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The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain

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The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain THE REVOLUTION AND THE CIVIL WAR IN SPAIN by Pierre Broue and Emile Temime Translated by Tony White Haymarket Books Chicago, Illinois CONTENTS INTRODUCTION page 7 LIST OF INITIALS, GROUPS, AND POLITICAL PARTIES 17 PART 1 CHAPTER 1. OLIGARCHS AND REPUBLICANS 31 A country weighed down by its past. — A semi- colonial country. — The structure of Spanish society. — The agrarian question. — The Church. — The Spanish Army. — The bourgeoisie. — The Spanish aristocracy and the conservative parties. —= Accion Popular. — The military plot. — The Falange. — The Autonomist Republicans. — The bourgeois Repub- licans. — Spain and the labor movement. CHAPTER 2. THE LABOR MOVEMENT 54 The Anarchists. — Bakunin's ideas. — Anarcho- Syndicalism. — The CNT-FAI. — The Anarchist leaders: Durruti. The Socialists. The beginnings of the Socialist party. — From reformism to revolution? — Largo Caballero and the labor alliance. — Indalecio Prieto. — CNT and UGT. The Communists. — The Stalinist Communists: the Spanish Communist party, the PSUC. and the JSU. — The dissident Communists: The POUM. 19 CONTENTS CHAPTER 3. THE PROLOGUE TO THE REVOLUTION page 74 The electoral campaign: Right against Left. — Result of the elections. — The aftermath of the elections: the government. — A revolutionary situa- tion. — Caballero's role. — Prieto's efforts. — Counterrevolutionary terrorism by the Falange. — Preparations for the military uprising. — The government's attitude. CHAPTER 4. PRONUNCIAMIENTO AND REVOLUTION 93 The building strike. — The murder of Calvo Sotelo. — The insurrection in Morocco. — The Republican government and the uprising — The Martinez Barrio government. — The Movimiento: success and failure. — A Movimiento victory: Andalusia. — A Movimiento victory: Saragossa.— An unexpected success: Oviedo. — A setback for the soldiers: the Fleet. — A Movimi- ento defeat: Barcelona. — A setback for the Movimiento: Madrid. A setback for the Movimiento: Malaga. — A setback for the Movimiento: the Basque provinces. — In Valencia: the garrison does not revolt. — The situation on the evening of 20 July. CHAPTER 5. DUAL POWER IN REPUBLICAN SPAIN 121 The power of the armed groups. — Terror against the Catholic Church. — The power of the Committees. — The Antifascist Militias Committee in Catalonia. Origins. Composition and role. — Conflict of power in Valencia. — Other revolutionary governments. — A special case: the Basque provinces. — Outline for a new state apparatus. — The militias. — The power of the state. CHAPTER 6. THE REVOLUTIONARY GAINS 150 The problem of the Church. — Industrial property. — 20 CONTENTS Collectivization in the countryside. — Collectiviza- tion and the problem of power. — Efforts at economic control. — Economics, politics, and war. CHAPTER 7. FROM REVOLUTION TO CIVIL WAR page 172 The balance of military power. — The balance is upset. — The Nationalist offensive. — Threat to Madrid. — The terror. CHAPTER 8. THE LIQUIDATION OF REVOLUTIONARY POWER 188 Committees and Soviets. — The international context. — The supporters of the restoration of the Republican state. — The left-wing Socialists at the crossroads. — The Anarchists faced with power. — The formation of the Largo Caballero government. — The dissolution of the Antifascist Militias Committee. — Aragon's entry into Republican order. — The Anarchists join the Central Government. — A decisive political factor: Russian aid. CHAPTER 9. THE CABALLERO GOVERNMENT AND THE RESTORATION OF THE STATE 213 The government versus the Committees. — Legal reform. — The rebuilding of the police force. — The militarization of the militias. — The 'legalization' of the revolutionary gains. — Retreat by the Anarchists. —The Communist upsurge. — Balance sheet of the Restoration. CHAPTER 10. MADRID: NO PASARAN! 