DOCSLIB.ORG

Maids and Madams: a Study in the Politics of Exploitation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Maids and Madams: a Study in the Politics of Exploitation Maids and madams: a study in the politics of exploitation http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20021 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Maids and madams: a study in the politics of exploitation Author/Creator Cock, Jacklyn Publisher Ravan Press (Johannesburg) Date 1980 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1770 - 1979 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 968.06 C664m Rights By kind permission of Jacklyn Cock and Ravan Press (Pan Macmillan SA) Description This research on the roles of domestic workers and their "madams" is based on extensive archival research as well as interviews with workers and employers in South Africa's Eastern Cape. The domestic workers and employers were interviewed during a nine-month period, between August 1978 and February 1979. The historical research was started in July 1976. Format extent 448 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20021 http://www.aluka.org Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60201 LI L MAIDS & MADAMS MAIDS & MADAMS A Study in the Politics of Exploitation Jacklyn Cock JOHANNESBURG RAVAN PRESS Published by Ravan Press (Pty) Limited, 409 - 416 Dunwell, 35 Jorissen Street, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa. © Copyright Jacklyn Cock First Impression April 1980 Cover art: Bill Ainslie- 1 Typesetting: Dorothy Wheeler r, ISBN 0 86975 177 8 (cloth) ISBN 0 86975 121 3 (paper) Printed by National Book Printers, Goodwood, Cape Acknowledgement: The publishers gratefully acknowledge the co-operation of all the women who participated in the making of the photographs for this book. t' U14 To Mother, Kathie, Margaret and Bill THE MAKING OF A SERVANT I can no longer ask how it feels To be choked by a yoke-rope Because I have seen it for myself in the chained ox. The blindness has left my eyes. I have become aware, I bave seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. He was sleek, lovely, born for freedom, Not asking anything from any one, simply priding himself on being a young ox. Someone said: Let him be caught and trained and broken in, Going about it as if he meant to help him. I bave seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. He tried to resist, fighting for his freedom. He was surrounded, fenced in with wisdom and experience. They overcame him by trickery: 'He must be trained.' A good piece of rationalisation can camouflage evil. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. He was bound with ropes that cut into his head, He was bullied, kicked, now and again petted, But their aim was the same: to put a yoke on him. Being trained in one's own interests is for the privileged. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. The last stage. The yoke is set on him. They tie the halter round his neck, slightly choking him. They say the job's done, he'll be put out to work with the others To obey the will of his owner and taskmaster. I bave seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. He kicks out, trying to break away. They speak with their whips. He turns backwards Doing his best to resist but then they say: 'Hit him.' A prisoner is a coward's plaything. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. Though he stumbled and fell, he was bitten on the tail. Sometimes I saw him raking at his yoke-mate With his horns - his friend of a minute, .his blood-brother. The suffering under the yoke makes for bad blood. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. The sky seemed black as soft rain fell. I looked at his hump, it was red, Dripping blood, the mark of resistance. He yearns for his home, where he was free. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. Stockstill, tired, there was no sympathy. He bellowed notes of bitterness. They loosened his halter a little - to let him breathe, They tightened it again, snatching back his breath. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. I saw him later, broken, trained, Pulling a double-shared plough through deep soil, Serving, struggling for breath, in pain. To be driven is death. Life is doing things for yourself. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. I saw him climb the steepest of roads. He carried heavy loads, staggering The mud of sweat which wins profit for another. The savour of working is a share in the harvest. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. I saw him hungry with toil and sweat, Eyes all tears, spirit crushed, No longer able to resist. He was tame. Hope lies in action aimed at freedom. I bave seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. The Making of a Servant and other Poems by J.J.R. Jolobe. Translated from Xhosa by Robert Kavanagh and Z.S. Qangule (Ophir, Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1974) Contents List of tables x List of figures xi Preface 1 PART I: THE ULTRA-EXPLOITATION OF DOMESTIC WORKERS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 PART II: Chapter 6 PART III: Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Introduction Tbeory and Researcb Procedures 5 Experiences The Experiences of Domestic Workers 26 Relationships Relationsbips between Domestic Workers and their Employers 87 Self Imagery The Self Imagery of Domestic Workers 104 Employers The Employers of Domestic Workers 125 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Changing Patterns Domestic Service as a Reflection of Cbanging Patterns of Domination 1 73 THE ULTRA-EXPLOITABILITY OF DOMESTIC WORKERS Discrimination: Race and Sex Discrimination on the Basis of Race and Sex 231 Education for Domesticity 265 A Strategy of Survival Conclusion: Domestic Service as a Strategy for Survival 307 Footnotes 322 Appendices 377 Bibliography 396 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Albany Divisional Council area 21 Table 2. Bathurst Divisional Council area 21 Table 3. Sample proportions 22 Table 4. Numerical and percentage distribution of monthly wages of full-time urban domestic workers 29 Table 5. Size of employer houses 32 Table 6. Numerical and percentage distribution of monthly wages of full-time rural domestic workers 39 Table 7. Wages of domestic workers in selected areas "40 Table 8. Numerical and percentage distribution of working hours of full-time domestic workers 42 Table 9. Time of starting work of a sample of domestic workers 43 Table 10. Time of stopping work of a sample of domestic workers 43 Table 11. Time off during the working day of a sample of domestic workers 44 Table 12. Numerical and percentage distribution of full-time rural domestic workers' working hours 45 Table 13. Days off per week of a sample of full-time domestic workers 46 Table 14. Annual holiday of a sample of domestic workers 47 Table 15. Number of children of a sample of domestic workers 50 Table 16. Number of children in school of a sample of domestic workers 50 Table 17. Lengh of service of a sample of domestic workers 77 Table 18. Number of jobs in domestic service of a sample of domestic workers 77 Table 19. Length of service with present employer of a sample of domestic workers 79 Table 20. Age range of a sample of domestic workers 81 Table 21. Educational attainment of a sample of domestic workers 82 Table 22. Size of white households 126 Table 23. Employers' account of hours of starting work of a sample of domestic servants 148 Table 24. Employers' account of hours of stopping work of a sample of domestic servants 148 Table 25. Employers' account of rest periods of a sample of domestic servants 149 Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 26. Rates of pay for domestic workers (1850) (European) 184 27. Cape Slave Compensation 194 28. Some 1828 and 1829 female contracts of service 205 29. Wages in the Eastern Cape (unskilled) 1821 - 1862 208 30. Skilled European wages in the Eastern Cape, 1820- 1855 212 31. Numerical distribution of domestic servants in the Cape Colony by race, 1891 226 32. African household subsistence levels, 1976 239 33. Higher white education in South Africa 268 34. Black university education in South Africa 268 35. Level of educational attainment among Africans in South Africa (1976) 269 36.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Interaction Between the Missionaries of the Cape
    THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MISSIONARIES OF THE CAPE EASTERN FRONTIER AND THE COLONIAL AUTHORITIES IN THE ERA OF SIR GEORGE GREY, 1854 - 1861. Constance Gail Weldon Pietermaritzburg, December 1984* Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Historical Studies, University of Natal, 1984. CONTENTS Page Abstract i List of Abbreviations vi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Sir George Grey and his ’civili­ zing mission’ 16 Chapter 3 The missionaries and Grey 1854-6 55 Chapter 4 The Cattle Killing 1856/7 99 Chanter 5 The Aftermath of the Cattle Killing (till 1860s) 137 Chapter 6 Conclusion 174 Appendix A Principal mission stations on the frontier 227 Appendix B Wesleyan Methodist and Church of Scotland Missionaries 228 Appendix C List of magistrates and chiefs 229 Appendix D Biographical Notes 230 Select Bibliography 233 List of photographs and maps Between pages 1. Sir George Grey - Governor 15/16 2. Map showing Cape eastern frontier and principal military posts 32/33 3. Map showing the principal frontier mission stations 54/55 4. Photographs showing Lovedale trade departments 78/79 5. Map showing British Kaffraria and principal chiefs 98/99 6. Sir George Grey - 'Romantic Imperialist' 143/144 7. Sir George Grey - civilian 225/226 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge with thanks the financial assistance rendered by the Human Sciences Research Council towards the costs of this research. Opinions expressed or conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not to be regarded as those of the Human Sciences Research Council.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird-Lore of the Eastern Cape Province
