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Home , Dansen, Life of Galileo, Therese Giehse

Notes

References to Brecht's works in German text are generally to the collected edition in 20 volumes:

Bertolt Brecht: Gesammelte Werke (werkausgabe edition suhrkamp), Frank• furt 1967.

Except in the case of the plays dealt with in detail in this book, the volume number is quoted first, the page following after a comma •. thus: 15, 174. It is difficult to date many of Brecht's texts, so I have dispensed with dates, but it may be useful to the reader to know that a single, very approximately chrono• logical sequence runs through volumes 8-10 (poems), another through volumes 15-16 (essays on theatre), another through volumes 18-19 (essays on literature and art) and another through volume 20 (essays on politics); and that these groups of volumes are (like volumes 1-7, plays) through-paginated. Thus:

vol. 8 pp. 1-424, poems 1913-33. val. 9 pp. 425-822, poems 1933-41. vol. 10 pp. 823-1082, poems 1941-56. vol. 15 pp. 1-498, theatre essays 1918-1942. vol. 16 pp. 499-942. theatre essays 1937-1956. vol. 18 pp. 1-284,literary essays 1920-1939. vol. 19 pp. 285-556,literary essays 1934-1956. val. 20 pp. 1-350, political essays 1919-56.

His journals are quoted in the editions

Bertolt Brecht: Arbeitsjournal, 2 vols., Frankfurt 1973 (abbreviated Ai .; my translations from it retain Brecht's private convention of not capitalising) and Bertolt Brecht: Tagebucher 1920-1922. Autobiographische Aufzeichnungen 1920-1954, ed. Herta Ramthun, Frankfurt 1975 (abbreviated Tb.).

Theoretical works and poems contained in the following editions are quoted from them: 176 Notes Bre(:ht on Theatre- The Development of an Aesthetic, ed. and trs. , London (Methuen) 1964 (abbreviated B. on Theatre). Bertolt Brecht: The , trs. John Willett, London (Methuen) 1965 (abbreviated M. Dial.). Bertolt Brecht: Poems, ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim, London (Eyre Methuen) 1976 (abbreviated B. Poems).

References to plays in English text are to the Methuen Modern Plays series, London (Eyre Methuen):

The Life of , trs. Desmond I. Vesey, 1963, repr. 1974 (abbreviated G.). Mother Courage and her Children, trs. Eric Bentley, 1962, repr, 1976. The Good Person of Szechwan, trs. John Willett, 1965, repr. 1974. The Caucasian Chalk Circle, trs. James and Tania Stern, with W. H. Auden, 1963, repr. 1975.

Quotations from these plays are supplied first with the page number in volumes 3, 4 or 5 of Gesammelte Werke (Galilei in vol. 3, Kreidekreis in vol. 5, the others in vol. 4); then comes the page number in the Methuen edition; finally (unless clear from the context) the number of the scene, for those not using either of these editions. Alternative editions, some using other translations, are published by Eyre Methuen, Blackie and Penguin in Great Britain; and Grove Press, Random House and Pantheon Books in the U.S. Grove Press publish individual editions of all four plays- Galileo in the second version with two scenes cut. The following important or useful books on Brecht, or by his friends, are re• ferred to in text and footnotes by author's name only.

Hanns Eisler: Gesammelte Werke III/7 = Gespriiche mit , Leipzig 1975. : Schriften. Dber Theater und Film, Berlin 1971. Martin Esslin: Brecht. The Man and his Work, New York 1974 (previous editions under the title Brecht, a Choice of Evils). John Fuegi: The Essential Brecht, Los Angeles 1972. Therese Giehse: 'lch hab nichts zum Sagen', Gespriiche mit Monika Sperr, 2nd. ed., 1975. Ronald Gray: Brecht the Dramatist, Cambridge 1976. Fritz Hennenberg: Dessau-Brecht. Musikalische Arbeiten, Berlin 1963. Claude Hill: Bertolt Brecht, Boston 1975. Walter Hinck: Die Dramaturgic des spiiten Brecht, Gottingen 1959. Helmut Jendreiek: Bertolt Brecht. Drama der Veriinderung, Dusseldorf 1969. Volker Klotz: Bertolt Brecht. Versuch itber das Werk, 4th. ed., Bad Homburg 1971. Karl Korsch: Karl Marx, New York 1963, (also earlier editions). Karl-Heinz Ludwig: Bertolt Brecht. Philosophische Grundlagen und lmpli• kationen seiner Dramaturgic, Bonn 1975. Hans Mayer: Brecht in der Geschichte, Frankfurt 1971. Notes 177 Rainer Pohl: Strukturelemente und Entwicklung von Pathosformen in der Dramensprache Bertold [sic] Brechts, Bonn 1969. James M. Ritchie: Brecht: Der kaukasische Kreidekreis, London, 1976. Kathe Riilicke-Weiler: Die Dramaturgie Brechts. Theater als Mittel der Ver• iinderung, 2nd. ed., Berlin 1968. Ernst Schumacher: Drama und Geschichte. Bertolt Brechts 'Leben des Galilei' und andere Stucke, 2nd. ed., Berlin 1968. Theaterarbeit. 6 Autfuhrungen des Berliner Ensembles, ed. Ruth Berlau, Ber• tolt Brecht, et al., 3rd. ed., Berlin n.d. Klaus Volker: Bertolt Brecht. Eine Biographie, Munich 1976. Manfred Wekwerth: Schriften. Arbeit mit Brecht, Berlin 1973. John Willett: The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht. A Study from eight Aspects, London 1959 (also later editions).

Four useful volumes of commentaries, notes and factual data are published in the edition suhrkamp and edited by Werner Hecht:

Materialien zu Brechts 'Leben des Galilei', 1963 (abbreviated Mat. G.). Materialien zu Brechts 'Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder', 1964 (abbreviated (Mat. C.). Materialien zu Brechts 'Der gute Mensch von Sezuan', 1968 (abbreviated Mat. S.). Materialien zu Brechts 'Der kaukasische Kreidekreis', 1969 (abbreviated Mat. K.).

The abbreviation B]b. refers to the Brecht-]ahrbuch of the International Brecht Society: the first three issues under the title Brecht heute/Brecht today, and dated 1971, 1972, 1973-74; the fourth as Brecht-]ahrbuch 1974, all edited by John Fuegi and collaborators. Marx and Engels are generally quoted from their Selected Works in one volume, 2nd printing, I.ondon 1970. The notes following supply further bibliography on particular points.

