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Lazzaro Federico 2014 These.Pdf (6.854Mb) Université de Montréal École(s) de Paris Enquête sur les compositeurs étrangers à Paris dans l’entre-deux-guerres par FEDERICO LAZZARO Faculté de musique Thèse présentée à la Faculté de musique en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Musique (option Musicologie) Novembre 2014 © Federico Lazzaro, 2014 Résumé « École de Paris » est une expression souvent utilisée pour désigner un groupe de compositeurs étrangers ayant résidé à Paris dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Toutefois, « École de Paris » dénomme des réalités différentes selon les sources. Dans un sens élargi, le terme comprend tous les compositeurs de toute époque ayant vécu au moins une partie de leur vie à Paris. Dans son sens le plus strict, il désigne le prétendu regroupement de quatre à six compositeurs arrivés à Paris dans les années 1920 et comprenant notamment Conrad Beck, Tibor Harsányi, Bohuslav Martinů, Marcel Mihalovici, Alexandre Tansman et Alexandre Tchérepnine. Dans le but de revisiter l’histoire de l’utilisation de cette expression, nous avons reconstitué le discours complexe et contradictoire à propos de la question « qu’est-ce que l’École de Paris? ». Notre « enquête », qui s’est déroulée à travers des documents historiques de l’entre-deux-guerres ainsi que des textes historiographiques et de vulgarisation parus jusqu’à nos jours, nous a mené à la conclusion que l’École de Paris est un phénomène discursif que chaque acteur a pu manipuler à sa guise, car aucun fait ne justifie une utilisation univoque de cette expression dans le milieu musical parisien des années 1920-1930. L’étude de la programmation musicale nous a permis notamment de démontrer qu’aucun évènement regroupant les compositeurs considérés comme des « membres » de l’École de Paris n’a jamais eu lieu entre 1920 et 1940. Par la suite, nous avons contextualisé ce discours pour comprendre quels faits et quelle rhétorique dominante l’ont rendu possible. L’expression utilisée en musique est une extension de celle introduite dans le milieu des arts visuels dans les années 1920, dictée par la tendance dominante dans le Paris cosmopolite à marquer une distinction nette entre les Français et les étrangers. Nous avons à ce propos approfondi les différentes formes de nationalisme musical, et leur rôle dans la création d’un discours faisant de l’École de Paris une question stylistique – une position qui affirme l’existence d’un « style École de Paris » distinct de la « musique française ». En plus des reconstitutions du discours des tiers et du contexte, nous avons interrogé les discours tenus par les compositeurs concernés. L’étude de plusieurs documents inédits nous apprend que ces compositeurs s’opposent fermement, dans l’entre-deux-guerres, aux tentatives de les considérer comme un groupe. Mais qu’après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ils épousent le discours favorable à l’image homogène et cohérente d’une École de Paris, contribuant ainsi à sa fortune historiographique. Mots clefs École de Paris – Musique française – Paris, 1920-1930 – Nationalisme – Cosmopolitisme – Artistes migrants – Historiographie – Analyse du discours iii Abstract “School of Paris” (École de Paris) is a term often used to indicate a group of foreign composers who resided in Paris in the years between World War I and II. However, depending on the source, “School of Paris” can have various meanings. In a broader sense, it includes all composers in any era who lived at least part of their lives in Paris. In its strictest sense, it refers to the alleged group of four to six composers who arrived in Paris in the 1920s: Conrad Beck, Tibor Harsányi, Bohuslav Martinů, Marcel Mihalovici, Alexandre Tansman, and Alexander Tcherepnin. In order to revisit the history of the use of this term, we have reconstructed the complex and contradictory discourse concerning the question: “what is the School of Paris?”. Our “investigation”, which took place through historical documents of the interwar years, as well as historiographical and popularized texts published up to today, led us to the conclusion that the School of Paris is a discursive phenomenon that each performer could manipulate at will, since no factual evidence justifies an unequivocal use of this term in the Parisian musical milieu of the 1920s and 1930s. Most notably, the study of musical programming allowed us to demonstrate that no particular event or gathering of the so-called “members” of the School of Paris ever took place between 1920 and 1940. Subsequently, we have contextualized this discourse to understand which facts and which prominent rhetoric made it possible. The term used in music is an extension of that which was introduced in the milieu of visual arts in the 1920s, dictated by the dominant tendency in cosmopolitan Paris to make a clear distinction between the French and the non-French. In this light, we have thoroughly examined the different forms of musical nationalism and their role in creating a discourse on the School of Paris as a question of style — a position that asserts the existence of a “School of Paris style”, distinct from that of “French music”. In addition to the reconstructions of third party and contextualized discourse, we have examined the discourses held by the composers in question. The study of several unpublished documents shows us that these composers were strongly opposed, during the interwar years, to attempts to treat them as a group. Not until after the Second World War do they couple this discourse with the favourable image of a homogeneous and coherent School of Paris, thus contributing to its historiographical fortune. Key words School of Paris – French Music – Paris, 1920-1930 – Nationalism – Cosmopolitanism – Migrant Artists – Historiography – Discourse Analysis iv ai miei nonni Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................................ iii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv Table des matières ..................................................................................................................... vii Liste des tableaux ....................................................................................................................... xi Liste des illustrations ................................................................................................................. xii Liste des exemples musicaux ................................................................................................... xiii Notes rédactionnelles ................................................................................................................ xv A. Transcriptions ............................................................................................................. xv A.1. Textes imprimés .................................................................................................. xv A.2. Textes manuscrits ................................................................................................ xv A.3. Émissions radiophoniques ................................................................................... xvi B. Graphie des noms ....................................................................................................... xvi C. Abréviations .................................................................................................................. xvi C.1. Institutions .......................................................................................................... xvi C.2. Instruments de musique ....................................................................................... xvii C.3. Abréviations bibliographiques .............................................................................. xvii Remerciements ....................................................................................................................... xix Introduction. Prolégomènes à une enquête .......................................................................... 1 PARTIE I. TRACES Introduction. Traces d’un discours ......................................................................................... 11 Chapitre 1. Vulgate(s) sur l’École de Paris ............................................................................. 15 1.1. L’École de Paris dans les encyclopédies, microcosmes inhomogènes ..................... 15 1.2. L’école de Paris à la radio ......................................................................................... 21 Chapitre 2. Groupements et « écoles » ................................................................................... 27 2.1. Le baptême de la critique .......................................................................................... 27 2.2. « École », un mot polyvalent ..................................................................................... 38 Chapitre 3. L’École de Paris au sens élargi et au(x) sens strict(s) ....................................... 55 3.1. Les étrangers à Paris : École de Paris au(x) sens élargi(x) ........................................ 58 vii 3.2. Un groupe : École de Paris au(x) sens strict(s) ......................................................... 70 3.2.1. Dans la presse de l’entre-deux-guerres : clins d’œil ............................................... 71 3.2.2. L’historiographie musicale française .................................................................... 73
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