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This Work Is Used with the Permission of ICLARM. © 1994, International F$mmunity Management and Common Property / of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences Edited by R.S.2, P meroy International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management &I' ,3 4~35 Community Management md%nmon Property of Coastal Flsherles In Ash and the Paclflc: Concepts, Methods and Experiences Proceedings of the Workshop on Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries and Upland Resources In Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences Silang. Cavite, Philippines 21 -23 June 1333 Edited by R.S. Porneroy Published by the International Center for Llvlng Aquatic Resources Management. MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makatl, Metro Manila, Phlllpplnes. Printed In Manlla, Phlllpplnes The ICLARM's Technical Series was developed In response to the lack of existing publlshlng outlets for longer papers on troplcal flsherles research. The Conference Proceedings Series consists of conference and workshop documents which synthesize and Interpret information, some ofwhlch may be new, and present new lnslghts Into exlstlng problems. All documents (other than abstract and summary papers) In these series are carefully peer reviewed externally as well as within ICLARM. Those published are thus equivalent to prlmary literature. Between 1.000 and 2.000 copies of each tltle are usually dissemlnated - sold or provlded In exchange or free of charge. Pomeroy. R.S.. Editor. 1994. Communlty management and common and the Pacific: concepts. Conf. Proc. 45, 189 p. Cover design by Ovldlo F. Esplritu, Jr. iSSN 0 1 1 5-4435 ISBN 97 1-8709-56-8 ICLARM Contribution No. 1092. Contents Foreword M./. WLLIAMS .............................................................................................. v Acknowledgement ...................... .. ................................................................................. vi Abstract ....................................................................................................................... vii Introduction RS POMEROY .......................................................................................... 1 The role of government in coastal resources management A.C. ALCALA and Ef. VANDE VUSE ...................................................................................... 1 2 Frameworks for understanding resource management on the commons D. FEENY............................................................................................................... 20 lnstitutlonal analysis, design principles and threats to sustalnable community governance and management of commcns E. OSTROM ................ 34 Property rights and coastal fisheries F. BERKES ......................................................... 5 1 Changing the focus of coastal fisheries management K. RUDDLE ............................ 63 Forest farmers and fishers as stewards of community resources M. RACELIS ......... 87 Research dlrected at developing local organizations for people's participatlon in fisheries management R.B. POLLNAC........................................ 94 Towards an integrated community management of coastal fisheries 1. KUMEN .............................................................................................................. 107 Planning and management of small-scale coastal fisheries K, KUPERAN VlSWANA7HANand N.M.R. ABDULLAH ............................................................. 1 15 Creating dialogue and generating information H./. McAR7;HUR jR. ...................... 124 The role of nongovernmental organizations in community-based coastal resources management C. Z ANONUEVO ........................................................ 145 Problems encountered in the Implementation of a community-based h fishery resource management project R.E AGBAYANIand S. V. SlAR ............. 149 The Central Visayas Reglonal Project: experience in community-based coastal resources management R.M. BQfOS, /R. ............................................ 16 1 Community-based coastal resources management: the Palawan experience R.M. SANDAL0 ..................................................................................................165 I . Llst of Participants ............................... ... ......................................................182 II. Workshop Program ..........................................................................................187 Foreword esearchers in the social sciences are at the forefront of the urgent search for ketter ways of managing fisheries resources. The papers in the present volume contain a significant record of the search: they examine the concepts of community management and common property in coastal fisheries; and look at how community management operates in a range of past and present fisheries systems in Asia and the Pacific. All over the world, people are seeking viable solutions to the critical challenges of the management of stressed and degrading natural resources. More than in any other region. fisheries resources in Asla and the Pacific are important sources of food, income, jobs and cultural heritage. Over the recent decades, many governments have adopted management approaches suited to expanding, commercial fisheries development - relying on central control, monitoring and surveillance. Traditional management practices and codes of small-scale fishers often have been overlooked. The new approaches have often been ineffective in conserving resources and ensuring equity and economic efficiency in their use. Fishers tend to flout the government management arrangements or Find ways around them; and governments lack resources for their full implementation. Achieving more effective management will be complex but there Is a consensus that the way forward requires greater community involvement. A quick fix or an easy answer, however, does not exist. For example, a greater level of community management will need considerable capacity building so that the community can cope with managing the present stresses on the resources caused by increasing population numbers, degraded present state of resources and coastal ecosystems. Many of the complexities are discussed in this volume whlch is published as a contribution to the world's search for a way forward. Meryl J. Wllllarns Director General International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management Acknowledgement he workshop would not have been posslble without the Financial support of the TInternational Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the Ford Foundation. The International Institute of Rural Reconstruction kindly provided the venue for the workshop. It would have not been possible to conduct the workshop wlthout the coordinating skills of Angie Aguito, Rocky Josue and Rachel Atanacio of ICLARM. Grants from lDRC to aid the publication of this book are also gratefully acknowledged. The proceedings were copyedited and organized with the able assistance of Rachel Africa and Anjanette Trinidad. Abstract Is volume reports the proceedings of an International scientific meeting to document T"the concepts, methods and experlences in communlty-based management and common property management for coastal fisheries In Asia and the Pacific. A number of general conclusions and recommendations about coastal fisheries community- based management can be made from the papers and discussion at the meeting. The conventional wisdom that fisheries resources which are held as communal property are subject to eventual overexploitation and degradation and that a centralized management authority is needed to manage resources is not equivocal. Traditional community-based management systems have an important role to play in the management of coastal Fisheries. Recent investigatlon on community-based fisheries management has shown that when left to their own devices, communities of fishers, under certain conditlons, may use fisheries resources sustainably. vli ROBERT 5. POMEROY Asian Fisheries Social Science Research Network In terna tional Center for Living A qua tic Resources Management MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makati, Metro Manila Phili/pin es Background control over coastal and marine resources: and socioeconomic differentiation and un- n many countries in Asia and the Pa- equal concentration of power within coastal I cific, national governments have increased cornmunitles. When community-level in- thelr role in the management of coastal stitutional arrangements for coastal fisheries fisheries. The role of local level control, management are undermined, the usual through traditional management and cus- common-property resource management tom, has correspondingly diminished. By regimes (in which group site and behavioral appropriating this control over coastal fish- rules are specified), have been, in many eries management, the national govern- instances, replaced by open-access re- ment has often underestimated the ca- gimes, a free-for-all with uncontrolled entry pacities of coastal communities, learned for resource use and the economic in- through often long and difficult experi- centive for the user to extract as much ence, to manage local fisheries resource of the resource as possible before oth- systems to meet their needs. In many ers do. instances, the national government has Fisheries management in the Asia-Pacific overestimated its ability to manage these region has been heavily influenced by the same resources (see Ruddle, this vol.). Western concept of the need For a centralized The dissolution of local level control administrative authority. This
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