CHAPTER 1 (pp. 1-14) This chapter is partly based on Volker's book, which is the most up-to-date, reliable and full account of Brecht's life, especially his relationships with women. Another fairly full biography is contained in Esslin's book, though some details must be treated with care; valuable details on Brecht's childhood in Werner Frisch and K. W. Obermeier: Brecht in Augsburg, Erinnerungen, Dokumente, Texte, Fotos, Berlin and Weimar 1975. Brecht is best put in the full historical and cultural context by Frederic Ewen: Bertolt Brecht, His Life, His Art and His Times, New York 1967 and London 1970. 1 Henning Rischbieter: Brecht, vol. 1, Velber 1966, p. 22. 2 Walter Benjamin: Understanding Brecht, London 1973, pp. 113f., 116. 3 Giehse, p. 195. 4 See Willy Haas: Bert Brecht, Berlin 1958, p. 5. 5 See Zuckmayer's contribution in Engel, pp. 251£. 178 Notes 6 See Fritz Kortner's memoir in Engel, pp. 237-9. 7 See Mayer, p. 78. 8 See Erwin Leiser: '. Notizen iiber Brecht und die Politik', in the collection Bertolt Brecht, Bad Godesberg 1966, 15-26. 9 Willett, pp. 116f. 10 It was first performed in Prague; see Kurt R. Grossmann: 'Die Exilsitua• tion in der Tschechoslowakei', in Manfred Durzak (ed): Die deutsche Exilliteratur 1933-1945, Stuttgart 1973, p. 69. 11 Wekwerth, pp. 26-8. 12 Eisler, p. 50. 13 See especially letter from Brecht to , 21.4.49, in Werner Hecht and Siegfried Unseld (eds): Helene Weigel zu ehren, Frankfurt 1970, pp. 62f. 14 Andrl! Miiller and Gerd Semmer: Geschichten vom Herrn B.• 100 neue Brecht-Anekdoten, Munich 1968, p. 93. 15 Up to the end of 1956, Senora Carrar's Rifles had achieved 24 professional productions in East and Puntila 18; Mother Courage ten (nine of of them by 1951), The Caucasian Chalk Circle one; Galileo and The Three• penny Opera, among others, remained unperformed. Data exclude the Ber• liner Ensemble, and are from Werner Hecht (ed): Brecht-Dialog 1968, Berlin 1968, pp. 324-33. In 1954, after rationalisation, there were about 68 professional drama companies in . 16 See Christoph Funke et al. (eds): Theater-Bilanz 1945-1969, Berlin 1971, p. 226. 17 For attitudes to Brecht in the GDR see Manfred Jager: 'Zur Rezeption des Stiickeschreibers Brecht in der DDR', Text + Kritik, Sonderband Bertolt Brecht 1, 1973, 107-18. 18 Giehse, p. 95. 19 Eisler, p. 72.

CHAPTER 2 (pp. 15-23) 1 See Keith A. Dickson: 'Brecht's Doctrine of Nature', B]b. 3, 106-21. 2 Wekwerth, p. 69; and the same author's Brecht?, Munich 1976, p. 16. 3 The approach particularly associated with Martin Esslin (see Chapters 9 and 10 of his book), though he puts his viewpoint with great sensibility. His approach is applied to particular plays by Charles R. Lyons: Bertolt Brecht. The Despair and the Polemic, Carbondale, Ill., 1968. 4 Engel, p. 38. 5 See Ludwig, pp. 126f., and Korsch, esp. p. 86. 6 Korsch, p. 49. 7 See Robert Brustein: The Theatre of Revolt, London 1965, pp. 252f. 8 See Korsch, p. 85. 9 See Klaus-Detlef Miiller: Die Funktion der Geschichte im Werk Bertolt Brechts, Tiibingen 1972, p. 68. 10 See Ludwig, pp. 163-5. 11 Kathe Riilicke-Weiler: 'Bemerkungen Brechts zur Kunst, Notate 1951-1955', Weimarer Beitriige, Brecht-Sonderheft 1968, 5-11, p. 8. Notes 179 12 Brecht, letter to Korsch, November 1941, quoted by Wolfdietrich Rasch: 'Bertolt Brechts marxistischer Lehrer', in Rasch: Zur deutschen Literatur seit der ]ahrundertwende, Stuttgart 1967, 243-73, p. 265. 13 See Ludwig, p. 111. 14 See Heinz Briiggemann: Literarische Technik und soziale Revolution, Rein• bek 1973, pp. 76ff. 15 See Rasch, op. cit. (n. 12 above), esp. p. 252. 16 On Lukacs and the (rather woolly) realism debate, see Volker, pp. 264-85; and Lothar Baier: 'Streit urn den schwarzen Kasten', Text + Kritik, Sander• band Bertolt Brecht I, 1973, 37-44. 17 Miiller and Semmer, op. cit. (n. 14 to Chapter 1), p. 47. 18 Andre Miiller and Gerd Semmer: Geschichten vom Herrn B.• 99 Brecht• Anekdoten, Frankfurt 1967, p. 37. 19 See Me-ti: Buch der Wendungen (12, 417-585) and Ludwig, p. 56 Anmer- kungen. 20 On Brecht and the see Ludwig, pp. 117-21. 21 On productivity see Riilicke-Weiler, pp. 29ff. 22 Erich Engel: 'Zeittheater', in Engel, 17-26, p. 22.