    BIRD-LORE OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE BY REV. ROBERT GODFREY, M.A. " Bantu Studies " Monograph Series, No. 2 JOHANNESBURG WITWATERSRAND UNIVERSITY PRESS 1941 598 . 29687 GOD BIRD-LORE OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE BIRD-LORE OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE BY REV. ROBERT GODFREY, M.A. " Bantu Studies" Monograph .Series, No. 2 JOHANNESBURG WITWATERSRAND UNIVERSITY PRESS 1941 TO THE MEMORY OF JOHN HENDERSON SOGA AN ARDENT FELLOW-NATURALIST AND GENEROUS CO-WORKER THIS VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. Published with the aid of a grant from the Inter-f University Committee for African Studies and Research. PREFACE My interest in bird-lore began in my own home in Scotland, and was fostered by the opportunities that came to me in my wanderings about my native land. On my arrival in South Africa in 19117, it was further quickened by the prospect of gathering much new material in a propitious field. My first fellow-workers in the fascinating study of Native bird-lore were the daughters of my predecessor at Pirie, Dr. Bryce Ross, and his grandson Mr. Join% Ross. In addition, a little arm y of school-boys gathered birds for me, supplying the Native names, as far as they knew them, for the specimens the y brought. In 1910, after lecturing at St. Matthew's on our local birds, I was made adjudicator in an essay-competition on the subject, and through these essays had my knowledge considerably extended. My further experience, at Somerville and Blythswood, and my growing correspondence, enabled me to add steadily to my material ; and in 1929 came a great opportunit y for unifying my results.
    [Show full text]
  • Scottish Presbyterian Church Mission Policy In
    SCOTTISH PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH MISSION POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA 1898 - 1923 by GRAHAM ALEXANDER DUNCAN submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the subject MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR : PROF WA SAAYMAN June 1997 Student Number: 3053-918-8 I declare that ''Scottish Presbyterian Church Mission Policy in South Africa, 1898-1923" is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated by means of complete references. ~r~.J)~.__ SIGNATURE DATE (GA DUNCA:\T) TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ vi ABBREVIATIONS . • . • • • • . • . • . • . • . ix C:t-:aPTER 1 • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 1 1.1. The Aim of the Study................................ 1 1.2. Setting the Scene . • . .. ..... .. .. 1 1.3. The Phase of Mission History under Review........... 3 1.4. Towards a Definition of Mission History............. 4 1.5. Mission History in Broader Context ........•..•..••.. 5 1. 6. The Context of Mission . • . • . 6 1.7. The Problem cf Historiography....................... 8 1.7.1. ~he ''Old" Historiography .................... 9 1.7.2. The "New" Historiography ..........••....••.. 13 1. 8. The Role of Ideology . • • . • . • . • 19 1.9. The Present Study ..................................
    [Show full text]
  • Best Management Practices for Smallholder Farming on Two Irrigation Schemes in the Eastern Cape and Kwazulu-Natal Through Participatory Adaptive Research
    Best Management Practices for Smallholder Farming on Two Irrigation Schemes in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Through Participatory Adaptive Research PNS Mnkeni, C Chiduza, AT Modi, JB Stevens, N Monde, I van der Stoep & R Dladla Schemes in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Through Participatory Adaptive Research Participatory Adaptive Through and KwaZulu-Natal Cape Schemes in the Eastern TT 478/10 Best Management Practices for Smallholder Farming on Two Irrigation Irrigation Two on TT Smallholder for Farming 478/10 Best Practices Management TT 478/10 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMING ON TWO IRRIGATION SCHEMES IN THE EASTERN CAPE AND KWAZULU-NATAL THROUGH PARTICIPATORY ADAPTIVE RESEARCH PNS Mnkeni, C Chiduza, AT Modi, JB Stevens, N Monde, I van der Stoep & R Dladla Report to the Water Research Commission by University of Fort Hare WRC Report No. TT 478/10 DECEMBER 2010 Obtainable from: Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 Gezina 0031 The publication of this report emanates from a project entitled Best management practices for small scale subsistence farming on selected irrigation schemes and surrounding areas through participatory adaptive research (WRC Project No. K5/1477) DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ISBN 978-1-4312-0059-7 Printed in the Republic of South Africa ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PROJECT BACKGROUND This WRC project (K5/1477//4) entitled ‘Best Management Practices for Smallholder Farming on two Irrigation Schemes and Surrounding Areas in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Through Participatory Adaptive Research’ was commissioned by the Water Research Commission in 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • The Third War of Dispossession and Resistance in the Cape of Good Hope Colony, 1799–1803
