Page
1. CALL TO ORDER
2. APPROVAL OF THE AGENDA
3. APPROVAL OF THE MINUTES 3-7 a) Approval of the Minutes
4. AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATION COMMITTEE MEMBERS REPORTS
5. PRESENTATIONS 9 a) Go East RTO - 10:30 a.m.
6. BUSINESS ARISING FROM THE MINUTES 11-16 a) 2015 Awards
7. NEW BUSINESS 17-25 a) 2016 Wall of Honor and Century Farm Awards Banquet 27 b) 2016 Budget Recommendation
8. INFORMATION 29-56 a) Information
9. NEXT MEETING DATE(S):
10. ADJOURNMENT
CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL
Page 1 of 56 Page 2 of 56 AgendaItem#3a)
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CAMROSE COUNTY AGENDA ITEMS
Meeting: Agricultural Communications Committee - 23 Meeting Date: 23 Sep 2015 Sep 2015Agricultural Communications Committee Agenda Item No: AGD - 1986 Confidential: Originated By: Mark Millang Title: Approval of the Minutes ACTION / RECOMMENDATION:
- That the minutes of the Agricultural Communications Committee meeting held April 8, 2015 be approved as presented.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Policy, Bylaws, Provincial Acts or Regulations:
Financial Implications:
Alternatives to the Recommendation:
Pro's:
Con's:
Communication:
Documentation:
DISCUSSION:
County Adminstrator Signature:
Approval of the Minutes Page 3 of 56 AgendaItem#3a)
MINUTES OF A MEETING OF THE AGRICULTURAL SERVICE BOARD OF CAMROSE COUNTY HELD ON WEDNESDAY, APRIL 8, 2015 AT 10:00 AM.
PRESENT REGRETS Chairman - Doug Lyseng Don Gregorwich Greg Gillespie Bev Ames Chuck Erman Nan Shute Bernard Rostaing Jennifer Filip John Reist Blaine Fenske Stan Johnson Brian Pederson Neil Orr Alan Johnson Doug Jensen Brad Schneider Bernie Von Tettenborn Cindy Trautman Marian Williams Also Present Mark Millang, Manager of Agricultural Services Teresa Gratrix, Corporate Services Manager Anjah Howard, Manager of Planning and Development
CALL TO ORDER
Chairman Doug Lyseng called the meeting to order at 10:06 a.m..
APPROVAL OF THE AGENDA Approval of the Agenda
#5/15 John Girvan - That the agenda be approved as amended. AGD - 1803 CARRIED.
APPROVAL OF THE MINUTES Approval of the Minutes
#6/15 Greg Gillespie - That the minutes of the Agricultural Communications AGD - Committee meeting held January 8, 2015 be approved as presented. 1804 CARRIED.
PRESENTATIONS Acreage Owner's Guidebook
Teresa Gratrix provided a presentation on the web based Acreage Owner's Guidebook.
Approval of the Minutes Page 4 of 56 AgendaItem#3a)
Page 2 of 4 Council, April 8, 2015 Committee members suggested additions include; include fact that Camrose County does not have a noise bylaw, a section for Agricultural Societies, Community groups, 4-H clubs, and local service groups, list of local cemeteries, tab to submit complaints.
Prairie Fun Days
Janine Carroll presented updates for the upcoming Prairie Fun Days August 22 - 23, 2015. Saturday's tour will be the north section including Hay Lakes, Round Hill, Kingman, Sunday's tour will be in the south including Meeting Creek, Bashaw, Ferintosh, and Duhamel. Committee suggested including the Ferry Point Church and campground. Discussion ensued that Prairie Fun Days is the same weekend as Open Farm Days.
Municipal Development Plan - Land Use Bylaw Review
Anjah Howard provided an update on the Camrose County Municipal Development Plan and the Land Use Bylaw.
AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATION COMMITTEE MEMBERS REPORTS The following member reports were given; Mark Millang - Camrose County Advertising for the 2015 Essay Scholarship completed, awaiting entrants. Forever green trees ordered for May 13th delivery, advertising the next two weeks with forms available on the website. Northlands Farm Family Award for our region will be 2016. William Davies accepted the role of Assistant Manager, seasonal staff set for the upcoming summer. Alberta Tire Recycling Grant approved for Round Hill. Strychnine will be available end of April. Willow Harvest and BioMass tour scheduled for April 22nd. Working Well workshops scheduled for April 15th in Donalda, June 11 at Buffalo Lake.
John Reist - Hay Lakes Agricultural Society Currently updating their bylaws, have a few rentals for summer booked, Ag Society will host a Mother's Day pancake breakfast. Event insurance can cost upwards of $200.00, possibility of working with Municipality for better rates.
Neil Orr - Rosalind Agricultural Society The large walk in cooler replaced making it more convenient for service. Planning a New Year's Eve Dance featuring Tracy Miller. Rosalind Ag Day a success with higher than average attendance.
Approval of the Minutes Page 5 of 56 AgendaItem#3a)
Page 3 of 4 Council, April 8, 2015 Stan Johnson - Edberg Agricultural Society Held Agriculture Supper March 25th that was well attended with 98 guests. The Society is making renovations to their scale.
Chuck Erman - Camrose Regional Exhibition Bull Congress as success with plans underway for the 30th anniversary in 2016. New website is up. Tradeshow was well attended. Growing Rural Tourism conference in February focused on use of social media. The seven region exhibitions working on a passport system. Molson Brewery to sponsor One Horse Town, a one night country festival this summer. Camrose Spring Classic Rodeo planned for April 24 - 26. Celebrating Women Conference Friday, April 10. Jaywalkers Jamboree will have a 60's theme. Camrose and District Museum may close due to lack of funding. CRE looking to preserve some of the artifacts.
John Girvan - Camrose and District Farmers Market Nice article in RV West Magazine highlighting Camrose County and Moon Druid Berries and U pick. Invitations to the Beaverhill Initiative sent to local residents featuring an open house April 10th in Room 161 and Augustana University.
Bernard Rostaing - Ohaton and Area - Please advise Camrose County or Augustana University of any unmarked grave locations. Potential to place a marker along the roadside or highlight grave on the map.
Tony Thomsen - Camrose County Member at Large Pasture and hay land in great demand. Land prices at historical levels.
Doug Lyseng- Camrose County Reviewed the Social Licence Conference in Nisku. People's perceptions of agriculture influence the way we produce and market crops and livestock. Import for consumers to build trust with the local farmer. McDonald's still dealing with consumer perceptions caused by importing beef from the Amazon region two decades ago. McDonald's attempts to source all beef locally.
NEW BUSINESS Camrose County Beautification Awards
Tony Thomsen and John Girvan will serve as judges for the Camrose County Beautification Awards.
Approval of the Minutes Page 6 of 56 AgendaItem#3a)
Page 4 of 4 Council, April 8, 2015
INFORMATION
Earth Day Event - April 22 2015 Lakeland College Environmental Services - The Benefits of Hiring a Practicum Student Beneficial Management Practices – Environmental Manual for Alberta Farmsteads
NEXT MEETING DATE(S):
The next meeting date is set for Wednesday, September 9, 2015.
ADJOURNMENT
The meeting adjourned at 11:56 am.
Approval of the Minutes Page 7 of 56 Page 8 of 56 AgendaItem#5a)
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CAMROSE COUNTY AGENDA ITEMS
Meeting: Agricultural Communications Committee - 23 Meeting Date: 23 Sep 2015 Sep 2015Agricultural Communications Committee Agenda Item No: AGD - 1998 Confidential: Originated By: Mark Millang Title: Go East RTO - 10:30 a.m. ACTION / RECOMMENDATION:
Presentation by Kevin Kisilevich - Go East RTO - 10:30 a.m..
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Policy, Bylaws, Provincial Acts or Regulations:
Financial Implications:
Alternatives to the Recommendation:
Pro's:
Con's:
Communication:
Documentation:
DISCUSSION:
County Adminstrator Signature:
Go East RTO - 10:30 a.m. Page 9 of 56 Page 10 of 56 AgendaItem#6a)
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CAMROSE COUNTY AGENDA ITEMS
Meeting: Agricultural Communications Committee - 23 Meeting Date: 23 Sep 2015 Sep 2015Agricultural Communications Committee Agenda Item No: AGD - 1991 Confidential: Originated By: Mark Millang Title: 2015 Awards ACTION / RECOMMENDATION:
For Information only.
2015 Scholarship Essay 1.) Sarah Irving 2.) Seanna Uglem 3.) Shayna Law
2015 Rural Beautification 1.) Wilfred and Ingret Weber 2.) Stephen and DiannaTrautman 3.) Norm and Debbie Taves
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Policy, Bylaws, Provincial Acts or Regulations:
Financial Implications:
Alternatives to the Recommendation:
Pro's:
Con's:
Communication:
Documentation: DISCUSSION:
County Adminstrator Signature:
2015 Awards Page 11 of 56 AgendaItem#6a)
CAMROSECOUNTY
AGRICULTURALCOMMUNICATION S 2015 SCHOLARSHIP
VOLUNTEERISM
Submitted Q1:
Sarah Irving
18469 Township Road 484
Round Hill
Alberta
TOB320
Telephone 780-672-2787
Grade 12 Student
Camrose Composite High School
2015 Awards Page 12 of 56 AgendaItem#6a)
2015 Awards Page 13 of 56 AgendaItem#6a)
2015 Awards Page 14 of 56 AgendaItem#6a)
2015 Awards Page 15 of 56 AgendaItem#6a)
2015 Awards Page 16 of 56 AgendaItem#7a)
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CAMROSE COUNTY AGENDA ITEMS
Meeting: Agricultural Communications Committee - 23 Meeting Date: 23 Sep 2015 Sep 2015Agricultural Communications Committee Agenda Item No: AGD - 1985 Confidential: Originated By: Mark Millang Title: 2016 Wall of Honor and Century Farm Awards Banquet ACTION / RECOMMENDATION:
- That ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, be named as the organizational committee for the 2016 Wall of Honor and Century Farm Awards Banquet.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Policy, Bylaws, Provincial Acts or Regulations: 11.27 Wall of Honor - Nominations
Financial Implications: Covered in the 2016 ASB Budget
Alternatives to the Recommendation:
Pro's:
Con's:
Communication:
Documentation:
DISCUSSION:
County Adminstrator Signature:
2016 Wall of Honor and Century Page 17 of 56 Farm Awards Banquet AgendaItem#7a)
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CAMROSE AGRICULTURAL WALL OF HONOR
POLICY AND GUIDELINES:
This program is being initiated by Camrose County to recognize the contributions to agriculture by individuals who live within Camrose County. Preference will be given to agricultural producers, but agricultural business people, professional agrologists and rural community workers will also be considered. Nominees must have served the local farming community as professionals or volunteers. Nominees must have lived in the County area for at least (10 years).
Successful nominees will be suitably recognized and honored at an appropriate time and place with a scroll and photo being placed in the Agricultural Wall of Honor.
Selection Committee to be selected by the Agricultural Communications Committee with the cooperation of the Agricultural Service Board of Camrose County.
Nominations are to be submitted in confidence to the Manager of Agricultural and Environmental Services of Camrose County for consolidation, and referred to the Selection Committee for perusal and recommendation.
The Selection Committee shall review the applications received and submit their nominees in order of preference for recognition as entrants into the Camrose Agricultural Wall of Honor.
Amended June 7/90 #69/03-Jan/03 #159/09 – April/09
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WALL OF HONOR COMMITTEE
NAME: The Camrose Agricultural Wall of Honor
PURPOSE: The purpose of the Wall of Honor is: "To formally and publicly recognize persons who, in the cause of their residence within the perimeters of Camrose County, have made significant and outstanding contributions to the betterment and improvement of Agricultural Industry and the Quality of Rural Life".
