alluvium. Slope is 0 to 3 percent. Elevation is 500 moist or dry. It is medium acid or strongly acid. to 1,500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 60 to 110 The B2 horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or dry. It degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 is very gravelly sandy loam to extremely gravelly sandy days. loam and is slightly acid to strongly acid. These soils are fine-silty, mixed, acid, mesic Typic The C horizon is slightly acid or neutral. Humaquepts. Typical pedon of Stimson silt loam, in Wahkiakum County, 7 miles southeast of Cathlamet, about 750 feet Squally Series east and 2,100 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. The Squally series consists of very deep, well drained soils 22, T. 8 N., R. 5 W. on uplands. Squally soils formed in basaltic landslide debris. Slope is 5 to 65 percent. Elevation is 100 to 1,500 feet. The O1-2 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the A11-0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, average annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak very fine and fine the average growing season is 200 to 240 days. subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky These soils are medial-skeletal, mesic Andic and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, Haplumbrepts. and coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular Typical pedon of Squally gravelly silt loam, 5 to 30 percent pores; medium acid; clear wavy boundary. slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 7 miles northeast of A12-6 to 11 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam, Skamokawa, about 1,700 feet east and 2,550 feet north of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak very fine, fine, the southwest corner of sec. 9, T. 10 N., R. 6 W. and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; common very O1-1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaves and fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine tubular hemlock needles. pores; medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. A1-0 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) gravelly silt B2g-11 to 19 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam, loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium and brown (10YR 5/3) when moist and rubbed, light gray fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, (10YR 7/1) when dry, pale brown (10YR 6/3) when dry nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; common fine and rubbed; common medium prominent reddish yellow and very fine roots; common fine and very fine tubular (7.5YR 6/8) mottles, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) dry; pores and many very fine interstitial pores; 20 percent massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; pebble-sized fragments of basalt; strongly acid; gradual few fine and medium roots; few very fine tubular pores; wavy boundary. very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. B2-10 to 60 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) very Cg-19 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay gravelly fine sandy loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) when moist and weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, rubbed, light gray (10YR 7/1) when dry, yellow (10YR nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; few fine and 7/6) when dry and rubbed; common fine prominent red very fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 55 (2.5YR 4/6) mottles, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) dry, and percent pebble-sized fragments of basalt; strongly acid. many large prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; massive; hard, The 10- to 40-inch control section is very gravelly fine friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine and sandy loam or extremely gravelly fine sandy loam and medium roots; few very fine tubular pores; very strongly averages 50 to 80 percent rock fragments. The umbric acid. epipedon is 10 to 14 inches thick.

The control section is 18 to 27 percent clay. The upper The A horizon has value of 1 to 3 when moist and 5 or 6 part of the control section is 15 to 35 percent hard pebbles, when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist and 2 or 3 cobbles, and stone-sized fragments of basalt, and the lower when dry. It is mottled in some places. part is 10 to 35 percent fragments of soft siltstone. The The B horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 6 or 7 profile is medium acid to very strongly acid. Depth to marine when dry, and it has chroma of 1 (2 or 3 when rubbed) when siltstone and sandstone is 20 to 40 inches. Hue is 7.5YR or moist or dry. 10YR when moist or dry. The umbric epipedon is 10 to 20 The C horizon has value of 5 or 6 when moist and 6 or 7 inches thick. when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist and 1 or The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 5 2 when dry. The mottles have hue of 2.5YR to 10YR when when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. moist or dry, value of 4 to 6 when moist and 5 or 6 when The B21 horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 or dry, and chroma of 6 to 8 when moist or dry. The horizon is 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 7 when moist or dry. It silty clay loam or silt loam. is gravelly silt loam, gravelly loam, or cobbly loam. The IIB22 horizon has value of 4 to 6 when moist and 6 Swem Series or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 6 when moist or The Swem series consists of very deep, moderately well dry. It is silt loam or silty clay loam. drained soils on old earthflows. Swem soils formed in basaltic colluvium over marine sediment. Slope is 5 to 65 Sylvia Series percent. Elevation is 500 to 1,400 feet. The average annual The Sylvia series consists of very deep, moderately well precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, the average annual air drained soils in old lakebeds on uplands. Sylvia soils formed temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average in lacustrine silt and clay. Slope is 1 to 5 percent. Elevation growing season is 200 to 240 days. is 20 to 200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to These soils are medial, mesic Andaquic Haplumbrepts. 110 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 Typical pedon of Swem gravelly silt loam, 5 to 30 percent degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 slopes, in Pacific County, 5 miles northeast of Naselle, days. about 2,000 feet east and 750 feet south of the northwest These soils are medial, mesic Andaquic Haplumbrepts. corner of sec. 27, T. 11 N., R. 9 W. Typical pedon of Sylvia silt loam, in Grays Harbor O1-1.5 inches to 0.5 inch; loose litter of needles and County, 10 miles south of Cosmopolis, about 100 feet twigs. south and 100 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 33, O2-0.5 inch to 0; decomposed litter. T. 16 N., R. 9 W. A1-0 to 15 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) gravelly silt O1-3 inches to 1 inch; accumulation of moss, rotted loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; moderate wood, needles, and twigs. fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, O2-1 inch to 0; decomposed organic matter. firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly A1-0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt smeary; few coarse roots, common medium roots, and loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; strong medium many very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 20 and coarse granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, percent angular basalt pebbles; strongly acid; clear wavy slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; boundary. common coarse roots and few very fine and fine roots; B21-15 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) gravelly many very fine tubular pores; extremely acid; gradual silt loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; few fine smooth boundary. prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) mottles, very pale A3-9 to 17 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) brown (10YR 8/3) dry; moderate medium subangular silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few fine and very fine friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; roots; few very fine tubular pores; 20 percent angular few very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular basalt pebbles and 10 percent rounded basalt cobbles; pores; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. medium acid; gradual smooth boundary. B21-17 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) IIB22-28 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; loam, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; common medium common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) mottles, very pale very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) mottles, reddish brown (10YR 8/3) dry; moderate medium subangular yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky weak fine and medium subangular blocky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 25 percent fragments of soft siltstone; strongly acid.

structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; weakly A3-9 to 13 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) gravelly smeary; few very fine roots; common very fine clay loam, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) dry; weak fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; gradual wavy subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and boundary. medium granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and B22-25 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay plastic; many very fine and fine roots, common medium loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; many fine and roots, and few coarse roots; many very fine tubular and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles, interstitial pores; 10 percent rounded and angular reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry, and common fine pebbles and 15 percent angular cobbles; medium acid; distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) mottles, clear smooth boundary. grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and B21-13 to 30 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) cobbly silty medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky clay loam, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) dry; moderate fine and plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine roots; common subangular blocky structure parting to weak very fine very fine tubular pores; very strongly acid. subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine roots, many fine roots, and The solum is 40 inches to more than 60 inches thick. few medium and coarse roots; many very fine tubular The 10- to 40-inch control section is 25 to 50 percent clay. and interstitial pores; 10 percent rounded and angular It has few if any rock fragments. The umbric epipedon is 12 pebbles and 15 percent angular cobbles; strongly acid; to 20 inches thick. clear smooth boundary. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or dry, B22-30 to 48 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) cobbly silty value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak fine chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is extremely acid or subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky very strongly acid. and plastic; few very fine and fine roots, common The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or medium roots, and few coarse roots; many very fine dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and tubular and interstitial pores; 10 percent rounded and chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or dry. It is clay loam, silty angular pebbles and 10 percent angular cobbles; very clay loam, or silty clay. It is strongly acid or very strongly strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. acid. B31-48 to 57 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) cobbly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine Tebo Series subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky The Tebo series consists of very deep, well drained soils and plastic; few fine and medium roots; common very on uplands. Tebo soils formed in glacial drift derived fine tubular pores; 10 percent rounded and angular dominantly from basalt. Slope is 5 to 65 percent. Elevation pebbles and 20 percent angular cobbles; very strongly is 200 to 800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 50 to acid; clear smooth boundary. 70 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 52 B32-57 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; days. common fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) iron These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, mesic stains and black (N 2/) manganese coatings on ped Dystric Xerochrepts. surfaces, common fine prominent yellowish red (10YR Typical pedon of Tebo silt loam, 5 to 30 percent 5/8) iron stains and black (N 2/) manganese coatings slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 1.5 miles east of on ped surfaces when dry; strong angular blocky McCleary, about 1,600 feet east and 200 feet north of the structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine southwest corner of sec. 7, T. 18 N., R. 4 W. roots; common very fine tubular pores; 15 percent rounded and angular pebbles and 5 percent angular O1-3.5 to 1.5 inches; accumulation of needles and cobbles; very strongly acid. twigs. O2-1.5 inches to 0; accumulation of decayed needles The 10- to 40-inch control section averages 10 to 35 and twigs. percent coarse fragments and 27 to 35 percent clay. A1-0 to 9 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt loam, Angular basalt pebbles and cobbles and smooth glacial dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; weak fine granular drift pebbles are throughout the profile. The profile is structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly medium acid to very strongly acid throughout. plastic; many very fine and fine roots, common medium The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist, roots, and few coarse roots; common very fine tubular value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and pores; 5 percent rounded and angular pebbles and 5 chroma of 2 to 6 when dry. percent cobbles; medium acid; clear smooth boundary.

