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Examining the Influence of Multiple Boundary Spanning Agents on Slum Upgrading Outcomes: Studying Muungano Wa Wanavijiji Huruma Settlement Upgrading Project

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Examining the Influence of Multiple Boundary Spanning Agents on Slum Upgrading Outcomes: Studying Muungano Wa Wanavijiji Huruma Settlement Upgrading Project MSc Program in Urban Management and Development Rotterdam, The Netherlands September 2017 Thesis Title: Examining the influence of multiple boundary spanning agents on slum upgrading outcomes: Studying Muungano Wa Wanavijiji Huruma settlement upgrading project. Name: Supervisor: Ingmar Van Meerkerk Specialization: Urban Housing and Livelihoods UMD 13 MASTER’S PROGRAMME IN URBAN MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (October 2016 – September 2017) Examining the influence of multiple boundary spanning agents on slum upgrading outcomes: Studying Muungano Wa Wanavijiji Huruma settlement upgrading project. Anne Waithira Kamweru Kenya Supervisor: Ingmar Van Meerkerk UMD 13 Report number: 1054 Rotterdam, September 2017 Examining the influence of multiple boundary spanning agents on slum upgrading outcomes: Studying Muungano Wa ii Wanavijiji Huruma settlement upgrading project. Summary Adequate housing is a chronic headache for most of Kenyans and more so the urban poor. Both the private sector and the government acting singularly have been unable to address this problem satisfactorily and provide sufficient and adequate housing stock for all socio-economic groups. This was the basis for the formation of Slum Dwellers Federation Muungano Wa Wanavijiji a vehicle with which the urban poor communally sought solutions to their shared housing problems. One of the redressal solutions pursued by Muungano Federation for its members is the bottom-up approach of ‘community-led settlement improvement’ in Huruma. Realization of such a settlement upgrading is by no means an easy feat considering the community limitations in resources, ability to negotiate for required support from external partners and organizations, the gaping diversities in needs and interests among the community members as well as the hardship in aligning their community interests with the environment other intervening factors arising from the political and policy dynamics in Kenya. This research was therefore instigated by the interest in the strategies the representative community agents applied in bridging these diversities of groups and the extents to which the abilities and competencies of these community agents in applying those strategies impacted the settlement upgrading outcomes realized from a boundary spanning perspective. Theoretical review divulged the essential tasks that these agents must undertake in traversing these barriers to realize a fulfilment of the involved partner’s needs. These are Establishing connections and linkages among parties, engaging in informational exchange between separate groups, and facilitating cooperation of all parties to ensure the realization of a co-joint objective. This research undertook and explanatory case study with three embedded units in Huruma. It followed a mixed method approach where in-depth semi-structured interviews with respondents directly involved in leadership positions in the Huruma upgrading project. Questionnaires were issued to the beneficiary community as well as content analysis of the reports made of the upgrading process to measure the success of the project outcomes as well as provide insight into the activities of the community agents and the limits to which they fulfilled their roles. The research established that informational exchange was the task that had the most impact on the upgrading outcomes realized. The community response and decisions were strongly based on information available and thus participation was limited to the extents to which relevant information on the upgrading was received. Secondly, due to the long-term nature of an incremental settlement upgrading project, it was found that multiple connective agents are necessary to muster and maintain positive involvement of vital partners from the household levels in the community to the organizational levels of external supporting bodies. Community agents bearing different characteristics are required to leverage their strengths where they complement each other’s skills and competencies by focussing on the areas of their core competencies and leaving others to do the same. It also found that the legitimation processes had impact on the extents to which the community agents fulfilled their roles, consequently community agents are required to achieve both vertical and horizontal legitimation and where impossible then a mix of community agents deriving different legitimation sources is necessitated to create sufficient connections between their constituency and the external supporting organizations. For future studies, I recommend a similar research but focussing rather on the boundary spanning agents located externally to the community but involved in this project to find out the extents to which they impacted the project. Examining the influence of multiple boundary spanning agents on slum upgrading outcomes: Studying Muungano Wa iii Wanavijiji Huruma settlement upgrading project. Keywords Boundary Spanning, Legitimation Sources, Huruma Settlement Upgrading, Settlement Upgrading Outcomes, Slum Dweller Federations Examining the influence of multiple boundary spanning agents on slum upgrading outcomes: Studying Muungano Wa iv Wanavijiji Huruma settlement upgrading project. Acknowledgements This thesis is dedicated to African women. Against all odds we continue to rise and pursue opportunities of enlightenment to better our societies. May our desire for this never slacken no matter the hardships life’s journeys present us. It is also dedicated to my family for their unwavering support. Most especially to Sophia and Pablo. I thank you, unreservedly. I would like as well to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Dr Ingmar Van Meerkerk for his collegial coaching and mentorship for the duration of this thesis writing. Thank you. Finally, I wish to extend my appreciation to the faculty that shared their expertise with me most generously and their academic guidance has presented me a lot of new knowledge. Particularly Ms Maria Zwanenburg. My thanks also to Cocky and Ruud for all your assistance. Thank you, to each one of you. Examining the influence of multiple boundary spanning agents on slum upgrading outcomes: Studying Muungano Wa v Wanavijiji Huruma settlement upgrading project. Abbreviations CBO Community Based Organization COOPI Cooperazione Internazionale KCS Kituo Cha Sheria GOK Government of Kenya HI Homeless International ITDG Intermediate Technology Development Group NCC Nairobi City Council NGO Non-Governmental Organization PT Pamoja Trust SDI Slum Dwellers International SPARC Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres UNFPA United Nations Population Fund Examining the influence of multiple boundary spanning agents on slum upgrading outcomes: Studying Muungano Wa vi Wanavijiji Huruma settlement upgrading project. Table of Contents List of Figures Figure 1 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 2: Expansion of Muungano ....................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 3: Location of case study within Nairobi County .................................................................................................... 34 Figure 4: Kambi Moto dwelling structure upgrading process ........................................................................................... 38 Figure 5: Upgraded structures.............................................................................................................................................. 42 Figure 6: Construction process ............................................................................................................................................. 45 List of Tables Table 1: Types of boundaries ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Table 2: Operationalization of variables and indicators .................................................................................................... 22 Table 3: Survey Data quantification evaluation scheme ..................................................................................................... 26 Table 4: Boundary Spanning Strategies evaluation scheme ............................................................................................... 27 Table 5: Data Collection schedule ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Table 6: Kambi Moto upgrading fact sheet ........................................................................................................................ 39 Table 7: Kambi Moto Housing outcomes satisfaction levels .............................................................................................. 39 Table 8: Kambi Moto Neighbourhood Outcomes satisfaction levels. ................................................................................ 40 Table 9 Kambi Moto Individual/household outcomes satisfaction levels .......................................................................... 41 Table 10: Gitathuru Community fact sheet ......................................................................................................................... 42 Table 11: Gitathuru Housing outcomes satisfaction levels. ...............................................................................................
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