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FREE THE : THE NORWEGIAN EXPEDITION IN THE , 1910-1912 PDF

Captian ,A.G. Chater | 896 pages | 13 Jan 2001 | C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd | 9781850654698 | English | London, United Kingdom The South Pole; an account of the Norwegian expedition in the "Fram," - Free Ebook

Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Preview — South Pole by Roald Amundsen. At last we got away, on October The weather for the past few days had not been altogether reliable; now windy, now calm - now snowing, now clear: regular spring weather, in other words With this matter of fact sentence begins one of the most famous journeys in all exploration - Amundsen's conquest of the South Pole. The details of the tragic race with Scott are well At last we got away, on October The details of the tragic race with Scott are well known, but often forgotten is the sheer professionalism and courage which drove the Norwegian expedition on. Unlike the driven and tortured egos which bedeviled the British expeditions, the Norwegians worked purposefully as a 1910-1912 using the latest technology, and Amundsen acknowledges this openly when the Pole was finally achieved. I had determined that the act of planting it [the flag] - the historic event - should be equally divided among us all. It was not for one man to do this; it was for all who had staked their lives in the struggle, and held together through thick and thin. This was the only way in which I could show my gratitude to my comrades in this desolate spot Five weather-beaten, frostbitten fists they were that grasped the pole, raised The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram waving flag in the air, and planted it as the first at Get A Copy. Paperbackpages. Published March 1st by Interlink Publishing Group first published More Details Original Title. Roald Amundsen. Other Editions Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about South Poleplease sign up. Lists with This Book. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Victory awaits him who has everything in order—luck, people call it. Defeat is certain for him who has neglected to the necessary precautions in time; this is called bad luck. The heroic age of is defined by ambition, privation, bad luck compounded by bad planning, sometimes eating shoe leather, cannibalism, or worse, death, and hubris…lots of hubris. For those interested in these stories, hardship, tragedy and the to overcome the 1910-1912 in pursuit of geographic glor Victory awaits him who has everything in order—luck, people The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram it. For those interested The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram these stories, hardship, tragedy and the quest to overcome the elements in pursuit of geographic glory tend to translate into more interesting stories. The notable exceptions to the rule were the multiple expeditions of William Parry and Roald Amundsen. Parry, whose ship-based wintering in the Canadian was relatively trouble free as he established long-held records in the early 19th century of furthest west in the the furthest north, lacked the ability to promote himself. Being a good soldier in service of his country was quite enough for him. He was no Robert Scott who, along with his companions died a The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram death on their return as runners-up in the race to the South Pole. Nor was Amundsen, whose successful expedition to conquer the Northwest Passage while spending two winters beset by ice as he learned how to live successfully in polar regions learning from his hosts, as his expedition accomplished the first-ever navigation of the Northwest Passage. As made clear in his brilliant comparative biographymuch of Scott's mystique is built on propagandistic editing of his story and, ironically, rests in large part on the fact that Amundsen, the winner, made it 1910-1912 too easy, an unforgivable sin for Edwardians who wanted to believe a heroic story, regardless if it is was honest and truthful. Roald Amundsen was my childhood hero. Imagine my surprise when I realized that his narrative was endearingly charming, witty, and self- deprecatingly humble. and each claimed to have reached it respectively in and Peary got the credit for attaining the pole and Amundsen and the rest of the world accepted his claim. In private and shared only with his brother, Amundsen made other plans. As he put together a crew and provisions for a multi-year wintering Arctic expedition, his real intention was to be the first to the south pole. Scott and the Royal Geographic Society felt the pole belonged to them, having tried once and using the route Shackleton has pioneered in his unsuccessful quest before setting the record for furthest south. The plan was to round Cape Horn and enter the Arctic through the Bering Straits as the public remained fooled. He did not inform his crew—not one decided to leave the ship—until they were to depart from the last port of call in Madeira before sailing away from civilization around the Cape of Good Hope. Letters were left behind with his brother informing the world of the change of plans, infuriating Scott and his allies and inspiring the whole of . Amundsen prepared with incredible foresight, putting together his crew carefully, each with a particular purpose and personality that would meld into a team. He had veterans from his Northwest Passage expedition who understood how to care The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram and drive dogs, expert sledge makers—one of whom eliminated more than 50 pounds per sledge without