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Zbrojní Exportní Politika V Soudobém Světě

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Zbrojní Exportní Politika V Soudobém Světě MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra politologie Zbrojní exportní politika v soudobém světě Magisterská práce Lukáš Visingr Vedoucí práce: doc. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslav Mareš, Ph.D. UČO: 60659 Obor: BSS Imatrikulační ročník: 2008 Tišnov, 2010 Poděkování Chtěl bych poděkovat doc. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslavu Marešovi, Ph.D. za cenné odborné rady a připomínky poskytnuté během přípravy práce. 2 Prohlášení o autorství práce Prohlašuji, ţe jsem magisterskou práci Zbrojní exportní politika v soudobém světě vypracoval samostatně a pouţil jen zdroje uvedené v seznamu literatury. V Tišnově, 29. dubna 2010 ___________________________ podpis studenta 3 Obsah 1 Úvod a cíl práce .............................................................................................................. 6 2 Teoretický rámec ............................................................................................................ 9 3 Vybraní vývozci ........................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Spojené státy americké ................................................................................................. 18 3.2 Velká Británie ............................................................................................................... 22 3.3 Francie .......................................................................................................................... 25 3.4 Německo ....................................................................................................................... 28 3.5 Itálie .............................................................................................................................. 31 3.6 Nizozemí ....................................................................................................................... 33 3.7 Španělsko ...................................................................................................................... 34 3.8 Švédsko ......................................................................................................................... 36 3.9 Švýcarsko ..................................................................................................................... 38 3.10 Kanada .......................................................................................................................... 40 3.11 Polsko ........................................................................................................................... 41 3.12 Česká republika ............................................................................................................ 42 3.13 Izrael ............................................................................................................................. 44 3.14 Rusko ............................................................................................................................ 47 3.15 Bělorusko ...................................................................................................................... 52 3.16 Ukrajina ........................................................................................................................ 53 3.17 Čína ............................................................................................................................... 54 3.18 Brazílie ......................................................................................................................... 57 3.19 Jihoafrická republika .................................................................................................... 59 3.20 Jiţní Korea .................................................................................................................... 61 3.21 Japonsko ....................................................................................................................... 62 4 4 Významné trendy .......................................................................................................... 64 4.1 Internacionalizace a diverzifikace ................................................................................ 64 4.2 Komplexnost kontraktů ................................................................................................ 68 4.3 Nejţádanější druhy techniky ........................................................................................ 71 4.4 Vojenská a civilní technika........................................................................................... 74 5 Závěr ............................................................................................................................. 