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Thesis Submitted to the University of Fort Hare in Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Master of Social Science in Development

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Thesis Submitted to the University of Fort Hare in Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Master of Social Science in Development View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) Community Development Projects and Food Security: The case of Zanyokwe Irrigation Project Eastern Cape Province, South Africa By Sikhanyiso Ndlovu (Student No. 200705973) Thesis submitted to the University of Fort Hare in fulfilment of the requirements of the Master of Social Science in Development Studies Department of Development Studies Faculty of Management and Commerce University of Fort Hare Republic of South Africa Supervisor: Professor. A Rahim 2013 DECLARATION I, SIKHANYISO NDLOVU do hereby declare that this dissertation is a product of my original work that was built from literature that has been carefully acknowledged as required in the University‟s plagiarism policy. The work has not been submitted elsewhere for the purpose of obtaining another degree. ………………….. ……………………… Signature Date i DECLARATION ON RESEARCH ETHICS CLEARANCE I, SIKHANYISO NDLOVU, do hereby declare that I am fully aware of the University of Fort Hare‟s Policy on Research Ethics and I have taken every precaution to comply with the regulations. I have obtained an ethical clearance certificate from the University of Fort Hare‟s Research Ethics Committee. …………………………. ………………………………… Signature Date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To God Almighty be the glory, honour, and adoration for He granted courage, wisdom inspiration and strength to complete this study. Thank you Lord God Almighty. My gratitude also goes to my brothers and sisters, thank you so much saints each and every one of you helped me so much in your own unique way, may God richly bless you all. To my supervisor Prof A Rahim I just want to say “thank you so much Prof for being very patient with me, for encouraging me and for all your efforts that made it possible for me to complete this study. I would like to thank my siblings: Witness, Sikhethiwe and Thembani for their love and care. Lastly, I would like to thank my colleagues for their ideas and encouraging words, especially Dr Portia Ndou, Phoebe, Saymore Petros, David and Mevis, thank you colleagues may God bless you richly. Last but not least I would like to thank Mr Douglas Moyo and Mr Roy Moyo for their encouraging me to further my studies. iii DEDICATIONS To my loving family, especially my uncle Mr Luka Popi Matshenjedza Mudau, who was my pillar of inspiration from when I was at high school till thus far. May God richly bless you for all the support you have given me. I also dedicate this achievement to my late mother Elina Popi Mudau, mum, you are sadly missed! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... i DECLARATION ON RESEARCH ETHICS CLEARANCE ........................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... iii DEDICATIONS ......................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem ................................................................................ 13 1.3 Objectives of the study .................................................................................... 15 1.4 Significance of the study ................................................................................. 15 1.5 Delimitation of the study .................................................................................. 18 1.6 Research Methodology ................................................................................... 19 1.6.1 Research Design ...................................................................................... 20 1.6.2 Population and sample ............................................................................. 20 1.6.3 Data collection .......................................................................................... 21 v 1.6.4 Data analysis ............................................................................................ 21 1.7 Ethical consideration ....................................................................................... 21 1.8 Organisation of the Study................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................... 24 THEORETICAL AND EMPRICAL OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD SECURITY ............................................................... 24 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Theoretical perspectives of rural development ................................................ 24 2.2.1 Entitlement Approach ................................................................................... 25 2.2.2 Sustainable Livelihoods Approach ............................................................ 31 2.2.3 Community driven development (CDD) theory ......................................... 37 2.3 Understanding agriculture‟s contribution to food security ................................ 41 2.4 Agriculture Growth, Development and Food Security ..................................... 43 2.5 Government involvement and agricultural development. ................................ 57 2.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................. 62 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 62 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 62 3.2 Description of the study area .......................................................................... 63 vi 3.2.1 Climatic conditions .................................................................................... 65 3.2.2 Rainfall ...................................................................................................... 66 3.3 Profile of the study area .................................................................................. 67 3.3.1 Amahlathi Local Municipality ..................................................................... 68 3.4 History of the Zanyokwe irrigation scheme ..................................................... 70 3.5 Present state of the project ............................................................................. 72 3.6 Research Methodology ................................................................................... 73 3. 6.1 Population and Sample size .................................................................... 80 3.6.2 Sampling Procedure ................................................................................. 81 3.6.3 Research Design ...................................................................................... 83 3.7 Data collection ................................................................................................ 84 3.8 Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 87 3.9 Limitations of the study ................................................................................... 88 3.10 Ethical considerations ................................................................................... 89 3.11 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................. 91 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS .............................................................. 91 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 91 4.2 Motivation by farmers to join the Zanyokwe project ........................................ 92 vii 4.3 Zanyokwe irrigation scheme‟s communication channel .................................. 93 4. 4 Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents (farmers) ........................ 96 4.4.1. Age .......................................................................................................... 96 4.4.2 Gender ...................................................................................................... 98 4.4.3 Marital status ............................................................................................ 98 4.4.4 Level of education ..................................................................................... 99 4. 4.5 Quarterly Income ..................................................................................
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