OBJECTIVES: 1. The form of recognition to include the hanging of portraits and biographical sketch in a gallery to be known as Camrose Agricultural Wall of Honor. 2. To establish and maintain a portrait gallery to be known as Camrose Agricultural Wall of Honor. 3. To prescribe standards for recognition in the Camrose Agricultural Wall of Honor. 4. To promote interest in and awareness of our agricultural heritage. 5. To accept gifts, donations, bequests and memberships.
GUIDELINES: This program initiated by the Agricultural Communications Committee of Camrose County to recognize the contributions to Agriculture by individual producers, individuals in agri-business, or individuals in extension and research work.
(A) Nominees must have resided in the designated area for ten (10 years). (B) A maximum number of three (3) to be inducted in any year with the exception of the first year a maximum of ten (10). (C) Successful nominees will be recognized and honored at an appropriate time and place. A scroll and photo being placed in the Wall of Honor, a duplicate provided to the recipient. (D) All applications shall be sent to the Agricultural Fieldman, c/o Camrose County. Selection Chairman and Committee Members are to be selected from the Agricultural Communications Committee of Camrose County. (E) Nominations received, but unsuccessful, will be returned to nominator. The unsuccessful families may be re-nominated the following year, but will not be automatically re-nominated. (F) Participating Members of the Agricultural Communications Committee are: Camrose County, Camrose Regional Exhibition & Agricultural Society, Alberta Agriculture, Silver Creek Agricultural Society, Rosalind Agricultural Society, Round Hill & District Agricultural Society, Bashaw & District Agricultural Society, Hay Amended June 7/90 #69/03-Jan/03 #159/09 – April/09
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Lakes & District Agricultural Society, the Camrose & District Horticultural Society and the Edberg & District Agricultural Society. (G) Selection Committee Responsibility
(i) Receive information (ii) Inform all potential candidates or next of kin (iii) Select and inform successful candidate or next of kin (iv) Inform nominator - i.e. local Agricultural Society (v) Provide local press with details/biography of winner prior to presentation of award. (vi) Arrange for plaque and biography to be ready for presentation and hanging in Agriculture Wall of Honor by date of presentation. (H) All successful nomination information shall be kept at County Administrator's office for safe keeping.
Amended June 7/90 #69/03-Jan/03 #159/09 – April/09
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AGRICULTURAL WALL OF HONOR NOMINATIONS
GUIDELINES:
This nomination form is to provide the selection committee with vital information concerning the nominee. Selections for the Camrose Agricultural Wall of Honor are considered on the basis of a person's outstanding contribution to agricultural development and the quality of rural life within the perimeter of Camrose County.
Candidates for the Agriculture Wall of Honor should have demonstrated leadership in farm, rural and community organizations at the district, county or provincial level.
The nomination forms should be signed by three persons other than members of the immediate family. The contact person should be named first:
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* * * * * * * AGRICULTURAL WALL OF HONOR NOMINATION FORM * * * * * * *
NOMINEE'S NAME IN FULL:
MAILING ADDRESS:
POSTAL CODE:
TELEPHONE NUMBER: ______
* * * * * * * *
The nominees agree to abide by rules and decisions of the Agricultural Communications Committee.
We, the undersigned, hereby nominate the above candidate for consideration by the selection committee for admission to the Agriculture Wall of Honor.
Name and signature of nominators: (PLEASE PRINT)
1. NAME: ____ 2. NAME: ADDRESS: ADDRESS:
SIGNATURE: SIGNATURE: ___
3. NAME: Form to be received no later than ADDRESS: November 30th by: SELECTION COMMITTEE Wall of Honor SIGNATURE:______Camrose County Agricultural Services 4728 - 41 Street Camrose, Alberta T4V 0Z6
Scoring - 50 Points Amended June 7/90 #69/03-Jan/03 #159/09 – April/09
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* * * * * * * AGRICULTURAL WALL OF HONOR NOMINATION FORM * * * * * * *
PART I – PERSONAL RESUME
NAME:
PLACE OF BIRTH:
DATE OF BIRTH:
MARITAL STATUS:
IF NOMINEE DECEASED, PLEASE PROVIDE NAME, ADDRESS, & PHONE NUMBER FOR NEXT OF KIN.
______
______
Please provide a personal resume outlining nominee's occupation and/or career including noteworthy achievements such as contributions to agricultural improvement either in the fields of farm practices, agricultural sciences, agri-business, agri-education or organizational development.
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Scoring - 25/50 Points
PART II – ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
Please outline nominee's membership and/or participation in various organizations and where applicable, positions held and dates or approximate time periods. It is recommended to group these as to level of organization such as community, county, regional, provincial, and national.
______
Scoring - 25/50 Points
Amended June 7/90 #69/03-Jan/03 #159/09 – April/09
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PART III - ACHIEVEMENTS
In this section please outline noteworthy achievements which in your view qualify the nominee for recognition in the Camrose Agricultural Wall of Honor - indicating the significance of these achievements to agriculture.
Instances where family members assisted in or contributed to such achievements may be included.
Significant developments within an organization stemming from the nominee's initiatives and leadership should be documented in this section.
(PLEASE USE EXTRA PAGES IF NEEDED FOR DOCUMENTATION, IF SPACE PROVIDED IS NOT ADEQUATE) Amended June 7/90 #69/03-Jan/03 #159/09 – April/09
2016 Wall of Honor and Century Page 25 of 56 Farm Awards Banquet Page 26 of 56 AgendaItem#7b)
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CAMROSE COUNTY AGENDA ITEMS
Meeting: Agricultural Communications Committee - 23 Meeting Date: 23 Sep 2015 Sep 2015Agricultural Communications Committee Agenda Item No: AGD - 2000 Confidential: Originated By: Mark Millang Title: 2016 Budget Recommendation ACTION / RECOMMENDATION:
- That the Agricultural Communications Committee recommend to Camrose County Council the amount of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) for Extension - Communication Committee in the 2016 budget.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Awards Banquet - $ 12,000 Meetings and extension - $ 5,500 Wall of Honor Case - $ 2,500
Policy, Bylaws, Provincial Acts or Regulations:
Financial Implications: Amount to be included in the 2016 ASB Budget
Alternatives to the Recommendation:
Pro's:
Con's:
Communication:
Documentation:
DISCUSSION:
Would the Agricultural Communications Committee recommend sponsoring Keynote Speakers at local events?
County Adminstrator Signature:
2016 Budget Recommendation Page 27 of 56 Page 28 of 56 AgendaItem#8a)
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CAMROSE COUNTY AGENDA ITEMS
Meeting: Agricultural Communications Committee - 23 Meeting Date: 23 Sep 2015 Sep 2015Agricultural Communications Committee Agenda Item No: AGD - 1984 Confidential: Originated By: Mark Millang Title: Information ACTION / RECOMMENDATION:
- That the following items presented be received as information.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Policy, Bylaws, Provincial Acts or Regulations:
Financial Implications:
Alternatives to the Recommendation:
Pro's:
Con's:
Communication:
Documentation:
DISCUSSION:
County Adminstrator Signature:
Information Page 29 of 56 Information
WEBINAR DATE TIME COST ON-FARM LABOUR STRATEGIES Good labour can be hard to find. Alan Dooley with Alberta Agriculture and Forestry will provide information on the various programs that help connect farmers with workers, like the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program. Find out what requirements the employer must meet to qualify 9 AM for the various worker programs and learn strategies that can help you attract the right SEP 8 FREE workers to your farm. MST/MDT Registration link: WEBINAR https://albertaagriculture.webex.com/albertaagriculture/onstage/g.php?MTID=ee10b907d30c3f6b51a1c 4da26caba4e9 RETAIL CONNECTION FOR FARM DIRECT SERIES Are you looking to make that jump to retail or food service but not sure where to begin or if retail is right for you? Join Lindsay Sutton, with Alberta Agriculture and Forestry to learn what 9 AM trends and products retailers are looking for, how to make the retail connection and evaluate if OCT 13 FREE MST/MDT It’s no secret, running a farm direct this market is the right opportunity for your business. Registration link: business means paying attention to https://albertaagriculture.webex.com/albertaagriculture/onstage/g.php?MTID=e185b954f343f87642504020c09c69af9 many moving parts that often take you CREATING AND DELIVERING A COST-EFFECTIVE ADVERTISING & MARKETING PLAN out of the field and into the office. Ivor Bernatsky of Media Message Inc. explains the advertising industry and offers good management practices for farm direct marketers. This webinar gives participants suggestions 9 AM That’s why we are hosting a series of for establishing a budget, defining your audience, planning your advertising and marketing NOV 3 FREE webinars, geared to small to medium calendar and measuring your successes and failures. MST/MDT Registration link: sized producers and processors that https://albertaagriculture.webex.com/albertaagriculture/onstage/g.php?MTID=e628581762607401eb87e97b546a859db will help build savvy skills in EXPLORE LOCAL BUSINESS GROWTH (case story) marketing, staffing and generating Andrea Cleland along with her husband Jeff have owned and operated Arber Greenhouses in new business. Wetaskiwin for over 10 years. Given constraints on their property, the Cleland’s have been forced to grow better instead of bigger and will discuss how they’ve diversified and grown their DEC 8 9 AM FREE operation in spite of these obstacles. MST/MDT Webinars are 60 minutes in length Registration link: and include Q&A time. https://albertaagriculture.webex.com/albertaagriculture/onstage/g.php?MTID=e7a4295918a3b95697ee62d256ff7a04c THE BUMBLE BEETS WAY: A young farmer shares how to start and keep a CSA going Join Sarah Preston of Bumble Beets Farm, a young farmer just in 2nd year of CSA. Four years ago, Sarah made the decision to start a CSA on her farm near Tofield. She started small by testing her CSA on a handful of friends, and grew each year. Sarah will talk about the JAN 12 10 AM FREE Register by clicking on ins and outs of getting started with CSA, growing your customer base, balancing production MST/MDT each individual link or with marketing, and how to keep it all going year after year. Registration link: going online to: https://albertaagriculture.webex.com/albertaagriculture/onstage/g.php?MTID=e39ab62590347ec3549c9c34757b84562 explorelocal.ca/events TRACK AND MEASURE FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN YOUR MARKET Donna Henuset of CFO4Hire will present the top five reasons every business should measure performance regardless of the size and the benefits performance management creates. Not everyone is driven by the same thing learn where to start, what to measure, how to measure 10 AM Page 30 of 56 AgendaItem#8a) Page 30 of 56 AgendaItem#8a) Page 30 of 56 Page 30 of 56 AgendaItem#8a) FEB 9 FREE AgendaItem#8a) and look for the effects on your performance. Make a plan and be prepared to follow through. MST/MDT Come away with tools and techniques to increase your performance. Registration link: https://albertaagriculture.webex.com/albertaagriculture/onstage/g.php?MTID=eb96764f7e4e38ded33a833011eb09722 For more information contact: Cindy Cuthbert, Agriculture and Forestry Email: [email protected] MARKETING ON A SHOESTRING BUDGET Phone: 780-538-5287 (for toll-free calling in In this webinar, Cidnee Stephens of Strategies for Success, a seasoned small business marketer will introduce a less complicated way to look at your marketing and help you AB, dial 310-0000, then the number) navigate through all of today’s shiny marketing objects to help you define the RIGHT tools for MAR 8 9 AM FREE MST/MDT you, and an AFFORDABLE approach to take for YOUR BUSINESS. Registration link: https://albertaagriculture.webex.com/albertaagriculture/onstage/g.php?MTID=ec7b46dc4d015b01a1131fe47a97a41fb Information
WORKSHOPS DATE TIME COST