Depth to fractured basalt ranges from 24 to 36 inches. The B horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR when The profile is strongly acid or medium acid throughout. The moist, and it has value of 5 or 6 when dry. It is gravelly silty umbric epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. clay loam, cobbly silty clay loam, gravelly clay loam, or The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist or cobbly clay loam. dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. Traham Series The B horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist or The Traham series consists of moderately deep, well dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and drained soils on uplands. Traham soils formed in material chroma of 4 to 6 when dry. It is very gravelly clay loam or weathered from basalt. Slope is 5 to 90 percent. Elevation is very gravelly silty clay loam and is 30 to 55 percent pebbles 1,100 to 2,200 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to and 5 to 10 percent cobbles. 120 inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F, and the average growing season is 180 to 220 days. Vesta Series These soils are medial-skeletal, mesic Andic The Vesta series consists of very deep, well drained soils Haplumbrepts. on uplands. Vesta soils formed in material weathered from Typical pedon of Traham very gravelly loam, 65 to 90 basalt. Slope is 1 to 65 percent. Elevation is 100 to 1,800 percent slopes, in Pacific County, 8 miles northwest of feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 inches, Raymond, about 2,000 feet west and 1,500 feet north of the the average annual air temperature is 46 to 48 degrees F, southeast corner of sec. 29, T. 15 N., R. 9 W. and the average growing season is 180 to 220 days. These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. O1-4 to 3 inches; accumulation of roots, needles, twigs, Typical pedon of Vesta silt loam, 8 to 30 percent and rotten wood. slopes, in Pacific County, 5 miles northeast of Nemah, O2-3 inches to 0; decomposed twigs, needles, and about 300 feet east and 1,900 feet south of the northwest wood. corner of sec. 6, T. 12 N., R. 9 W. Al 1-0 to 2 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very gravelly loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; strong medium O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of needles, twigs, and subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, moss. nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; common A1-0 to 13 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt loam, medium roots and many fine and very fine roots; many brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium very fine interstitial pores; 35 percent pebbles and 5 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many A12-2 to 11 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) very fine and very fine roots; common fine and very fine gravelly loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; strong fine tubular pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. and very fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very B21-13 to 26 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine and common medium, fine, and very fine roots and few medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, coarse roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 35 very friable, sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; percent pebbles and 5 percent cobbles; medium acid; common fine and very fine roots and few coarse roots; clear smooth boundary. many fine and very fine tubular pores; medium acid; B21-11 to 26 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) very gradual wavy boundary. gravelly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry; B22-26 to 37 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay moderate medium subangular blocky structure; loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak medium slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, weakly smeary; few coarse, medium, and fine roots; sticky and plastic; weakly smeary; common fine and many fine interstitial pores and few very fine tubular very fine roots; many fine and very fine tubular pores; pores; 40 percent pebbles and 5 percent cobbles; medium acid; clear smooth boundary. medium acid; clear smooth boundary. B23-37 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay, B22-26 to 31 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; weak medium clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate very subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, plastic; weakly smeary; few fine and very fine roots; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few common fine and very fine tubular pores; medium acid. very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 55 percent pebbles and 5 percent cobbles; medium acid; abrupt smooth boundary. R-31 inches; fractured basalt; few very fine roots in fractures.

The solum is 50 inches to more than 60 inches thick. The is 100 to 500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 110 10- to 40-inch control section is 35 to 55 percent clay and 0 to 150 inches, the average annual air temperature is about to 15 percent fragments of basalt. The soil is strongly acid 50 degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 or medium acid throughout. The umbric days. epipedon is 11 to 16 inches thick. These soils are fine, mixed, mesic Umbric The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist or Dystrochrepts. dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and Typical pedon of Willaby silt loam, 1 to 15 percent slopes, chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. in Grays Harbor County, 3 miles north of Humptulips, about The B horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR when moist or dry, 2,540 feet north and 250 feet west of the southeast corner value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of sec. 33, T. 21 N., R. 10 W. of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or silty clay. O1-2.5 inches to 0.25 inch; accumulation of leaves, Westport Series needles, twigs, and moss. The Westport series consists of very deep, excessively O2-0.25 inch to 0; decomposed organic material. drained soils on uplands. Westport soils formed in sand. A1-0 to 6 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt loam, Slope is 3 to 10 percent. Elevation is 10 to 50 feet. The dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine granular average annual precipitation is 60 to 80 inches, the average structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly annual air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the plastic; common medium and coarse roots; many fine average growing season is 200 to 240 days. tubular and interstitial pores; about 2 percent rounded These soils are mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments. pebbles; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Westport fine sand, 3 to 10 percent A3-6 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silt loam, slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 2 miles north of Grayland, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; strong very fine and fine about 500 feet east and 1,300 feet north of the southwest subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly corner of sec. 30, T. 16 N., R. 11 W. sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine and O1-1 /2 to 1 /4 inch; moss, grass, leaves, and stems. fine interstitial pores; 2 percent angular and rounded O2-1/4 inch to 0; decayed grass, moss, and needles. pebbles; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. A1-0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine B21-11 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay, sand, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) dry; single grain; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; moderate fine and loose; many fine roots; many pores; strongly acid; clear medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, smooth boundary. sticky and plastic; common very fine roots and few fine, AC-7 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) fine medium, and coarse roots; many very fine tubular and sand, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; single grain; interstitial pores; 5 percent angular and rounded loose; few fine roots; many pores; iron stains along root pebbles; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. channels; medium acid; clear wavy boundary. IIB22-25 to 47 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very C-16 to 60 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) fine sand, light gravelly silty clay, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; olive gray (5Y 6/2) dry; single grain; loose; many moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, pores; medium acid. sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many very fine tubular and interstitial pores; 40 percent The solum is 7 to 20 inches thick. The profile is very rounded and angular pebbles and 5 percent cobbles; strongly acid to medium acid throughout. very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. The A1 horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y when moist or IIC-47 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and extremely gravelly silty clay loam, very pale brown chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. (10YR 7/4) dry; common fine distinct yellowish red The AC horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 (5YR 5/8) mottles, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) dry; when dry. It is fine sand or loamy fine sand. massive; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y when moist or dry, fine interstitial pores; 60 percent angular and rounded and it has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when pebbles and 10 percent cobbles; very strongly acid. dry. It is fine sand or loamy fine sand. Depth to the IIC horizon ranges from 40 to 60 inches or Willaby Series more. The control section averages 15 to 35 percent hard The Willaby series consists of very deep, moderately well rock fragments and 35 to 50 percent clay. drained soils on benches and terraces. Willaby soils formed in glacial drift. Slope is 1 to 15 percent. Elevation