compromising their strength, cooks, navigators and scientists. The yells one heard while the operation was in progress seemed to indicate that it was not entirely painless. He had a shelter made, put together while still in Norway, and then taken apart, with each piece numbered, that would serve as the base on The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram Barrier for the nine of the shore party. In The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram to the dogs and sledges, the most important equipment was a relatively new Norwegian invention, skis, or as the plural was used then, ski. But Amundsen was not perfect, as he finally admitted in his trek south. After establishing their home base north of the , , the Fram departed for the winter to conduct studies on South Atlantic currents, leaving behind Amundsen and the four who would accompany him to the pole, three who would explore the eastern edge of Barrier where it met 1910-1912 Edward VII Land at the same time of the pole trek, and one cook. Before winter, all energies were focused refining equipment and killing as many seals and penguins they would need for food to supplement their supplies. Additionally, much work was done to lay out black flags and other markers at intervals on each side of each depot with directions attached to them. These would be important should the expedition miss the depots in storms. This was an innovation unknown to British expeditions, who relied on memory and dumb luck or The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram thereof to hope to find large white mounds on an endless white plain. The planning journeys were also practice runs for the dogs and ski. Other than the survival of his men, everything related to the expedition had a tactical, unsentimental, utilitarian purpose. The dogs were arguably the best example of this mindset. On the one hand, he and his men were devoted to their care, gave each one a name, and were very observant about their habits, temperament and care. A part of the plan was to kill and butcher many of the dogs once they reached the plateau. Otherwise they would have had too many dogs for the final push and the journey back to Framheim. Fresh meat also meant there would be fresh food for men and the remaining dogs—who would eat every part of their former comrades, teeth included—alike to stave off . If a man, he would have ended up in penal servitude. No other moment of the whole trip affected me like this. In it was a letter and some supplies for his rivals. The journey back was relatively uneventful. They had prepared so well that they even left large caches of supplies behind. Not one life had been lost, not one story of extreme privation where their lives were held in the balance. Making it look too easy earned them everlasting respect and admiration from those who knew how demanding, grueling and unpredictable the polar regions are. And it earned them never-ending enmity from those The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram preferred heroic deaths, regardless of lack of planning, impulsive decision-making and poor leadership. A nice touch of class on their part! View 2 comments. Mar 22, Louisa rated it really The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram it Shelves: non-fictionhistoryexploration. Roald Amundsen's account of the expedition to the geographic South Pole is a fascinating read. Although Amundsen attributed the success of the expedition to "good luck", it seems obvious that the The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram were simply better prepared than Captain Scott and his crew. The equipment, the sledges with well-trained dogs, the supply depots with seal meat at regular intervals along the route, the sunglasses to avoid snow blindness; it was all thought of in The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram. It is then perhaps not surprising th Roald Amundsen's account of the expedition The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram the geographic South Pole is a fascinating read. It is then perhaps not surprising that the expedition went so smoothly. It struck me how much fun they seemed to have; they must really have enjoyed the whole experience, although Amundsen may have glossed over some of their troubles. My Dutch translation includes a The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram of the route they took and some beautiful black and white photographs of the expedition. Few books have influenced my own adventuring more than this one. Amundsen's genius for planning and his singular toughness in risk-riddled explorations of the unknown impressed upon me the necessity of clear- headed foresight during an expedition. Perhaps the most fascinating part of the book for me was to read of how he and his crew nourished themselves, cared for their physical needs and dealt with medical emergencies along their journey. The South Pole; an account of the Norwegian Antarctic expedition in the "Fram," - Free Ebook

