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Water Resource Uses and Potential Impact of Hydropower Development Case Study from Northeast Cambodia

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Water Resource Uses and Potential Impact of Hydropower Development Case Study from Northeast Cambodia Water resource uses and potential impact of hydropower development Case Study from Northeast Cambodia Wei Zhang1, Dawit Mekonnen1, Claudia Ringler1, Yumiko Kura2, Mith Samonn2, Tep Bunnarith3, Pelle Gatke2, and Prapti Bhandary1 1. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC, USA 2. WorldFish – Greater Mekong Region, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 3. Culture and Environment Preservation Association (CEPA) , Phnom Penh, Cambodia Report for the Challenge Program on Water & Food Mekong Project MK2: “Assessing the Value of Water” 20 JULY, 2014 Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the following individuals and organizations in Cambodia who have facilitated this research: provincial authorities of Stung Treng province, local authorities in the Sesan District, members of the field survey team from Culture and Environment Preservation Association (CEPA), and the survey respondents in the 18 villages along the Sesan and Srepok Rivers who participated in this study. This research was carried out through the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), which is funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the European Commission (EC), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). CPWF is a partner of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). WLE combines the resources of 11 CGIAR Centers, The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and numerous international, regional and national partners to provide an integrated approach to natural resource management research. This program is led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), a member of the CGIAR Consortium. wle.cgiar.org All errors and omissions which may remain in this report are those of the authors and shall not be attributed to any of these individuals and organizations. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 7 II. CASE STUDY BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 8 II.1. Description of the Study Site .............................................................................................. 8 II.2. Description of the Lower Sesan 2 Project .......................................................................... 12 II.3. Characteristics of the Water Resources and the Seasonal River Flow Patterns ................... 14 II.4. Hydropower Potential in Cambodia.................................................................................. 19 III. CASE STUDY METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 20 IV. RESULTS OF THE CASE STUDY ................................................................................... 23 IV.1. Characteristics of the Surveyed Villages and Households ................................................. 23 IV.2. Sources of Water ............................................................................................................ 25 IV.3. Agriculture and Farmland ............................................................................................... 32 IV.4. Livestock ........................................................................................................................ 36 IV.5. Fisheries ......................................................................................................................... 37 IV.6. Forestry ......................................................................................................................... 43 V. CONCLUSIONS: SENSITIVITY OF WATER USES AND USERS TO HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................ 43 VI. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 46 3 List of Figures Figure 1: Organizing framework of the MK2 Project on Water Valuation.............................................. 7 Figure 2: Map of the study site ............................................................................................................... 9 Figure 3: The locations of the ten surveyed villages upstream of the dam .......................................... 11 Figure 4: The locations of the eight surveyed villages downstream of the dam .................................. 11 Figure 5: Location of Sesan and Srepok Basins and existing and planned dams .................................. 12 Figure 6: Predicted extent of the Lower Sesan 2 Dam Reservoir ......................................................... 15 Figure 7: The natural flow regime at the site of the Lower Sesan 2 Dam............................................ 16 Figure 8: Comparison of the Sesan River flow regimes at Yali (Vietnam) and at the Lower Sesan 2 ... 17 Figure 9: Inflow and filling times for the Lower Sesan 2 ....................................................................... 18 Figure 10: Source of water by season ................................................................................................... 26 Figure 11: Relative importance of the river as a water source by season ............................................ 27 Figure 12: Difficulty of water collection by season, location, and water source .................................. 29 Figure 13: Distance to the water source by village location (in minutes) ............................................ 30 Figure 14: Average total amount of time (minutes) each family spends collecting water every week 30 Figure 15: Uses of water collected from rivers (percent) ..................................................................... 31 Figure 16: Average monthly fish catch (kg) and percentage of households involved in fishing by downstream and upstream villages .............................................................................................. 39 Figure 17: Average monthly fish catch and percentage of households involved in fishing by villages along the Sesan River and Srepok River ........................................................................................ 40 4 List of Tables Table 1: Characteristics of the Lower Sesan 2 Dam, as conceived in the original plan ........................ 13 Table 2 : Characteristics of the Lower Sesan 2 Reservoir ..................................................................... 18 Table 3: Number of households interviewed for the survey ................................................................ 21 Table 4: Key quantitative livelihood variables ...................................................................................... 22 Table 5: Ethnicity of surveyed households ........................................................................................... 23 Table 6: Demographic characteristics of household members by village ............................................ 23 Table 7: Main types of lighting .............................................................................................................. 24 Table 8: Types of toilet facility used ..................................................................................................... 24 Table 9: Water source used by household in the dry season by location ............................................ 25 Table 10: Water source used by household in the wet season by location ......................................... 25 Table 11: Water collection in the dry season ....................................................................................... 28 Table 12: Percentage of households considering the river important, by use ..................................... 31 Table 13: Size of land holdings and perceived risk of losing land ......................................................... 32 Table 14: Farmland ownership by type of land .................................................................................... 33 Table 15: Types of irrigation used ......................................................................................................... 33 Table 16: Sources of water for agriculture in downstream villages by type of land ............................ 34 Table 17: Sources of water for agriculture in upstream villages by type of land ................................. 34 Table 18: Crop diversity ........................................................................................................................ 35 Table 19: Main types of crops/trees cultivated .................................................................................... 35 Table 20: Imputed value of annual rice production per household in U.S. dollars .............................. 36 Table 21: Average number and value of animals owned per household ............................................. 36 Table 22: Dominant fish species caught and price range by month ..................................................... 41 Table 23: Seasonal pattern of fish catch and household income in Srepok villages ............................ 42 Table 24. Collection of forest products ................................................................................................. 43 5 List of Acronyms CPWF Challenge Program on Water and Food CEPA Culture and Environment Preservation Association EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EVN Electricity of Vietnam FSL Full Supply Level GWh Gigawatt hours
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