76 Literatura .................................................................................................................................. 80 Anotace a klíčová slova ............................................................................................................ 84 Rozsah práce: 190 714 znaků (včetně mezer, bez obsahu a seznamu literatury) 5 1 Úvod a cíl práce V červnu 2008 jsem obhájil bakalářskou práci Zbrojní export Ruské federace, v níţ jsem zkoumal ruskou politiku v oblasti exportu vojenské techniky, a to především v období funkce prezidenta Vladimira Putina (2000–2008). Zaměřil jsem se na srovnání této politiky se zbrojní exportní politikou někdejšího Sovětského svazu (která byla maximálně politizovaná) a Ruska za vlády prezidenta Jelcina (která byla naopak mimořádně oportunistická a orientovaná téměř výhradně na ekonomický profit). Výsledkem srovnání bylo zjištění, ţe dnešní zbrojní exportní politika Ruska je zejména pragmatická a vyváţeně kombinuje politické a ekonomické zájmy. Součástí tohoto výzkumu bylo pochopitelně také srovnání se zbrojní exportní politikou jiných významných vývozců zbraní, především Spojených států amerických a států západní Evropy, z čehoţ rovněţ vyplynuly některé poměrně zajímavé výsledky. Z tohoto důvodu jsem se rozhodl zvolit jako téma svojí magisterské práce výzkum dnešní zbrojní exportní politiky jako celku, resp. politiky zbrojního vývozu vybraných států, jeţ nyní hrají v tomto sektoru klíčové úlohy. Vzhledem k soudobé geopolitické situaci se jedná o téma velice aktuální, jelikoţ obchod se zbraněmi prodělává nepochybný vzestup. Jestliţe 90. léta se často charakterizovala omezováním vojenských výdajů, od počátku 21. století se dá pozorovat opětovný vzestup obranných rozpočtů, který poté umoţňuje vzrůst objemu zbrojních zakázek. Jednou z nejvýznamnějších příčin je dnešní válka západního světa proti islámskému terorismu a s ní spojené konflikty. Ale je to i obecná změna mocenského uspořádání světa, jenţ se mění z bipolárního (charakterizovaného soutěţením dvou poměrně jasně definovaných mocenských bloků, totalitního komunistického a demokratického kapitalistického) v multipolární, který se jiţ neřídí logikou „hry s nulovým součtem“ a kde se jistá starší (zdánlivě „věčná“) spojenectví mohou výrazně oslabit ve prospěch nových a netradičních vazeb. Přestoţe nejvýznamnější světovou mocností stále jsou (a asi ještě velmi dlouho zůstanou) Spojené státy americké, další prvky mezinárodního systému se uţ značně proměňují. Dokonce i západní Evropa pomalu hledá cestu k větší míře nezávislosti na USA a stále více se pokouší vystupovat jako nezávislá supervelmoc, ačkoli její kapacity pro to jsou dosud evidentně spíše omezené. „Staronovou supervelmocí“ se chce stát Ruská federace, pozoruhodný vzestup dnes zaţívají Čína a Indie, více samostatnou politiku sledují země Latinské Ameriky a také některé státy v Africe a Asii (např. Alţírsko nebo Malajsie). Součástí mocenského vzestupu takových zemí je logicky téţ posilování vojenského potenciálu, coţ se následně zákonitě odráţí v jejich narůstajícím zájmu o pořizování moderní vojenské techniky. 6 Základním cílem této práce je prozkoumat, jak se tyto změny odráţejí v exportní politice významných vývozců vojenské techniky a jak se projevují některé další významné trendy, jeţ se přímo týkají kvality a kvantity dnes exportovaných zbraní. Celá práce má tři základní části. První z nich představuje teoreticko-metodologický základ, jenţ se opírá zejména o definování základních pojmů, rozbor dynamiky obchodu se zbraněmi (určovaný nabídkou a poptávkou), typologii hlavních motivací zbrojního exportu (tedy politické a ekonomické motivy vývozců) a konečně často frekventovaný termín „závodů ve zbrojení“. Hlavními prameny pro tuto část byly tři knihy týkající se různých aspektů zbrojní politiky. Druhá a nejrozsáhlejší část je věnována jiţ přímo oblasti nabídky na současném světovém zbrojním trhu, resp. nejvýznamnějším vývozcům vojenské techniky. Úvod druhé části nabízí mj. analýzu toho, jak se vůbec zbrojní vývoz kvantitativně hodnotí a jak se sestavují ţebříčky největších vývozců zbraní (protoţe se jedná o úkol daleko sloţitější, neţ by se mohlo na první pohled zdát). Poté následuje jedenadvacet kapitol, které odpovídají stejnému počtu vybraných vývozců vojenské techniky; jde o šestnáct největších exportérů (z hlediska objemu kontraktů) a dalších pět zemí, které jsou pro tuto analýzu z různých důvodů zajímavé. U kaţdého státu je stručně představena historie jeho zbrojního vývozu od 50. let 20. století do konce 20. století a podrobnější popis současného stavu (tzn. exportu od přelomu tisíciletí aţ dodnes) co do druhu a mnoţství exportovaných zbraní a jejich odběratelů. Nejdůleţitějším pramenem pro tuto část byla rozsáhlá databáze Stockholmského mezinárodního ústavu pro výzkum míru (SIPRI), ve které lze najít přesné údaje o mezinárodních transferech velkých
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