The first expedition to reach the geographic South Pole was led The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. Amundsen and his team returned safely to their base, and later heard that Scott and his four companions had died on their return journey. Amundsen's initial plans had focused on the Arctic and the conquest of the by means of an extended drift in an icebound ship. He obtained the use of 's polar exploration ship Framand undertook extensive fundraising. Preparations for this expedition were 1910-1912 when, inthe rival American explorers Frederick Cook and Robert E. Peary each claimed to have reached the The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram Pole. Amundsen then changed his plan and began to prepare for a conquest of the South Pole; uncertain of 1910-1912 extent to which the public and his backers would support him, he kept this 1910-1912 objective secret. After months of preparation, depot-laying and a false start that ended in near-disaster, he and his party set out for the pole in October In the course of their journey they discovered the Axel Heiberg Glacierwhich provided their route to the polar plateau and ultimately to the South Pole. The party's mastery of the use of skis and their expertise with sled dogs ensured rapid and relatively The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram travel. Other achievements of the expedition included the first exploration of King Edward VII Land and an extensive oceanographic cruise. The expedition's success was widely applauded, though the story of Scott's heroic failure overshadowed its achievement in the United Kingdom. Amundsen's decision to keep his true plans secret until the last moment was criticised by some. Recent polar historians have more fully recognised the skill and courage of Amundsen's party; the permanent scientific base at the pole bears his name, together with that of Scott. After several further voyages he qualified as a second mate ; when not at sea, he The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram his skills as a cross- country skier in the harsh environment of Norway's Hardangervidda plateau. The expedition thus became, involuntarily, the first to spend a complete winter in Antarctic waters, a period marked by depression, near- starvation, insanity, and scurvy among the crew. Belgica ' s voyage marked the beginning of what became known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration[6] and was rapidly followed by expeditions from the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany and France. However, on his return to Norway inAmundsen turned his attention northwards. Confident in his abilities to lead an expedition, he planned a traversal of the Northwest Passagethe then-uncharted sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the labyrinth of north Canadian islands. He secured the patronage of King Oscar of Sweden and Norwaythe support of Nansen, and sufficient financial backing to set out in June with a crew of six. In Nansen had driven his ship Fram into the Arctic pack ice off the northern Siberian coast and allowed it to drift in the ice The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram , hoping that this route would cross the North Pole. In the event, the drift did not approach the pole, and an attempt by Nansen and to reach it on foot was likewise unsuccessful. Amundsen consulted Nansen, who insisted that Fram was the only vessel fit for such an undertaking. Fram had been designed and built in —93 by 1910-1912, Norway's leading shipbuilder and naval architect, in accordance with Nansen's exacting specifications, as a vessel that would withstand prolonged exposure to the harshest of Arctic conditions. This shape improved its strength in the ice but affected its performance in the open sea, where it moved sluggishly and was inclined to roll most uncomfortably. Fram had emerged virtually unscathed from Nansen's expedition after nearly three years in the polar ice. After his return from the Arctic in he had aspired to take Fram on an expedition to , but by such hopes had faded. From here he would set a course 1910-1912 into the ice to begin a drift that would extend over four or five years. Science would be as important as geographical exploration; continuous observations would, The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram hoped, help to explain a number of unresolved problems. Amundsen chose three naval lieutenants as his expedition's officers: Thorvald Nilsena navigator who would be second-in-command; Hjalmar Fredrik Gjertsen, and Kristian 1910-1912. Although he had little previous experience of sledge dogs, Amundsen wrote that Wisting developed "a way of his own" with them, and became a useful amateur veterinarian. An early choice for the party was Olav Bjaalanda champion skier who was a skilled carpenter and ski-maker. Stubberud asked Amundsen for permission to join the expedition, which was granted. He continued to recruit through ; the Fram party would eventually total All of these except one were Amundsen's personal choices; the exception was Hjalmar Johansen, who was taken on at the request of Nansen. Since his epic march with Nansen, Johansen had been unable to settle down. Despite the efforts of Nansen and others to help him, his life became a spiral of drink and indebtedness. Asked to comment, Amundsen avoided an outright endorsement of either explorer, but surmised The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram "probably something will be left to be done". Without the allure of capturing the pole, he would struggle to maintain public interest or funding. Thus Amundsen decided to go south; the Arctic drift could wait "for a 1910-1912 or two" until the South Pole The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram been conquered. Amundsen did not publicise his change of plan. 1910-1912 Scott's biographer David Crane points out, the expedition's public and private funding was earmarked for scientific work in the Arctic; there was no guarantee that the backers would understand or agree to the proposed volte-face. From there the ship would proceed directly to the in Antarctica, heading for the Bay of Whalesan inlet on the then known as the "Great Ice Barrier" where Amundsen intended to make his base camp. Amundsen did not understand the apparent aversion of British explorers to dogs: "Can