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Ethnicity and Politics in Nairobi County C. 1907 - 2002

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Ethnicity and Politics in Nairobi County C. 1907 - 2002 i ETHNICITY AND POLITICS IN NAIROBI COUNTY C. 1907 - 2002 By Murathi Antony Kimani C50/CE/23621/2011 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (HISTORY) OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY. November 2018 ii DECLARATION iii DEDICATION This Dissertation is dedicated to all Kenyans who contributed to the struggle for liberation of our country in one way or other, more so those who struggled for sustainable development, democracy and peace in our nation. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This dissertation is the culmination of field research on one hand, and of student life on the other. I have incurred tremendous debts of gratitude in both enterprises along the way, some of which I wish to acknowledge here. My gratitude first goes to Kenyatta University for offering me a chance to pursue the study programme at the institution. In particular, I am indebted to members of staff of the Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies for offering me a scholarly environment which no doubt enabled me to carry out the research to its fruitful conclusion. Special thanks go to my Supervisors for remaining my dependable source of academic inspiration both in terms of their thought-provoking criticism, advice and comments which thoroughly enriched this work. I also thank them for constantly bringing to my attention new sets of literature relevant to my study, for their extensive help, and excellent teaching. I am indebted to the Chair of the department Dr. Ndiiri for his support and assistance in different ways. Many thanks go to Dr. Kisiang’ani for all the comments he made concerning the research proposal which I developed initially. His thoughtful discussions on the topic of ethnicity were thoroughly enriching and brought me to major conceptual clarity. The depth of his understanding, over an incredibly vast expanse of intellectual terrain, will always amaze and inspire me. Thanks, Daktari, for all the assistance you offered me. I have also benefited from interacting with many other scholars during my graduate studies at KU. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Kiruthu, Prof. Omwoyo, Prof. Mwanzi, Dr. Murunga and Dr. Wafula. I have especially benefited from talks with Dr Kiruthu. Conversations with Prof. Mwanzi were rather delightful and enriching. v Thanks for sacrificing your time to accord me crucial information concerning Kenyan politics. Many thanks go to the staff of Post Modern Library, Kenyatta University, and Kenya National Archives for all the support you gave me in the course of researching for this work. The inspiration of colleague students of Master of Arts at Kenyatta University encouraged me to forge ahead; thank you for cherished ideas. I am grateful to them for their active involvement, their generosity of time, and for our many discussions on numerous topics during our post-graduate studies. I am also grateful for friendships and provocative conversations with fellow students, especially Kim Wa Gathera and Mwangi Murigi. An opportunity to study together has been an unforgettably rich experience. Thanks to my worthy research assistants, Samuel and Dennis, for helping me to collect the data in the field with the meagre provisions I availed to you. May God reward you handsomely. Special thanks go my parents Murathi Wa Mbatia and Sarah, for their love, spirit, and hard work. Thanks for educating me in the first place and teaching me to value curiosity and creativity. My brothers and sisters were great role models. I am particularly indebted to Paul for supporting my education right from high school to the university level. May God remember you in your endeavours. Special thanks also to my dear wife Julia and daughter Gloria for all the support and encouragement. Despite the best efforts of my Supervisors and all those who helped me in one way or other, errors and imperfections no doubt remain. Of course, I am solely responsible for those, for they all repose in me. Above all, ultimate glory be to God and may His name be honoured forever. vi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AEMO - African Elected Members’ Organization A.P.P. - African People’s Party. C.P.D.S.G - Central Province Development Support Group. E.A.A - East African Association. E.C.K. - Electoral Commission of Kenya. FORD. - Forum for Restoration of Democracy. G.E.M. - Gikuyu Embu Meru. G.E.M.A. - Gikuyu Embu Meru Association. IBEACo - Imperial British East Africa Company. KADU. - Kenya African Democratic Union. KAU. - Kenya African Union. KANU. - Kenya African National Union. K.C.A - Kikuyu Central Association. K.P.U. - The Kenya Peoples’ Union. L.D.P. - Liberal Democratic Party. L.S.K. - Law Society of Kenya. vii MLC. - Member of Legislative Council. M.P. - Member of Parliament. M.T.O. - Murang’a Take Over. N.C.C. - Nairobi City Council. N.C.Co - Nairobi City Commission. N.D.P. - National Development Party. NARC. - National Alliance Rainbow Coalition. O.D.M. - Orange Democratic Movement. P.N.U. - The Party of National Unity. R.O. - Returning Officer. V.P. - Vice President viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Table showing the elections in which voters in Nairobi County participated and the constitutional framework in which they were held: ...................... 