HORTSNACKS IN THE FIELD ~ Erdmann’s Gardens and Greenhouses (Vimy AB) Ron and Wendy Erdmann and their family have been growing vegetables for over 30 years in Westlock County. Ron will be discussing their Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program JUL 21 and their cooperation with Alberta Agriculture and Forestry’s current horticultural pest (Rain date Jul 28) surveillance project. Registration deadline: JUL 14 HORTSNACKS IN THE FIELD ~ Solstice Berry Farm (Crossfield AB) Marsha and Rick Gelowitz jumped into Saskatoons in 2003 and have become a force to be WORKSHOP reckoned with. Their state-of- the art processing line has enabled them to put their product in AUG 10 FREE a number of different markets and they’ll be sharing their successes and failures in this (Rain date 5:30 PM (light supper Aug 17) business. provided) SERIES Registration deadline: AUG 3
HORTSNACKS IN THE FIELD ~ Hidden Valley Garden (Sylvan Lake AB) These in-person events will Growing crops since 1994 on their land just outside Sylvan Lake, Jim and Lesley Hill have demonstrate the scope of the local been working on developing their soil health and quality for 20 years. Jim will be speaking to SEP 1 his cover cropping techniques and his use of tillage radish to decrease erosion and increase (Rain date Sep 8) market opportunity and facilitate soil health on his farm. business start-up, establishment and Registration deadline: AUG 25
enhancement first hand with on the SEP 12 ground practitioners EXPLORE HORTICULTURE (Grande Horticulture is a broad and diverse industry full of opportunities! This workshop will look at Prairie) different methods of production and marketing with Agriculture and Forestry specialists. The $15+GST workshop(s) will consist of a half-day in the classroom, followed by a tour of local farmers’ SEP 19 8:30 AM per person (Red Deer) (incl. lunch) markets and producer operations. Register for any of these Registration deadline: SEP 4 (Grande Prairie) SEP 11 (Red Deer) SEP 18 (Lethbridge) SEP 26 workshops by calling (Lethbridge) OCT 20 HORTSNACKS AT NIGHT ~ Standard Operating Procedures (Coaldale) 1.800.387.6030 Connie Kehler from the Saskatchewan Herb and Spice Association discusses incorporating FREE OCT 21 SOP’s into your operation, writing for internal versus external clients and how to avoid sharing 6:30–9 PM (snacks (Wetaskiwin) too much. provided) Or view event listing at Registration deadline: OCT 13 OCT 22 (Fairview) explorelocal.ca/events DEC 8 5:30–8:30 HORTSNACKS AT NIGHT ~ Cost of Production (Redcliff) PM Does the idea of calculating your cost of production (COP) formula make you dizzy? Erin $15 incl. Pirro with Farm Credit East based out of Enfield, Connecticut will take the mystery out of DEC 9 (Lacombe) GST setting your COP. She will explain the concept, what you need to accurately set your COP, per person and other factors to consider when pricing your products. 6–9 PM (incl. supper) DEC 10 Page 31 of 56 AgendaItem#8a) Page 31 of 56 AgendaItem#8a) Page 31 of 56 Page 31 of 56 AgendaItem#8a) Registration deadline: DEC 1 (Grande AgendaItem#8a) Prairie) JAN 12/16 HORTSNACKS AT NIGHT ~ Human Resources (Okotoks) For more information contact: Kristen Cumming of Cantos Performance Management is passionate about agriculture and FREE JAN 13 small business human resources in Alberta. She’ll be sharing current trends in performance 7–9 PM (snacks Dustin Morton, Agriculture and Forestry (Wetaskiwin) management including goal setting, providing feedback and generating engagement. provided) Email: [email protected] Registration deadline: JAN 5 Phone: 403-742-7571 (for toll-free calling in JAN 20 (Fairview) AB, dial 310-0000, then the number)
Information
WORKSHOPS DATE TIME COST
MARKETING MADE EASY This workshop examines selling products at Alberta approved farmers’ markets and beyond. You will learn strategies for creating a lasting first impression, clearly identifying your target clients and how to make them choose you. Discover tools and insights to consider and apply NOV 5 (Calgary) $25 incl. when it comes to marketing, merchandising and displays. Learn why social media is important 9:00 AM - GST and how to incorporate it into your business to help you increase your profile and profitability. JAN 20 4:00 PM per person (Fort (incl. lunch) Registration deadline: OCT 29 (Calgary) JAN 13 (Fort Saskatchewan) Saskatchewan) For more information contact: Delores Serafin, Agriculture and Forestry WORKSHOP Phone: 780-427-4611 (for toll-free calling in AB, dial 310-0000 then the number) Email: [email protected] SERIES FOOD SAFETY AND YOU – Recall Discover the benefits of a food safety program and how it can help you differentiate your business in the competitive local market. Learn how a product recall can affect your business. Build on the experiences of other farm direct marketers and how they incorporated food safety $25 incl. into their businesses. OCT 28 9:00 AM - GST (Calgary) 4:00 PM per person Registration deadline: OCT 21 (incl. lunch) For more information contact: Cindy Cuthbert, Agriculture and Forestry Phone: 780-538-5287 (for toll-free calling in AB, dial 310-0000 then the number) Email: [email protected]
FARM DIRECTMARKETING FORUM An open forum for those interested in starting or growing a farm direct marketing food operation that have more questions than answers. Bring your questions about food regulations, business $25 incl. start-up, pricing and more! JAN 21 8:30 AM - GST Registration deadline: JAN 14 (Stony Plain) 3:30 PM per person (incl. lunch) For more information contact: Cindy Cuthbert, Agriculture and Forestry Phone: 780-538-5287 (for toll-free calling in AB, dial 310-0000 then the number) Register for any of these Email: [email protected] workshops by calling SOCIAL MEDIA BOOTCAMP Can’t tell Twitter from LinkedIn? Never logged on or created an account before? 1.800.387.6030 Megan Madden of Southpaw Communications will lead you through this workshop on social media marketing. Covering platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, She’ll help you decide FEB 2 which platforms can be used to reach your audience while following industry trends, networking (Lethbridge) $25 incl. and crowdsourcing information. Participants will be expected to complete minimal pre-course 9:30 AM - GST Or view event listing at work as well as have access to an optional follow up webinar to assess progress and offer FEB 4 4:30 PM per person further support. (Grande (incl. lunch) explorelocal.ca/events Registration deadline: JAN 26 (Lethbridge) JAN 28 (Grande Prairie) Prairie) For more information contact: Dustin Morton, Agriculture and Forestry Phone: 403-742-7571 (for toll-free calling in AB, dial 310-0000 then the number) Email: [email protected] Page 32 of 56 AgendaItem#8a) Page 32 of 56 AgendaItem#8a) Page 32 of 56 Page 32 of 56 AgendaItem#8a) AgendaItem#8a) GETTING INTO FARMERS’ MARKETS This one-day event examines selling food products at Alberta approved farmers’ markets. With more than 130 Alberta approved farmers’ markets and over $700 million in sales in 2012, FEB 10 farmers’ markets are big business in Alberta. Entering this market channel with the right skills (Peace River) $25 incl. can shorten your learning curve and enhance your success. 9:00 AM - GST 4:00 PM per person Registration deadline: FEB 3 (Peace River) MAR 2 (Medicine Hat) MAR 9 (Medicine Hat) (incl. lunch) For more information contact: Delores Serafin, Agriculture and Forestry Phone: 780-427-4611 (for toll-free calling in AB, dial 310-0000 then the number) Email: [email protected]
AgendaItem#8a)
Green Industry Show & Conference FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE August 28, 2015
MEDIA RELEASE
Alberta’s largest Green Industry Conference is coming to Calgary for 2015 Landscape Alberta is pleased to be bringing Alberta’s largest Green Industry Conference to Calgary this November. In response to popular demand, we are taking the show on the road, which has been hosted in Edmonton since 1990. On November 19 and 20, attendees will take part in two exciting mornings with over 20 educational opportunities for every sector of the ornamental horticulture industry.
Conference session highlights include author and water management expert, Brad Lancaster, with two sessions including Principles, Practices and Tips for Water Harvesting; and, author and renowned SketchUp designer, Daniel Tal, with sessions on Rendering Future Tech and Landscape Design and 3D Terrain Modeling. This year’s conference focuses broadly on the need for discussion about the changing urban environment and the challenges of operating a business in today’s world. Annual favorites, such as Dr. Ken Fry and Dr. Mohyuddin Mirza, will be joined by experts from across North America that will inspire visitors, invigorate professionals and motivate newcomers. Everyone will find something to stoke their fire and those looking for continuing education credits will also find sessions to fulfill those needs.
The conference is open to anyone in the industry. Landscape Alberta members receive preferred pricing on conference registration. In addition to the educational opportunities, all conference attendees have access to the Green Industry Show. With over 230 booths, the largest green industry show in Western Canada is an annual must see. For more information on the Green Industry Show & Conference and to view the full conference program, please visit www.greenindustryshow.com.
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Media contact: Joel Beatson (780) 489-1991 [email protected]
C:\Users\Administration\Documents\GISC\2015\GISC Press Release August 31, 2015.docx
Information Page 33 of 56 AgendaItem#8a)
Business Management Skills Development Program Develop a dynamic and skilled agri-business sector Increase industry profitability and competitiveness Increase business development and sector sustainability
A funding program to help Alberta’s agricultural producers, new entrants, agri-processors, producer groups and industry organizations improve business management skills through access to timely training and targeted skills development.
For more information call 310-FARM (3276) www.growingforward.alberta.ca
Information Page 34 of 56 AgendaItem#8a)
Business Management Skills Development Program BUILDING CAPACITY. ADAPTING FOR THE FUTURE.
This program helps agricultural producers, new producers and processors, agri-processing industry staff and producer groups improve their business management skills through timely training and targeted skills development.
The Growing Forward 2 (GF2) Business Management Skills Development Program addresses three key industry priorities: 1. Increased industry profitability and competitiveness: Business owners who improve their management and leadership skills are able to build stronger businesses that positively impact industry growth. 2. Development of a dynamic and skilled agribusiness sector: Business owners who leverage current business knowledge and leadership skills create robust businesses that readily adapt to industry changes and embrace business opportunities. 3. Increased business development and sector sustainability: Encouraging new entrants to the agriculture and agri-food industry by developing critical business and management skills strengthens the future of the industry. How are costs shared?
75% of tuition fees or the cost to hire an instructor for a group skill training course is eligible for reimbursement.
Maximum payments: Individuals can apply for multiple projects to a maximum of $10,000 per individual for the life of the program. Groups can apply for multiple projects to a maximum of $20,000 per application and a maximum of $40,000 for the life of the program.
Exclusions: Applications under $500 will not be considered, and travel costs are not covered. Post- secondary education program courses offered by a degree-granting institution for credit are not eligible. Courses offered by institutions used to acquire a professional designation are not eligible. Conferences, seminars, and speaker series sessions are not eligible.
Who can participate?
Producers in Alberta who have an established primary business in the production of crops and livestock. Agri-food processors with an established business in Alberta, including owners, senior managers and frontline supervisors. New entrants into Alberta’s agriculture and agri-food industry who will have a primary business in production of crops and livestock, or a processing business.
Information Page 35 of 56 AgendaItem#8a)
Senior managers, executive directors or directors on a board that represents an industry organization, producer group or processor. Groups of producers or agri-food industry associations seeking training for their organization or board members. How do you start?
