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Maids and Madams: a Study in the Politics of Exploitation

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Maids and madams: a study in the politics of exploitation http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20021 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Maids and madams: a study in the politics of exploitation Author/Creator Cock, Jacklyn Publisher Ravan Press (Johannesburg) Date 1980 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1770 - 1979 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 968.06 C664m Rights By kind permission of Jacklyn Cock and Ravan Press (Pan Macmillan SA) Description This research on the roles of domestic workers and their "madams" is based on extensive archival research as well as interviews with workers and employers in South Africa's Eastern Cape. The domestic workers and employers were interviewed during a nine-month period, between August 1978 and February 1979. The historical research was started in July 1976. Format extent 448 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20021 http://www.aluka.org Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60201 LI L MAIDS & MADAMS MAIDS & MADAMS A Study in the Politics of Exploitation Jacklyn Cock JOHANNESBURG RAVAN PRESS Published by Ravan Press (Pty) Limited, 409 - 416 Dunwell, 35 Jorissen Street, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa. © Copyright Jacklyn Cock First Impression April 1980 Cover art: Bill Ainslie- 1 Typesetting: Dorothy Wheeler r, ISBN 0 86975 177 8 (cloth) ISBN 0 86975 121 3 (paper) Printed by National Book Printers, Goodwood, Cape Acknowledgement: The publishers gratefully acknowledge the co-operation of all the women who participated in the making of the photographs for this book. t' U14 To Mother, Kathie, Margaret and Bill THE MAKING OF A SERVANT I can no longer ask how it feels To be choked by a yoke-rope Because I have seen it for myself in the chained ox. The blindness has left my eyes. I have become aware, I bave seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. He was sleek, lovely, born for freedom, Not asking anything from any one, simply priding himself on being a young ox. Someone said: Let him be caught and trained and broken in, Going about it as if he meant to help him. I bave seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. He tried to resist, fighting for his freedom. He was surrounded, fenced in with wisdom and experience. They overcame him by trickery: 'He must be trained.' A good piece of rationalisation can camouflage evil. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. He was bound with ropes that cut into his head, He was bullied, kicked, now and again petted, But their aim was the same: to put a yoke on him. Being trained in one's own interests is for the privileged. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. The last stage. The yoke is set on him. They tie the halter round his neck, slightly choking him. They say the job's done, he'll be put out to work with the others To obey the will of his owner and taskmaster. I bave seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. He kicks out, trying to break away. They speak with their whips. He turns backwards Doing his best to resist but then they say: 'Hit him.' A prisoner is a coward's plaything. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. Though he stumbled and fell, he was bitten on the tail. Sometimes I saw him raking at his yoke-mate With his horns - his friend of a minute, .his blood-brother. The suffering under the yoke makes for bad blood. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. The sky seemed black as soft rain fell. I looked at his hump, it was red, Dripping blood, the mark of resistance. He yearns for his home, where he was free. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. Stockstill, tired, there was no sympathy. He bellowed notes of bitterness. They loosened his halter a little - to let him breathe, They tightened it again, snatching back his breath. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. I saw him later, broken, trained, Pulling a double-shared plough through deep soil, Serving, struggling for breath, in pain. To be driven is death. Life is doing things for yourself. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. I saw him climb the steepest of roads. He carried heavy loads, staggering The mud of sweat which wins profit for another. The savour of working is a share in the harvest. I have seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. I saw him hungry with toil and sweat, Eyes all tears, spirit crushed, No longer able to resist. He was tame. Hope lies in action aimed at freedom. I bave seen the making of a servant In the young yoke-ox. The Making of a Servant and other Poems by J.J.R. Jolobe. Translated from Xhosa by Robert Kavanagh and Z.S. Qangule (Ophir, Ravan Press, Johannesburg, 1974) Contents List of tables x List of figures xi Preface 1 PART I: THE ULTRA-EXPLOITATION OF DOMESTIC WORKERS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 PART II: Chapter 6 PART III: Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Introduction Tbeory and Researcb Procedures 5 Experiences The Experiences of Domestic Workers 26 Relationships Relationsbips between Domestic Workers and their Employers 87 Self Imagery The Self Imagery of Domestic Workers 104 Employers The Employers of Domestic Workers 125 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Changing Patterns Domestic Service as a Reflection of Cbanging Patterns of Domination 1 73 THE ULTRA-EXPLOITABILITY OF DOMESTIC WORKERS Discrimination: Race and Sex Discrimination on the Basis of Race and Sex 231 Education for Domesticity 265 A Strategy of Survival Conclusion: Domestic Service as a Strategy for Survival 307 Footnotes 322 Appendices 377 Bibliography 396 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Albany Divisional Council area 21 Table 2. Bathurst Divisional Council area 21 Table 3. Sample proportions 22 Table 4. Numerical and percentage distribution of monthly wages of full-time urban domestic workers 29 Table 5. Size of employer houses 32 Table 6. Numerical and percentage distribution of monthly wages of full-time rural domestic workers 39 Table 7. Wages of domestic workers in selected areas "40 Table 8. Numerical and percentage distribution of working hours of full-time domestic workers 42 Table 9. Time of starting work of a sample of domestic workers 43 Table 10. Time of stopping work of a sample of domestic workers 43 Table 11. Time off during the working day of a sample of domestic workers 44 Table 12. Numerical and percentage distribution of full-time rural domestic workers' working hours 45 Table 13. Days off per week of a sample of full-time domestic workers 46 Table 14. Annual holiday of a sample of domestic workers 47 Table 15. Number of children of a sample of domestic workers 50 Table 16. Number of children in school of a sample of domestic workers 50 Table 17. Lengh of service of a sample of domestic workers 77 Table 18. Number of jobs in domestic service of a sample of domestic workers 77 Table 19. Length of service with present employer of a sample of domestic workers 79 Table 20. Age range of a sample of domestic workers 81 Table 21. Educational attainment of a sample of domestic workers 82 Table 22. Size of white households 126 Table 23. Employers' account of hours of starting work of a sample of domestic servants 148 Table 24. Employers' account of hours of stopping work of a sample of domestic servants 148 Table 25. Employers' account of rest periods of a sample of domestic servants 149 Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 26. Rates of pay for domestic workers (1850) (European) 184 27. Cape Slave Compensation 194 28. Some 1828 and 1829 female contracts of service 205 29. Wages in the Eastern Cape (unskilled) 1821 - 1862 208 30. Skilled European wages in the Eastern Cape, 1820- 1855 212 31. Numerical distribution of domestic servants in the Cape Colony by race, 1891 226 32. African household subsistence levels, 1976 239 33. Higher white education in South Africa 268 34. Black university education in South Africa 268 35. Level of educational attainment among Africans in South Africa (1976) 269 36.
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