C-43 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR when moist, loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; many fine and value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles, chroma of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry. reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry and common fine and The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist or medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) mottles, dry, and it has value of 5 or 6 when moist. It is silty clay or light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; massive; hard, firm, sticky silty clay loam. The content of hard rock fragments ranges and plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine roots; few from 2 to 15 percent. very fine tubular pores; strongly acid. The IIB horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or dry, and it has value of 5 or 6 when moist. It is gravelly silty clay The solum is 35 to 50 inches thick. The profile is loam, gravelly silty clay, very gravelly silty clay loam, or very medium acid to very strongly acid throughout. gravelly silty clay. It is 15 to 60 percent hard angular and The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist rounded pebbles and cobbles. or dry, value of 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and The IIC horizon has value of 5 or 6 when moist and 6 or 7 chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. when dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It The B horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR when moist or is extremely gravelly silty clay or extremely gravelly silty dry, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and clay loam and is 60 to 90 percent angular and rounded chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is silt loam or silty pebbles and cobbles. The IIC horizon is cemented or clay loam that is less than 35 percent clay. In some places, compacted below a depth of 40 inches in some places. the lower part of the B horizon has mottles that have chroma of 2 or less. The C horizon has hue of 5Y to 10YR when moist or dry, Willapa Series value of 4 to 6 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and The Willapa series consists of very deep, moderately well chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or dry. It is mottled silt loam or drained soils on marine terraces. Willapa soils formed in silty clay loam. highly stratified marine sediment. Slope is 1 to 70 percent. Elevation is sea level to 400 feet. The average annual Wishkah Series precipitation is 80 to 100 inches, the average annual air The Wishkah series consists of very deep, somewhat temperature is 46 to 48 degrees F, and the average growing poorly drained soils in large basins and along small season is 180 to 220 days. drainageways on glacial outwash plains. Drainage has been These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. altered by ditching and tiling. Wishkah soils formed in glacial Typical pedon of Willapa silt loam, 1 to 8 percent lacustrine sediment. Slope is 0 to 2 percent. Elevation is 50 slopes, in Pacific County, 8 miles southwest of South to 500 feet. The average annual precipitation is 80 to 120 Bend, about 500 feet east and 200 feet north of the inches, the average annual air temperature is about 48 southwest corner of sec. 3, T. 13 N., R. 10 W. degrees F, and the average growing season is 180 to 220 O1-1 inch to 0; accumulation of leaves and twigs. days. A11-0 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam, These soils are fine, mixed, mesic Aquic grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong fine and medium Dystrochrepts. subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky Typical pedon of Wishkah silty clay loam, in Grays and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; common medium Harbor County, 3 miles southeast of Pacific Beach, roots and many fine and very fine roots; many very fine about 1,200 feet east and 600 feet north of the interstitial pores; strongly acid; gradual smooth southwest corner of sec. 25, T. 20 N., R. 12 W. boundary. O1-5 inches to 0; partially decomposed needles, twigs, A12-10 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, and rotted wood. brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium A1-0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; strong sticky and plastic; weakly smeary; common very fine medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; friable, slightly sticky and plastic; common fine, medium, strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. and coarse roots; many fine and very fine tubular and B2-18 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty interstitial pores; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; B21-6 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty common fine and medium prominent strong brown clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; common fine and (7.5YR 5/8) mottles, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry: medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky moderate medium subangular blocky and plastic; weakly smeary; few very fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine These soils are sandy, mixed, mesic Aquic roots; common fine and very fine tubular and interstitial Haplorthods. pores; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Yaquina loamy fine sand, in Pacific B22-10 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay, County, 3 miles north of Long Beach, about 1,400 feet east light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; common fine and and 900 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 4, T. 10 medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and light N., R. 11 W. brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very O1-112 to 1 /4 inch; needles, twigs, and leaves. sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; common very fine O2-1/4 inch to 0; decomposed needles, twigs, and tubular and interstitial pores; extremely acid; clear leaves. smooth boundary. A2-0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) B23g-26 to 39 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay, light loamy fine sand, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; single grain; soft, brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; many fine and medium very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many coarse, prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium, and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, pores; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; few very B&A-4 to 9 inches; dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) loamy fine tubular pores; extremely acid; clear smooth fine sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; many boundary. discontinuous vertical tongues of A2 material extending Cg-39 to 60 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay, light gray from horizon above; single grain; soft, very friable, (5Y 7/2) dry; many fine and medium prominent yellowish nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; many very fine red (5YR 5/8) mottles; massive; very hard, firm, very and fine tubular pores; discontinuous platy lenses of firm sticky and very plastic; few very fine tubular pores; bog iron that is hard when dry; very strongly acid; clear extremely acid. smooth boundary. B21ir-9 to 17 inches; dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) fine The solum is 30 to 55 inches thick. The profile is sand, dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; single grain; soft, extremely acid or very strongly acid. The 10- to 40-inch very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine control section is 40 to 55 percent clay. Depth to mottles and fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth that have chroma of 2 or less ranges from 10 to 20 inches. boundary. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when moist and B22ir-17 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sand, 10YR or 2.5Y when dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; single grain; soft, very 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine The B horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y when moist or tubular pores; common medium distinct yellowish red dry, and it has value of 4 to 6 when moist and 5 to 8 when (5YR 4/8) and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) thin lenses of dry. The upper part of the horizon has chroma of 3 or 4 bog iron; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. when moist or dry, and the lower part has chroma of 1 or 2 C-24 to 60 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) fine sand, light when moist or dry. The horizon is silty clay or clay. brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; single grain; soft, very The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 5Y, or N when moist or dry, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine value of 5 or 6 when moist and 6 to 8 when dry, and chroma tubular pores; common medium fine vertical streaks of of less than 2 when moist or dry. It is silty clay or clay. In bog iron; strongly acid. some places, the C horizon is as much as 50 percent coarse fragments. At a depth of more than 40 inches, it is stratified Unless the profile is artificially drained, it is saturated with with material that is coarser textured than silty clay. water most of the year. The solum is underlain by many feet of variegated sand. Yaquina Series The A2 horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. The Yaquina series consists of very deep, somewhat The Bir horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR when moist or dry, poorly drained soils in depressional areas or basinlike areas value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and between sand dunes. Yaquina soils formed in sand. Slope chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. Firm or very firm, is 0 to 1 percent. Elevation is 10 to 50 feet. The average reddish, weakly cemented nodules and thin, very firm annual precipitation is 70 to 90 inches, the average annual lenses are common throughout the Bir horizon. air temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average In the Yaquina soils in this survey area, the difference growing season is 200 to 240 days. between the mean soil temperature in summer and the mean soil temperature in winter at a depth of 20 inches is greater than is defined as the range for the series.

This difference, however, does not significantly affect use and management. Zyzyl Series The Zyzyl series consists of deep, well drained soils on mountainsides. Zyzyl soils formed in material weathered Zenker Series from basalt. Slope is 8 to 90 percent. Elevation is 600 to 1,800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 120 to 180 The Zenker series consists of very deep, well drained inches, the average annual air temperature is about 50 soils on uplands. Zenker soils formed in material degrees F, and the average growing season is 200 to 240 weathered from sandstone. Slope is 8 to 90 percent. days. Elevation is 50 to 1,600 feet. The average annual precipitation is 70 to 110 inches, the average annual air These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. temperature is about 50 degrees F, and the average Typical pedon of Zyzyl gravelly loam, 65 to 90 percent growing season is 200 to 240 days. slopes, in Grays Harbor County, 30 miles north of Montesano, about 1,700 feet north and 500 feet east of the These soils are medial, mesic Andic Haplumbrepts. southwest corner of sec. 12, T. 21 N., R. 7 W. Typical pedon of Zenker silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes, in Wahkiakum County, 8 miles northwest of O1-2 inches to 0; accumulation of leaves, twigs, and Cathlamet, about 1,300 feet west and 300 feet south of the rotted wood. northeast corner of sec. 6, T. 9 N., R. 5 W. A1-0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly loam, dark

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong very fine subangular A1-0 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, dark blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) dry; moderate medium and nonplastic; weakly smeary; many very fine, fine, fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky medium, and coarse roots; many very fine tubular and and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; many fine and very interstitial pores; 20 percent angular hard basalt fine roots; many fine and very fine tubular pores; 60 pebbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. percent pebble-sized fragments of soft sandstone; B21-7 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly loam, strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine B1-11 to 17 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak and nonplastic; weakly smeary; many very fine and fine medium and fine subangular blocky structure; soft, roots and common medium . and coarse roots; common friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; weakly very fine interstitial pores; 20 percent angular soft basalt smeary; common fine and very fine roots; many fine pebbles and 20 percent angular hard basalt pebbles; and very fine tubular pores; 10 percent cobble-sized medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. fragments of soft sandstone and 50 percent pebble- B22-16 to 29 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) gravelly sized fragments of soft sandstone; medium acid; clear sandy loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate fine wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky B2-17 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, yellowish and nonplastic; weakly smeary; common very fine and brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak medium and fine fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; common subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky very fine tubular and interstitial pores; 45 percent and slightly plastic; weakly smeary; few fine and very angular soft basalt pebbles and 25 percent angular hard fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 10 percent basalt pebbles; medium acid; abrupt smooth boundary. cobble-sized fragments of soft sandstone and 55 C-29 to 45 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) gravelly sandy percent pebble-sized fragments of soft sandstone; loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; massive; soft, very medium acid. friable nonsticky and nonplastic; weakly smeary; The solum is 40 inches to more than 60 inches thick. common very fine roots; common fine interstitial pores; The 10- to 40-inch control section is 20 to 27 percent clay. 20 percent angular hard basalt pebbles and 70 percent The profile is medium acid to extremely acid throughout. angular soft basalt pebbles; medium acid; clear wavy The umbric epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. boundary. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when moist or Cr-45 inches; highly fractured, loose chloritized basalt; dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and fractures are less than 10 centimeters apart; easily dug chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. with a spade. The B2 horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 The solum is 20 to 40 inches thick. Depth to consolidated when dry. It is loam or silt loam and is 10 to 15 percent bedrock is more than 60 inches. The profile is strongly acid cobble-sized fragments of soft sandstone and 50 to 60 or medium acid throughout. percent pebble-sized fragments of soft sandstone.

