The China Environment Yearbook, Volume 5 the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Yearbooks: Environment
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The China Environment Yearbook, Volume 5 The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Yearbooks: Environment International Advisory Board Judith Shapiro Guobin Yang Erika Scull Volume 5 BEIJING 2011 The China Environment Yearbook, Volume 5 State of Change: Environmental Governance and Citizens’ Rights Edited by Dongping Yang Friends of Nature LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 This yearbook is the result of a co-publication agreement between Social Sciences Academic Press and Koninklijke Brill NV. These articles were translated into English from the original《环境绿皮书：中国环境发展报告 (2010)》Huanjinglü pi shu: Zhong- guo juanjing fazhan baogao (2010) with financial support from China Book International, supported by the General Administration of Press and Publication and the Information Office of the State Council of China. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ISSN 1872-7212 ISBN 978-90-04-18302-5 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables .......................................................... ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................... xi Contributors ................................................................................ xiii Preface ......................................................................................... xvii Yang Dongping Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Judith Shapiro VOLUME OVERVIEW Highlights of 2009: The State’s Responsibility and Citizens’ Rights ....................................................................... 7 Li Dun PART I PUBLIC POLICY Green Growth Impacts of China’s Financial Stimulus Package ................................................................................... 31 Zhang Ke Calls for a Low-Carbon Economy: NPC Motions and CPPCC Proposals in 2009 .................................................................... 47 Chen Hongwei Progress in Environmental Information Transparency ............. 59 Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs and Natural Resources Defense Council vi contents Regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment for Plans: Breakthroughs and Limitations .............................................. 71 Wang Shekun China’s Role in International Climate Change Negotiations .... 81 Yu Jie PART II LITIGATION Public Interest Litigation against Illegal Construction of Two Hydropower Stations on the Jinsha River .................... 95 Xia Jun and Qie Jianrong Environmental Public Interest Litigation: Seven Experimental Case Studies ............................................................................ 107 Lin Yanmei Pollution Related Lawsuits Encounter Many Difficulties ........... 121 Zhang Jingjing The Case of Yancheng Water Pollution: Problems in Judicature ................................................................................ 131 Feng Jia PART III POLLUTION AND HEALTH Alarming Environment and Health Incidents of 2009 ............. 141 Qie Jianrong Environmental Crisis in Rapidly Developing Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, and Shaanxi ................................................ 151 Yu Chen Hidden Environmental Troubles of Resource Development in China’s Western Regions ............................ 163 Yang Yong contents vii New Pollution in Rural Areas: The “Home Appliances to the Countryside” Program ..................................................... 177 Cai Yongfei PART IV CONSUMPTION 2009: A Waste Crisis at a Crossroads ....................................... 187 Yang Changjiang Promoting Sustainable Consumption ........................................ 197 Zheng Yisheng and Zhang Boju Extravagant Water Consumption in Beijing’s New Bathhouses .............................................................................. 207 Hu Kanping Restricted Use of Plastic Shopping Bags: The Way Out ........... 215 Mao Da PART V ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION Organizational Transformations at Nature Reserves: An Analysis of Tourism Development in Jilin’s Changbai Mountain ................................................................................ 227 Shen Xiaohui Conservation Agreements: Incorporating Government-led and Community-based Initiatives .......................................... 243 Li Shengzhi, He Xin, Feng Jie, and Mao Chending Biodiversity in the Context of Climate Change ........................ 251 Lv Zhi Crafting a Successful Vision for Wild Giant Panda Protection ................................................................................ 261 Wang Hao, Sun Shan, Chen Ai, and Lv Zhi viii contents PART VI APPENDIX Annual Indexes: Environmental Changes in China .................. 273 Terminological Glossary ............................................................. 285 Index ........................................................................................... 287 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figures Figure 1.1: China’s low-carbon development route .............. 45 Figure 3.1: Comparison of PITI (2008) scores between cities in Guangdong Province and Jiangsu Province .............................................................. 65 Figure A.1: Emission of industrial waste gas in China, 2004–2008 ........................................................... 274 Figure A.2: Emission of SO2, 2004–2008 .............................. 274 Figure A.3: Wastewater discharge in China, 2004–2008 ...... 276 Figure A.4: Wastewater treatment in China, 2004–2007 ..... 276 Figure A.5: Ammonia nitrogen discharge in wastewater in China, 2004–2008 .............................................. 277 Figure A.6: COD discharge in wastewater in China, 2004–2008 ........................................................... 278 Figure A.7: Water quality of China’s 7 major water systems, 2008 ..................................................................... 279 Figure A.8: Water quality of lakes (reservoirs) with close governmental monitoring, 2005–2008 ............... 280 Figure A.9: Coastal water quality, 2007 ................................ 282 Figure A.10: China’s industrial waste generation and disposal, 2004–2008 ............................................ 283 Figure A.11: Air quality in urban areas, 2004–2008 ............... 284 Tables Table 1.1: Composition of the 4 trillion RMB stimulus package ................................................................ 32 Table 1.2: Energy conservation and environmental protection details of the stimulus plans in the ten industries ....................................................... 32 Table 1.3: Comparison of the energy consumption of major energy-consuming industrial products between China and international standards ...... 37 x list of figures and tables Table 3.1: PITI scores of 113 cities in 2008 ........................ 60 Table 3.2: Top 20 cities for PITI in 2008 ........................... 62 Table 3.3: Ningbo’s PITI score ............................................ 63 Table 7.1: Experimental cases of environmental public interest litigation .................................................. 110 Table 13.1: Lifespan of home appliances ............................... 180 Table A.1: Emission of industrial waste gas in China, 2004–2008 ............................................................ 274 Table A.2: Emission of SO2, 2004–2008 ............................... 275 Table A.3: Wastewater discharge in China, 2004–2008 ...... 276 Table A.4: Wastewater treatment in China, 2004–2007 ...... 277 Table A.5: Ammonia nitrogen discharge in wastewater in China, 2004–2008 ............................................... 277 Table A.6: COD discharge in wastewater in China, 2004–2008 and target for the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) ................................ 278 Table A.7: Water quality of China’s 7 major water systems, 2008 ...................................................................... 279 Table A.8: Water quality of lakes (reservoirs) with close governmental monitoring, 2005–2008 ................ 280 Table A.9: Water quality of China’s 9 biggest lakes, 2005–2008 ............................................................ 281 Table A.10: Coastal water quality, 2007 ................................. 282 Table A.11: China’s industrial waste generation and disposal, 2004–2008 ............................................................ 283 Table A.12: Air quality in urban areas, 2004–2008 ............... 284 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The English edition of The China Environment Yearbook, Volume 5 is now available for our readers, thanks to the hard efforts made by dozens of dedicated volunteers and scholars. Our deepest gratitude and admira- tion are reserved for the article contributors—environmental experts, scholars, lawyers, NGO activists, and journalists—who, at the invi- tation of Friends of Nature, put together yet another monumental work on current environmental issues