You are asked to apply to the program by submitting a learning plan, noting learning outcomes and documented costs, before funds can be approved. Proof of completion of the learning plan is required before reimbursement is made.
Please contact the Ag-Info Centre at 310-FARM (3276) to find out more about the program.
For more information
Phone: 310-FARM (3276) Email: [email protected] Web: www.growingforward.alberta.ca
“I wanted to get a better understanding of what strategic planning is, and what kinds of skills are needed to make strategic change effective and lasting for ARECA, our associations and all the stakeholders we deal with. My three-day training program provided a good set of skills to assess where the organization is today, and how we can take it in the direction we want to go tomorrow." Ty Faechner, Executive Director Agricultural Research and Extension Council of Alberta
“I am a person who enjoys a challenge. I’m very, very interested in learning and ongoing learning. In all the areas that we deal with in agriculture, people tend to come from a science-based background. I believe we need to keep working on our soft skills as well.” Carla Amonson, Manager West-Central Forage Association
The Business Management Skills Development Program is one of many programs under Growing Forward 2, a five-year federal-provincial-territorial initiative focused on three areas: research and innovation, competitiveness and market development and adaptability and industry capacity.
Information Page 36 of 56 AgendaItem#8a)
Business Opportunity Program Business expansion and diversification Increase competitiveness Industry growth and renewal Market knowledge and opportunities
A funding program to help Alberta’s agricultural producers, new entrants, agri-processors, producer groups and industry organizations expand and diversify by connecting with experts who can provide business information, advice and coaching.
For more information call 310-FARM (3276) www.growingforward.alberta.ca
Information Page 37 of 56 AgendaItem#8a)
Business Opportunity Program BUILDING CAPACITY. ADAPTING FOR THE FUTURE.
This program helps Alberta’s agricultural producers, new entrants, agri-processing companies and producer groups expand and diversify by connecting with experts who can provide business information, advice and mentoring.
The Growing Forward 2 (GF2) Business Opportunity Program addresses four major industry priorities: 1. Business expansion and diversification: The program helps business owners identify new markets and opportunities to grow and diversify their business. 2. Market knowledge and opportunities: Business owners are enabled to anticipate and adapt to market trends, consumer demands and strategies that can positively impact their business. 3. Increased competitiveness: Business owners can access current information in areas such as financial assessment, business planning, risk management strategies, and other management practices to grow their business. 4. Industry growth and renewal: Attracting new entrants to agriculture and increasing investment in the industry supports robust future growth.
How are costs shared?
Eligible activities include feasibility studies for new opportunities, business plans (expansion and diversification), market research, marketing plans, business management coaching and succession plans (once per farm business).
Established producers and processors will be reimbursed for 50% of consulting fees to a maximum of $5,000 per activity. Applicants can submit multiple projects to a maximum of $30,000 for the life of the program.
New entrants will be reimbursed for 75% of consulting fees to a maximum of $5,000 per activity. Applications can submit multiple projects to a maximum of $30,000 for the life of the program. Eligible costs include business risk management plans, business structure development, market research, marketing plans, and business management coaching.
Producer groups and agri-industry associations will be reimbursed for 75% of eligible consulting fees to a maximum of $30,000 for the life of the program. Eligible projects include feasibility studies for new opportunities, market research, strategic planning, and business risk management planning.
Who can participate?
Producers in Alberta who have an established primary business in the production of crops or livestock. Agri- processors with an established processing business in Alberta.
Information Page 38 of 56 AgendaItem#8a)
Who can participate?
New entrants into Alberta’s agriculture and agri-food industry who will have a primary business in production of crops or livestock, or a processing business. A Producer Group or Industry Organization primarily focused on agriculture and food
How do you start?
You are asked to apply to the program and submit a work plan before any funds can be approved.
Please contact the Ag-Info Centre at 310-FARM (3276) to find out more about the program.
For more information
Phone: 310-FARM (3276) Email: [email protected] Web: www.growingforward.alberta.ca
“To develop the whole business plan with all the different sections and all the different consultants is an expensive proposition, especially when you’re starting out. This grant will go a long way to helping us reach our goals with the farm.” Erika Backmeyer and David Robertson Bezanson, Alberta.
"As farmers, we have a lot of strengths, but the technical and regulatory aspects of this project are very complex. This grant has allowed us to bring in some expertise that has been important in the ongoing development of this project." Chris Perry, CKP Farms and Grow-Tec Bioenergy Coaldale, Alberta.
“The sugar beet industry has been somewhat stagnant for a while, and we believed that this idea could take us in a new direction. Before going too far with it, we wanted to investigate our options. We presented these findings to our annual meeting, and our members were very impressed.” Rob Boras Alberta Sugar Beet Growers Taber, Alberta.
The Business Opportunity Program is one of many programs under Growing Forward 2, a five-year federal-provincial-territorial initiative focused on three areas: research and innovation, competitiveness and market development and adaptability and industry capacity.
Information Page 39 of 56 AgendaItem#8a)
Weed Alert
Jimsonweed – Not Common to Alberta
ALL PARTS OF THE PLANT ARE POISONOUS
Concern: Jimsonweed (a.k.a Devil’s Trumpet) is a serious weed in cultivated land in the United States and eastern Canada. The plant has toxic effects that have resulted in death to livestock and humans that ingest it.
Plant: The plant has smooth thick red to purple stems that can reach 2 meters tall. Leaves have irregular toothed margins 10-20 cm long. Flowers are white to purplish, 5 point trumpet shape, 7-10 cm long. Seed pod is 2-5cm wide, has spines, is egg shaped
and may contain up to 600-700 seeds per capsule. The seed capsule will explode expelling the seeds once mature. Has distinctive sour repulsive odour.
Where to Find This Weed: This invasive weed has been showing up in canola fields. Jimsonweed has been reported recently in Barrhead, Leduc and Westlock Counties while producers are swathing canola.
Control: Jimsonweed seed is difficult to clean from canola, removal prior to combining is recomended. Jimsonweed should be pulled from fields prior to swathing down, once cut the seed
capsules may mature into viable seeds for next year. When hand pulling, wear gloves and long sleeves and double bag the plants for the landfill disposal. In this year of feed shortages, canola stubble should not be baled up for feed where plants have been found. These practices will increases risk for poisoning in livestock feed.
Do not compost. Do not burn, as this will release toxins in the air and may cause secondary poisoning.
Early detection and eradication is very important to stop the spread.
Please report any sightings to Nicole Kimmel, Weed Specialist, Agriculture & Forestry at (780) 422 0885 or [email protected].
Photos courtesy of Westlock County
Information Page 40 of 56 AgendaItem#8a)
Alberta Agriculture and Forestry (AF) has received reports of Jimsonweed in Alberta. This is not a common weed found in Alberta, and producers need to be diligent to stop its spread.
It is important that producers handle this weed carefully to prevent further spread and potential health risks to livestock and humans. Proper handling information can be found below and on the Agriculture and Forestry website.
Jimsonweed is classified as a Class 1 weed under the federal Weed Seeds Order of the Federal Seeds Act. Jimsonweed is a prohibited noxious weed seed under the Seeds Act, and it must not be present in any seed imported into or sold in Canada. The Seeds Act prohibits the sale of seed containing prohibited noxious weed seeds.
CFIA is taking the appropriate steps to investigate the source of Jimsonweed in Alberta.
Jimsonweed has now been found in eleven rural municipalities, as of September 14. Counties include Barrhead Camrose, Flagstaff, Leduc, Lacombe, Lac Ste Anne, Parkland, Ponoka, Westlock, Wetaskiwin and Wheatland. The majority of reports have been spotted in canola fields. While some wheat and barley fields have been reported, they have links to canola seeded in previous fields or in the previous year.
Proper handling of Jimsonweed Jimsonweed should be pulled from fields prior to swathing down; once cut, the seed capsules may mature into viable seeds for next year. Jimsonweed seed is difficult to clean from canola. AF sent out information to all Ag Fieldmen on the safe handling of the weed through a weed alert now posted online.
If Jimsonweed is found, producers should take the following steps: • When hand pulling, wear gloves and long sleeves • Double bag the plants for the landfill disposal • Canola stubble should not be baled up for feed where plants have been found. These practices will increases risk for poisoning in livestock feed. • Do not compost or burn, as this will release toxins in the air and may cause secondary poisoning.
Collecting information on Jimsonweed sightings Alberta Agriculture and Forestry (AF) continues to work with the CFIA and ag fieldmen to track fields. Counties and producers are asked to work closely with AF to obtain as much information as possible on all reports of Jimsonweed in cropping situations. If Jimsonweed has been spotted, counties and producers are asked to call the Ag Info Centre at 310-FARM.
Ag Fieldmen or producers who have spotted Jimsonweed in their fields are asked to provide the following information to AF to help track and monitor the situation: • number of plants; • type of seed; • where it was purchased; • seed lots, if available; • names of producers; and • contact information for producers. Producers or Ag Fieldmen who have reported sightings of Jimsonweed should call 310-FARM.
Information Page 41 of 56 AgendaItem#8a)
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 64. Datura stramoniumL.
SUSAN E. WEAVERI and SUZANNE L WARWICK' \Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Harrow, Ontario N0R IG0; and 2Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KLA0C6. Received 3 Feb. 1984, accepted 14 June 1984.
Wnaven, SusaN E. euo WenwIcr, SuzaNrvn I. 1984. The biology of Canadian weeds. 64. Datura stramonium L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 64: 9'79-991 .
Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) is an annual weed found in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It has been recorded from all the provinces of Canada except Newfoundland, but is most common in Ontario and Quebec. It occurs in waste places, gardens, barnyards and, increasingly, in cultivated fields. Datura stramonium serves as an alternate host for many insect pests and diseases of So- lanaceous crops, such as tomatoes, tobacco and potatoes, and has both narcotic and medicinal properties due to its production of a variety of alkaloids. It has been used extensively as an experimental plant in studies of genetics, chromosome morphol- ogy and embryonic development.
Key words: Weed biology, jimsonweed, Datura stamonium, distribution
[La biologie des mauvaises herbes canadiennes. 64. Datura stramoniumL.f Titre abrdgd: Datura stramonium. Datura stamonium L. (Solanac6e) est une mauvaise herbe annuelle rencontr6e dans la plupart des r6gions temp6r6es et subtropicales du globe. Elle a 6t6 signal6e dans toutes les provinces canadiennes, sauf Terre-Neuve, mais est plus commune en Ontario et au Qu6bec. Elle pousse dans les teffains vagues, les jardins, les cours de ferme, et, de plus en plus dans les champs cultiv6s. La stramoine commune sert d'h6te de remplacement h beaucoup de parasites et de maladies des Solanac€es comme la tomate, le tabac et la pomme de terre, et possdde des propri6t6s narco- tiques et m6dicinales par les divers alcaloides qu'elle produit. On s'en sert abon- For personal use only. damment comme plante exp6rimentale dans les 6tudes de g6n6tique, de morphologie chromosomique et de d6veloppement embryonnaire.