    54 “THE WAR TOOK ITS ORIGINS IN A MISTAKE”: THE THIRD WAR OF DISPOSSESSION AND RESISTANCE IN THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE COLONY, 1799–1803 Denver Webb, University of Fort Hare1 Abstract The early colonial wars on the Cape Colony’s eastern borderlands and western Xhosaland, such as the 1799–1803 war, have not received as much attention from military historians as the later wars. This is unexpected since this lengthy conflict was the first time the British army fought indigenous people in southern Africa. This article revisits the 1799–1803 war, examines the surprisingly fluid and convoluted alignments of participants on either side, and analyses how the British became embroiled in a conflict for which they were unprepared and for which they had little appetite. It explores the micro narrative of why the British shifted from military action against rebellious Boers to fighting the Khoikhoi and Xhosa. It argues that in 1799, the British stumbled into war through a miscalculation – a mistake which was to have far-reaching consequences on the Cape’s eastern frontier and in western Xhosaland for over a century. Introduction The eighteenth- and nineteenth-century colonial wars on the Cape Colony’s eastern borderlands and western Xhosaland (emaXhoseni) have received considerable attention from historians. For reasons mostly relating to the availability of source material, the later wars are better known than the earlier ones. Thus the War of Hintsa (1834–35), the War of the Axe (1846–47), the War of Mlanjeni (1850–53) and the War of Ngcayecibi (1877–78) have received far more coverage by contemporaries and subsequently by historians than the eighteenth-century conflicts.2 The first detailed examination of Scientia Militaria, South African the 1799–1803 conflict, commonly known as Journal of Military Studies, Vol the Third Frontier War or third Cape–Xhosa 42, Nr 2, 2014, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright © and Moral Rights for This Thesis Are Retained by the Author And/Or Other Copyright Owners
    McDonald, Jared. (2015) Subjects of the Crown: Khoesan identity and assimilation in the Cape Colony, c. 1795- 1858. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22831/ Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Subjects of the Crown: Khoesan Identity and Assimilation in the Cape Colony, c.1795-1858 Jared McDonald Department of History School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) University of London A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in History 2015 Declaration for PhD Thesis I declare that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the thesis which I present for examination.
    [Show full text]
  • A JOURNAL of LIBERAL and RADICAL OPINION Vol
    «~*~»^, %!.:•,'./* WMI^MSffm Kiiil :maimm V::^W' ...\'.^' • ^WV-W^:& a z A JOURNAL OF LIBERAL AND RADICAL OPINION Vol. 21 No. 6 ISSN 0034 0979 November 1989 in this issue... EDITORIALS BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE BANTUSTANS 2 DE KLERK'S FIRST DAYS 3 UNDER THE RED FLAG 3 BILL AINSLIE - A Tribute 4 THE BATTLE FOR TUYNHUYS AND ALL THAT by Ralph Lawrence 6 THE METEORITE AT THE END OF THE LENSby Dorian Haarhoff 9 POPULARISING THE PAST: A review of Edgar's Because they chose the plan of God and Witz's Write your own History by Ruth Edgecombe 12 THE CURRENT MACRO ECONOMIC CRISIS by Gordon Smith 15 CAN THE TRUE EXODUS STOP AT DAMASCUS: A review of The Road to Damascus by Martin Prozesky COVER PICTURES: Aron Maze!. Articles printed in Reality do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Editorial Board EDITORIALS 1. Beginning of the end of the Bantustans? It is not often that a military coup brings much good to even discover what threats and what bribes those were those upon whom it is inflicted, but it begins to look as if that first brought the Matanzimas to power. For it could the Transkei might be different. Since General Holomisa hardly be coincidence that, at the Transkei Legislative took over that sad state he has had most of his time taken Assembly's first session, after Sabata's anti-indepen­ up with exposing and rooting out the corruption of the dence Democratic Party had swept the board in all but two Matanzima's.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Empowered' Women Learning from Women in Keiskammahoek, Ivory Park, and Mgababa