The A1 horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist and sandy loam and is 20 to 30 percent hard pebbles and 20 to 7.5YR or 10YR when dry, value of 4 or 5 when dry, and 50 percent soft pebbles. chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The C horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist or The B2 horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when moist dry, value of 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 when and 7.5YR or 10YR when dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry. It is 10 to 25 percent hard moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 when pebbles and 60 to 75 percent soft pebbles. moist and 4 to 6 when dry. It is gravelly loam or gravelly

Formation of the Soils

derived from an ancient volcanic mountain range to the Soil is a product of soil-forming processes acting on east. During the depositional phase, thousands of feet of material deposited or accumulated by geologic agents. The tuffaceous sediment were buried. This sediment has important factors in soil formation are parent material, hardened into claystone, siltstone, and sandstone. It climate, living organisms, topography, and time. outcrops throughout the survey area. It is now highly dissected by erosion, and deep soils have formed in it. The Factors of Soil Formation Lytell and Astoria soils formed in material derived from Climate and living organisms, particularly vegetation, are tuffaceous siltstone and fine sandstone. The Lytell soils the active factors in soil formation. Their effect on the commonly are in areas of mass movement and are parent material is modified by topography of the land and by underlain by partially consolidated siltstone. The Zenker and the length of time the parent material has been in place. Elochoman soils formed in material derived from moderately The relative importance of each factor differs from place to hard siltstone and sandstone. place. Occasionally, one factor dominates and fixes most of Wave-cut marine terraces bordering the coast in Pacific the properties of the soil, but normally all five factors County and Grays Harbor County Area formed as the sea interact to determine the kind of soil that develops in any level changed during different geologic periods. The Willapa given place. The factors of soil formation are discussed in and Newskah soils formed on these landforms in material this section. derived from marine sediment and bedrock. Soil-forming material in the northern half of Grays Harbor Parent Material County has been influenced significantly by continental and By Alan Fiksdahl, geologist, Washington State Department of Natural alpine glaciers. Several large glaciers from Canada filled the Resources. Puget Sound region in the western part of Washington during the Pleistocene, and they reached as far as In this survey area the parent materials are diverse. In the northeastern Grays Harbor County. They deposited till and mountainous areas they include material derived from basalt, outwash in these areas. In concert with the continental sandstone, shale, and marine and nonmarine siltstone, and glaciation, alpine glaciation filled most of the valleys of the along the coastal marine terraces they include material Olympic Mountains. Large areas of alpine glacial sediment, derived from sedimentary rock, silt, clay, and sand. Younger predominantly basaltic lithologies from the Olympic continental and alpine glacial deposits are in the northern Mountains, were deposited across the northern part of and central parts of Grays Harbor County. Coastal beach Grays Harbor County. Sea level fluctuations and terrace deposits and alluvium on the stream bottoms are the most formation were associated with these glacial events. The recent depositional parent materials in the survey area (4, parent material of the Hoquiam and Le Bar soils consists of 12, 19, 20, 21, 25). glacial till and outwash on marine and outwash terraces. Eocene marine basalt, which includes the Olympic Willaby and Halbert soils formed in alpine till from the Mountain Crescent Formation, is the dominant parent Olympic Mountains. In the northeastern part of Grays Harbor material of the Bunker, Knappton, Lates, and Murnen soils. County, where continental glaciers overrode the basalt, the The Bunker and Knappton soils formed in material derived Tebo and Schneider soils formed in till mixed with residuum from marine basalt interbedded with volcanic breccia and derived from basalt (17, 18). sediment. The Bunker soils are associated with landflows. Seven to 26 million years ago, during the Miocene, the Hillsides in areas of these soils are unstable because the sedimentary rock was partially covered by basalt of the basalt overlies tuffaceous sediment and because instability Columbia River Group; however, subsequent erosion has is produced by this contact (5, 24). stripped the basalt in most areas and much of the Marine sediment was deposited along a fluctuating sedimentary rock is now exposed. Remnants of these basalt shoreline in the western part of Washington during the flows now form upland surfaces in parts of Wahkiakum and Eocene and Miocene. At this time of continental movement, Pacific Counties and provide the parent large deposits of clay, silt, and sand were reworked by tides in this environment. The sediment was material for the Raught and Germany soils. The Cathlamet Living Organisms soils formed in mass movement debris and associated All life on and in the soil affects soil formation. The raw fragments of basalt and in the soft sandstone that underlies soil material is first invaded by simple forms of life, such as the basalt (10, 13, 39, 40). bacteria and fungi, that grow and multiply. Mosses and When the Puget Lowland was occupied by the lichens appear, followed by grasses, shrubs, and trees. continental glacier, the Chehalis Valley acted as a Plant and animal life furnish organic matter and bring meltwater drainageway. Large volumes of sediment-laden plant nutrients from the lower layers to the upper layers. outwash flowed from the Puget Sound region to the Pacific Dead leaves and trunks of grasses and trees drop on the Ocean by way of this valley, resulting in the formation of surface of the soil, and these furnish an enormous quantity outwash terraces and deposition of alluvial sand and gravel of organic material over a long period. The roots of these on the valley bottom. The Chehalis, Skamo, and Spanaway plants permeate the soil to a depth of many feet in some soils formed in these coarse textured, well drained deposits. areas and make it more porous. The decay of roots, Recent deposits along the coast include tidal, alluvial, especially those of grasses, provides a large amount of and eolian material. Silt and clay on tidal flats in estuaries organic matter. The organic material from grass and leaves are the parent material of the Ocosta and Sauvie soils, and is eaten by worms and is thus mixed with the mineral soil beach dune deposits are the parent material of the Yaquina material. and Netarts soils. Deep-rooted plants bring water from the deeper horizons Throughout the survey area local alluvium in valleys to the surface and into the stems, trunks, and leaves of the and along bottoms is the parent material for the plants. This water brings with it a certain amount of Grehalem and Rennie soils. dissolved mineral material. When the leaves fall and the plants themselves decay, these minerals are returned to the Climate surface of the soil. This process, then, brings important Differences in climate are directly or indirectly responsible nutrients and parent material from the deeper horizons to for variations in plant and animal life and for major soil the surface of the soil and enriches the surface layer. differences. Climate affects the weathering of rocks and the Soils that formed under grass and bracken, both of which removal and redisposition of material by water, wind, and have fibrous, deep-reaching roots, have a very dark brown glaciers. It also determines the rate of percolation of water to black surface layer. The Spanaway and Bear Prairie soils through the soil. formed under a partial cover of bracken. Soils that formed The survey area has a marine climate. Summers are under coniferous and deciduous vegetation generally have cool and dry, and winters are mild but wet and cloudy. a very dark grayish brown to brown surface layer. An Rainfall is heavier and temperatures are lower at the example is Aabab soils. higher elevations in the mountains than in the valleys. The decay of forest debris causes the formation of organic Rains, however, are gentle, and they moisten the soil acids of various kinds, including carbonic acid. These acids much more effectively than torrential downpours. The in solution hasten the leaching processes of soils and soil rainwater soaks into the soil and percolates downward. In material, so that basic elements are rapidly leached away. regions where humidity is high, the soils are more highly Most forested soils in humid regions are medium acid to leached than in semiarid and desert regions. For this strongly acid. An example is the Knappton soils. reason, most of the bases have been leached out and the An important process in humid regions where there is a soils in the survey area are generally acid. great amount of leaching is nutrient circulation. Nutrients Climate has a marked effect on the productivity and released from organic material through decay are leached fertility of soils. Soils such as those of the Chehalis series from the surface and are carried downward by percolating have an average annual rainfall of 60 inches and generally water. Plant roots intercept the downward moving water and are more fertile than similar soils, such as those of the carry the water and dissolved nutrients back up to the Grehalem series, that receive 80 inches or more of annual plants. rainfall. At the higher elevations, the growing season is The remains of sedges, rushes, moss, Labrador tea, and shorter, frost occurs later in spring and earlier in fall, and the other plants that tolerate wetness have added to the average annual temperature is less than at lower elevations. accumulation of peat in bog areas. Seastrand mucky peat Soils at higher elevations are less productive than those at formed in these areas. lower elevations. The Boistfort soils at elevations below Animals convert plant remains into organic soil matter. 1,800 feet, for example, produce about 181 cubic feet of They eat the plants, and the waste is returned to the soil Douglas-fir per acre per year, but the similar Murnen soils at where it is further transformed into organic matter. elevations of 1,800 to 2,700 feet produce only about 139 cubic feet of Douglas-fir per acre per year.

