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Líneas De Base De Biodiversidad

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Líneas De Base De Biodiversidad PARQUE NACIONAL EL IMPENETRABLE CHACO - ARGENTINA LÍNEAS DE BASE DE BIODIVERSIDAD JULIO 2020 PARQUE NACIONAL EL IMPENETRABLE CHACO - ARGENTINA LÍNEAS DE BASE DE BIODIVERSIDAD El Gran Chaco es una gran región de bosque seco tropical climáticamente caracteri- Las líneas de base son instrumentos útiles para la conservación y manejo de un área zada por una marcada estación seca entre mayo y septiembre y una estación húmeda protegida. Comienzan como un listado taxonómico de especies que potencialmente se entre noviembre y abril, con una temperatura media anual de 22 °C (Bucher, 1982; encuentran en la zona, que van luego siendo confirmadas o descartadas a medida que Volante et. al., 2012). Las precipitaciones anuales varían entre los 450 mm en el Cha- se haya evidencia en forma de registros concretos sobre su presencia. Luego de generar co Seco a los 1200 mm en el Chaco Húmedo (Bucher, 1982; Volante et. al., 2012). El un conocimiento sólido acerca de la biodiversidad presente, las líneas de base pueden Parque Nacional Impenetrable se encuentra en una zona de transición entre el Chaco complejizarse a medida que relevamientos sistemáticos son llevados a cabo. De esta Seco y el Chaco Húmedo. Esto, sumado a la presencia de fuentes de agua temporales y forma se pueden adicionar datos acerca del estado de conservación de las diferentes permanentes, a las condiciones edáficas y a un historial de uso de fuego, ha generado especies, su abundancia relativa, ambientes que utilizan, época del año en que están un mosaico de formaciones vegetales mayormente conformadas por bosques xerófi- presentes, si utilizan el sitio para reproducirse o no y en qué época lo hacen, si se de- los y subxerófilos, intercalados con bosques en galería, sabanas y pastizales (Cabrera, tectan sitios de prioridad de conservación, entre otros. 1976). Los árboles más característicos son los quebrachos (Schinopsis balansae, S. lo- La presente línea de base de anfibios del Parque Nacional El Impenetrable ha sido rentzii y Aspidosperma quebracho), los algarrobos (Prosopis spp.), palo santo (Bulnesia elaborada mediante la identificación de ejemplares hallados en muestreos no sarmientoi) y el itín (Prosopis kuntzei). La capa arbustiva está dominada por especies sistemáticos y encuentros fortuitos. Se ha confeccionado un listado taxonómico de Acacia, Mimosa, Prosopis y Celtis, mientras que la presencia de cactus, pastos y bro- de especies que incluye la Clase, el Orden, la Familia y el nombre vulgar y científico meliáceas es frecuente (Prado, 1993). Esta variedad de ambientes se ve reflejada en de cada ejemplar identificado. Además, se agregaron especies que potencialmente se una alta biodiversidad de animales y plantas y conocerla es de vital importancia para hallan en el Parque de acuerdo con Kacoliris, et. al (2006), quienes realizaron una re- comprender el funcionamiento ecológico del Parque Nacional El Impenetrable y las visión bibliográfica del Impenetrable chaqueño sumado a muestreos propios en zonas consecuencias de las actividades humanas sobre el mismo. cercanas al Parque. Estas especies se indican con una “(P)”. 2 LISTADO DE ESPECIES cia de cactáceas, Capparidastrum spp. Ziziphus mistol, Mimozyganthus carinatus, Acacia Las especies que son acompañadas del nombre de un autor representan datos de ob- praecox, y ejemplares relativamente jóvenes de Ceiba chordati, Aspidosperma quebracho blanco, Prosopis kuntzei, entre otras especies) servaciones que no han sido realizadas por los autores de la presente línea de base, sin embargo, se trata de información confiable. En estos casos, los comentarios acerca de • Pastizales inundables: son sectores bajos que incorporan agua debido a las lluvias o por desbordes del río Bermejo o el Riacho y la retienen durante gran parte del la especie se reducen a lo que el autor haya dejado registrado. año. Gramíneas de distintas especies así como plantas palustres (e.g. Ludwigia spp., Hydrocleys nymphaeoides) dominan el paisaje y suelen estar rodeados por un cinturón AMBIENTES de vinal (Prosopis ruscifolia) que avanza hacia el centro, en un proceso que tiende a cerrarlos. En grandes rasgos, podemos dividir el Parque en los siguientes tipos de ambientes: • Lagunas en forma de herradura: Formaban parte del antiguo cauce del río Bermejo, • Bosque ribereño: Presenta árboles de gran porte (> 20m) como por ejemplo el Tim- que al cambiar de rumbo y acumular sedimentos en los extremos creó lagunas con bó o Palo Flojo (Albizia inundata), Palo Jabón (Sapindus saponaria), y el Molle o Gua- esta forma característica. Son ambientes muy dinámicos los cuales quedan aislados raniná (Sideroxylon obtusifolium), se caracteriza por la presencia de lianas y enreda- en gran parte del año