it be that the dog has not understood its master? Or is it the master who has not understood the dog? The party's ski boots, specially designed by Amundsen, were the product of two years' testing and modification in search of perfection. Skis, also fashioned from hickory, were extra long to reduce the likelihood of slipping into crevasses. For cooking on the march, Amundsen chose the Swedish Primus stove rather than the special cooker devised by Nansen, because he felt the latter took up too much space. From his experiences on BelgicaAmundsen was aware of the dangers of scurvy. Although the true cause of the disease, vitamin C deficiency, was not understood at the time, it was generally known that the disease could be countered by eating fresh meat. In the months before departure, funds for the expedition became harder to acquire. Amundsen mortgaged his house to keep the expedition afloat; heavily in debt, he was now wholly dependent on the expedition's success to avoid The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram financial ruin. Christophersen would provide fuel and other provisions to Fram at either Montevideo or Buenos Aires, an offer which Amundsen gratefully accepted. On the four-week voyage to Funchal in Madeira, a mood of uncertainty developed among the crew, who could not make sense of some of the preparations and whose questions were met with evasive answers from their officers. This, says Amundsen's biographer Roland Huntfordwas "enough to generate suspicion and low spirits". He told them he intended to make "a detour" to the South Pole on 1910-1912 way to the North Pole, which was still his ultimate destination, but would have to wait for a while. He felt he had been forced into this action by necessity, asked for forgiveness and expressed the hope that his achievements would ultimately atone for any offence. It was to Melbourne that Amundsen sent his telegram, containing the bare information that he was proceeding southwards. News of Amundsen's revised plans reached Norway early in October and provoked a generally hostile response. Although Nansen gave his blessing and warm approval, [71] Amundsen's actions were with few exceptions condemned by press and public, and funding dried up almost completely. After Fram was anchored to ice in 1910-1912 inlet in the south-eastern corner of the Bay, Amundsen selected a site for the expedition's main hut, 2. Bjaaland and Stubberud laid the foundations deep into the ice, levelling the sloping ground. Because the prevailing winds came from the east, the hut was erected on an east-west axis, with the door facing west; in this way the wind caught only the shorter eastern wall. This group intended to explore this then-unknown territory, but had been prevented by sea ice from approaching the shore. The ship was sailing westward along the Barrier edge in search of a possible landing place when it encountered Fram. Campbell turned the offer down, and sailed for McMurdo Sound to inform Scott of Amundsen's whereabouts. In early February Amundsen began organising the depot-laying journeys across the Barrier, in preparation for the following summer's assault on the pole. Supply depots laid in advance at regular intervals on the projected route would limit the amount of food and fuel that the South Pole party would have 1910-1912 carry. The depot journeys would be the first true tests of equipment, dogs and men. The ship was to sail to Buenos Aires for reprovisioning, before undertaking a programme of oceanographic work in the and then returning to the Barrier as early as possible in When the four men began their journey south, their only knowledge of the The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram was from books previous explorers had published, and they anticipated difficult travelling conditions. He decided to increase the number of dogs for the polar journey, if necessary at the expense of the number of men. During the second depot journey, Johansen openly complained about the unsatisfactory nature of the equipment; Amundsen believed that his authority had been challenged. In addition to those chosen specifically for the expedition, Amundsen had brought along several sledges from Sverdrup's — Fram expedition, which he now thought would be better suited to the task ahead. Bjaaland reduced the weight of these older sledges by almost a third by planing down the timber, and also constructed three sledges of his own from some spare hickory wood. The adapted sledges were to be used to cross the Barrier, while Bjaaland's new set would be used in the final stages of the journey, across the polar plateau itself. While Amundsen was confident in his men and equipment, he was, Hassel recorded, tormented by thoughts of Scott's motor sledges and the fear that these would carry the British party to success. The dogs ran so hard that several from the strongest teams were detached from the traces and secured onto the sledges to act as ballast. The dogs' paws became frostbitten. He would not risk the lives of men and dogs for reasons of stubbornness. Next day, in freezing temperatures with a strong headwind, several dogs froze to death while others, too weak to continue, were placed upon the sledges. Not having a sledge of his own, he leapt onto Wisting's, and with and his team raced away, leaving the rest behind. The three arrived back at Framheim after nine hours, followed by Stubberud and Bjaaland two hours later and Hassel shortly after. They reached Framheim after midnight, more The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram seventeen hours after they had turned for home. Next day, Amundsen asked Johansen why he and Prestrud had been so late. Johansen