CHAPTER 3 (pp. 24-52) This chapter would have taken a different form but for Kathe Riilicke-Weiler's book, from which I take a number of points without further acknowledgement. 1 Esslin, p. 127. 2 See Klaus-Detlef Miiller: 'Der Philosoph auf dem Theater', Text + Kritik, Sonderband Bertolt Brecht I, 1973, 45-71, esp. pp. 45-7. 3 In discussion with students of the Karl Marx University, Leipzig, 29.1.55, quoted by Riilicke-Weiler, p. 44. 4 See Klaus-Detlef Miiller: Die Funktion der Geschichte im Werk Bertolt Brechts, Tiibingen 1972, p. 151; and Ernst Schiirer: Georg Kaiser und Bertolt Brecht, Frankfurt 1971, esp. pp. 47-54. 5 See Rolf Tarot: 'Ideologie und Drama', in Stefan Sonderegger et al. (eds): Typologia Litterarum, Festschrift Max Wehrli, Zurich 1969, 351-66. 6 Eisler, p. 127. 7 As implicitly assumed by Esslin, pp. 150£. 8 On criticism and function, see Ludwig, pp. 44-9. 9 This argument is based on Ernst Nef: 'Das Aus-der-Rolle-Fallen als Mittel der Illusionszerstorung bei Tieck und Brecht', Zeitschrift fur deutsche Philologie, LXXXIII (1964), 191-215. 10 Willett, pp. 112f. 11 See Willett, pp. 179f., and his contribution in Communications of the In• ternational Brecht Society, IV, 2 (Feb 1975), pp. 3£.; also Marjorie L. Hoover: 'Brecht's Soviet Connection Tretiakov', B]b. 3, 39-56, esp. pp. 44-6. 12 On distancing see Ludwig, pp. 38-41. 13 See Ralph J. Ley: 'Francis Bacon, Galileo and the Brechtian Theater', in Siegfried Mews and Herbert Knust (eds): Essays on Brecht. Theater and Politics, Chapel Hill1974, 174-89. 14 Erich Engel: 'Brecht, Kafka und die Absurden', in Engel, 57-60. 15 Letter to Ilya Fradkin, 10.1.56, quoted by Riilicke-Weiler, p. 64. 180 Notes 16 As Esslin, p. 240. thinks. But he qualifies the statement with regard to the late plays, p. 264. 17 On emotion in see Riilicke-Weiler, pp. 51-3; the quotation p. 53. 18 See Riilicke-Weiler, op. cit. (note 11 to Chapter 2), p. 7. 19 On Brecht and comedy see above all Fritz Martini: Lustspiele - und das Lustspiel, Stuttgart 1973, section 'Oberlegungen zur Poetik des Lustspiels'; also Peter Christian Giese: Das 'Gesellschaftlich-Komische', Stuttgart 1974; and Kenneth S. Whitton: 'Friedrich Diirrenmatt and the Legacy of Bertolt Brecht', Forum for Modern Language Studies, xn (1976), 65-81. 20 Marx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie, quoted by Giese, op. cit., p. 16. 21 See Mordecai Gorelik: 'On Brechtian Acting', Quarterly Journal of Speech, LX (1974), 265-78, p. 271. 22 Wekwerth, p. 72. 23 Eric Bentley: 'Portrait of the Critic as a Young Brechtian', Theatre Quar• terly, no. 21 (1976), 5-11, p. 6. 24 See Karl-Heinz Schoeps: 'Bertolt Brecht und George Bernard Shaw', B]b. 3, 156-72. For further affinities of the two, see the same author's 'Epic Struc• tures in the Plays of Bernard Shaw and Bertolt Brecht', in Mews and Knust, op. cit. (n. 13 above), 28-43. 25 On Brecht's language see Esslin, Chapter 5. 26 Some means of literary distancing are listed with examples by Gertrud Fankhauser: Verfremdung als Stilmittel vor und bei Brecht, Tiibingen 1971, pp. 41-8. 27 Often quoted, e.g. by Pohl, p. 29. 28 See the defence of Brecht's characterisation by Werner Mittenzwei: Ber• tolt Brecht. Von der 'Massnahme' bis zu 'Leben des Galilei', Berlin and Weimar 1965, pp. 323f. 29 See Esslin, pp. 38f. 30 See Fuegi, pp. 128f. 31 For a good summary of Brecht's early theory starting from this point, see Willett, pp. 169-74. 32 For Brecht's place in the history of theory and dramatic form see Hinck, pp. 24-9. 33 On see Ludwig, pp. 17-22. 34 Werner Hecht: Aufsiitze zu Brecht, Berlin 1970, pp. 80f. 35 Manfred Wekwerth: Notate, Frankfurt 1967, pp. 14f. 36 For sympathy and empathy see Gorelik, op. cit. (n. 21 above), p. 269. 37 As they seem to be taken by Esslin, p. 139. 38 Mayer, p. 147. 39 Thomas K. Brown: 'Verfremdung in Action at the ', Ger• man Quarterly, XLVI (1973), 525-39. 40 Angelika Hurwicz: Brecht inszeniert- Der kaukasische Kreidekreis, Velber 1964, p. [3]. This text is also available in Mat. K., 57-63. 41 Miiller and Semmer, op. cit. (n. 18 to Chapter 2), p. 75. 42 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 113; Werner Hecht (ed): Brecht-Dialog 1968, Berlin 1968, p. 161. Notes 181 43 Specimen in Theaterarbeit, 258-60. 44 On models see Theaterarbeit, 285-346; also Mat. C., 95-104. 45 Werner Hecht: Sieben Studien uber Brecht, Frankfurt 1972, p. 170. 46 Fuegi, p. 82. 47 Hecht, op. cit. (n. 34 above), p. 93. 48 Hurwicz, op. cit. (n. 40 above), p. [2]. 