THE REVOLUTION AND THE CIVIL WAR IN SPAIN by Pierre Broue and Emile Temime Translated by Tony White Haymarket Books Chicago, Illinois CONTENTS INTRODUCTION page 7 LIST OF INITIALS, GROUPS, AND POLITICAL PARTIES 17 PART 1 CHAPTER 1. OLIGARCHS AND REPUBLICANS 31 A country weighed down by its past. — A semi- colonial country. — The structure of Spanish society. — The agrarian question. — The Church. — The Spanish Army. — The bourgeoisie. — The Spanish aristocracy and the conservative parties. —= Accion Popular. — The military plot. — The Falange. — The Autonomist Republicans. — The bourgeois Repub- licans. — Spain and the labor movement. CHAPTER 2. THE LABOR MOVEMENT 54 The Anarchists. — Bakunin's ideas. — Anarcho- Syndicalism. — The CNT-FAI. — The Anarchist leaders: Durruti. The Socialists. The beginnings of the Socialist party. — From reformism to revolution? — Largo Caballero and the labor alliance. — Indalecio Prieto. — CNT and UGT. The Communists. — The Stalinist Communists: the Spanish Communist party, the PSUC. and the JSU. — The dissident Communists: The POUM. 19 CONTENTS CHAPTER 3. THE PROLOGUE TO THE REVOLUTION page 74 The electoral campaign: Right against Left. — Result of the elections. — The aftermath of the elections: the government. — A revolutionary situa- tion. — Caballero's role. — Prieto's efforts. — Counterrevolutionary terrorism by the Falange. — Preparations for the military uprising. — The government's attitude. CHAPTER 4. PRONUNCIAMIENTO AND REVOLUTION 93 The building strike. — The murder of Calvo Sotelo. — The insurrection in Morocco. — The Republican government and the uprising — The Martinez Barrio government. — The Movimiento: success and failure. — A Movimiento victory: Andalusia. — A Movimiento victory: Saragossa.— An unexpected success: Oviedo. — A setback for the soldiers: the Fleet. — A Movimi- ento defeat: Barcelona. — A setback for the Movimiento: Madrid. A setback for the Movimiento: Malaga. — A setback for the Movimiento: the Basque provinces. — In Valencia: the garrison does not revolt. — The situation on the evening of 20 July. CHAPTER 5. DUAL POWER IN REPUBLICAN SPAIN 121 The power of the armed groups. — Terror against the Catholic Church. — The power of the Committees. — The Antifascist Militias Committee in Catalonia. Origins. Composition and role. — Conflict of power in Valencia. — Other revolutionary governments. — A special case: the Basque provinces. — Outline for a new state apparatus. — The militias. — The power of the state. CHAPTER 6. THE REVOLUTIONARY GAINS 150 The problem of the Church. — Industrial property. — 20 CONTENTS Collectivization in the countryside. — Collectiviza- tion and the problem of power. — Efforts at economic control. — Economics, politics, and war. CHAPTER 7. FROM REVOLUTION TO CIVIL WAR page 172 The balance of military power. — The balance is upset. — The Nationalist offensive. — Threat to Madrid. — The terror. CHAPTER 8. THE LIQUIDATION OF REVOLUTIONARY POWER 188 Committees and Soviets. — The international context. — The supporters of the restoration of the Republican state. — The left-wing Socialists at the crossroads. — The Anarchists faced with power. — The formation of the Largo Caballero government. — The dissolution of the Antifascist Militias Committee. — Aragon's entry into Republican order. — The Anarchists join the Central Government. — A decisive political factor: Russian aid. CHAPTER 9. THE CABALLERO GOVERNMENT AND THE RESTORATION OF THE STATE 213 The government versus the Committees. — Legal reform. — The rebuilding of the police force. — The militarization of the militias. — The 'legalization' of the revolutionary gains. — Retreat by the Anarchists. —The Communist upsurge. — Balance sheet of the Restoration. CHAPTER 10. MADRID: NO PASARAN! 241 A city to capture. — The defence of Madrid: General Miaja and the Junta. — The Junta's methods. — The November fighting. — Terror by air raid. — The turning point. — The battles of encirclement. — The implications of Guadalajara. 