answered angrily that he felt they had 1910-1912 abandoned, and castigated the leader for leaving his men behind. Despite his excitement to start out again, Amundsen waited until mid-October and the first hints of spring. They marked their route by a line of cairns, built of snow blocks, at three-mile intervals. Unlike Scott, who would be following the Beardmore Glacier route pioneered by Shackleton, Amundsen had to find his own route through the mountains. Amundsen named this the Axel Heiberg Glacierafter one of his chief financial backers. After three days of difficult climbing the party reached the glacier summit. Each of the sledge-drivers killed dogs from his own team, skinned them, and divided the meat between dogs and men. Amundsen called this area the "Devil's Glacier". He christened this area "The Devil's Ballroom. While camped on 12 December they were momentarily alarmed by a black object that appeared on the horizon, but this proved to be their own dogs' droppings off in the distance, magnified by mirage. The area around the North Pole—devil take it—had fascinated me since childhood, and now here I was at the South Pole. Could anything be more crazy? For the next three days the men worked to fix the exact position of the pole; after the conflicting and disputed claims of Cook and Peary in the 1910-1912, Amundsen wanted to leave unmistakable markers for Scott. In the tent Amundsen left equipment for Scott, and a letter addressed to King Haakon which he requested Scott to deliver. Fram - Wikipedia

It was designed and built by the Scottish-Norwegian shipwright Colin Archer for Fridtjof Nansen's Arctic expedition in which the plan was to freeze Fram into the Arctic ice sheet and float with it over the North Pole. Fram is said [ by whom? Fram is preserved at the in 1910-1912, Norway. Nansen's ambition was to explore the Arctic farther north than anyone else. To do that, he would have to deal with a problem that many sailing on the polar ocean had encountered before him: the freezing ice could crush a ship. Nansen's idea The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram to build a ship that could survive the pressure, not by pure strength, but because it would be of a shape designed to let the ice push the ship up, so it would "float" on top of the ice. Fram is a three-masted schooner with a total length of 39 meters and width of 11 meters. The ship is both unusually wide and unusually shallow in order to better withstand the forces of pressing ice. Nansen commissioned the shipwright Colin Archer from to construct a vessel with these characteristics. Fram was built with an outer layer of greenheart wood to withstand the ice and with almost no keel to handle the shallow waters Nansen expected to encounter. The rudder and propeller were designed to be retracted. The ship was also carefully insulated to allow the crew to live on board for up to five years. The ship also included a windmillwhich ran a generator to provide electric power for lighting by electric arc lamps. Initially, Fram was fitted with a steam engine. Prior to Amundsen's expedition to the South Pole inthe engine was replaced with a diesel engine, a first for polar exploration vessels. The ship was launched on 26th October Nansen had Fram built in order The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram explore this theory. He undertook an expedition that came to last three years. When Nansen realised that Fram would not reach the North Pole directly by the force of the current, he and Hjalmar Johansen set out to reach it on skis. Nansen and Johansen survived on walrus and polar bear meat 1910- 1912 blubber. Finally meeting 1910-1912 explorers, the Jackson-Harmsworth Expeditionthey arrived back in Norway only days before the Fram also returned there. InOtto Sverdrupwho had brought Fram back on the first Arctic voyage, led a scientific expedition to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Fram was slightly modified for this journey, its freeboard being increased. Fram left harbour on 24 June The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram, with 17 men on board. Their aim was to chart the lands of the Arctic Islands, and to sample the geology, flora and fauna. The ship was left to decay in storage from until the late s, when Lars ChristensenOtto Sverdrup and initiated efforts to preserve her. Inthe ship The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram installed in the Fram Museumwhere she now stands. List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, — From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The South Pole: The Norwegian Expedition in The Fram polar exploration vessel. For the Norwegian passenger vessel built insee MS Fram. For other uses, see Fram disambiguation. Fram in Antarctica during Roald Amundsen's expedition. Main article: Nansen's Fram expedition. Main article: Amundsen's South Pole expedition. Translated by Sydpolen. Fram — Hele Norges Skute 2 ed. Jacob Dybwads forlag. Polar exploration. Ocean History Expeditions Research stations. Ross J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Cabot G. Corte-Real M. Roch H. Larsen Cowper. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh. Laptev D. Continent History Expeditions. Ronne E. Fuchs Messner. Amundsen's South Pole expedition. Comparison with Scott's expedition Fram Framheim . Surviving ships launched before Snyder Jr. Commons WikiProject. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read View source View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Colin ArcherLarvikNorway. Preserved; on display at the Fram MuseumOslo. History Expeditions Research stations. Antarctic Continent History Expeditions.