241 A city to capture. — The defence of Madrid: General Miaja and the Junta. — The Junta's methods. — The November fighting. — Terror by air raid. — The turning point. — The battles of encirclement. — The implications of Guadalajara. 21 CONTENTS CHAPTER ii. THE BREAK UP OF THE ANTIFASCIST COALITION page 265 External pressures: The problem of Morocco. — Relations with the USSR. — Right-wing opposition makes headway. — The fall of Malaga: general coalition against Largo Caballero. — The conflict between the CNT and the Communist party. — Caballero versus the Communist party.— The rise of the revolutionary opposition. — An explosive situa- tion. — The Barcelona May Days. — Significance of the May Days. — Immediate consequences of the May Days. — The fall of Largo Caballero. CHAPTER 12. THE NEGRlN GOVERNMENT AND THE LIQUIDATION OF THE OPPOSITION 296 Juan Negrin. — The suppression of the POUM. — The murder of Andres Nin. — The dissolution of the Aragon Defense Council. — The liquidation of the loyal opposition. — The establishment of an apparatus for repression. — The SIM. — The Strong state. PART 2 CHAPTER 13. EUROPE AND THE WAR 321 The European balance and the Spanish Civil War. — The recognition of the Nationalist government. — The formation of the Axis. — The French position. — Nonintervention. — The Nonintervention Com- mittee. — Plans for control. CHAPTER 14. GERMAN-ITALIAN INTERVENTION 345 Italian intervention. — Participation by the Italians in military operations. — Italian debts. — German intervention. — HISMA. — German-Nationalist 22 CONTENTS mining agreements. — Membership in the Anti- comintern Pact. CHAPTER 15. RUSSIAN AID AND THE INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES page 366 Stalin's Russia and the Spanish Civil War. — Initial neutrality. — The turning point in autumn 1936. — Material aid. — Russian aid: men. — The first inter- national volunteers. •— The International Brigades. — Recruitment of the brigades. — The base at Albacete. — Organization of the brigades. CHAPTER 16. THE CONQUEST OF THE NORTH 389 The Northern front. — The campaign for Bilbao. — The diversion: Brunete. — The battle of Brunete. — The campaign against Santander. — Capitulation by the Basques. — The end of Asturias. — Belchite. CHAPTER 17. POLITICAL EVOLUTION IN NATIONALIST SPAIN 414 The men of the new regime. — The Nationalist pro- visional government. — General Franco. — The single party. — Political resistance. — The Church's involvement. — The new Nationalist faces. CHAPTER 18. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NEW STATE 441 The maintenance of law and order. — Purges and surveillance. — The National-Syndicalist state. — The principle of unity. — The Church and the new state. — The Church and education. — Hispanidad.— The Nationalist Army. CHAPTER 19. TERUEL, TURNING POINT OF THE WAR 462 Conditions for the offensive—The battle of Teruel— — The Nationalist counteroffensive. — The battle of Aragon. — Generalization of the offensive. — The dismissal of Prieto. 23 CONTENTS CHAPTER 20. THE ABANDONMENT OF THE REPUBLIC page 484 The Deutschland affair. — Piracy in the Mediter- ranean. — The triumph of Chamberlain's policy. — France's final hesitations. — The London Plan. — The withdrawal of the volunteers. — Munich and Spain: the Spaniards and the European crisis. — Nationalist neutrality in the Czech crisis. CHAPTER a 1. THE BATTLE OF THE EBRO AND THE CAMPAIGN IN CATALONIA 504 The offensive: a political necessity. — The crossing of the Ebro. — The battle of attrition. — Catalonia before the attack. — The loss of Barcelona. — The flight toward the frontier. — The capitulation of Minorca. — The Negrin government and the problem of peace. CHAPTER 22. THE CASADO JUNTA AND THE WINDING UP OF THE REPUBLIC 524 The Negrin government in France. — The govern- ment's return to Spain. — A new civil war? — The Casado Junta. — Failure of negotiations for an honorable peace. EPILOGUE 538 Exile. — Spain after the war. PART 3 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 548 BIBLIOGRAPHY 562 INDEX 577 24.
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