Mots cl6s: Stramoine commune, Datura stramonium, distribution, biologie des mauvaises herbes
1. Name branched, glabrous to puberulent, green to Datura stramonium L. jimsonweed purplish; cotyledons 2-4 cm long, narrow, (Alex et al. 1980), stramonium- thorn-apple shrivelling but persisting on the developing (Scoggan l9'79); stramoine commune (Alex seedling; first true leaves ovate with pointed et al. 1980), pomme 6pineuse, herbe aux tips and few or no lobes, later leaves alter- sorcier (Scoggan l9'79), Solanaceae, night- nate, simple, petiolate; petioles up to 12 cm shade family. Solanacdes. long; blades 5-25 cmlong, 4-25 cm wide, Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 ovate to elliptical, acute, cuneate to sub- 2. Description and Account of Variation cordate at base, sinuate-dentate to -lobed, Coarse, herbaceous annual, reproducing glabrous to puberulent, dark-green above, only by seed (Fig. 1); root thick, shallow, strong-scented. Flowers actinomorphic, extensively branched; stems stout, hollow, solitary on short peduncles, axillary in fork erect, up to 200 cm tall, divaricately of branching stem; calyx tubular, 3-5 cm Can. J. Plant Sci. 64:979-991 (Oct. 1984) long, strongly prismatic, five-angled, five- 979
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980 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
For personal use only. ,@, Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15
Fig. 1. Datura stramonium L. A, habit; B, flower; C, capsule; D, longitudinal section through capsule; E, dehisced capsule; F, seed. Scale lines represent I cm in A-E and I mm in F.
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WEAVER AND WARWICK Datura stramonium 981 -
dentate, teeth 3-10 mm and unequal, calyx include: var. tatula (L.) Ton. which has a separating transversely above the base in pale violet or purple corolla, purplish stem fruit, the upper part falling away, the lower and subequal spines; Yar. stramonium persisting as a colar beneath the capsule; which is characterized by a white corolla, corolla tubular or trumpet-shaped, border green stem, unequal spines with those on five-dentate, 5-10 cm long, white or pur- the lower part of the fruit shorter than the ple; stamens five, equal, inserted near base upper ones; and var. inermis (Juss.) Hupka of corolla; stigma two-lobed. Capsule which is characterized by a spineless cap- ovoid, erect,3-7 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, sule. These differences are due to single dehiscing regularly by four-valves, four-lo- gene differences which are subject to Men- cular except two-locular top, densely cov- delian segregation (Blakeslee 1921), with ered with more or less equal spines up to 15 purple flowers dominant to white and spiny mm, rarely smooth. Seeds dark-brown to capsules dominant to spineless. Both white- black, flat, kidney-shaped, surface irregu- and purple-flowered forms may bear lar and pitted, 3-4 mm lortg,2-3 mm wide. smooth or spiny capsules, in some cases The above description is based upon Glea- even on the same plant (Safford 1921; Sa- son (1968), Alex and Switzer (1976) and tina and Avery 1959). Only two varieties personal observations by the authors. are reported from Canada, tatula and stra- The most common chromosome number monium. Adzet et al. (1979), working in is 2n : 24 (Satina 1959; Bolkhovskikh et Spain, conducted chemotaxonomic studies al. 1969;Tutin et al. 197 6;Goldblatt 198 1). on inermis and three forms of tatula and Canadian material from Essex, Kent and concluded that the observed intervarietal Elgin Counties, Ontario, all had counts of differences in morphology were not re- 2n : 24 (Warwick and Black, unpubl. flected in differences in amino acid and al- data). Blakeslee (1921) in the United States kaloid variation patterns. (see review by Avery et al. (1959)) de- Datura stramonium maY be confused scribed naturally occurring variants of Da- with D. innoxia Miller. This weed species tura stramonium with 2n : 12, 25, 26, 36 is listed by Scoggan (1979) as D. mete- and 48 chromosomes. Individuals with 2n loidesDunal (McNeill 1981). North Amer- For personal use only. : 12. 25. 26 and 36 chromosomes were ican in origin, D. innoxia is represented by characterized by higher percentages of only 16 herbarium collections from south- aborted pollen, whereas plants with 2n : ern Quebec and eastern Ontario. The two 48 chromosomes had very few aborted pol- species may be distinguished by the follow- len grains. Tetraploid races of D. stramon- ing key: ium are distinguished from diploids by the 5-10 cm long and five- more spherical shape and smaller size of the Annual, flowers four- mature capsules, larger seeds, fewer but angled, erect, regularly dehiscent larger leaves, and larger flowers (Avery valved capsule, leaf margins sinuate- glabrous to pub- 1959). Haploid plants, on the other hand, dentate to lobed, plant p. slysm6niym are somewhat weaker than normal diploids, erulent - and have narrower leaves. slender stems. Perennial, flowers 10-20 cm long and and smaller flowers (Avery 1959). Spurna 10-angled, nodding or inclining capsule, Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 et al. (1981) in Czechoslovakia described a not valvate, but dehiscing irregularly, population of D. stramonium which in- leaf margins entire or only slightly an- cluded individuals with chromosome num- gled, plant pubescent D. innoxia bers of 2n : 2l-25. - Three variants of D. stramonium have A third species, D. metel L., which is of been recognized, which in the past have re- Asiatic origin, is not known to occur in ceived specific, varietal or form status (Fer- Canada outside of cultivation (McNeill nald 1950; Satina and Avery 1959). These l98l). Datura metel is similar to D. innoxia
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982 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
in habit and flowers but is glabrous, and has tion of plant parts (Mikolich et al. 1975:, very short spines or tubercles on the cap- Hightower 1979). Mikolich et al. (1975) re- sule. port a number of poisonings in humans due to the ingestion of tomatoes grafted onto 3. Economic Importance plants of Datura. Severe pupil dilation and h) Detrimental Datura stramonium is a nausea have occurred in farmers exposed to weed of cultivated- fields, gardens, waste jimsonweed dust during harvesting opera- places, barnyards and other disturbed hab- tions (Mikolich et al. l9'7 5). There has been itats. It has recently become an increasingly some concern that jimsonweed alkaloids common weed of soybeans and Solana- might contaminate soybean seed lots har- ceous crops such as tobacco, tomatoes, po- vested from weed-infested fields (Ross and tatoes and sweet peppers, in the mid-west- Williams 1975), but these are normally re- ernUnited States (Ross andWilliams 1975) moved from the edible oil fraction during and southwestern Ontario. Full-season processing and may only remain in the de- competition from D. stramonium at densi- fatted meal (List and Spencer 1976). ties of 3-11 plants per square metre can re- (b) Beneficial Datura stramonium has duce yields of direct-seeded tomatoes by been used in both- human and veterinary 26-7l%o (Monaco et al. 1981) and of soy- medicine as a source of alkaloids for phar- beans by l5-45%o (Hagood et al. 1981). macological purposes (Kingsbury 1964). Crop losses due to the presence of jimson- Historically it has been used in folk medi- weed are thought to result primarily from cine as an antiasthmatic. an anesthetic. an competition for light, but the large, coarse ointment for burns or rheumatism, and as a plants also interfere with harvesting oper- psychoactive drug (Hightower 1979). Crop ations (Peterson and Dively 1981). It is par- improvement studies to increase its alkaloid ticularly difficult to control in Solanaceous production have been undertaken in India crops because few selective herbicides are (Bhagat 1981). American Indian tribes in available. In addition, D. stramonium the southwestern United States and Mexico serves as an alternate host for many insect have employed Datura spp. in religious pests and diseases of Solanaceous crops ceremonies (Schultes 1970; Keasey 1982).
For personal use only. (see Section 13). Over the past 65 years, D. stramoniumhas Plants of D. stramonium produce a num- been the source of many fundamental dis- ber of tropane alkaloids, principally sco- coveries in genetics and plant development, polamine, hyoscyamine and atropine, and has been widely used, along with other which are poisonous to humans, horses, members of the genus, as material for class- cattle, sheep, hogs, mules and chickens room demonstrations in genetics and as a (Kingsbury 1964; Leipold et al. 1973; Mul- host plant for viral studies (Avery et al. ligan and Munro 1983). Symptoms of jim- 1959; Conklin 1976). sonweed poisoning are associated with loss (c) Le g i s lat io n D atur a s tr amonium is not of cholinergic functions and include pupil listed as a noxious- weed in any of the Pro- dilation, increased cardiac and respiratory vincial or Federal Weeds Acts. rates, hallucinations, and in extreme cases, coma and death (Keasey 1982). Livestock 4. Geographical Distrubution
Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 normally avoid eating jimsonweed unless Datura stramonium is a cosmopolitan weed other vegetation is unavailable, but may be of tropical origin which occurs in the poisoned by ingesting it as a contaminant warmer regions of North, Central and South of hay, silage or seed screenings (High- America, Europe, Asia and Africa. It oc- tower 1979). Datura stramonium has nar- curs throughout almost all the United States cotic, hallucinogenic and medicinal prop- except for the northwest and northern great erties, and human poisonings have resulted plains (USDA 1970). In Canada D. sta- from both deliberate and accidental inees- monium has been recorded from all prov-
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WEAVER AND WARWICK stramonium 983 - Datura
Fig. 2. Distribution of Datura stramoniumvar. tatula (O) and var. stramoniun (O) in Canada from specimens in the following herbaria: ACAD, ALTA, CAN, DAO, LKHD, MT, MTMG, OAC, QUC, QUE, SASK, TRT, VBC (herbaria abbreviations as in Holmgren et al. (1981)).
