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Africa Global Partnership and France 2018 World Cup Victory: Political-Economy Approach

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Africa Global Partnership and France 2018 World Cup Victory: Political-Economy Approach Scan to know paper details and author's profile Africa Global Partnership and France 2018 World Cup Victory: Political-Economy Approach Onyemaechi Augustine Eke Ph.D Institute for the Study of the Globalization of Science ABSTRACT The Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA), World Cup competition, is a quadrennial festival of world’s biggest international football tournament, with the sport, entertainment, benefits, costs, and rules. Since Egypt played the World Cup held in Italy in 1934 as the first African team (ACL Sports, December 25, 2017), no African team has won the age-long coveted trophy, even though participation is open to countries which qualified among slots apportioned to regions of the world. African participation in the 2018 World Cup tournament in Russia was a huge contradiction derogatorily referred to as ‘Africa United’; The victory of French ‘Africa United’ team in the tournament raised fiery debate. Whereas the French team with 80% African immigrants won the trophy, five African representative teams – Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal and Tunisia were all eliminated in the 32-team group stage of the competition despite that Africa represents the second largest continent of World Cup fans, behind Asia. Despite the huge social, political and economic prospects of the tournament to national and global development, studies have been very slim. With the broad objective of examining the role of African immigrants in the French team, we underscored the specific objective of underscoring Africa global partnership in development. Using the power-based model of formal and informal institutions and their effects on development outcomes (Gandy, 1992, Helmke and Levitsky, 2004; Keefer, 2005), we concluded that Africa’s poor achievement in the tournament worsened its periphery station in the FIFA World Cup and global political economy and recommended policy steps for improvement. Keywords: NA ​ Classification: FOR Code: 430299p ​ Language: English ​ c c LJP Copyright ID: 573314 Print ISSN: 2515-5784 Online ISSN: 2515-5792 London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences 382U Volume 18 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 © 2018. Onyemaechi Augustine Eke Ph.D. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Africa Global Partnership and France 2018 World Cup Victory: Political-Economy Approach Onyemaechi Augustine Eke Ph.D ____________________________________________ I. ABSTRACT global political economy and recommended policy steps for improvement. The Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA), World Cup competition, is a Author: Department of International Relations, quadrennial festival of world’s biggest Gregory University Uturu, PMB 1012, Amachara, international football tournament, with the Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria. sport, entertainment, benefits, costs, and rules. Since Egypt played the World Cup held in Italy in II. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1934 as the first African team (ACL Sports, The Fédération of International Football December 25, 2017), no African team has won the Association (FIFA) World Cup Competition is a age-long coveted trophy, even though quadrennial festival of world’s biggest participation is open to countries which qualified international tournament that combines social among slots apportioned to regions of the world. (sport, recreational and entertainment) with African participation in the 2018 World Cup political and economic objectives which are tournament in Russia was a huge contradiction governed by benefits, costs, and rules. It is a world derogatorily referred to as ‘Africa United’; The organisation of football without discrimination. victory of French ‘Africa United’ team in the tournament raised fiery debate. Whereas the Since Egypt played the World Cup held in Italy French team with 80% African immigrants won 1934 as the first African team (ACL Sports, the trophy, five African representative teams – December 25, 2017), no African team has Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal and Tunisia progressed to win the age-long coveted trophy were all eliminated in the 32-team group stage of despite the fact that participation is open to the competition despite that Africa represents the countries which qualified among slots second largest continent of World Cup fans, apportioned to each region of the world. Five behind Asia. Despite the huge social, political and teams – Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal and economic prospects of the tournament to Tunisia - that got the Africa’s slot to Russia 2018 national and global development, studies have World Cup tournament were all eliminated in the been very slim. With the broad objective of 32-team group stage, despite that Africa examining the role of African immigrants in the represents the second