49 See Kenneth Tynan's articles in New York Times, 11.1.76; Communications from the International Brecht Society, v, 2 (Mar 1976); Plays and players, XXIII, 6 (Mar 1976), 12-6. 50 See Funke, op. cit. (n. 16 to Chapter 1), pp. 292f. 51 See Henry Glade: 'Brecht and the Soviet Theater: a 1971 overview', B]b. 2, 164-73. 52 See Communications from the International Brecht Society, n, 3 (May 1973), p. 12. For a Marxist analysis of Brecht's popularity in , see Ernst Schumacher: 'Brecht und seine Bedeutung ffir die Gesellschaft der siebziger Jahre', B]b, 2, 27-87, esp. pp. 42f. 53 See Jack Zipes: 'Ein Interview mit ', B]b. 3, 21Q-20. 54 See Communications from the International Brecht Society, IV, 3 (May 1975), p. 4 (Betty Nance Weber). 55 See Ernst Wendt: 'Moglichkeiten, Brecht zu spielen. Ein Uberblick', in the collection Bertolt Brecht, Bad Godesberg 1966, 5-14. 56 In Bertolt Brecht in Britain, catalogue (by Nicholas Jacobs and Prudence Ohlsen) of an exhibition at the National Theatre, London, 1977, p. 6. This catalogue is the best source of information on its subject. For the quality of 'British Brecht', see David Zane Mairowitz's reviews under this title in Plays and players.

CHAPTER 4 (pp. 53-84) 1 Marianne Kesting: Bertolt Brecht in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten, Reinbek 1959, p. 91. 2 The stage direction for her return is at the end of Galileo's long speech (1341; 118), but Brecht had her in long before this. See Mat. G., 112 (Riilicke). 3 See Mittenzwei, op. cit. (n. 28 to Chapter 3), pp. 309, 326ff. 4 See Schumacher, pp. 62f. 5 Schumacher, p. 41. 6 Schumacher, pp. 72-81. 7 Gerhard Szczesny: Das Leben des Galilei und der Fall Bertolt Brecht, Frank• furt 1966, p. 107; 12, 375f. 8 See Mittenzwei, op. cit. (n. 28 to Chapter 3), pp. 283£. 9 Quoted by Schumacher, p. 118. 10 See Mat. G., 140 (Rulicke). 11 Gunter Rohrmoser: 'Brecht. Das [sic] Leben des Galilei', in Benno von Wiese (ed): Das deutsche Drama, vol. 2, Dusseldorf 1958, p. 405. 12 See Mat. G., 148 (Rulicke). 13 For in the drama see Remy Charbon: Die Naturwissenschaften im modemen deutschen Drama, Zurich and Munich 1974, pp. 134-6, 251£. 182 Notes 14 See Muller, op. cit. (n. 2 to Chapter 3), p. 48. For the full arguments on Bacon's influence, see Ley, op. cit. (n. 13 to Chapter 3). 15 In The Times, 19.6.60; see Schumacher, p. 488. 16 Dated 1939 in Gesammelte Werke but more relevant to the second version. 17 See Schumacher, pp. 207-18, 349-63. 18 Esslin, pp. 168ff. 19 See Charbon, op. cit. (n. 13 above), pp. 113-16. 20 Mittenzwei, op. cit. (n. 3 above), p. 271. 21 See Henning Rischbieter: Brecht, vol. 2, Velber 1966, p. 11. 22 Brecht in rehearsal, 20.3.56, after Mat. G., 121 (Riilicke). 23 See Schumacher, p. 229. 24 Eisler, p. 152. 25 See Karl S. Weimar: 'The Scientist and Society', Modern Language Quar• terly, xxvii (1966), 431-48, esp. p. 440. 26 Schumacher, pp. 175-89. 27 See Erich Engel: '"Leben des Galilei'' von Bertolt Brecht' in Engel, 99-103, esp. p. 99. 28 See Edward M. Berckman: 'Brecht's Galileo and the Openness of History', Modernist Studies, I (2) (1974), 41-50, p. 46. 29 Schumacher, pp. 40f. 30 Schumacher, pp. 158-74. 31 Schumacher, p. 46. 32 Schumacher, pp. 55ff. 33 See Fuegi, pp. 136f. 34 Korsch, p. 57. 35 Schumacher, p. 76. 36 See Richard Beckley: 'Adaptation as a Feature of Brecht's dramatic Tech• nique', German Life & Letters, xv (1961-2), 274-84, p. 284. 37 Rainer Nagele: 'Zur Struktur von Brechts Leben des Galilei', Der Deutsch- unterricht, xxm (1971), 86-99. 38 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 87. 39 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 149. 40 See Alfred D. White: 'Brecht's Leben des Galilei: Armchair Theatre?', German Life & Letters, XXVII (1973-4), 124-32. 41 John Sidney Groseclose: 'Scene Twelve of Bertolt Brecht's Galilei .. .', Monatshefte fur deutschen Unterricht, LXII (1970). 367-82, p. 372. 42 See Herbert Knust: 'Brechts Dialektik vom Fressen und von der Moral', B]b. 3, 221-50, esp. p. 231,_ note 18. 43 See White, op. cit. (n. 40 above). 44 Werner Hecht: Aufsiitze zu Brecht, Berlin 1970, p. 136. 45 Full details in Pohl, pp. 58f. 46 See Pohl, p. 131. 47 See Pohl, pp. 120f. 48 Aufbau einer Rolle, Laughtons Galilei, Berlin 1956, pp. 9-12, quoted by Riilicke-Weiler, pp. 270f. 49 On scene 12 see Groseclose, op. cit. (n. 41 above); on the eyes particularly p. 380, referring to a stage direction in the second version. 50 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 112. Notes 183 51 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 140. 52 Volker, pp. 354£.