inces except Newfoundland, although it is (c) Communities in which the species oc- For personal use only. most common in Ontario and Quebec (Fig. curs Datura stramonium is a common 2). Herbarium specimens collected from weed -of gardens, waste places, and farm- provinces west of Ontario were taken either yards (Alex and Switzer 1970). In recent from gardens or waste ground adjacent to years, the species has started to appear as a research stations and probably do not re- weed of cultivated ground, particularly in flect its true distribution. soybean, bean and maize fields in southern Ontario and Quebec. It prefers open com- 5. Habitat munities, and it most commonly occurs in (a) Climatic requirements Originating association with annual. biennial or short- from the tropical regions of- Central and lived perennial weeds. South America (see Section 6), D. stra- monium is naturalized in the warmer re- 6. History gions of Europe, Africa, Asia, the United Conflicting opinions exist as to the site of Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 States and southeastern Canada. origin of D atur a s tr amo nium (Saff or d l92I ; (b\ Substratum Datura stramonium is Gleason 1968; Avery et al. 1959; Rousseau found on most soil- types but prefers rich 1968). Linnaeus described D. stramonium soils (USDA 1970). In some areas it is as- as American in origin, but Fernald (1950) sociated exclusively with disturbed soils declared it to be of Asiatic origin. Some rich in manure around barnvards (Ross and botanists have assigned var. stramonium to Williams 1975). Asia and var. tatula to America, while
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984 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
others, such as Safford (1921), have indi- grown at 21ll6"C with a 9-h photoperiod cated that the native range of D. stramon- and 262 pE'm-l'sec-r (Platt and Rand ium extends throughout eastern North I 982) . It is considered to be a nitrophile and America, Central America and South rapidly assimilates nitrogen in the form of America, with naturalization in the warmer nitrate or ammonium into amino acid me- regions of Europe, Asia and Africa occur- tabolism through glutamine synthesis ring at a very early date. According to (Lewis and Probyn 1978; Platt and Rand Rousseau (1968), the earliest North Amer- 1982). It produces a number of tropane al- ican collection was made in 1739 from Vir- kaloids as secondary metabolic products ginia. However, the common name 'jim- which originate from the glutamate pool sonweed' is thought to be a short form of (Nowacki et al. 1975). The principal alka- 'James Town Weed,' commemorating loids found in D. stramonium are hyoscy- Jamestown, Virginia, where ingestion of amine and scopolamine, with the former the plant was reputed to have had a narcotic present in the greatest quantities (Conklin effect on British soldiers during Bacon's 1976; Spurna et al. 1981). The concentra- Rebellion of 1616 (Avery et al. 1959). The tion of alkaloids in the plant varies with age earliest Canadian specimen was collected at and developmental stage, tissue and geo- Montreal in 1821. Numerous collections graphic location (Schultes 1970; Conklin were made of both D. stramonium yar. ta- 1976; Adzetetal. 1979). Alkaloids are pro- tula and yar. stromonium in the late 1800s duced in the root tissue as early as 18 days in Quebec and Ontario. However, it was not after germination and are then translocated until the 1950s that the species started to to the shoot (Conklin 197 6) . The maximum appear as a weed in cultivated fields of percentage of total alkaloids in the leaf tis- southern Ontario. It now represents a seri- sue is reached approximately 60 days after ous problem in the two most southwestern emergence (Saleh and Agina 1979a). Total counties of Ontario (Essex and Kent Coun- alkaloid content varies from 0.2 to 0.7Vo on ties). a dry weight basis (Kingsbury 1964). Ma- ture seeds contain 0.2-0.5Vo total alkaloids 7. Growth and Development (Conklin 19'76; List and Spencer 1976; (a) Morphology Datura stramoniumhas For personal use only. - Sharova et al. l91l). a number of morphological features which The alkaloid content of D. stramonium contribute to its success as a weed. The also varies with the availability of nitrogen fleshy cotyledons are large and photosyn- (Nowacki et al. 1975),light intensity and thetically active, enabling seedlings to es- temperature (Saleh and Agina l979a,b) .In- tablish quickly. The indeterminate growth creased availability of nitrogen leads to an habit, broad leaves and sympodial branch- increased percentage ofalkaloids in the leaf ing pattern enable the plant to rapidly shade tissue,an increased nitrogen content and a surrounding vegetation. The capsule con- decreased carbohydrate content on a dry tains chloroplasts throughout the pericarp weight basis (Nowacki et al. 1975). In- and the spines, resulting in a large photo- creasing light intensity from approximately synthetically active surface area (Dave et 60 to 500 pE.m-2.sec-1, results in greater al. 1980). The capsules and seeds are buoy- plant dry weight and leaf number, an in-
Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 ant in water and can remain floating for 10 creased percentage ofbiomass in reproduc- days or more, facilitating dispersal. tive structures and an increased total alka- (b) Perennation Datura stramonium is loid content as a percentage of leaf dry an annual and overwinters- only as seeds. weight (Saleh and Agina 1979a).Increas- (c) Physiological data Datura stramon- ing the temperature at which plants are ium possesses the C, phqtosynthetic- path- grown from l5o to 25'C also results in way and has a photosynthetic rate of 193 -r greater plant dry weight and total alkaloid 13 pmol Co;g-r fresh weight.h-l when content as a percentage of leaf dry weight
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AND WARWICK Datura stnmonium 985 WEAVER -
(Saleh and Agina l9'79b). The flowers are normally open for only 1 Like other members of the Solanaceae, day, and the anthers often dehisce before D. stramonium produces compounds which the flower opens. The dehisced pollen and are thought to be phytoalexins. Anti-fungal nectar agglutinate, forming pollen pellets sesquiterpenoid compounds are produced which are collected by bees (Sharma 1912) . in response to inoculation with Monilinia Fertilization ordinarily occurs 1 day after fructicola (Wint.) Honey and various other pollination; ovary growth is completed after fungi (Ward et al. 1976). These compounds 15 days, embryo growth after 22 days, seed include lubimin (found also in potatoes and maturation after 30 days, and the capsule eggplant) , capsidiol (found in peppers), and opens approximately 50 days after polli- hydroxylubimen (found in potatoes) (Ward nation (Rietsema and Blondel 1959; Conk- et al. 1976). lin 1976). The bulk of the amino acids in- (d) Phenological Seedlings of D. sta- corporated into the seed proteins are monium normally- emerge between mid- supplied by leaves subtending or in close May and mid-June in southwestern Ontario. proximity to the capsules, with the pericarp However, with adequate soil moisture, contributing a small amount (Lewis et al. seedlings continue to emerge intermittently t910. l97t). throughout the growing season. In Illinois, (b) Seed production and dispersal Vig- Stoller and Wax (1913) found that seedling orous, isolated plants of D. stramonium- flushes appeared sporadically after I May, may produce 50 or more seed capsules and when preceded by rainfall sufficient to 30 000, or more, seeds. Seed capsules are bring the surface l0 cm of soil to field ca- normally 3-4 cmin length and contain 600- pacity. Flowering ordinarily begins in mid- 700 seeds. However, plants growing at high July and continues until the plants are killed density or under severe resource restric- by frost. Seeds are mature approximately tions may produce only three to four small 30 days after fertilization and are dispersed capsules and an average of 1300-1500 from the capsules during autumn and win- seeds. There is a strong positive correlation ter, or occasionally remain on the dry between capsule length and the number of branches until spring. seeds per capsule (r:0 .97) . Capsules only (3) 6 mm long contain two or three seeds. There For personal use only. Mycorrhiza There are no reports in the literature of -the presence or absence of is a significant negative correlation be- mycorrhiza on D. stramonium. tween the number of seeds per capsule and individual seed weight, but only l5%o of the 8. Reproduction variation in seed weight is attributable to (a) Floral biology Flowers in D. stra- seed number (Weaver, unpubl. data). monium are produced- in the fork of each In Ontario, mature seeds appear after branch of the main stem, the first flower mid-August and plants continue to produce bud being produced after the formation of seed capsules until the first hard frost. Cap- the 6th to 8th leaf primordium (Corson and sules which are immature at the time of frost Gifford 1969). Flowers of even vigorously turn brown and soft and do not continue to growing plants are often aborted, particu- ripen. Mature seeds are dispersed from the larly at the lower leaf nodes. Datura stra- dry capsules, by dehiscence, up to a dis-
Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 monium is self-fertile and predominantly tance of 1-3 m from the parent plant (Conk- self-pollinated (Reitsema 19591, Conklin lin 1976). This process is facilitated by dis- 1976), although bees and other insects do turbance of the plants, as through crop visit the flowers, collecting both pollen and harvesting. Seeds may also be dispersed by nectar (Sharma 1972). Each flower pro- water, on farm machinery, or as an impur- duces approximately 128 500 grains of pol- ity of commercial seed. len and possesses a five-lobed nectary at the (c) Viability of seeds and germination base of the superior ovary (Sharma 1912). Reports of percent germination and germi--
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986 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
nation requirements of seed lots of D. stra- In Illinois, field emergence in the spring of monium vary widely in the literature (An- seeds buried overwinter at different soil dersen 1968). Poor germination has been depths was greatest from 2.5 to 5.1 cm, attributed to (l) unfavorable environmental with no emergence from seeds buried 15.2 conditions, (2) an impermeable seed coat, cm below the soil surface (Stoller and Wax and (3) the presence of endogenous inhib- r97 4). itors (Conklin 1976). Germination in the In the Duvel buried seed experiment, laboratory has been reported to increase 9IVo of seeds of D. stramonium germinated (Stoller and Wax 1974; de Miguel 1980) or after 39 years of burial 34 cm below the soil decrease (Conklin 1976) with time after surface (Toole and Brown 1946). How- harvest. Light has been reported to be in- ever,Stoller and Wax (1974) found that the hibitory (Andersen 1968) or stimulatory viability ofseeds buried at 10 cm decreased (Stroller and Wax 1913, 1974; de Miguel markedly after just a few years. 1980). Optimum temperatures for germi- (d) Vegetative reproduction Datura nation range from 20 to 35oC, with alter- stramonium is an annual and does- not re- nating temperatures more stimulatory than produce vegetatively. constant temperatures (Andersen 1968; Conklin 1976). Removal of the seed coat or 9. Hybrids washing the seeds for several days pro- Hybrids between any Datura species are motes germination (Andersen 1968; Conk- rarely found in the wild. The only species lin 1976). Seeds also germinate more rap- hybrids definitely identified are those be- idly and to a greater extent after treatment tween D. stramonium and D. feroxL.; these with 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm of giberellic have been collected from several places in acid (Conklin 1976; Suchorska and Rum- South America (Rietsema 1959). Results of inska 1979). A germination inhibitor has artificial crosses of D. stramonium with been found in intact seeds of Datura ferox nine other Datura species are described by L. lSoriano et al. 1964: Sanchez it al. Rietsema (1959) and Rietsema and Satina 1981). Percent germination in this species (1959). Results indicated varying degrees was correlated with the quantity of inhibitor of compatability. Crosses with 9 D. stra- present For personal use only. as well as with the level of irradi- monium and d D. feroxL., D. quercfolia ance and water stress received by the parent H.B.K. , D. leichardrji Muell and D. dis- plant during seed maturation (Sanchez et al. color Bernh. all yielded viable seed. So- 1981). matic hybridization of protoplasts of sev- Percent germination of seeds of D. stra- eral Datura species has been accomplished, monium in the laboratory after overwinter- including D. innoxia Miller and D. stra- ing in the field is greater in light than in monium var. tatula L. (Schieder 1978). darkness (Stoller and Wax 197 4) , and is in- dependent of depth of burial, from 0 to 30 10. Population Dynamics cm below the soil surface although seeds Emergence of D. stramonium in a soybean stored on the surface have a considerably crop in southwestern Ontario varied from 5 slower rate of germination than seeds bur- to l5Vo of the Datura seed pool, regardless ied at depth (Weaver unpubl. data). Emer- of sowing density of either the weed or the
Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 gence of freshly harvested seeds sown in crop (up to 500 and 50 seeds.m-2, respec- pots in the greenhouse at depths ranging tively (Weaver, unpubl. data)). Seedling from 0 to 15 cm below the soil surface was mortality, however, increased with both D. significantly lower at 0 and 15 cm (average stramonium and soybean density. Poste- 30Vo) than at l-12 cm (average 96Vo). Seed- mergence mortality varied from 40 to llVo lings emerging from depths greater than 8 and resulted in average densities of 40-60 cm below the soil surface appeared to be jimsonweed plants per square metre at har-
chlorotic and weak (Weaver unpubl. data) . vest. The number of capsules per plant and
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WEAVER AND WARWICK Datura sttamonium 987 -
the number of seeds per capsule was neg- cause D. stramonium seeds are able to ger- atively correlated with both D. stramonium minate from soil depths lower than the zone and soybean density. Many of the capsules of herbicide incorporation. Preplant incor- produced by plants emerging after early porated or preemergence application of lin- July were immature at harvest, resulting in uron. chloramben. alachlor. metolachlor. less than 507o seed viability. butylate and eptam, at the full recom- In contrast, Kirkpatrick and Bazzaz mended rates, may provide partial control (1979) sowed seeds of D. stramonium at (Kapusta etal. 1978; Anonymous 1983). densities of 200, 1000, 2000 and 3000 m-2 on bare freshly disturbed soil in Illinois, and 12. Response to Other Human Manipu- found emergence to be approximately 507o, lations regardless of sowing density. They found Seedlings of D. stramonium are readily little postemergence mortality, with most killed by tillage operations. Older plants deaths attributable to feeding by Lema tri- may regenerate from the lower nodes if lineata adults and larvae. Many seeds were clipped or trampled. Seed capsules on contaminated with fungi, primarlly Alter- branches which have been severed or dam- naria species, which did not appear to in- aged after fertilization has occurred, often terfere with germination or growth. will continue to ripen. Fall tillage may pro- Severe defoliation by Lema trivittata re- mote seed survival because seeds decay duced capsule and seed production of jim- more rapidly on the soil surface than when sonweed populations in Maryland by up to buried (Stoller and Wax 1974). 44Vo and also reduced plant growth and competitive ability (Peterson and Dively 13. Responses to Parasites 1981). The beetle has two generations in To date there is no published information the northern United States and southern on insects, fungi or viruses associated with Canada, and both adults and larvae feed on Canadian plants of Datura stramonium. leaves, stems and young capsules of D. h'l Insects and other nondomestic animals stramonium. Datura stramonium serves as an alter- -nate host for several pests of Solanaceous
For personal use only. 11. Response to Herbicides and Other crops. Records include (l) Lema trivittata Chemicals Say (Coleoptera), which feeds on leaves in Datura stramonium is susceptible to a num- Maryland (Peterson and Dively 1981), (2) ber of soil- and foliar-applied herbicides Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera), the to- commonly used for the selective control of bacco hornworm, in Kentucky (Katanyukul annual broad-leaved weeds. Effective con- and Thurston 1979) and in North Carolina trol can be achieved by preplant incorpo- (Howard 1978); (3) Phthorimaea opercu- rated or preemergence application, at the Iella (Zell.) (Lepidoptera), the tobacco leaf full recommended rates. of metribuzin. miner, in Australia, North America, South atrazine, cyanazine, simazine or dicamba, Africa and the East Indies (Bendixen et al. or postemergence application of metribu- 1981); and (4) Gnorimoschema absoluta zin, bentazon, acifluorfen, dicamba, atra- (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera), the tomato moth, zine plus oll, 2,4-D or bromoxynil (Ross in Chile (Bendixen et al. 1981). Datura Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 and Williams 1975; Parochetti and Brow stramonium serves as a host for two root- 1977; Kapusta et al. 1978; Swanton and knot nematodes: Heterodera marioni Brown 1982; Anonymous 1983). Poste- (Cornu) Goodey, in Hawaii (Bendixen et al. mergence applications are usually effective 1919) and Meloidogyne sp. (USDA 1960). up to the six- to nine-leaf stage (Ross and (b) Microorganisms andviruses The fol- Williams 1975;Malan et al. 1982; Frank lowing fungi are reported to occur- on D. and Beste 1983). Problems in control with stramonium in the United States (USDA soil-applied herbicides sometimes arise be- 1960); Alternaria cressa (Sacc.) Rands,
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leaf spot, pod blight, Vermont to Illinois, Section I 3 . The loan of specimens from the her- Iowa, Texas and Wisconsini Alternaria so- baria listed in Fig. 2 is gratefully acknowledged. lani (Ell & G. Martin) Sor., leaf spot, Il- ADZET, T., DE DIEGO, J. and IGLESIAS, J. linois; Cercospora daturicola (Speg.) Ray, 1979. Contribution i l'6tude chimio-taxono- Ieaf spot, Oklahoma; Diplodia atro-caeru- mique de quelques taxa de Datura. Plant Med. leaEll. & Ev., on leaves and stems, Ala- Phytother. 13l. 292-296. bama and Texas; Phomopsis venenosa ALEX, J. F. and SWITZER, C. M. 1976. (Sacc.) Trav. & Spessa : P. daturae (Rol- Ontario weeds. Ont. Min. of Agric. and Food land & Fautr.) Sacc., stems, New York, Publ. 505. Guelph, Ontario. 200 pp. ALEX, J. F., CAYOUETTE, R. and MULLI- Pennsylvania, South Carolina; Phyllosticta GAN, G. A. 1980. Common and botanical hortorum Speg., leaf spot, West Virginia; names of weeds in Canada. Agric. Canada Publ. Phymatotrichum (Shear) omnivoram Dug., 1391 . 132 pp. cotton root rot, Texas; Sclerotium rolfsii ANDERSEN, R. N. 1968. Germination and es- Sacc., southern blight, Florida; Septoria ly- tablishment of weeds for experimental purposes. copersiciSpeg., leaf spot, Maryland, Texas Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Handbook, W. F. Hum- and Virginia; Thielaviopsis basicola Berk. phrey Press, Inc., Geneva, N.Y., 236 pp. and Br.) Ferr., black root rot, Wisconsin. ANONYMOUS 1983. Guide to chemical weed Records outside North America include: control. Ont. Min. of Agric. andFoodPubl. T5. Leveillula taurica (Lev) Arn., in Italy Toronto, Ont. 153 p. AVERY, A. G. 1959. Polyploidy. Pages 7l-85 (Marziano and Stefanis 1974) and Macro- Rietsema, eds. phomina phaseoli (Maubl.) in A. G. Avery, S. Satina, and J. Ashby, char- Blakeslee: The genus Datura. Chron. Bot. vol. coal rot disease, which also attacks maize 20. Ronald Press Co., New York. 289 pp. and soybean (Gangopadhyay and Isswar BENDIXEN, L. E., REYNOLDS, D. A. ANd 1972\. RIEDEL, R. M. 1979. An annotated bibliograph The bacterium, Pseudomonas solana- of weeds as reservoirs for organisms affecting cearumE.F .Sm. , bacterial wilt has been re- crops. OhioAgric. Res. andDevel. Center. Res. corded on D. stramonium from Georgia Bull. 1109. 64 pp. (usDA 1960). BENDIXEN, L. E., KIM, K. U., KOZAK, C. D. stramonium is a susceptible host to M. and HORN, D. J. 1981. An annotated bib- liography of weeds as reservoirs for organisms For personal use only. more than 60 viruses and is frequently used affecting crops. Ohio Agric. Res. and Devel. as host plant pathological studies a in Center Res. Bull. 1125. 117 pp. (Thornberry 1966). Records of field infec- BHAGAT, N. R. 1981. Correlations in some tions include: tomato spotted wilt virus, plant traits in Datura stramonium L. Indian J. Lethum australiense Holmes. California. Agric. Sci. 51: 648-650. Texas (USDA 1960); western aster yellows BLAKESLEE, A. F. 1921. Types of mutations virus, Chlorogenus callistephi Holmes, and their possible significance in evolution. Am. California (USDA 1960); potato x virus Nat. 55: 254-267. (El-Hammady and Shatla 1977); blister BOLKHOVSKIKH. 2.. GRIF. U.. MATVE- 1969. mosaic disease (Chowfla and Sharma JEV, T. and ZAKHARYEVA, O. Chro- mosome numbers of flowering plants. Academy 1981); potato leaf roll vints, Corium solani L. Komarov, Bo- (USDA of Sciences of the USSR, U. Holmes, Oregon 1960); leaf curl tanical Institute. virus , Ni cori ana virus 10, severe disease of CHOWFLA, S. C. and SHARMA, R. K. 1981. Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 tomatoes. Sudan (Yassin 1979): Columbian A blister mosaic disease of thorn apple Datura Datura virus (CDV) and Datura mosaic vi- stramonium. Acta Bot. Indica. 8: 184-189. rus (DMV) (Peralta et al. 1981). CONKLIN, M. E. 1976. Genetic and biochem- ical aspects of development of Datura. Mono- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS graphs in developmental biology 12. S. Karger, We wish to thank Dr. R. Shoemaker and Mr. J. New York. 137 pp. Martin, B. Fl.. I., Agriculture Canada, Ottawa CORSON, G. E. and GIFFORD, E. M. 1969. for their assistance in providing information for Histochemical studies of the shoot apex of Da-
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WARWICK Datwa stramonium 989 WEAVER AND - tura stramoniurn during transition to flowering. bacco cultivars in Kentucky. Econom. Entomol. Phytomorphology 19: 1 89-196. 8: 802-807. DAVE, Y. S., PATEL, N. D. and RAO, K. S. KEASEY, M. S. 1982. The sacredDatura.Pac. 1980. Origin, development and structure of Discovery 35: 10-14. spiny projections on the pericarp of Datura in- KINGSBURY, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of noxiaMlll. Feddes Repert. 91: 89-93. the United States and Canada. Prentice Hall. EL-HAMMADY, M. and SHATLA, M. N. Inc.. New Jersey. 626 pp. 1977. Virus diseases of some medicinal plants KIRKPATRICK, B. L. and BAZZAZ, F. A. in Egypt. II. CMV (potato virus X) and PVX 1979. Influence of certain fungi on seed ger- (cucumber mosaic virus) on Datara stramonium mination and seedling survival of four coloniz- L. Agric. Res. Rev. 55: 145-155. ing annuals. J. Appl. Ecol. 16: 515-527. FERNALD, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of bo- LEIPOLD. H. W.. OEHME. F. E. and COOK. tany of the northern United States. 8th ed. J. E. l9'13. Congential arthrogryposis associated American Book Co., New York. 1632 pp. with ingestion of jimsonweed by pregnant sows. FRANK, J. R. and BESTE, C. E. 1983. Effects J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 162: 1059-1060. of metribuzin placement on the foliage of tomato LEWIS, O. A. M. and PROBYN, T. A. 1978. (Lycopersicon esculentum) and jimsonweed 15N incorporation and glutamine synthetase in- (Datura stramonium\. Weed Sci. 3l: 445449. hibition studies ofnitrogen assimilation in leaves GANGOPADHYAY, S. and ISSWAR, S. C. of the nitrophtle, Datura stramonium L. New 19'12. A new record of charcoal rot disease on Phytol. 8l:519-526. Datura stramonium. Macrophomina phaseoli. LEWIS, O. A. M. and NIEMAN, E. and Indian Phytopathol. 25: 155-156. MUNZ, A. lg'lD. Origin of amino acids in Da- GLEASON, H. A. 1968. The new Britton and tura stramoniun seeds. Ann. Bot. 34: 843-848. Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern LEWIS, O. A. M., NIEMAN, E. and MUNZ, United States and adjacent Canada. Lancaster A. 19'71. Contribution of the pericarp to the Press Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Vol. 3. p. amino acids of the seeds of Datura stramonium 204. L. Ann. Bot. 35: 623-625. GOLDBLATT, P. (ed.) 1981. Index to plant LIST, G. R. and SPENCER, G. F. 1976. Fate chromosome numbers 1975-19'78. Missouri Bo- of jimsonweed seed alkaloids in soybean pro- tanical Garden. 553 pp. cessing. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 53: 535-536. HAGOOD, E. S. Jr., BAUMAN, T. T., wIL- McNEILL, J. 1981. Taxonomic, nomenclatural LIAMS, J. L. Jr., and SCHREIBER, M. M. and distributional notes on Canadian weeds and
For personal use only. 1981. Growth analysis of soybeans (Glycine aliens. Nat. Can. 108: 237-244. max) in competition with jimsonweed (Datura MALAN, C., VISSER, J. H. and GROBBE- stramonium). Weed Sci. 29: 500-504. LAAR, N. 1982. Control of problem weeds of HIGHTOWER, C. E. 19'79. Plants that kill and maize on the Transvaal Highveld (South Af- cure. Vet. Human Toxicol. 2l:360-362. rica). IL Datura stramonium. Weed Res. 22: HOLMGREN, P. K., KEVLEEN, W. and 101-104. SCHOFIELD, E. K. 1981. Index herbariorum. MARZIANO, F. and STEFANIS, D. 19'14. Da- Part I. The herbaria of the world. 7th ed. Reg- tura stramoniun L. Ospite dellaLeveillula taur- num vegetabile 106. ica (Lev.) Arn1' Datura stramonium as a host of HOWARD, G. R. 1978. Isolation of fractions Leveillula taurica. Phytopathol. Z. 8ll. 170-176 from jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) and (Abstr.). horsesenettle (Solanum carolinense) which con- MIGUEL, L. C., de 1980. Changes in levels of tain host plant specificity factors for the tobacco endogenous inhibitors during dormancy break- hornworm (Manduca sexra). N. Carolina State age inDaturaferox L. seeds. Z. Pflanzenphsiol.
Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 Univ., Raleigh, N.C. Diss. Abstr. Int. B., 39: 96: 415421. 4, t6r6. MIKOLICH, J. R., PAULSON, G. W. and KAPUSTA, G., STRIEKER, C. F. and CROSS, C. J.1975. Acute anticholinergic syn- SWISHER, B. A. 1978. Corn preplant incor- drome due to jimson seed ingestion. Clinical and porated herbicide study. Proc. North Central laboratory observation in six cases. Ann. Int. Weed Control Conf. 35: 242-244. Med. 83: 321-325. KATANYUKUL, W. and THURSTON, R. MONACO, T. J., GRAYSON, A. S. and 1979. Mortality of eggs and larvae of the to- SANDERS, D. C. l98l. Influence of four weed bacco hornworm on jimsonweed and various to- species on the growth, yield, and quality of di-
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990 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
rect-seeded tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculen- SAFFORD, W. E. 1921. Synopsis of the genus tum). Weed Sci. 29: 394-397 . Datura. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 11: 173-189. MULLIGAN, G. A. and MUNRO, D. B. 1983. SALEH, M. and AGINA, E. A. 1979a. Effect Vascular plants poisonous to livestock in of some climatic factors on the growth and al- Canada. 1. A preliminary inventory. Agric. kaloid contents of Datura stramonium var. iner- Canada Publ. 23E. 33 pp. nls. l. Effect of light intensity. Ann. Agric. Sci. NOWACKI, E., JURZYSTA, M. and GOR- Moshtohor 12:223-228. SKI, P. 1975. Effect of availability of nitrogen SALEH, M. and AGINA, E. A. 1979b. Effect on alkaloid synthesis in Solanaceae. Pol. Akad. of some climatic factors on the growth and al- Nauk Bull. 23:219-225. kaloid contents of Datura stramonium var. iner- PAROCHETTI, J. V. and BROW, J. R. 1977. mis. 2. Effect of air temperature and thermo- Control of jimsonweed in soybeans with times periodicity. Ann. Agric. Sci., Moshtohor 12: postemergence bentazon applications. Proc. 231-240. Northeastern Weed Sci. Soc. 31: 85 (Abstr.). SANCHEZ, R. A., EYHERABIDE, G. and de PERALTA, E. L., BECZNER, L. and DEZ- MIGUEL, L. 1981. The influence of irradiance SERY, M. 1981. Characterization of the Hun- and water deficit during fruit development on garian Datura innoxia mosaic virus. Acta Phy- seed dormancy it Datura ferox L. Weed Res. topathol. Acad. Scientiarum Hungaricae 16: 85- 2l: 127-132. 96. SATINA, S. 1959. Chromosome number and PETERSON, B. L. and DIVELY, c. P. 1981. morphology. Pages 57-70 in A. G. Avery, S. Effect of feedingby Lema trivittata (Coleoptera: Satina and J. Rietsema, eds. Blakeslee: The ge- Chrysomelidae) on the growth, reproduction and nlus Datura. Chron. Bot. vol. 20. Ronald Press competitive ability of jimsonweed in soybeans. Co., New York. 289 pp. Proc. Northeast. Weed Sci. Soc. 35: 78 (Abstr.). SATINA, S. and AVERY, A. G. 1959. A re- PLATT, S. G. and RAND, L. 1982. Methionine view of the taxonomic history of Darura. Pages sulfoximime effects of 4 carbon pathway plant 16-38 in A. G. Avery, S. Satina and J. Riet- leaf discs comparison with 3 carbon pathway sema, eds. Blakeslee: The genusDatura. Chron. species. Plant Cell Physiol. 23:917-922. Bot. vol. 20. Ronald Press Co., New York. RIETSEMA, J. 1959. Barriers to crossability: 289 pp. Prefertilization. Pages 235-244 in A. G. Avery, SCHIEDER, O. 1978. Somatic hybrids of Da- S. Satina and J. RGtsema, eds. Blakeslee: The tura innoxiaMill. * Datura discolorBernh. and genusDatura. Chron. Bot. vol.20. RonaldPress of Datura innoxia Mill. + Datura stramonium For personal use only. Co., New York. 289 pp. L. var. tatula L. I. Selection and characteriza- RIETSEMA, J. and BLONDEL, B. 1959. tion. Mol. Gen Genet. 162:113-119. Growth processes in the embryo and seed. Pages SCHULTES, R. E. 1970. The botanical and 196-219 in A. G. Avery, S. Satina and J. Riet- chemical distribution of hallucinogens. Ann. sema, eds. Blakeslee: The genusDarura. Chron. Rev. Plant Physiol. 2l:571-594. Bot. vol. 20. Ronald Press Co., New York. SCOGGAN, H. J. 1979. The flora of Canada. 289 pp. National Museum of Natural Science Publ. Bot. RIETSEMA, J. G. and SATINA, S. 1959. Bar- 'l (4\ Ottaur a, Ontario. riers to crossability: Postfertilization. Pages SHARMA, M. 1972. Studies in the flower of 245-262 in A. G. Avery, S. Satina and J. Riet- Datura stramonium L. in relation to bee-botany. sema, eds. Blakeslee: The genus Datura. Chron. J. Palynol. 8: 17-21. Bot. vol. 20. Ronald Press Co., New York. SHAROVA, E. G., ARINOVA, C. Yu and AB- 289 pp. DILALIMOV, O. A. 19'17. Alkaloids of llyos- ROSS, M. A. and WILLIAMS, J. L. . Jr. 197 5 . cyamus niger and Datura stramonium. Chem.
Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15 Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) control can Nat. Comp. 13: ll7-l18. be improved in Indiana soybean fields. Down SINGH, C., BHAN, A. K. and KAUL, B. L. Earth3l:29-32. 1978. Variation and correlation studies in two ROUSSEAU, C. 1968. Histoire, habitat et dis- species of Datura. Herba Hung. 17:25-30. tribution de 220 plantes introduit au Qu6bec. SORIANO, A., SANCHEZ, R. A. and EIL- Nat. Can. 95:49-169. BERG, B. A. 1964. Factors and processes in the RUSSO, M. and MARTELLI, c. P. 1972. UI- germination of Datura ferox L. Can. J . Bot. 42: trastructure observations on tomato bushy stunt tr89-1203. virus and plant cells Virology 49:122-129. SPURNA. V.. SOVOVA. M.. JIRMANOVA.
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E. and SUSTACKOVA, A. 1981. Chromo- results of the Duvel buried seed experiment. J. somal characteristics and occurrence ofmain al- Agric. Res. 72: 2Ol-210. kaloids in Datura sffamonium var. tatula and TUTIN, T. G., HEYWOOD, V. H., BURGES, Datura wrightii. Planta Med. 4l: 366-373. N. A., MOORE, D. M., VALENTINE, D. H., STOLLER, E. W. and WAX, L. M. 1973. Pe- WALTERS, S. M. and WEBB, A. A. 1976. riodicity of germination and emergence of some Flora Europaea. Vol. 3, 370 pp. annual weeds. Weed Sci. 2l: 5'14-580. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STOLLER, E. W. and WAX, L. M. 1974. Dor- 1960. Index of palnt diseases in the United mancy changes and fate of some annual weed States. USDA Agric. Handbook 165, Washing- seeds in the soil. Weed Sci. 22: l5l-155. ton, D.C. 531 pp. SUCHORSKA, K. and RUMINSKA, A. 1979. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The influence of GA, pre-sowing seed treatment 1970. Selected weeds of the United States. on the development of plants and drug value of Agric. Handbook 366, Washington, D.C. 463 Datura innoxia Mill and Atropa belladonna L. rr.nn Herba Hung. 18: 221-226. WARD, E. W. B., UNWIN, C. H., ROCK, G. SWANTON, C. J. and BROWN, R. H. 1982. L. and STOESSL, A. 1976. Postinfectional in- Postemergence herbicides for control of jimson- hibitors from plants. XXIII. Sesquiterpenoid weed. Expert Committee on Weeds Res. Rep. phytoalexins from fruit capsules of Datura stra- (Eastern Section): 558 (Abstr.). monium. Can. J. Bot. 54:25-29. THORNBERRY, H. H. 1966. Index of plant vi- YASSIN, A. M. 1979. Weeds as alternate hosts rus diseases. Agric. Handbook No. 307 Agri- of plant pathogens in Sudan. InM. E. Beshir and cultural Research Services. USDA, Washing- W. Koch, eds. Weed research in Sudan. No. 18, ton, D.C. Vol. I, pp.4046. TOOLE, E. H. and BROWN, E. 1946. Final For personal use only. Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from pubs.aic.ca by Alberta Government Library on 08/31/15
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Avian influenza and small-flock poultry
What is avian influenza? How to help protect your flock:
Avian influenza (AI), sometimes called “avian You can take steps to reduce the risk to your flu” or “bird flu,” is a contagious viral disease flock from avian influenza, such as reducing or that affects the respiratory, digestive and/or eliminating contact with wild birds. nervous systems of many bird species, including domestic poultry and wild birds. Reduce contact with wild birds: Risks for small-flock poultry: • Keep your flock away from dugouts and other surface water. Wild birds can carry avian influenza, and they • Keep birds inside or penned, if possible. can pose a risk to your poultry. Avian • Keep wild birds away from your feeders and influenza can cause severe illness and death waterers (such as through netting or wire in your flock. fencing), or feed your birds inside. Clean up During the spilled feed so it doesn’t attract wild birds. Did you know…? migration of wild When wild birds water birds, the risk Did you know…? migrate, it increases increases because “Biosecurity” means steps you can your poultry’s risk of there’s a greater take to protect animals, people, or being exposed to chance your flock plants from harmful organisms, such disease! could come into as viruses like avian influenza. contact with wild birds. Wild birds rarely show visible signs of the disease, but Viruses can be transmitted by people, they can spread the virus to other birds or in poultry and other animals, equipment, and the environment through their droppings, and in the environment. through their mouth and nose. • Clean your hands, clothing and footwear If your birds contract avian influenza, it can before and after handling birds. also create a greater risk of the disease • Don’t share equipment with other bird owners. spreading to neighbouring flocks or to • Consider limiting visitors’ access to your birds. commercial poultry. • Ensure the feed and water you use is free from wild bird droppings, or use a water treatment program like chlorination.
agriculture.alberta.ca September 2015
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Avian influenza and small-flock poultry
If you see signs of disease: More biosecurity tips:
Call your local veterinarian. • Alberta Agriculture and Forestry brochure http://bit.ly/1JoLfNr Spotting avian influenza and reporting it • Alberta Veterinary Medical Association quickly is critical to protect your birds and www.abvma.ca/biosecurity/smallflock.asp other flocks. If you see any symptoms, contact • Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) your veterinarian so action is taken as soon as http://bit.ly/1UfCyYZ possible. In fact, there is a legal requirement to notify a veterinarian or the government if you suspect a serious disease like AI. Did you know…? Alberta Agriculture also has a program where Alberta small-flock poultry owners are small-flock owners or their veterinarians can required to have a Premises Identification submit birds for disease testing, at no cost. Call (PID) Number. 403-948-8575 to find out how to participate. PID links animals with a location, and it Symptoms to watch for: can be used to contact animal owners in the case of an emergency, like a natural • Sudden drop in egg production. disaster or disease outbreak. • Swelling around the head, neck and eyes. To register, visit • Coughing, gasping, sneezing, diarrhea. www.agriculture.alberta.ca/premises • Trembling, lack coordination, odd head position. • Changes in food and water consumption. • Sudden death or a large number of deaths.
Symptoms can vary, so it’s better to be cautious and report any birds that might be sick.
Know the risks. Take action. Report signs of disease. Help protect your poultry and the small-flock community.
To contact the Office of Alberta’s Chief Provincial Veterinarian about avian influenza, call 780-427-3448. You can call toll-free in Alberta by first dialing 310-0000.
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