pero vuelven a conectarse con el río durante las crecientes del deras como las del género Arrabidaea e Ipomea y por ser más sombrío y húmedo Bermejo. Durante este proceso se intercambian peces y nutrientes y el nivel de la que otros ambientes, con un sotobosque bien desarrollado de Tala (Celtis iguanaea) laguna puede crecer hasta 4 metros en pocos días. Estos ambientes son susceptibles y Ancoche (Vallesia glabra). En general no supera los 50-100 m de ancho debido a a desaparecer al retornar el río a su cauce natural o a formarse nuevas lagunas luego su dependencia de las fuentes de agua permanentes o semipermanentes y “copia” la de cada crecida. forma del cuerpo de agua que bordea. • Costas de río: inmediaciones de los ríos Bermejo y Bermejito y del Riacho, desde • Bosque chaqueño: Bosque xerófilo bajo donde abundan el Garabato (Acacia prae- el límite del agua hasta la barranca. Con suelo arenoso sin vegetación o con Aliso o cox), el Duraznillo (Ruprechtia triflora), el Mistol (Ziziphus mistol), el Itín (Prosopis Palo bobo (Tessaria integrifolia) kuntzei) y de manera más aislada, cactus, algarrobos (Prosopis spp.) y Palo Santo (Bul- nesia sarmientoi). El sotobosque es semiabierto, con abundancia de chaguar (Bromelia • Lagunas temporales: Son lagunas de escasa profundidad (< 2 m) que recargan sus hieronymi) y capparáceas. aguas principalmente con las lluvias o mediante el desborde de ríos o de lagunas en forma de herradura. En general se secan total o parcialmente a fines de la estación • Pastizales secos o Caños: Se trata viejos cauces de los ríos Bermejo, Bermejito o El seca. Conforme bajan sus aguas las costas son rápidamente vegetadas por hierbas Riacho. Se caracterizan por tener suelos arenosos y secos. En los diferentes caños palustres y pastizales, mientras que la superficie se cubre con repollitos de agua del Parque y en diferentes sectores dentro de un mismo caño se observa en mayor (Pistia stratioides). Ejemplos de estos ambientes son la Laguna El Suri y la laguna La o menor medida un proceso de arbustización por tusca y otras especies leñosas, China. llegando en algunos casos a cerrar completamente el pastizal. En líneas generales, el Caño de Las Herramientas, al sur del parque, es relativamente más abierto, obser- • El Riacho: Este cuerpo de agua merece un apartado especial debido a que según la vándose grandes extensiones de plantas en estrato herbáceo con parches o indivi- época del año se comporta como una laguna temporal (llegándose a secar e inte- duos aislados de Acacia aroma. En cambio, el paleo-cauce del Riacho, hacia el norte rrumpir por sectores, cubriéndose de repollitos de agua por tramos) o como un río del parque, se encuentra en un estado sucesional mucho más avanzado, sobre todo (presentando corriente moderada y desbordando hacia áreas circundantes. Recibe en su extremo oriental, donde los sectores de pastos y otras herbáceas son mucho aportes por lluvias, del gran humedal Zorro Bayo y por desborde del río Bermejo. Se más reducidos, y el estrato arbóreo y arbustivo, mucho más diverso (con presen- encuentra bordeado por bosques ribereños. 3 PARQUE NACIONAL EL IMPENETRABLE CHACO - ARGENTINA LÍNEAS DE BASE DE BIODIVERSIDAD JULIO 2020 Hongos ....................................................................... 5 Plantas vasculares .................................................... 8 Artrópodos ................................................................. 55 Peces ........................................................................... 89 Anfibios ....................................................................... 99 Reptiles ....................................................................... 108 Aves ............................................................................. 117 Mamíferos .................................................................. 159 PARQUE NACIONAL EL IMPENETRABLE CHACO - ARGENTINA HONGOS 5 PARQUE NACIONAL EL IMPENETRABLE HONGOS CHACO - ARGENTINA Nº FAMILIA NOMBRE IDENTIFICACIÓN ABUNDANCIA OBSERVACIONES STATUS CIENTÍFICO 1 Agaricaceae Agaricus purpurellus Confirmada Frecuente Observado en bosque ribereño (Laguna El Breal). en Mayo. Comestible de baja calidad 2 Amaurodema sp. Confirmada Especie Observado entre hojarasca de Duraznillo (Ruprechtia triflora) en ambiente de transición relativamente común entre bosque xerófito y bosque ribereño en la zona de La Armonía en el mes de Mayo. 3 Auricularia sp. Confirmada Poco frecuente Creciendo sobre madera. En ambiente de bosque ribereño (Laguna El Breal) en Enero. 4 Clathrus sp. Confirmada Relativamente común Observado en varios puntos del parque (bosque ribereño de las lagunas El Breal y El Suri) en Noviembre - Diciembre. Emana olor fétido. 5 Cyathus sp. Confirmada Rara Creciendo sobre barranca barrosa del río Bermejo apenas abandonada por el agua en Enero. 6
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