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The Rise and Fall of Kin Structure in the Neotropical, Family-Living Buff-Breasted Wren (Cantorchilus Leucotis) in Gamboa, Panama

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The Rise and Fall of Kin Structure in the Neotropical, Family-Living Buff-Breasted Wren (Cantorchilus Leucotis) in Gamboa, Panama Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-2012 The Rise and Fall of Kin Structure in the Neotropical, Family-Living Buff-Breasted Wren (Cantorchilus Leucotis) in Gamboa, Panama Sarah C. Alessi Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Biology Commons, and the Poultry or Avian Science Commons Recommended Citation Alessi, Sarah C., "The Rise and Fall of Kin Structure in the Neotropical, Family-Living Buff-Breasted Wren (Cantorchilus Leucotis) in Gamboa, Panama" (2012). Master's Theses. 99. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/99 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RISE AND FALL OF KIN STRUCTURE IN THE NEOTROPICAL, FAMILY-LIVING BUFF-BREASTED WREN (CANTORCHILUS LEUCOTIS) IN GAMBOA, PANAMA Sarah C. Alessi, M.S. Western Michigan University, 2012 Family-living species provide an exciting model to examine how natal dispersal and kin structure influence genetic structuring within local populations. Juvenile buff-breasted wrens (Cantorchilus leucotis) of both sexes delay dispersal and exhibit short-distance natal dispersal, which should lead to kin-structured populations in which relatives of both sexes occupy neighboring territories. Blood samples collected from juvenile and adult wrens in Gamboa, Panama were analyzed using microsatellite markers to determine whether related individuals are spatially clustered on neighboring territories, spatial clusters of relatives change over time, and if kin structure is sex-specific. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses detected genetic structuring among males over time, however this pattern was not prevalent among females. These spatial genetic patterns suggest that males may disperse shorter distances than females, which may lead to genetic structuring. When subject to genetic drift and isolation by distance, this kin structuring may increase the probability of population differentiation among behaviorally and geographically isolated populations. THE RISE AND FALL OF KIN STRUCTURE IN THE NEOTROPICAL, FAMILY-LIVING BUFF-BREASTED WREN (CANTORCHILUS LEUCOTIS) IN GAMBOA, PANAMA by Sarah C. Alessi A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Biological Sciences Advisor: Sharon A. Gill, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 2012 Copyright by Sarah C. Alessi 2012 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I am grateful to my family for always encouraging me to follow my passion for anything involving animals and for supporting my career ambitions in ecology and conservation sciences. Second, I would like to thank all of my current and previous mentors, co-workers and the animals we study for keeping me grounded and for providing vision and inspiration throughout my professional life. Third, I would like to thank all of the birds that provided the DNA samples for this study, without them I would not have any data. I would specifically like to thank Lisa VanBladeren for her excellent support in Panama during the 2010 and 2011 field seasons, Jason Glatz for his contributions to the mapping component of this project, as well as to my understanding of ArcGIS, Michael Buchalski for his extremely helpful input during the analysis phase of my thesis research, and Jacob Isaac-Lowry for his support and for listening to many conversations regarding my research over the years. Sarah C. Alessi ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. vi INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 METHODS ............................................................................................................. 7 Study Area and Species ...................................................................... 7 Territory Mapping ............................................................................... 10 DNA Extraction, PCR and Genotyping ............................................... 13 Statistical Analyses .............................................................................. 16 Spatial Genetic Structure and Spatial Clusters of Relatives ................ 16 Relatedness of Pairs of Territory Holders ........................................... 21 Parentage Analysis .............................................................................. 22 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 23 Genetic Analyses ................................................................................. 23 Global Spatial Autocorrelation and Spatial Genetic Structure ............ 24 Local Spatial Autocorrelation and Spatial Clusters of Relatives ........ 33 Relatedness of Territorial Pairs ........................................................... 39 Parentage Analysis .............................................................................. 39 iii Table of Contents—continued DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 40 Spatial Genetic Patterns Among Territorial Adults ............................. 40 Relatedness of Territorial Pairs ........................................................... 48 Benefits of Long Term Data Sets ........................................................ 48 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 49 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 51 APPENDICES A. Approval Letter from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee iv LIST OF TABLES 1. Summary of the number of territories observed, mean territory size, and the mean distance to the nearest neighbor (NN) by year ...........................11 2. Characteristics of microsatellite markers used to genotype buff-breasted wrens ..........................................................................................................14 3. Summary of the number of male and female territory holders, the number of spatial clusters detected, level of significance (p-value) and the range of lr values included in local spatial autocorrelation analyses of four nearest neighbors by year ...............................................................34 v LIST OF FIGURES 1. Global spatial autocorrelation for all territory holders present during the first time period of the study: a) 31 May 1997, b) 24 June 1998 and c) 10 July 1999 ...............................................................................................26 2. Global spatial autocorrelation for all territory holders present during the second time period of the study: a) 24 March 2009, b) 30 July 2010 and c) 14 July 2011 ...........................................................................................27 3. Global spatial autocorrelation for all male territory holders present during the second time period of the study: a) 24 March 2009, b) 30 July 2010 and c) 14 July 2011 ...................................................................28 4. Global spatial autocorrelation for all male territory holders present during the first time period of the study: a) 31 May 1997, b) 24 June 1998 and c) 10 July 1999 ...........................................................................29 5. Global spatial autocorrelation for all female territory holders present during the first time period of the study: a) 31 May 1997, b) 24 June 1998 and c) 10 July 1999 ...........................................................................30 6. Global spatial autocorrelation for all female territory holders present during the second time period of the study: a) 24 March 2009, b) 30 July 2010 and c) 14 July 2011 ...................................................................31 7. Influence of distance class size on genetic correlation (r) for territory holders present during 2011 .......................................................................32 8. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis of four nearest neighbors for all male territory holders present during the first time period of the study: 31 May 1997, b) 24 June 1998 and c) 10 July 1999 ..................................35 9. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis of four nearest neighbors for all male territory holders present during the second time period of the study: a) 24 March 2009, b) 30 July 2010 and c) 14 July 2011 .................36 10. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis of four nearest neighbors for all female territory holders present during the first time period of the study: 31 May 1997, b) 24 June 1998 and c) 10 July 1999 ..................................37 11. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis of four nearest neighbors for all female territory holders present during the second time period of the study: a) 24 March 2009, b) 30 July 2010 and c) 14 July
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