Burrowing animals, such as mice, moles, and mountain sedges, and mosses have accumulated to form organic beaver, mix various horizons of the soils and thus supply a soils, such as Orcas peat. Gleyed soils are in depressional certain amount of fresh parent material to the surface layer, and nearly level areas. An example is Stimpson soils. which have been leached of plant nutrients. In places the Sloping soils, such as Olympic soils, are likely to be well steep and very steep Bunker soils have been subjected to drained and to have A and B horizons that are brown and mixing and churning by the mountain beaver. Earthworms reddish brown. Nearly level soils are not so well drained and feed on organic soil matter and enrich the soil. The burrows are likely to be grayish. An example is Nuby soils. of worms and small animals in many places reach deeply Generally, there is also more mottling in soils that have low into the soil, and the excavated material is spread out over slope gradients. the surface. When the burrows are abandoned, the cavities are filled with surface soil rich in organic material. It then Time becomes possible for roots to grow rapidly through some of The length of time required to develop a given kind of this relatively rich material and to penetrate more deeply into soil depends on the climate, the kinds and amounts of the soil than would otherwise be possible. living organisms, the type of parent material, and the Micro-organisms play an important part in the topography of the land. development of soils. They change raw vegetable material In time, a profile develops that has two or more into organic matter. Bacteria and various kinds of fungi horizons. Young soils have more weakly expressed cause dead leaves and other plant remains to decay, and horizons than old soils. Soils in arid climates develop more they are then incorporated into the soil as organic matter. slowly than those in humid climates. Steep soils develop Microscopic animals live on some of these plant remains distinct horizons more slowly than do the more nearly level and help to convert them into soil material. soils. Generally, the soils of the survey area that formed in Topography residuum are on hills; for example, Olympic soils. Enough The shape of the landscape influences soil formation time has elapsed for the Olympic soils to show the effects because it affects drainage, erosion, plant cover, and of clay movement from the A horizon and a buildup of clay moisture and air conditions within the soil. Undulations in the in the B horizon. The clay is oriented, and clay films are surface cause water to drain away from the high spots and forming on peds and along pore walls. Because of the age to collect in the low spots. of these soils, their structure is moderately well expressed, Runoff is more rapid in the more steeply sloping areas, they are well drained, oxidized colors are dominant, and and therefore less water penetrates the soil. Because of the weathering has taken place at a depth of more than 5 feet. humid climate, vegetation covers most of the soil surface in Soils that formed in young alluvium on flood plains, such the survey area. The vegetation slows down the runoff and as the Newberg soils, are weakly developed, and their permits water to percolate through the soil. The steeper the parent material shows little evidence of change. There is slope, however, the greater the runoff. For example, runoff is only a slight darkening of the A horizon and no evidence of slow on Buckpeak silt loam, 8 to 30 percent slopes, but it is clay movement. rapid on Buckpeak silt loam, 65 to 90 percent slopes. The older soils in this area are more highly leached of In some places water concentrates on the soil surface or lime and other bases. They have lower reaction, and are is retained in the soil for much of the year. Water drains generally less fertile than the younger soils. very slowly or not at all from basins and depressional The slumping of soils on hills destroys areas of residual areas. The large amount of moisture received in such areas soils by burying, shattering, and mixing the material. New encourages the growth of plants that require much water. surfaces are exposed to weathering. As a result, there are These are areas where reeds, local differences in the age of these soils and in the degree of their development.

References

(1) American Association of State Highway [and Pap. 8, Weyerhaeuser Co. Forestry Res. Ctr., 49 pp., ill Transportation] Officials. 1970. Standard specifications us. for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 10, 2 vol., illus. (12) Leopold, L. B., M. G. Wolman, and J. P. Miller. 1964. Fluvial process in geomorphology. W. H. Freeman & (2) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1974. Co., San. Fran., Calif., 522 pp., illus. Method for classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487-69. In 1974 Annual (13) Livingston, Vaughn E., Jr. 1966. Geology and mineral Book of ASTM Standards, Part 19, 464 pp., illus. resources of the Kelso-Cathlamet area. Cowlitz and Wahkiakum Counties, Washington. Wash. State Dep. (3) Barnes, George H. 1962. Yield of even-aged stands of Nat. Resour. Div. Geol. & Earth Res. Bull. 54., 110 western hemlock. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1273, 52 pp., maps, illus. pp. (14) McArdle, R. E., W. H. Meyer, and D. Bruce. 1961. (4) Beaulieu, John D. 1971. Geologic formations of The yield of Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest. western Oregon (west of longitude 121 30'). Oreg. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 201, 74 pp. Dep. Geol. & Min. Ind. Bull. 70, 72 pp., illus. (15) McMurphy, C. J., H. W. Anderson. 1968. Soil survey (5) Burroughs, E., Jr., G. Chalfant, M. Townsend. 1976. report of the Capitol Forest Area. Wash. State Dep. Slope stability in road construction. U.S. Dep. Inter. Nat. Resour., Forest Land Manage. Bull. 14, 45 pp., Bur. Land Manage. 102 pp., illus. illus.

(6) Chambers, Charles J. 1974. Empirical yield tables for (16) Portland Cement Association. 1973. PCA soil primer. predominantly alder stands in western Washington. Illus. Wash. State Dep. Nat. Resour. Rep. 31, 70 pp. (17) Rau, W. W. 1966. Stratigraphy and foraminifera of the (7) Chambers, Charles J. 1980. Empirical growth and Satsop River area. Southern Olympic Peninsula, yield tables for the Douglas-fir zone. Wash. State Washington. Wash. State Dep. Nat. Resour., Div. Geol. Dep. Nat. Resour. Rep. 41, 50 pp. & Earth Res. Bull. 53, 66 pp., illus.

(8) Duncan, S. H. and E. C. Steinbrenner. 1971. Soil (18) Rau, W. W. 1967. Geology of the Wynoochee Valley survey of the St. Helens tree farm. Weyerhaeuser Quadrangle. Wash. State Dep. Nat. Resour., Div. Geol. Timber Co., 39 pp., maps, illus. & Earth Res. Bull. 56, 48 pp., illus.

(9) Harmer, P. M. 1959. Organic soils, their formation, (19) Rau, W. W. 1970. Foraminifera, stratigraphy, and distribution, utilization, and management. Mich. State paleocology of the Quinault Formation, Point Grenville- Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn., 146 pp., illus. Raft River coastal area. Wash. State Dep. Nat. Resour., Div. Geol. & Earth Res. Bull. 62, 34 pp., illus. (10) Hendrickson, D. A. 1956. Eocene stratigraphy of the lower Cowlitz River-Eastern Willapa Hills Areas, (20) Rau, W. W. and G. R. Grocock. 1974. Piercement southwestern Washington. Div. Mines & Geol., Wash. structure outcrops along the Washington coast. State Dep. Conserv. & Dev. Bull. 43, 122 pp. Wash. State Dep. Nat. Resour., Div. Geol. & Earth Res. Inf. Circ. 51, 7 pp., illus. (11) King, James E. 1966. Site index curves for Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest. Weyerhaeuser Forestry