CHAPTER 5 (pp. 85-112) 1 Klaus Volker: Brecht-Chronik, 2nd ed., Munich 1971, p. 78. 2 The scene titles, diverging from those in the text, and the gestic divisions, are taken from the commentary in Mat. C., 19-80, and in Theaterarbeit, 228f. 3 See Fuegi, pp. 90-2. 4 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 87. 5 See Keith A. Dickson: 'History, Drama and Brecht's Chronicle of the Thirty Years War', Forum for Modern Language Studies, vr (1970), 255-72. 6 See Peter Leiser: Bertolt Brecht- Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder- Der kaukasische Kreidekreis, Hollfeld 1973, p. 54. In this speech incidentally, as pointed out by Hill (p. 111), 'withdrawing' is a mistranslation; 'moving through' would be closer. 7 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 214. 8 Giehse, p. 71. 9 Giehse, p. 72. 10 See Jendreiek, p. 175. 11 Brecht would have known from Korsch that the phrase was coined by Hobbes in the seventeenth century. See Korsch, p. 57. 12 See Hecht, op. cit. (n. 45 to Chapter 3), p. 153. 13 See Jendreiek, p. 179. 14 See Wekwerth, p. 54. 15 See Jendreiek, pp. 160f. 16 George Steiner: The Death of Tragedy, pp. 353ff., quoted by Fuegi, p. 93, with photo. 17 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 204, with photo. 18 Theaterarbeit, p. 300. 19 See Richard Beckley: 'Adaptation as a Feature of Brecht's Dramatic Tech• nique', German Life & Letters, xv (1961-2), 274-84, esp. pp. 282f. 20 See Franz Norbert Mennemeier: 'Mother Courage and her Children', in Peter Demetz (ed): Brecht. A Collection of Critical Essays, Englewood Cliffs 1962, 138-50, p. 144. 21 Dickson, op. cit. (n. 5 above), p. 270. 22 A point well made by Mennemeier, op. cit. (n. 20 above), p. 140. 23 See Jendreiek~ p. 162. 24 See John J. White: 'A Note on Brecht and Behaviourism', Forum for Modern Language Studies, vn (1971), 249-58, esp. p. 255. 25 'Es kommt ein Tag, da wird sich wenden I Das Blatt fiir uns, er ist nicht fern. I Da werden wir, das Yolk, beenden I Den grossen Krieg der grossen Herrn .. .'. Norddeutsche Zeitung, Schwerin, 10.11.51, quoted by Hennen• berg, p. 511. 26 Riilicke-Weiler, op. cit. (n. 11 to Chapter 2), pp. 6£. 27 Volker, p. 293. 28 See Henning Rischbieter: Brecht, vol. 2, Velber 1966, pp. 27-9. 184 Notes 29 Ralph Brustein: The Theatre of Revolt, London, 1965, p. 273. 30 See E. Speidel: 'The Mute Person's Voice: Mutter Courage and her Daugh- ter', German Life 8c Letters, xxm (1969-70), 332-9. 31 Pohl, pp. 22-4. 32 Examples from Pohl, p. 28. 33 Pohl, p. 25. 34 See Pohl, pp. 3 7f., with extract. 35 John Willett: 'The Poet Beneath the Skin', B]b. 2, 88-104, p. 102. 36 See Hinck, p. 42. 37 Eisler, p. 377 (footnote by Hans Bunge); Pohl, p. 63. 38 For details on the music in this section I am much indebted to Hennen• berg's book. See also Dessau's essay Zur Courage-Musik, in Mat. C., 118-22, and with further musical examples in Theaterarbeit, 274-80. 39 See Hinck, pp. 37f. 40 Wekwerth, pp. 384f.; Mat. C., 77. 41 Well described by Gray, pp. 123f. 42 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 175, with photo. 43 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 199, with photo. 44 See Wekwerth, pp. 86£. 45 Theaterarbeit, p. 297, with photo. 46 Giehse~ pp. 115-18, with photos. 47 Theaterarbeit, p. 317. 48 See Nick Wilkinson: 'Mutter Courage in Westafrika', B]b. 4, 117-24. 49 See the description by Paul Ryder Ryan in The Drama Review, XIX, 2 Oune 1975), 78-93. On Jerome Robbins' New York production, see Lee Baxandall: 'The Americanization of Bert Brecht', B]b. 1, 15()-(i7, esp. pp. 154-7.