21 CONTENTS CHAPTER ii. THE BREAK UP OF THE ANTIFASCIST COALITION page 265 External pressures: The problem of Morocco. — Relations with the USSR. — Right-wing opposition makes headway. — The fall of Malaga: general coalition against Largo Caballero. — The conflict between the CNT and the Communist party. — Caballero versus the Communist party.— The rise of the revolutionary opposition. — An explosive situa- tion. — The Barcelona May Days. — Significance of the May Days. — Immediate consequences of the May Days. — The fall of Largo Caballero. CHAPTER 12. THE NEGRlN GOVERNMENT AND THE LIQUIDATION OF THE OPPOSITION 296 Juan Negrin. — The suppression of the POUM. — The murder of Andres Nin. — The dissolution of the Aragon Defense Council. — The liquidation of the loyal opposition. — The establishment of an apparatus for repression. — The SIM. — The Strong state. PART 2 CHAPTER 13. EUROPE AND THE WAR 321 The European balance and the Spanish Civil War. — The recognition of the Nationalist government. — The formation of the Axis. — The French position. — Nonintervention. — The Nonintervention Com- mittee. — Plans for control. CHAPTER 14. GERMAN-ITALIAN INTERVENTION 345 Italian intervention. — Participation by the Italians in military operations. — Italian debts. — German intervention. — HISMA. — German-Nationalist 22 CONTENTS mining agreements. — Membership in the Anti- comintern Pact. CHAPTER 15. RUSSIAN AID AND THE INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES page 366 Stalin's Russia and the Spanish Civil War. — Initial neutrality. — The turning point in autumn 1936. — Material aid. — Russian aid: men. — The first inter- national volunteers. •— The International Brigades. — Recruitment of the brigades. — The base at Albacete. — Organization of the brigades. CHAPTER 16. THE CONQUEST OF THE NORTH 389 The Northern front. — The campaign for Bilbao. — The diversion: Brunete. — The battle of Brunete. — The campaign against Santander. — Capitulation by the Basques. — The end of Asturias. — Belchite. CHAPTER 17. POLITICAL EVOLUTION IN NATIONALIST SPAIN 414 The men of the new regime. — The Nationalist pro- visional government. — General Franco. — The single party. — Political resistance. — The Church's involvement. — The new Nationalist faces. CHAPTER 18. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NEW STATE 441 The maintenance of law and order. — Purges and surveillance. — The National-Syndicalist state. — The principle of unity. — The Church and the new state. — The Church and education. — Hispanidad.— The Nationalist Army. CHAPTER 19. TERUEL, TURNING POINT OF THE WAR 462 Conditions for the offensive—The battle of Teruel— — The Nationalist counteroffensive. — The battle of Aragon. — Generalization of the offensive. — The dismissal of Prieto. 23 CONTENTS CHAPTER 20. THE ABANDONMENT OF THE REPUBLIC page 484 The Deutschland affair. — Piracy in the Mediter- ranean. — The triumph of Chamberlain's policy. — France's final hesitations. — The London Plan. — The withdrawal of the volunteers. — Munich and Spain: the Spaniards and the European crisis. — Nationalist neutrality in the Czech crisis. CHAPTER a 1. THE BATTLE OF THE EBRO AND THE CAMPAIGN IN CATALONIA 504 The offensive: a political necessity. — The crossing of the Ebro. — The battle of attrition. — Catalonia before the attack. — The loss of Barcelona. — The flight toward the frontier. — The capitulation of Minorca. — The Negrin government and the problem of peace. CHAPTER 22. THE CASADO JUNTA AND THE WINDING UP OF THE REPUBLIC 524 The Negrin government in France. — The govern- ment's return to Spain. — A new civil war? — The Casado Junta. — Failure of negotiations for an honorable peace. EPILOGUE 538 Exile. — Spain after the war. PART 3 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 548 BIBLIOGRAPHY 562 INDEX 577 24.