(21) Schlicker, Herbert T. 1972. Environmental geology of Washington. Soil Conserv. Serv., 152 pp., the coastal region of Tillamook and Clatsop Counties, maps, illus. Oregon. Oreg. Dep. Geol. & Min. Ind. Bull. 74, 164 pp., illus. (32) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for (22) Steinbrenner, E. C. and S. H. Duncan. 1969. Soil making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv. survey of the Clemons tree farm. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436, 754 pp., illus. Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., 27 pp., maps, illus. (33) United States Department of Agriculture. 1980. (23) Steinbrenner, E. C. and F. E. Gehrke. 1966. Soil survey National forestry manual. U.S. Dep. of Agric., Soil of the McDonald tree farm. Weyerhaeuser Conserv. Serv. Title 190, 151 pp., illus. Timber Co., 17 pp., maps, illus. (34) United States Department of Health, Education, and (24) Swanston, D. N. 1974. Slope stability problems Welfare. 1957. Manual of septic tank practices. Public associated with timber in mountainous regions of the Health Serv. Publ. 526, 93 pp., illus. Western United States. Pacific N. W. Forestry & Range Exp. Stn. PNW 21, 12 pp., illus. (35) Washington State Department Natural Resources. 1978. Forest Land Grading Procedures Handb., 83 pp., (25) Thorsen, G. W. 1964. Mineralogy of black sands at illus. Grays Harbor, Washington. Wash. State Dep. Nat. Resour., Div. Geol. & Earth Res. Invest. Rep. 23, 29 (36) Wheeting, Lawrence C. 1937. Changes in pp., illus. organic matter in western Washington soils as a result of cropping. Soil Sci. 44, pp. 139-149, illus. (26) United States Department of Agriculture. 1951. Soil survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18, 503 pp., (37) Wiley, Kenneth. 1978. Site index tables for western illus. [Supplements replacing pp. 173-188 issued hemlock in the Pacific Northwest. Weyerhaeuser Co., May 1962] Western Forestry Res. Ctr. Forestry Pap. 17, 28 PP. (27) United States Department of Agriculture. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. (38) Wiley, Kenneth and Charles J. Chambers. 1981. 210, 21 pp. Yields of natural western hemlock stands. Wash. State Dep. Nat. Resour. Rep. 43, 79 pp. (28) United States Department of Agriculture. 1972. Hydrology. Soil Conserv. Serv. NatI. Eng. Handb., sec. (39) Wolfe, E. W. and E. H. McKee. 1968. Geology of the 4., ch. 7, 28 pp. Grays River Quadrangle, Wahkiakum and Pacific Counties, Washington. Wash. State Dep. Nat. Resour., (29) United States Department of Agriculture. 1967. Soil Div. Geol. & Earth Res., 6 pp., map. Survey laboratory methods and procedures for collecting soil samples. Soil Surv. Invest. Rep. 1, 50 pp., illus. (40) Wolfe, E. W. and E. H. McKee. 1972. Sedimentary and igneous rocks of the Grays River Quadrangle, (30) United States Department of Agriculture. Washington. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1335, 70 pp., illus. 1970. Washington soil and water conservation needs inventory. Soil Conserv. Serv., 249 pp., (41) Worthington, Norman P., Floyd A. Johnson, George R. illus. Staebler, and William J. Lloyd. 1960. Normal yield tables for red alder. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., Pacific N.W. (31) United States Department of Agriculture. 1972. Forest & Range Exp. Stn. Res. Paper 36, 3 pp., tables, Resource action program Columbia-Pacific illus. resource conservation and development project, State of

Glossary

Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during the Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the ice. final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of crudely Base saturation. The degree to which material having sorted sand and gravel are common. cation exchange properties is saturated with Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from the exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, K), atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is similar to expressed as a percentage of the total cation that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly aerated soil is exchange capacity. considerably higher in carbon dioxide and lower in Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and other oxygen. unconsolidated material or that is exposed at the Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single mass surface. or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as granules, Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods are subject to flooding. aggregates produced by tillage or logging. Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a nearby Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it central area for transport to a processing facility. Most issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary cable yarding systems involve use of a drum, a pole, stream near or at its junction with its main stream. and wire cables in an arrangement similar to that of a Alluvial terrace. A stream terrace composed of rod and reel used for fishing. To reduce friction and soil unconsolidated alluvium (including gravel) disturbance, felled trees generally are reeled in while produced either by renewed downcutting of a former one end is lifted or the entire log is suspended. flood plain or valley floor by a rejuvenated stream or by Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil the covering of a terrace with alluvium. particles and in tiny spaces between particles. Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, deposited on Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds land by streams. capillary water in the soil. Animal-unit-month (AUM). The amount of forage required Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less than by one mature cow of approximately 1,000 pounds 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural class, weight, with or without a calf, for 1 month. soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, less than Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim after the 45 percent sand, and less than 40 percent silt. removal of soil for construction and other uses. Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the surface of Revegetation and erosion control are extremely difficult. a soil aggregate or lining pores or root channels. Available water capacity (available moisture capacity). Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. The capacity of soils to hold water available for use by Climax vegetation. The stabilized plant community on a most plants. It is commonly defined as the difference particular site. The plant cover reproduces itself and between the amount of soil water at field moisture does not change so long as the environment remains capacity and the amount at wilting point. It is commonly the same. expressed as inches of water per inch of soil. The Coarse fragments. Mineral or rock particles larger than 2 capacity, in inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting millimeters in diameter. layer is expressed as Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. Inches Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly rounded Low ...... 0 to 3.75 fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 centimeters) Moderate ...... 3.75 to 7.5 in diameter. High ...... More than 7.5 Colluvial side slope. A slope on which the processes of Back slope. The geomorphic component that forms the dislodgement and downslope transport of earth material steepest inclined surface and principal element of many are or have been active and have resulted in the hillsides. Back slopes in profile are commonly steep, incorporation of rock fragments into the soil matrix. are linear, and may or may not include cliff segments.

Colluvium. Soil material, rock fragments, or both, moved by The point where the stand reaches its maximum annual creep, slide, or local wash and deposited at the base of rate of growth is called the culmination of the mean steep slopes. annual increment. In this survey, the CMAI for a Compaction. The process by which soil loses pore space. particular species is based on the size of the smallest Compacted soil has a higher bulk density as a result of usable tree. an increased load or compressive stress. Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning or tend to cave in or slough. constructing terraces, diversions, and other water- Cut slope. The upper part of a slope after the bottom has control measures on a complex slope is difficult. been cut by earthmoving equipment to make a Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in volume roadbed. of soft soil under load. Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that has a Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various sizes, bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per cubic shapes, and colors consisting of concentrated centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of digging and compounds or cemented soil grains. The composition can affect filling and compacting. of most concretions is unlike that of the surrounding Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the soil. Calcium carbonate and iron oxide are common surface for the specified use. compounds in concretions. Diameter breast height (DBH). An average height of 4.5 Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease with feet above the ground surface; the point on a tree which a lump can be crushed by the fingers. Terms where diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. commonly used to describe consistence are- Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, generally Loose. -Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not hold a terrace, built to protect downslope areas by diverting together in a mass. runoff from its natural course. Friable.-When moist, crushes easily under gentle Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and pressure between thumb and forefinger and can be duration of periods of saturation or partial saturation pressed together into a lump. during soil formation, as opposed to altered drainage, Firm.-When moist, crushes under moderate which is commonly the result of artificial drainage or pressure between thumb and forefinger, but irrigation but may be caused by the sudden deepening resistance is distinctly noticeable. of channels or the blocking of drainage outlets. Seven Plastic.-When wet, readily deformed by moderate classes of natural soil drainage are recognized: pressure but can be pressed into a lump; will form a Excessively drained.-Water is removed from the soil "wire" when rolled between thumb and forefinger. very rapidly. Excessively drained soils are Sticky.-When wet, adheres to other material and tends commonly very coarse textured, rocky, or shallow. to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather than to pull Some are steep. All are free of the mottling related to free from other material. wetness. Hard.-When dry, moderately resistant to pressure; can Somewhat excessively drained.-Water is removed be broken with difficulty between thumb and forefinger. from the soil rapidly. Many somewhat excessively Soft.-When dry, breaks into powder or individual drained soils are sandy and rapidly pervious. Some are grains under very slight pressure. shallow. Some are so steep that much of the water they Cemented.-Hard; little affected by moistening. receive is lost as runoff. All are free of the mottling Control section. The part of the soil on which classification related to wetness. is based. The thickness varies among different kinds of Well drained-Water is removed from the soil readily, soil, but for many it is that part of the soil profile but not rapidly. It is available to plants throughout most between depths of 10 inches and 40 or 80 inches. of the growing season, and wetness does not inhibit Corrosive. High risk of corrosion to uncoated steel or growth of roots for significant periods during most deterioration of concrete. growing seasons. Well drained soils are commonly Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to medium textured. They are mainly free of mottling. improve and protect the soil between periods of Moderately well drained.-Water is removed from the regular crop production, or a crop grown between soil somewhat slowly during some periods. Moderately trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. well drained soils are wet for only a short time during Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). The the growing season, but periodically they are wet long average annual increase per acre in the volume of a enough that most mesophytic crops are affected. They stand. Computed by dividing the total volume of the commonly have a slowly pervious layer within or directly stand by its age. As the stand increases in age, the below mean annual increment continues to increase until mortality begins to reduce the rate of increase.