largest continent of World London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences French team, we underscored the specific Cup fans, behind Asia. On the contrary, French objective of underscoring Africa global team with 80% African immigrants won the partnership in development. Using the World Cup. Africa’s experience, derogatorily power-based model of formal and informal referred to as “Africa United,” was a huge institutions and their effects on development contradiction, and worsened the continent’s outcomes (Gandy, 1992, Helmke and Levitsky, periphery station in the FIFA World Cup and 2004; Keefer, 2005), we concluded that Africa’s global political economy. poor achievement in the tournament worsened its periphery station in the FIFA World Cup and The victory of the France ‘Africa United’ team in the 2018 tournament raised fiery debate. © 2018 London Journals Press Volume 18 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 45 However, despite the huge incentives and Africa’s Since the first World Cup edition, expansion has poor performances in the global competition, brought the tournament to current 32 teams, FIFA World Cup had neither received adequate selected from a two-year qualifying process systematic analysis in political-economy among over 200 teams from around the world. literature, nor on Africa’s undertaking in the competition. To fill the gap in literature, this It was the duopoly of South/Central America and paper was planned into eight distinct and Europe that had the monopoly to host the mutually intersecting sections viz: section 1 – tournament until the 1994 edition in the United Introduction; 2 - Background to the Study; 3 – the States of America. Since the USA edition, FIFA 2018 World Cup Tournament; 4 Africa’s controversy continued to trail hosting rights by Performance at FIFA 2018 World Cup; 5 – France countries from other continents, for instance, ‘Africa United’ Victory in the 2018 World Cup; 6 – despite the large fans in Asia, Japan and South Political Economy of the FIFA World Cup; and 7 - Korea suffered the same fate in 2002 but FIFA Concluding Remarks. had stood its ground in support of hosting World Cup in other continents. Again, in 2006, South III. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Africa managed to host amidst controversy weathered by FIFA. Based on the continuing The FIFA was founded on 22 May 1902 and the challenges against the hosting rights of the World Cup tournament was first played in 1930 in tournament by continents that would not let Uruguay, in part, to commemorate the country’s others, FIFA had to reform the system by centenary celebration of independence. Under implementing a new rule which began from FIFA President Jules Rimet, the first goal in the October 2007 restricting continents that hosted history of FIFA World Cup was scored by Lucien World Cup for successive two tournaments before Laurent of France in the thirteen-nation event. they can re-host based on “clear sets of guidelines World Cup was played up until 1938 before the on the timescales and deadlines that are now 1942 edition was cancelled due to the outbreak of required” (Bestall, 30 October 2014) in the World War II (Tomlinson, n.d.: 19). At the end of reformed bidding process. the war in 1945, the paucity of fund and time to plan a peaceful and successful tournament led to The World Cup had gone through transitions in the further postponement of the tournament to the formats of “its teams and final tournaments… 1949; yet no country would host it (Lisi, n.d.: 44). consists of a round-robin group stage followed by The World Cup tournament stabilised from the a single-elimination knockout (http://en. 1946 South American Championship in which wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Cup). Argentina beat Brazil 2-0 on 10 February 1946. For the formats since 1930, see table 1. From then, it sailed through 1950 to 1978; 1982 to 2018, successfully unchallenged. Table 1: Changing Formats of the FIFA World Cup Final Competitions 1930-2026 London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ​ 1930 A group stage, followed by a knockout stage with 4 teams (group winners; not that no third-place match was played). Single-elimination tournament; these are the only tournament without an official final 1934-1938 match. 1950 A first group stage, followed by a final group stage with 4 teams (group winners); this is the only tournament without an official final match. 1954-1970 A group stage, followed by a knockout stage with 8 teams (group winners and runners-up). A first group stage, followed by a second group stage with 8 teams (first round group 1974-1978 winners and runners-up), followed by the final (second round group winners; second roung group runners-up played in the third-place march) Africa Global Partnership and France 2018 World Cup Victory: Political-Economy Approach 46 Volume 18 | Issue 5 | Compilation 1.0 © 2018 London Journals Press A first group stage, followed by a second group stage with 12 teams (first round group 1982 winners and runners-up), followed by a knockout stage with 4 teams (second round group winners).
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