CHAPTER 6 (pp. 113-39) 1 Hennenberg, p. 452. 2 My scene titles are taken from a list of scenic elements in Brecht's work• ing notes, printed in Mat. S., 86f. 3 See Reinhold Grimm: 'Bertolt Brecht: Der gute Mensch von Sezuan', in Manfred Brauneck (ed): Das deutsche Drama vom Expressionismus bis zur Gegenwart, Bamberg 1972, 168-73, esp. p. 169; and Henning Risch• bieter: Brecht, vol. 2, Velber 1966, p. 39. 4 See Hill, pp. 125f. 5 Hill, p. 125, following other American scholars. 6 See Hinck, pp. 85-7. 7 Renata Berg-Pan: 'Mixing Old and New Wisdom: The "Chinese" Sources of Brecht's Kaukasischer Kreidekreis and Other Works', German Quarterly, 1975, 204-28, pp. 209f. 8 Willett, pp. 96f., 237. 9 Berg-Pan, op. cit. (n. 7 above), p. 210. 10 Much of this section is based on Antony Tatlow: 'China oder Chima?', B]b. 1,27-47,esp.pp.44-6. 11 Klotz, p. 19. 12 Klotz, p. 18. Notes 185 13 After Friedrich Engels: Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, Special Intro- duction to the English edition of 1892. 14 Klotz, pp. 19f. 15 See Jendreiek, p. 216. 16 See Jendreiek, p. 240. 17 See Miiller, op. cit. (n. 4 to Chapter 3), p. 62. 18 See Jendreiek, p. 238. 19 See Henning Rischbieter: Brecht, vol. 2, Velber 1966 •. p. 37. 20 See Karl-Heinz Schmidt: 'Zur Gestaltung antagonistischer Konflikte bei Brecht und Kaiser', in Mat. S., 109-33, esp. p. 117. 21 On the sex-bound elements see John Fuegi: 'The Alienated Woman: Brecht's The Good Person of Setzuan', in Mews and Knust, op. cit. (n. 13 to Chapter 3), 190-6. 22 See Walter H. Sokel: 'Brecht's Split Characters and His Sense of the Tragic', in Demetz, op. cit. (n. 20 to Chapter 5), 127-37, esp. p. 128. 23 See Mayer, p. 179. 24 See Klotz, pp. 15f. 25 Klotz, p. 16. 26 Sokel. op. cit. (n. 22 above), p. 129. 27 Sokel, p. 130. 28 See Mayer, pp. 165-70. 29 Willett, p. 91. 30 See on this song Hinck, p. 43; Jendreiek, p. 224; Willett, op. cit. (n. 39 to Chapter 5), p. 90. 31 See Hinck, pp. 49-51. 32 See H. G. Huettich: 'Zwischen Klassik und Kommerz. Brecht in Los Angeles', B]b. 4, 125-37. 33 See Wendt, op. cit. (n. 55 to Chapter 3), p. 11. 34 See Mayer, p. 173. 35 Fuegi, pp. 135f. 36 Fuegi, pp. 136f. 37 See Pohl, p. 32. 38 This section is very dependent on Hennenberg's book; see also Mat. S., 145-53.

CHAPTER 7 (pp. 140-70) 1 Bertolt Brecht in Britain (n. 56 to Chapter 3), p. 92. 2 Based on Angelika Hurwicz's narration in her photographic record of the Berlin production (n. 40 to Chapter 3; the narration is not included in Mat. K.). 3 See Leiser, op. cit. (n. 6 to Chapter 5), pp. 56-8. 4 Berg-Pan, op. cit. (n. 7 to Chapter 6), pp. 215f. 5 Ritchie, pp. 12f. 6 Ritchie, p. 17. 7 See Leiser, op. cit. (n. 6 to Chapter 5), p. 59. 8 As an anecdote in Miiller and Semmer (n. 14 to Chapter 1), p. 56, has him claiming. 186 Notes 9 Ritchie, p. 17. 10 See Leiser, op. cit. (n. 6 to Chapter 5), p. 85. 11 Ritchie, pp. 52£. 12 Qayum Qureshi: Pessimismus und Fortschrittsglaube bei Bert Brecht, Cologne and Vienna 1971, p. 133. 13 Fuegi, p. 147. 14 See Hinck, p. 49. 15 See Jendreiek, p. 295. 16 See Fuegi, pp. 147£.; and the same author's 'The Caucasian Chalk Circle in Performance', B]b. 1, 137-49, p. 140. 17 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 176 ·-note from rehearsal of 6.2.54. 18 See Qureshi, op. cit. (n. 12 above), pp. 145-7. 19 Eric Bentley: 'An Un-American Chalk Circle?', Tulane Drama Review, no. 32 (summer 1966}, 64-77, p. 67. 20 Kesting, op. cit. (n. 1 to Chapter 4), p. 123. 21 Ritchie, p. 28. 22 Ritchie, p. 26. 23 Kesting, op. cit. (n. 1 to Chapter 4), p. 109. 24 See Hill, pp. 136£. 25 See Robert Spaethling: 'Zum Verstandnis der Grusche in Brechts Der kaukasische Kreidekreis', Die Unterrichtspraxis, 1971 (4), 74-81, on the analogy with this 'Mad Meg' drawn by Brecht (Mat. K., 32). 26 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 190, with photo. 27 Hennenberg, p. 89. 28 Quoted by Bentley, op. cit. (n. 19 above), p. 71. 29 Wekwerth, p. 19. 30 See Qureshi, op. cit. (n. 12), p. 152. 31 See W. A. ]. Steer: 'The Thematic Unity of Brecht's Der kaukasische Kreidekreis', German Life & Letters, xx1 (1967-8), 1-10, esp. p. 3. 32 On this, and Azdak in general, see ]iirgen Jacobs: 'Die Rechtspflege des Azdak', Euphorion, LXII (1968), 421-4. 33 Bentley, op. cit. (n. 19), pp. 69£. 34 See the collective work Bertolt Brecht- Leben und Werk, Berlin 1963, p. 143; and T. M. Holmes: 'Descrying the Dialectic .. .', Journal of Euro• pean Studies, VII (1977), 95-106. 35 Benjamin, op. cit. (n. 2 to Chapter 1), p. 115. 36 Eisler, p. 78. 37 A. Kats, quoted by Glade, op. cit. (n. 51 to Chapter 3), p. 171. 38 On this rejection of Utopian anticipation see Ludwig, pp. 148-50. 39 See Fuegi, p. 149. 40 Ritchie, p. 25. Brecht incorporated an English version in his journal (Aj., 1, 548: 24.11.42). 41 On the language of Azdak, and of the Singer and the corporal, see Pohl, esp. pp. 12£., 26, 39, 138£., 144. 42 See Hinck, pp. 106£. 43 See Hennenberg, p. 380. 44 See Hinck, p. 105. Notes 187 45 On the music to the play see Hennenberg, pp. 216-23, 248£., 329-35, chap. 6 passim, pp. 378-80; and Paul Dessau: 'Zur Kreidekreis-Musik', in Mat. K., 87-94. 46 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 210. 47 Karl von Appen: 'Uber das Biihnenbild', Mat. K., 95-100, p. 96. 48 Riilicke-Weiler, p. 214. 49 See Fuegi, pp. 15lf. 50 Wekwerth, p. 16. 51 On masks see Hurwicz, op. cit. (n. 40 to Chapter 3), p. 4; Riilicke-Weiler, p. 216, with photos; and Joachim Tenschert: 'Uber die Verwendung von Masken', Mat. K., 101-12.