5 Table 4.1: House of Representatives Results by Party, 1963 .................................... 166 Table 4.2: Senate Results by Party, 1963 .................................................................. 166 Table 4.3: The General election results in Nairobi, 1969. ......................................... 178 Table 4.4: The General election results in Nairobi, 1974 .......................................... 184 Table 5.1: The general election results in Nairobi, 1979 .......................................... 203 Table 5.2: The 1988 election results in Nairobi ........................................................ 225 Table 6.1: Distribution of Parliamentary Seats byparty and Province, 1992 Elections .................................................................................................................... 253 Table 6.2:1992 presidential election results per constituency in Nairobi ................. 254 Table 6.3: 1992 Presidential Election votes by party in Nairobi ............................... 255 Table 6.4: The parliamentary election winners in Nairobi, 1997 .............................. 281 Table 6.5: Distribution of Parliamentary seats by Party and Province, 1997 ............ 282 Table 6.6: The 1997 presidential election results in Nairobi for the 3 leading candidates. ................................................................................................................. 283 Table 6.7: Presidential election results, 2002 ............................................................ 291 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of Nairobi County .............................................................................. xvii x DEFINITION OF VARIOUS TERMS Class – Refers to groups of people who have common economic, social and political interests which they would like to safeguard. Cosmopolitan - The concept cosmopolitan is used here in the sense of an urban setting with people of various diversities on lines of ethnicity, religion, political affiliation/views and race. But our major focus in these diversities is ethnicity. Ethnicity- Ethnicity is politicised or mobilised group identity. It is the product of the process of social interaction, whereby epipheral cultural symbols and historical interaction are consciously manipulated in the pursuit of economic and political interest. Some scholars make a distinction between positive and negative ethnicity. Negative ethnicity, often used interchangeably with tribalism, is used in reference to the (mis)use of ethnic identity to demand or obtain unfair advantage within a national or regional or local context. Positive ethnicity, in contrast, would refer to the promotion of an ethnic group’s positive attributes such as language, culture and philosophy. As such, the nature that ethnicity takes depends on the way it is perceived and managed. The concerns raised in this thesis are mainly about negative ethnicity. In multi-ethnic Kenya, ethnicity still dominates party politics. Majimbo- A Kenyan parlance for the regional system of government at the time of independence where power and resources were devolved to the regions. Mlolongo- A voting system where voters queue behind candidate or a portrait of the candidate. The system was applied in the 1988 general elections in Kenya. xi Murang’a Take Over - An alleged political outfit comprising of politicians from formerly Murang’a district which allegedly sought to dominate KANU city politics on an ethnic hegemony basis. During the clamour for multi-party democracy, the outfit was accused of attempting to seize supreme political power in the country. Previously, it was accused of merely seeking political advantage within the confines of Nairobi Province, (Weekly Review, December, 7, 1991). Neo-patrimonialism- refers to the patronage exercised by modern African leaders who ensure loyalty by distributing favours to loyal followers. Such leaders develop client-patron relations to distribute the largesse and other favours in order to maintain political power. Party politics- As used in this study, it will refer to the dynamics that inform the conduct of political parties. It is about the way a political party operates and relates with other parties. It also implies political parties’ participation in electoral
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