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Monographs on Datura Stramonium L

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Monographs on Datura Stramonium L The School of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Pokhara University, P. O. Box 427, Lekhnath, Kaski, NEPAL Monographs on Datura stramonium L Submitted By Bhakta Prasad Gaire Bachelor in Pharmaceutical Sciences (5th Batch) Roll No. 29/2005 [2008] [TYPE THE COMPANY ADDR ESS ] A Plant Monograph on Dhaturo (Datura stramonium L.) Prepared by Bhakta Prasad Gaire Roll No. 29/2005 Submitted to The School of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Pokhara University, Dhungepatan-12, Lekhnath, Kaski, NEPAL 2008 ii PREFACE Datura was quite abundantly available in my village (Kuwakot-8, Syangja) since the days of my ancestors. Although it's medicinal uses were not so clear and established at that time, my uncle had a belief that when given along with Gaja, it'll cure diarrhea in cattle. But he was very particular of its use in man and was constantly reminding me not to take it, for it can cause madness. I, on the other hand was very curious and often used to wonder how it looks and what'll actually happen if I take it. This curiosity was also fuelled by other rumours floating around in the village, of the cases of mass hysteria which happened when people took Datura with Panchamrit and Haluwa during Shivaratri and Swasthani Puja. It was in 2052 B.S (I was in class 3 at that time) when an incident happened. One day I came earlier from school (around 2'0 clock), only to find nobody at home. The door was locked and I frantically searched for my mother and sister, but in vain. I was extremely hungry after long hours at school but there was nothing I could do rather than sit and wait for my mother to come. As I sat there, waiting, my eyes fell upon the plants of Datura in the orchard which bore some ripe fruits as well. Suddenly out of impulsiveness and hunger, I snatched some of the fruits (which contained thousands of seeds) and started chewing. I found the taste quite peculiar, sweet at first and later bitter at the time of swallowing. So there I was, a small boy who had just taken a handful of Datura despite all the cautionary advice from elders in the past. The result was something I would never forget. By the time the clock struck four, I had gone mad. I ran everywhere; roads that were bumpy seemed smooth to me. I even ran headlong to the wall since it seemed non existent. Later of course, I had numerous scratches and cuts in my body as a reminder. Terrified of what had happened to me, my mum took me to the local healer (Jhankri). But I was not the one to be controlled; I sat on his shoulder with each of my leg dangling down his chest and pretended that I was riding a horse. Now, whenever that scene comes in front my eyes, I can't help but laugh over the angry face of the Jhankri and the carefree face of a young child who was determined at riding him despite his will. But at that time it wasn't funny; it was a sheer madness in my part and a forceful attempt on his, to control. The healer even tried to scare me by a burning log but I, rather than backing away, caught it and burned my hand. This incident left in them no doubt that there was nothing else they could do and so, they tied me up. On the third day, the effect finally left me. When I woke up, I had a body covered with bruises and cuts and a burnt hand. Needless to say, I fell sick for one whole week. Later, when everyone asked me, I replied truthfully that I had taken Datura. So, after this incident, I was curious to know about the constituent in Datura that had caused me to go mad and the actual mechanism behind it. I tried searching for the answer while I was doing my intermediate in Science but wasn't quite able to gain the whole information. Luckily, when I got the chance to write a monograph on a plant, as a part of my syllabus here in P.U, I chose Datura. Now I know that the quantity of Datura that I had taken at that time was 'more than lethal dose.’ I was lucky that I even lived to see this day. So, I would like to suggest everyone not to use any toxic substances without their complete information. For anyone who would like to gain complete information on Datura, I suggest them to please follow this monograph. iii Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Purusotam Basnet, the former Dean, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pokhara University who was the source of inspiration for me to write this monograph. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Natasa Skalko-Basnet, the former Program Director, The School of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Pokhara University for her frequent enthusiastic suggestion to prepare the monograph. I would like to express my humble gratitude to Mr. Sushil Pant, Program Co-ordinator, The School of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Pokhara University for his guidance, valuable advice and constant support to complete this monograph. I would like to express my best regards to Mr. Namraj Dhami, Lecturer, The School of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Pokhara University for his proper guidance, valuable suggestions and corrections which were the keys to bring this monograph at this final stage. I am sincerely thankful to my teachers; Mr. Pankaj Ranjan Karn, Mr. Dhakaram Bhandari, Mr. Hari Prasad Devkota, Mr. Khem Raj Joshi, and Ms. Bindu Thapa for their continuous encouragement to complete this monograph. I would thankful my seniors; Mr. Hridaya Shrestha, and Mr. Atisamodavardhana Kaundinnyayana for their guidance and help to prepare the monograph. I would like to thank to librarians of Pokhara University, especially Mr. Hemanta Kandel and computer technicians Mr. Laxuman Bastola for providing me facilities available there. I can’t stand without giving thanks to my friends; Taraman Kadayat, Ramakanta Lamichhane and Ganesh Bist for their invaluable help to complete the monograph. I want to remember my roommate Mr. Chitra Bahadur Sunar for helping and providing me an appropriate environment to complete the monograph. Also I can’t forget my friend Ms. Angeela Adhikari, and to all my classmates for their constant help and encouragement. I have no words to express my gratitude to my respected family members for their moral support and sacrifice. And at the last but not the least I am very much thankful to all people who supported me directly or indirectly to prepare this monograph. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS MONOGRAPHS ON DATURA STRAMONIUM L. ................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 2 1.1 Origin: ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 History: ..................................................................................................................... 3 2. NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................. 5 2.1 Scientific name: ........................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Synonyms :................................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Classification: ........................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Local names of D. stramonium in different languages in Nepal: ............................ 6 2.5 Sanskrit names: ......................................................................................................... 6 2.6 Local names in different languages outside Nepal: .................................................. 7 2.7 Medicinally used other species: ................................................................................ 9 3. DISTRIBUTION/HABITAT ................................................................... 9 4. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ............................................................. 11 4.1 Plants parts: ............................................................................................................. 11 4.1.1 Whole plants: ................................................................................................... 11 4.1.2 Root: ................................................................................................................. 12 4.1.3 Stem: ................................................................................................................ 12 4.1.4 Leaves: ............................................................................................................. 12 4.1.5 Inflorescence: ................................................................................................... 13 4.1.6 Flowers:............................................................................................................ 15 4.1.6.1 Calyx: ............................................................................................................ 15 4.1.6.2 Corolla: ......................................................................................................... 16 4.1.6.3 Androcium: ................................................................................................... 16 4.1.6.4 Gynocium:..................................................................................................... 16 4.1.7 Fruits: ............................................................................................................... 17 4.1.8 Seeds: ............................................................................................................... 18 5. PHARMACOGNOSTICAL CHARACTERS AND
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