CHAPTER 8 (pp. 171-3) 1 Gray, pp. 176-81. 2 Eisler, p. 139. 3 Ronald Bryden: 'Pop goes Imperialism', Observer Review, 7.3.71. 4 See A. D. White: 'Brecht's Quest for a Democratic Theatre', 1"heatre Quarterly, no. 5 Oan 1972), 65-70, esp. p. 70. Index

BRECHT'S WORKS

Anmerkungen zur 'Dreigroschenoper', 33 Epilog der Wissenschaftler, 63 Anmerkungen zur 'Massnahme', 47 Erfahrungen, 43 Anmerkungen zur Oper 'Aufstieg und Fall Eulenspiegel as Judge, 162 der Stadt Mahagonny', 31, 47 Exception and the Rule, The, 155 , 11 Anweisungen an die Schauspieler, 44 Fear and Misery of the Third Reich, 9, Arbeitsjournal, 8, 13, 16-19, 2lf., 25, 30£., 66 Hf., 37-42, 47, 49, 53, 62, 73f., Five Difficulties in writing the Truth, 61, 76, 96, 98, 104, 123, 129, 150, 159, 62, 160 161, 164 Fixierung des Raums bei induktiver Aufbau der Figur, 44 Methode, 48 Augsburg Chalk Circle, The, 149, 162 Aus einem Brief an einen Schauspieler, Gesang aus der OpiumhOhle, Der, 133 104 Good Person of Szechwan, The, 6, 9, 16, 33, 37, 48-50, 52, 66, 73, 95, 101, , 2, 28 113-39. 153, 156-8, 171 Ballad of the Pirates, 105 Betrachtung uber die Schwierigkeiten des Hangmen also die (Brecht/Lang), 10 epischen Theaters, 25 How much is Iron?, 9 Bible, The, 1 , 4, 28 Caucasian Chalk Circle, The, 6, 10, 13, Individuum und Masse, 37 30, 33, 37, 39, 49, 74, 101, 103, Interpolated Scenes, 43 120, 126, 140--71 Coriolan, 46 Karl Valentin, 24 Katzgraben-Notate, 35, 51 , 9 Kraft und Schwiiche der Utopie, 22 Days of the Commune, The, 11 (Brecht/Dudow), 7, 43 Dekoration, 47 Kurze Beschreibung einer neuen Technik Dia le ktik, 17 der Schauspielkunst, 41, 44 Dialog uber Schauspielkunst, 43 Dreigroschenprozess, Der, 73 Legend of the Dead Soldier, 2 , 2, 4, 40 Lehrstucke, 6, 132 Duchess of Malfi, The, 10 Lernende ist wichtiger als die Lehre, Der, 15 Einige Irrtumer uber die Spielweise des Life of Edward II, 4, 53 Berliner Ensembles, 51 , 9, 11, 30, 33f., 37, 45, Einzige Zuschauer fur meine Stucke, Der, 48f., 53-84, 91, 97, 120, 124, 129, 5 132, 154, 159-65 190 Index

Lindberghflug, Der, 132 Schweyk in the Second World War, 10, Literarisierung der Buhnen, 48 33, 37, 159, 164 Literatur wird durchforscht werden, Die. Seiiora Carrar's Rifles, 9, 44, 63, 96 36 Seven Deadly Sins. The, 7 Lohnt es sich, vom Amateurtheater zu Short Organum, 21, 24, 26, 28f., 32, 34, reden!. 28, 31 41, 45, 49 Looking for the New and Old, 37, 44 Situation und Verhalten, 36 Spielleitung Brechts, Die, 49 Man is Man. 5, 29, 40, 94, 128£., 149, 167 Tagebucher, 3-5,13-15,26,28,34,36-8 Manual of Piety, 2 Theaterarbeit (Brecht et al.), 33, 46, 49, Mask of Evil. The, 21, 129 51 Materialwert, 35 Thesen uber die Aufgabe der Einfuhlung, Measures Taken, The, 6, 34, 128 31 Mehr guten Sport, 38 Thesen zur Theorie des Uberbaus, 19 Messingkauf Dialogues, 9, 17, 20£., 24, Thought in the Works of the Classics, 15 27, .~Of.• 39£., 42, 44 Threepenny Opera, The, 4, 6, 40, 43, 48, Mother, The. 7f., 26, 53, 60, 62 76, 105 Mother Courage and her Children, 9, 11, To Those Born Later. 9 13, 24. 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, 42, 44, Trial of Lucullus, The, 9, 12 47f., 51, 63, 66, 85-112, 120, 122, Tui-Novel, 8, 12 128, 133, 135, 149, 153f.. 156, , 12, 61 158£., 165-6 Mr Julius Caesar's Business Deals, 8, 99 Uber das Theater, das wir meinen, 24 Mr Puntila and his Servant Matti, 10£., Uber das Theater der Chinesen, 45 21, 33, 40, 128 Uber den Gestus. 111 Musterung der Motive junger Intellek• Uber den Gewohnheitspatriotismus, 60 tueller, 22 Uber den 'Untergang des Theaters', 38 Uber die Eignung zum Zuschauer, 25 Notizen zur Arbeit, 42 Uber die Moskauer Prozesse, 22 Uber die Volksbuhne, 25 Of Swimming in Lakes and Rivers, 15 Uber eine neue Dramatik, 25, 39 On everyday Theatre, 40 Uber experimentelles Theater, 62, 70 On Kant's Definition of Marriage, 155 Uber rationellen und emotionellen Stand- Ovation fur Shaw. 26, 37 punkt, 31 Uber sozialistischen Realismus, 20 Petty Bourgeois' Wedding, The, 3, 33 Unpolitische Briefe, 98 Praktisches zur Expressionismusdebatte, 20 Vergnugungstheater oder Lehrtheater, Prolog zur amerikanischen Auffuhrung, 63 26f .. 38, 47 Visions of Simone Machard, The, 10 Refugees' Conversations. 20, 23, 69, 71, VolkstUmlichkeit und Realismus, 20 98, 102 Vorrede zu 'Macbeth', 39 Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, The, 10. 160 Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, Ware Liebe, Die, 113 6, 31, 47, 121 Warum soli mein Name genannt werden? Roundheads and Peakheads, 8, 160 18 Weniger Gips, 43 Saint Joan of the Stockyards, 7, 16, 36, 62, 97, 124 Zeichen und Symbole, 47 Schauspielkunst, 44 Zur A.sthetik des Dramas, 33 GENERAL INDEX Absurd, Theatre of the. 37 Brecht, Eugen Berthold (Bertolt): life, Acting, 43-7 1-13; character, 13f.; thought, 15- Adaptation, 35, 96, 173 23; theory of theatre, 24-35; Aeschylus, 152 characteristics of his dramas, 35- Agitprop theatre, 6, 45 42; theatrical practice, 42-52; Aman, Rose Maria. 1 influence, 52, 140; children, 3-5, America, see 7, 11 Apolda, 131 Brecht, Sofie (mother), 1 Appen, Karl von, 168f. Brechtian Theatre, Brecht-Theatre, 4, 35, Aristotle, Aristotelian thought, 34, 41, 42, 51f .• 107, 172 59, 68, 72, 79 Brennen, Arnott, 3f., 120 Atomic bomb, 63f. Brown, Thomas K., 46 Aufricht, Ernst Josef, 6 Bruegel, Pieter, the Elder, 82, 158 Augsburg, 1-4, 149 Bruno, Giordano, 60, 64, 66 Austin, Texas: Bertold Brecht Memorial Bryden, Ronald, 171 Guerilla Theater, 52 Buchner, Georg, 39, 131 Austria, 11, 24 Buckow, 13 Azerbaijan, 150, 168 Buckwitz, Harry, 150 Burkhard, Paul, 85 Burri. Emil, 5 Bacon, Francis, 65, 173 Busch, Ernst, 6, 53, 66, 103, 140, 161, Balzac. Honore de. 20 165 Banholzer, Paula, 1, 3 Busch, Wilhelm, 124 Bau Dschong, see Pao DschOng Baudelaire, Charles, 38 B<1varia. 2, 102 California, 53, 155 Becher, Johannes R., 12, 51 Capitalism, 15f .• 18, 2lf., 25, 27, 63, 66f., Beckett, Samuel, 34, 172f. 94-7, 99, 123, 125, 128f .• 131, 138, Benjamin, Walter, 3, 8, 164 163 Bennewitz, Fritz, 52 Chaplin, Charlie, 24, 157 Berghaus, Ruth, 52 Chicago, 4, 10, 15 Bergner, Elisabeth, 10 China. l22f.. 139, 168, 171; Chinese Berlau, Ruth, 7, 9-11, 13, 50, 108 thought, 21; Chinese theatre, 38, Berlin, 3-8, 11, 22, 29, 47, 51; Deutsches 45. 48. 123 Theater, 4, 11f., 85, 93, 107; Christianity, 21, 10lf., 107, 123, 135, Schaubuhne, 52; Theater am 154-7 Schiffbauerdamm, 6 Chur, 11 Berliner Ensemble, 11f., 42, 46, 48, 50-3, Church, Catholic, 60, 64, 68, 70-76 66, 83, 97, 103, 105-7, 111, 113, Class struggle, Bourgeoisie, Feudalism. 135, 138, 140, 152, 16lf.• 168 Proletariat, 1-3, 5-7, 10, 12, 15-18, Besson, Benne, 12,49, 53,113 20-2, 25-8, 31, 33f .• 36f .• 48, 62, Beverly Hills, 11, 53 64-6, 73-5, 124, 152, 154f., 161 Biafra. 112 Claude!, Paul, 6, 34 Bible, the, 35, 79, 81, 104, 120, 136, Clausewitz, Carl von, 94 148, 156 Cologne, 53 Bloch, Ernst, 20 Comedy, 32f., 102f., 151 Bohemia, 92 Commedia deli'Arte, 135 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 132 Communism, Communist parties, 3, 5-12, Bourbon dynasty, 92 15f .• 18-23, 27, 31, 36, 62, 66, 74, Bourgeoisie, see Class struggle 97, 132, 163f. Braunbock, Carola, 111 Composite work of art, 47f. Brecht, Berthold Friedrich (father), 1 Copenhagen, 7 192 Index