    PB ‘Empowered’ Women Learning from Women in Keiskammahoek, Ivory Park, and Mgababa 1 ‘Empowered’ Women Learning from Women in Keiskammahoek, Ivory Park, and Mgababa Andrew Bennie and Michelle Williams 2 ‘Empowered’ Women ‘Empowered’ Women: Learning from Women in Keiskammahoek, Ivory Park, and Mgababa www.nibr.no www.copac.org.za www.wits.ac.za http://www.nibrinternational.no/selfhelp_or_social_transformation/http://www.nibrinternational.no/ self-help_or_social_transformation/ 2 ‘Empowered’ Women Learning from Women in Keiskammahoek, Ivory Park, and Mgababa 1 Acknowledgements We would like to thank the women who appear in this guide and who gave their time to tell us their stories. We would also like to thank them for allowing us to publish their stories so that others could learn from them. The production of this book has been part of a broader research project on comparing the role of women in transformation and development in Kerala, India and in South Africa. We would therefore also like to thank all the women that have participated in this research project. We would also like to thank all of the researchers who have been a part of this research project and who undertook the work of interviewing and transcribing: Yolisa Nyoka, Ursula Skomolo, Tongai Maodzwa, Asanda Benya, and Sindiswa Azamam Nedoboni. The research team were all postgraduate students while working on the research and it has been a pleasure working with such a wonderful group of dedicated and enthusiastic students. Thanks to all of them! Lastly, we would like to thank the Norwegian Institute of Urban and Regional Research (NIBR) and the Norwegian Research Council for funding the research and the production of this booklet.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa 2010 X Brasil 2014
    OS ONZE FUTEBOL E ARTE – AFRICA 2010 X BRASIL 2014 THE ELEVEN FOOTBALL AND ART - AFRICA 2010 X BRAZIL 2014 “O que conta mesmo é a bola e o moleque, o moleque e a bola, e por bola pode-se entender um coco, uma laranja ou um ovo, pois já vi fazerem embaixada com ovo. Se a bola de futebol pode ser considerada a sublimação do coco, ou a reabilitação do ovo, o campo oficial às vezes não passa de um retângulo chato. Por isso mesmo, nas horas de folga, nossos profissionais correm atrás dos rachas e do futevôlei, como Garrincha largava as chuteiras no Maracanã para bater bola em Pau Grande. É a bola e o moleque, o moleque e a bola.” Chico Buarque de Holanda Pele Photo: Ricardo Apparicio Realização | Productor Patrocínio | Sponsor Associação para o Progresso e Desenvolvimento da Arte e da Cultura Apoio | Supporter Ministério da Cultura Produção na Africa do Sul | Production in South Africa ANTONIO HÉLIO CABRAL ANTONIO PETICOV CLÁUDIO TOZZI 11 GREGÓRIO GRUBER IVALD GRANATO OS ONZE FUTEBOL E ARTE AFRICA 2010 X BRASIL 2014 JOSÉ ROBERTO AGUILAR JOSÉ ZARAGOZA De 01 de junho a 31 de julho de 2010, das 9h às 16h30 LUIZ ÁQUILA Espaço Cultural Commerzbank LUIZ BARAVELLI 5 Keyes Avenue 2196 - Rosebank + RUBENS GERCHMAN Johannesburg – South Africa TOMOSHIGE KUSUNO ZÉLIO ALVES PINTO E QUE GOOOOOOOOL, TORCIDA BRASILEIRA! Nossos grandes artistas são craques de bola, ou os nossos craques de bola são grandes artistas? Isto cá sendo o Brasil, as duas alter- bola que joga bem até de olhos fechados, ele que retrata como ninguém as cenas e personagens do jogo.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade and Interaction on the Eastern Cape Frontier: an Historical Archaeological Study of the Xhosa and the British During the Early Nineteenth Century
    TRADE AND INTERACTION ON THE EASTERN CAPE FRONTIER: AN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE XHOSA AND THE BRITISH DURING THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY 0.i\ By. FLORDELIZ T BUGARIN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2002 Copyright 2002 by Flordeliz T. Bugarin This is dedicated to Cris Bugarin, my mom. Tern Bugarin, my father, and Marie Bugarin, my sister. Thank you for being the family that supports me. Also, this is in memory of my Uncle Jack who died while I was in South Africa. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Researching and writing this dissertation gave me an incredible chance to meet some generous, warm, and intelligent people. From South Africa to California to Florida, I have met people who challenged me, motivated me, and supported me. To them, I offer my heartfelt thanks. My advisor, longtime teacher, and good friend, Peter Schmidt, gave me unending support, faith in my abilities, encouragement when I had doubt, and advice when I needed direction I appreciate the many hours he set aside to advise me, seriously consider my ideas no matter how esoteric, and shape the development of my writing • skills. I thank him for pulling together my committee when I needed them and for choosing a cohort of students who will be my close, life long colleagues. I am very gratefiil for the opportunity to work with Hunt Davis. His enthusiasm, warm nature, and love for South Africa gave me inspiration and encouragement.