the solum, or periodically receive high rainfall, or Esker (geology). A narrow, winding ridge of stratified both. gravelly and sandy drift deposited by a stream Somewhat poorly drained.-Water is removed slowly flowing in a tunnel beneath a glacier. enough that the soil is wet for significant periods Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the soil. The during the growing season. Wetness markedly soil does not provide a source of gravel or sand for restricts the growth of mesophytic crops unless construction purposes. artificial drainage is provided. Somewhat poorly Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water into drained soils commonly have a slowly pervious layer, a the soil. high water table, additional water from seepage, Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide nearly continuous rainfall, or a combination of these. plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper Poorly drained.-Water is removed so slowly that the soil balance, for the growth of specified plants when light, is saturated periodically during the growing season or moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth factors remains wet for long periods. Free water is commonly at are favorable. or near the surface for long enough during the growing Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of all season that most mesophytic crops cannot be grown organic soil material. Peat contains a large amount of unless the soil is artificially drained. The soil is not well preserved fiber that is readily identifiable according continuously saturated in layers directly below plow to botanical origin. Peat has the lowest bulk density depth. Poor drainage results from a high water table, a and the highest water content at saturation of all slowly pervious layer within the profile, seepage, organic soil material. nearly continuous rainfall, or a combination of these. Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry weight, after Very poorly drained.-Water is removed from the soil so the gravitational, or free, water has drained away; the slowly that free water remains at or on the surface field moisture content 2 or 3 days after a during most of the growing season. Unless the soil is soaking rain; also called normal field capacity, artificially drained, most mesophytic crops cannot be normal moisture capacity, or capillary capacity. grown. Very poorly drained soils are commonly level or Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated soil depressed and are frequently ponded. Yet, where rainfall material from a road cut. It commonly is on the is high and nearly continuous, they can have moderate downhill side of the road. or high slope gradients. Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop or from an area. help control creeping or running fires. It also serves as Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution or a line from which to work and to facilitate the colloidal suspension from one place to another within movement of men and equipment in fire fighting. the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material through Designated roads also serve as firebreaks. eluviation are eluvial; those that have received material First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, subject to are illuvial. frequent or occasional flooding. Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material accumulated Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a through wind action; commonly refers to sandy material stream and is subject to flooding unless protected in dunes or to loess in blankets on the surface. artificially. Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by water, Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by such Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged by use or processes as gravitational creep. disturbance. Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers processes acting over long geologic periods and especially to the processes or soil-forming factors resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the responsible for the formation of the solum, or true building up of such landscape features as flood plains soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. and coastal plains. Synonym: natural erosion. Glacial drift (geology). Pulverized and other rock material Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than transported by glacial ice and then deposited. Also geologic erosion, mainly as a result of the activities of the sorted and unsorted material deposited by man or other animals or of a catastrophe in nature; for streams flowing from glaciers. example, fire that exposes the surface. Glacial outwash (geology). Gravel, sand, and silt deposited by glacial melt water. It is commonly stratified. Glacial till (geology). Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders transported and deposited by glacial ice.

Glaciofluvial deposits (geology). Material moved by Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited by originally part of a B horizon. streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits are B horizon.-The mineral horizon below an A horizon. stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas, and The B horizon is in part a layer of transition from the outwash plains. overlying A to the underlying C horizon. The B horizon Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine clay also has distinctive characteristics such as (1) to sand derived from glaciers and deposited in glacial accumulation of clay, sesquioxides, humus, or a lakes mainly by glacial melt water. Many deposits are combination of these; (2) prismatic or blocky structure; interbedded or laminated. (3) redder or browner colors than those in the A horizon; Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, resulting or (4) a combination of these. The combined A and B in the reduction of iron and other elements in the profile horizons are generally called the solum, or true soil. If a and in gray colors and mottles. soil does not have a B horizon, the A horizon alone is Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway, the solum. typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as C horizon.-The mineral horizon or layer, excluding protection against erosion. Conducts surface water indurated bedrock, that is little affected by soil-forming away from cropland. processes and does not have the properties typical of Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock up to 3 the A or B horizon. The material of a C horizon may be inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in diameter. An either like or unlike that in which the solum formed. If individual piece is a pebble. the material is known to differ from that in the solum, the Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 50 percent, by Roman numeral II precedes the letter C. volume, rounded or angular rock fragments, not R layer.-Consolidated rock beneath the soil. The dominantly flattened, up to 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in rock commonly underlies a C horizon, but can be diameter. directly below an A or a B horizon. Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving crop Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable part of grown to be plowed under in an early stage of the organic matter in mineral soils. maturity or soon after maturity. Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped according to Ground water (geology). Water filling all the unblocked their runoff-producing characteristics. The chief pores of underlying material below the water table. consideration is the inherent capacity of soil bare of Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by running vegetation to permit infiltration. The slope and the kind water and through which water ordinarily runs only after of plant cover are not considered but are separate rainfall. The distinction between a gully and a rill is one factors in predicting runoff. Soils are assigned to four of depth. A gully generally is an obstacle to farm groups. In group A are soils having a high infiltration rate machinery and is too deep to be obliterated by ordinary when thoroughly wet and having a low runoff potential. tillage; a rill is of lesser depth and can be smoothed over They are mainly deep, well drained, and sandy or by ordinary tillage. gravelly. In group D, at the other extreme, are soils Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or layer. having a very slow infiltration rate and thus a high runoff The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey and is potential. They have a claypan or clay layer at or near cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium carbonate, or the surface, have a permanent high water table, or are other substance. shallow over nearly impervious bedrock or other Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil material material. A soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups if intermediate in degree of decomposition between the part of the acreage is artificially drained and part is less decomposed fibric material and the more undrained. decomposed sapric material. Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the molten or partially molten state. Major varieties surface, having distinct characteristics produced by soil- include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are forming processes. In the identification of soil horizons, andesite, basalt, and granite. an upper case letter represents the major horizons. Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one Numbers or lower case letters that follow represent horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation of the material is removed from an upper horizon and subdivisions is given in the Soil Survey Manual. The deposited in a lower horizon. major horizons of mineral soil are as follows: Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or roots O horizon.-An organic layer of fresh and decaying penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is absolutely plant residue at the surface of a mineral soil. impervious to air and water all the time. A horizon.-The mineral horizon at or near the surface Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the in which an accumulation of humified organic matter is immediate surface of soil or other material, as mixed with the mineral material.

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and low in water through soil layers or material. organic material. Its bulk density is more than that of Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which water can organic soil. infiltrate into a soil under a given set of conditions. Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop production Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates the and prevention of soil damage. surface of the soil at any given instant, usually Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no natural soil expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be limited and supports little or no vegetation. by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the rate at Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam, which water is applied at the surface. sandy loam, and fine sandy loam. Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soil Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate; the loam, and silty clay loam. rate decreases with application time. Therefore, intake Moraine (geology). An accumulation of earth, stones, and rate for design purposes is not a constant but is a other debris deposited by a glacier. Some types are variable depending on the net irrigation application. The terminal, lateral, medial, and ground. rate of water intake in inches per hour is expressed as Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, including follows: the texture, structure, porosity, consistence, color, and Less than 0.2...... very low other physical, mineral, and biological properties of the 0.2 to 0.4...... low various horizons, and the thickness and arrangement of 0.4 to 0.75...... moderately low those horizons in the soil profile. 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate 1.25 to 1.75...... moderately high Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that vary in 1.75 to 2.5 ...... High number and size. Mottling generally indicates poor More than 2.5...... very high aeration and impeded drainage. Descriptive terms are as Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in follows: abundance-few, common, and many, size-fine, production of crops. Methods of irrigation are- medium, and coarse; and contrast-faint, distinct, and Sprinkler.-Water is sprayed over the soil surface prominent. The size measurements are of the diameter through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. along the greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 Lacustrine deposit (geology). Material deposited in lake millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 water and exposed when the water level is lowered or millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, more the elevation of the land is raised. than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of soil Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising and loose rock, generally when wet or saturated. The more than 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, speed and distance of movement, as well as the commonly of restricted summit area (relative to a amount of soil and rock material, vary greatly. plateau) and generally having steep sides and Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches (7.5 considerable bare-rock surface. A mountain can occur centimeters) or more across. Large stones adversely as a single, isolated mass or in a group forming a chain affect the specified use of the soil. or range. Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or Muck. Dark colored, finely divided, well decomposed other material by percolating water. organic soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) Light textured soil. Sand and loamy sand. Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of the Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil three simple variables-hue, value, and chroma. For passes from a plastic to a liquid state. example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color that has Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay particles, 28 hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4. to 50 percent silt particles, and less than 52 percent Narrow ridgetop. A sharply crested, linear elevation of the sand particles. land surface. It is either independent, or it is part of a Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized mountain or hill, such as an extended upland between particles, deposited by wind. valleys. Narrow ridgetops are 50 to 300 feet wide at the Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support crest and are associated with slopes of more than 30 loads. percent. Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt Natural reforestation. The process by which an area is loam, or silt. reforested by seeds from nearby trees. The length of Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in time necessary for natural reforestation to occur is mineralogical composition, chemical composition, or expressed as follows: structure by heat, pressure, and movement. Nearly all Readily ... seedlings are expected to become established such rocks are crystalline. in 2 to 5 years

Periodically ... seedlings are expected to become es Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on tablished in 5 to 10 years features that affect its use and management. For Infrequently ... seedlings are expected to become es tablished in 10 to 20 years example, slope, stoniness, and thickness. Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value between 6.6 and 7.3. pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and (See Reaction, soil.) alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant essential Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly nitrogen, pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the iron, manganese, copper, boron, and zinc obtained liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of moisture from the soil and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen content within which the soil remains plastic. obtained from the air and water. Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Open space. A relatively undeveloped green or wooded changes from semisolid to plastic. area provided mainly within an urban area to minimize Productive-reserve forest land. Productive public forest feelings of congested living. land not used for timber production because of statute Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in of administrative regulation. various stages of decomposition. Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing a Outwash, glacial. Stratified sand and gravel produced by specified plant or sequence of plants under specific glaciers and carried, sorted, and deposited by glacial management. melt water. Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending through Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse all its horizons and into the parent material. textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An outwash Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a soil, plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, it is expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH 7.0 is generally low in relief. described as precisely neutral in reaction because it is Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the neither acid nor alkaline. The degree of acidity or movement of water and the growth of roots. For alkalinity is expressed as- example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, and pH traffic pan. Extremely acid...... Below 4.5 Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 mineral material in which soil forms. Medium acid...... 5.6 to 6.0 Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed Slightly acid...... 6.1 to 6.5 organic matter, that has accumulated under excess Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 Mildly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a Strongly alkaline ...... 13.5 to 9.0 granule, a prism, or a block. Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called "a soil." A Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered rock pedon is three dimensional and large enough to permit and soil material on the earth's surface; the loose study of all horizons. Its area ranges from about 10 to earth material above the solid rock. 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 square meters), Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, depending on the variability of the soil. considered collectively. Percolation. The downward movement of water through Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, the soil. weathered, or partly weathered mineral material that Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water accumulated as consolidated rock disintegrated in place. through the soil adversely affecting the specified use. Rippable. Bedrock or hardpan can be excavated using a Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water to single-tooth ripping attachment mounted on a tractor move downward through the profile. Permeability is with a 200-300 draw bar horsepower rating. measured as the number of inches per hour that water Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a moves downward through the saturated soil. Terms diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, describing permeability are: pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Very slow...... less than 0.06 inch Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated by Slow...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch plant roots. Moderately slow...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil is Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. Rapid...... 6.0 to 20 inches Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream channels Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches from an area. The water that flows off the surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil the curves is the height of dominant trees that are 50 before reaching surface streams is called ground- years old or are 50 years old at breast height. water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. Site curve (100-year). A set of related curves on a graph Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral that show the average height of dominant and fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in codominant trees for a range of ages on soils that differ diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a soil in productivity. Each level is represented by a curve. textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more sand The basis of the curves is the height of dominant and and not more than 10 percent clay. codominant trees that are 100 years old or are 100 Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly years old at breast height. sand-size particles. Site index. The average height of the tallest dominant and Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly decomposed codominant trees in a stand at a basal age of 50 or of all organic soil material. Muck has the least amount 100 years. of plant fiber, the highest bulk density, and the lowest Skidding. A system of moving logs using wheeled or tracked water content at saturation of all organic soil material. equipment to drag a log from where it was cut to a Saprolite (soil science). Unconsolidated residual material loading area. The area disturbed by skidding is called a underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock below. "skid trail" or "skidding path." Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles deposited Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to movement from suspension in water. The chief kinds of downslope when loaded, excavated, or wet. sedimentary rock are conglomerate, formed from gravel; Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the sandstone, formed from sand; shale, formed from clay; horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical distance and limestone, formed from soft masses of calcium divided by horizontal distance, then multiplied by 100. carbonate. There are many intermediate types. Some Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a drop of 20 feet in 100 wind-deposited sand is consolidated into sandstone. feet of horizontal distance. Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through the Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified use. practices are required to insure satisfactory Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon and performance of the soil for a specific use. the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water into Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are the soil. almost alike, except for differences in texture of the Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, resulting surface layer or of the underlying material. All the soils from restricted permeability in the soil. of a series have horizons that are similar in composition, Slump. The downward slipping of a mass of rock or thickness, and arrangement. unconsolidated material. The rock or unconsolidated Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a material moves as a unit or as several subsidiary units clay deposit. and usually has a backward rotation on an almost Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of horizontal axis parallel to the slope from which it soil material from the land surface by the action of descends. rainfall and runoff water. Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when dry and inches (7.5 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling can adversely affect the specified use of the soil. damage roads, dams, building foundations, and other Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth's structures. It can also damage plant roots. surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The mineral properties resulting from the integrated effect of form is called quartz. climate and living matter acting on earthy parent Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that material, as conditioned by relief over periods of time. range in diameter from the upper limit of clay (0.002 Soil depth. Classes of soil depth are: millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine sand (0.05 Shallow...... 10 to 20 inches Moderately deep...... 20 to 40 inches millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil that is 80 Deep...... 40 to 60 inches percent or more silt and less than 12 percent clay. Very deep...... more than 60 inches Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly silt- Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 mm in sized particles. equivalent diameter and ranging between specified Site curve (50-year). A set of related curves on a graph size limits. The names and sizes of separates that shows the average height of dominant trees for the recognized in the United States are as follows: range of ages on soils that differ in productivity. Each Millimeters level is represented by a curve. The basis of Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand...... 1.0 to 0.5 prepared outlet. A terrace in a field is generally built so Medium sand...... 0.5 to 0.25 that the field can be farmed. A terrace intended mainly Fine sand...... 0.25 to 0.10 Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 for drainage has a deep channel that is maintained in Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 permanent sod. Clay...... less than 0.002 Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat or Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C horizon, undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. in which the processes of soil formation are active. The Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay solum in soil consists of the A and B horizons. particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural classes, in Generally, the characteristics of the material in these order of increasing proportion of fine particles, are sand, horizons are unlike those of the underlying material. loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay The living roots and plant and animal activities are loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, largely confined to the solum. and clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam classes Stocking. The degree to which an area is covered with may be further divided by specifying "coarse," "fine," or living trees. Fully stocked or normal stands have as "very fine." many trees per acre as can use the growing space Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material too available. thin for the specified use. Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 Till plain. An extensive flat to undulating area underlain by centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 6 to 15 inches glacial till. (15 to 38 centimeters) in length if flat. Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related to Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers that tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and interfere with or prevent tillage. root penetration. Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil particles into Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base of compound particles or aggregates. The principal forms a hill; part of a foot slope. of soil structure are platy (laminated), prismatic (vertical Tolerance. The capacity of a tree to grow in the shade of axis of aggregates longer than horizontal), columnar other trees and in competition with them. (prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most subangular), and granular. Structureless soils are either favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily rich single grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or in organic matter and is used to topdress roadbanks, massive (the particles adhering without any regular lawns, and land affected by mining. cleavage, as in many hardpans). Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, zinc, Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of the cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, are in soils in solum below plow depth. extremely small amounts. They are essential to plant Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, ordinarily growth. to shatter a hardpan or claypan. Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. volcanic ash and dust. Subsurface layer. Technically, the A2 horizon. Generally Unproductive forest land. Forest land that is incapable of refers to a leached horizon lighter in color and lower in producing commercial-quality wood because of adverse content of organic matter than the overlying surface site conditions, such as infertile or poorly drained soil, layer. adverse climatic conditions, and steepness and Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its rockiness which preclude timber management. equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth from 4 to Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Frequently designated banks of fill material. as the "plow layer," or the "Ap horizon." Upland (geology). Land at a higher elevation, in general, Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a series than the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the recognized in the classification system. Such soils are lowlands along streams. named for a series they strongly resemble and are Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in stream designated as taxadjuncts to that series because they valleys by glacial melt water. In nonglaciated regions, differ in ways too small to be of consequence in alluvium deposited by heavily loaded streams. interpreting their use and behavior. Variant, soil. A soil having properties sufficiently different Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that generally from those of other known soils to justify a new series marks the termination of important glacial advances. name, but occurring in such a limited geographic area Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across that creation of a new series is not justified. sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly to a

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes produced easily increased in density and bearing properties by in rocks or other deposits at or near the earth's compaction. Contrasts with poorly graded soil. surface by atmospheric agents. These changes result Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The moisture in disintegration and decomposition of the material. content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at which a plant Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of coarse (specifically sunflower) wilts so much that it does not grained particles that are well distributed over a wide recover when placed in a humid, dark chamber. range in size or diameter. Such soil normally can be Windthrow. The action of uprooting and tipping over trees by the wind.