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage Scan of the Sandile Water Treatment Works Reservoir Construction Site, Keiskammahoek, Eastern Cape Province
    HERITAGE SCAN OF THE SANDILE WATER TREATMENT WORKS RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION SITE, KEISKAMMAHOEK, EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE 1. Background and Terms of Reference AGES Eastern Cape is conducting site monitoring for the construction of the Sandile Water Treatment Works Reservoir at British Ridge near Keiskammahoek approximately 30km west of King Williamstown in the Eastern Cape Province. Amatola Water is upgrading the capacity of the Sandile WTW and associated bulk water supply infrastructure, in preparation of supplying the Ndlambe Bulk Water Supply Scheme. Potentially sensitive heritage resources such as a cluster of stone wall structures were recently encountered on the reservoir construction site on a small ridge and the Heritage Unit of Exigo Sustainability was requested to conduct a heritage scan of the site, in order to assess the site and rate potential damage to the heritage resources. The conservation of heritage resources is provided for in the National Environmental Management Act, (Act 107 of 1998) and endorsed by section 38 of the National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA - Act 25 of 1999). The Heritage Scan of the construction site attempted established the location and extent of heritage resources such as archaeological and historical sites and features, graves and places of religious and cultural significance and these resources were then rated according to heritage significance. Ultimately, the Heritage Scan provides recommendations and outlines pertaining to relevant heritage mitigation and management actions in order to limit and
    [Show full text]
  • 12. JE Spence
    REVIEW ARTICLE A Review of Opening Men’s Eyes by Michael Cardo JE Spence OBE Peter Brown: A Personal was educated at the University of the Memoir Witwatersrand and Let me declare an interest: Peter Brown was a friend and mentor to me the London School of Economics. He is over a forty year period and I owe him much. His benign influence on a Visiting Professor in me (and I know I speak for many others) was such that whenever I had the Department of War a difficult professional or personal decision to make I would ask myself, Studies, King’s College, “What would Brown have done?” His moral authority was absolute London. He taught at the – blended with courage and a consuming belief in liberal principle. University of Leicester where he was Pro-Vice- Thus, “the quiet influence … that he had exerted over a large number of 1 Chancellor (1981-85). He people”. was Director of Studies at the Royal Institute The Maritzburg Scene of International Affairs Those of us who lived in Pietermaritzburg at the end of the 1950s and early (1991-97); Academic 1960s had the inestimable advantage of working closely with Peter in his role as Advisor to the Royal chairman of the Liberal Party. There was a happy blend of young and old in the College of Defence party’s membership, reinforced by an exciting intellectual atmosphere at the local Studies, London (1997- centre of the University of Natal. Those of us who were fortunate to be colleagues 2008); and is currently or students sat at the feet of some of the country’s most distinguished academics: Senior Visiting Fellow, Edgar Brookes, Arthur Keppel Jones (both liberals to their fingertips); Mark Defence Academy of the Prestwich (a wise Burkean conservative and a witty and penetrating leader writer United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]