Copernicus, 60, 64, 75, 91 Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Florence, 7 4 Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Florence, 74 Feuchtwanger, Lion, 2, 5, 10 Costume, 48, 82, 108, 169f. Feudalism, see Class struggle Council for a Democratic Germany, 11 Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas, 60 Counter, Reformation, 72 Finland, 10, 113 Craig, Gordon, 49 Flaubert, Gustave, 38 Critical attitude, 25-7, 31-4, 44, 59f. Florence, 67, 7lf. Forke, Alfred, 123 Dadaism, 26 Fradkin, Ilya, 164 Damiani, Luciano, 135 France, 52 Dance, 49 Franco, 62 Darwin, Charles, Darwinism, 63 Frankfurt am Main, 150 Delacroix, Eugene, 13 Freud, Sigmund, 60, 109 on stage, 32, 38, 41, 45f., Frisch, Max, 52, 121 149-52 Fuegi, John, 102, 107, 151 , 7-10, 53, 113 Design, 47f., 82, 107f., 168f. Galilei, Galileo, 20, 60, 62, 64, 66, 7lf., Dessau, Paul, 11f., 85, 105f., 113, 138-40, 80f. 168 Gay, John, 6£ Dialectical theatre, 18f., 34f., 3 7 Georgia (USSR), 150 Dialectics, 17-20, 29, 33, 36f., 95 Germany, 1, 3, 6, 8, 11, 15, 17f., 21, 61£., Dickson, Keith A., 92 73, 91, 150, 163; German Demo• Diderot, Denis, 20, 45 cratic Republic (East Germany), Direction, 49, 5lf., 108-12 12f., 26, 52, 67, 164; German Distancing, Verfremdung, v-effect, 26, Federal Republic (West Germany), 28-33, 43, 45-8, 92, 106, 165, 171 12, 5lf. Diiblin Alfred, 5, 10, 36, 120 Gestus, gestic language, 35, 41, 45, 77, Dresden, 120 82, 108, 121, 136-8 Diirrenmatt, Friedrich, 40, 121 Giehse, Therese, 85, 93, llOf. Gilbert, William Schwenk, 105 Economics on stage, 15, 28, 31, 33f., 37, Goebbels, Joseph, 62 39 Goering, Hermann, 170 Eddington, A. S., 61 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 5, 12, 70, Egypt, 160 104, 120f., 131, 162, 173 Einstein, Albert, 61, 64, 70 Gray, Ronald, 34, 96, 98f. Eisenstein, Sergei, 15, 39 Great Britain, 52, 64f., 140 Eisler, Hanns, 6, 8, 12, 70, 83, 104, 140, Grimm, Reinhold, 120 164, 171 Grimmelshausen, Hans Jacob Christoph Elegance, 38, 47, 77, 82 von, 85, 104 Emotion on stage, 3lf., 38, 44, 95f .• 172 Guillemin, Bernard, 36 Empathy, Identification, 28, 31-3, 38, 43- Gunga Din (film), 31 5, 67 Gustav Adolf. King of , 92 Engel, Erich, 4, 22f., 30, 53 Engels, Friedrich, 17-19, 73, 124 Habsburg dynasty, 92 Enjoyment of theatre. 24f., 27, 41, 47 Hahn, Otto, 62 Epic theatre, 25, 35, 39, 91, 132-4, 152£., Hall, Peter. 52 165, 172 Hamburg, 135 Ernte, Die, 1 Hasek, Jaroslav, 10, 33, 102 Esslin, Martin, 22, 120, 172 Hauptmann, Elisabeth, 4f., 7, 53 Eth~. artistic, 37£., 52 Hauptmann, Gerhart, 12, 25, 35, 162 Expressionism, 3, 20, 24, 27, 121 Hebbel, Friedrich, 36 Hecht, Werner, 42, 50 Farquhar, George, 12 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 17, 36, Fascism, 21, 132, 152 41, 45, 152 Index 193 Heisenberg, Werner Karl, 61 Lang, Fritz, 10 Helsinki, 10 Language of the plays, 35f., 78-81, 101- Helvetius, Claude-Adrien, 60 5, 135-8, 165£. Hesse, Hermann, 21 Lao Tzu (Lao Tse), 15, 21 Hinck, Walter, 135, 150 Laughton, Charles, 11, 29, 45£., 53, 68, Hindemith, Paul, 6 74, 81-3 Hiob, Hanne, 4 Leiser, Peter, 151 Hippocratic oath, 65 Lenin, Leninism, 7, 17, 19, 60, 171 Hiroshima, 64 Lenya, Lotte, 6 Historicisation, 30, 44 Lenz, J. M. R., 12 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 7-12, 18, 2lf., 31, 33, Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 104, 149 44, 62, 64, 71, 92, 98, 160, 163f., Lessons of a play, 27f. 166 Li Hsing-dao (Li Hsing Tao), 148 Hobbes, Thomas, 65 Lidingo, 9 Hobson, Harold, 66 Littlewood, Joan, 52 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 13, 36 London, 8, 140, 149; Royal Court Theatre, Holbach, Paul Hemi Dietrich, Baron d', 52 60 Lorre, Peter, 6 Hollywood, IOf. Losey,Joseph,82,84 Holmes, T. M., 163 Lugano, 7 Horace, 69 Luk~cs, Georg, 20 House Committee on Un-American Luther, Martin, 35, 79, 104, 106, 125, Activities, 11, 66 173 House, Humphry, 34 Lutz, Regine, Ill Hungary, 92 Luxemburg, Rosa, 164 Hurwicz, Angelika, 46, 101, 140, 158 McCarthy, Joseph R., 11 Identification, see Empathy Mach, Ernst, 36 Illusion on stage, 32, 43 Macintosh, Joan, 112 Industrial Revolution, 64, 70 Magdeburg, 92 Inquisition, 72 Mai Lan-fang, 45 Ionesco, Eug~ne, 172 Mann, Heimich, 10 Italy, 20. 52, 73f., 84, 91 Mann. Thomas, 5, 10 Marlowe, Christopher, 4, 53 Jesuit theatre, 24 Marx, Karl, Marxian thought, Marxism, Jesus, 95, 106, 156, 173 5, 7f., 12, 15-27, 30f., 33f., .37, 40, Jewish music, 168 65f., 73£., 92, 95-97, 125£., 128, Joan of Arc, Saint, 72, 76 13lf., 159£., 164, 171-3 Joseph, Saint, 156 Mary, Blessed Virgin, Saint, 156 Masks, 32, 48, 169f. Kaiser, Georg, 24 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 29, 163 Kant, Immanuel, 123, 125, 131, 155 Mayer, Hans, 102, 121, 127, 131, 151 Kapp Putsch, 3 Mencius, 123 Kasperltheater, 35 Mexico, 10 Kausala, 10 Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 8, 29, 47 Kilian, Isot, 13 Michaelis, Karin, 7 Kipling, Rudyard, 35, 105f., 133 Milan, 135 Kipphardt, Heinar, 63 Milhaud, Darius, 6 Klabund (Alfred Henschke), 149 Mo Di (Mo Tzu, M@ Ti), 21, 123, 152, 173 Kleist Prize, 4 Model, Modellbuch, 11, 50 Korsch, Karl, 8, 17, 19, 65, 74 Moli~re, 12, 33 Kortner, Fritz, 10 Montage, 30 Kraus, Karl, 7 Montaigne, Michel de, 61 Kustow, Michael, 52 Moscow, 8, 10, 19, 29, 45, 140 194 Index Munich, 2--4, 85, 110; Munich agreement, Raimund, Ferdinand, 120 9. 62 Rainer, Luise, 140, 159 Music in the theatre, -47, 49, 83f .• 105f., Red Flag, The, 132 138£ .• 168 Rehearsal, 43£., -46, 49-51 Mystery plays, 24 Reichel, Kithe (Katrin), 13, 111, 113 Reinhardt, Max, 4, 149 Naivety, 30 Relativity, 5 Narration; narrative techniques. 39£., Resistance (Germany 1933-1945), 8, 61£. 152f. Richelieu, Cardinal, 92 National Socialism (Nazism). 2f., 6, 11, Ritchie, J. M., 149 21, 61, 66, 73, 98, 107. 159, 163 Rome, 73 Naturalism, 24-6, 28 Rotterdam, 108 Nazism, see National Socialism Riilicke (Riilicke-Weiler). Kithe, 13, 35, Neher, Carola, 5£., 8, 149 45 Neher, Caspar, 1, 8, 11, 47, 53 Runeberg. Johan Ludvig, 85 Netherlands. 64£., 92 Russia, 26; see also USSR Neues Deutschland, 13 New York, 11, 140, 149; Broadway, 10£.; Salzburg Festival, 11 Performance Group, 101, 112; Samson-Korner, Paul, 5 Theater Union, 8 Samurai, 170 Newton, Isaac, 60 Santa Monica, 10, 135, 140 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 14, 133 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 172 NO plays, 6f .• 48 Schall, Ekkehard, 46, 83, 138 Northfield, Minn., 140 Schiller. Friedrich, 27, 70, 72, 135 Norway, 10 Schlegel, A. W., 121 Nukha, 150 Schumacher, Ernst. 65 Science, 59-66, 70£., 76, 78, 82 Seghers, Anna, 12 Oh, What a lovely War/, 52 Sensuality. 68f. Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 63 Shakespeare, William. 1, 12, 36, 39, -43£ .• Oriental theatre, 38 52,67, 70, 76,81,92, 121,152 Oriental thought, 15, 21 Shaw. George Bernard, 7, 26, 35, 37 Simonov, Konstantin, 165 Palitzsch, Peter, 12 Singapore. 96 Palm, Kurt, 48, 108 Socialist Realism. 19f. Pao Dschong. 149 Sophocles, 11, 43 Parable play, 76, 120-2, 132, 149 Soviet Union, see U.S.S.R. Paris. 7, 13, 140 Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, Parmet, Simon, 47 18 Pavlov, Ivan, 97 Spanish Civil War. 9, -44, 62 Picasso. Pablo, 30, 96 Stalin, Josef, Stalinism, 8, 17-19, 22, 29, Pinter, Harold, 172 16-4 Pirandello, l uigi, 6, 29, 33, 127f. Standard Oil Company, 97 Piscator, Erwin, 4. 8, 15, 25, 29, 47, 112, Stanislavsky, Constantin, 29, 32 123, 149, 172 Steffin, Margarete, 7, 9f. Planchon, Roger. 52 Stein, Peter, 52 Plato, 20 Steiner, George, 96 , 22, 44. 92, 102, 150 Sternberg, Fritz, 25 Productivity, 22, 40, 156-65 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 128 Proletariat, see Class struggle Stockholm, 9 Protagonists, 36£., 40, 67-71, 93-7 Strassmann, F .• 62 Ptolemy, Ptolemaic system, 60, 75, 80 Strehler, Giorgio, 52 Strindberg, August, 130 Quantum theory, 20 Strittmatter, Erwin, 51 Index 195 Svendborg, 7 Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius Sweden, 9f., 85, 101, 113 von, 92 , 10f. War, 92-100 Synge, J. M.• 96 Webster, John, 10 Wedekind,Frank,2,35 Tatlow, Antony, 123 Weigel, Helene, 5-7. 11, 13, 43f., 46, 48, Tauber, Richard, 8 52, 85, 95f., 101, 105, 109-11, 140; Tchaikovsky, Peter, 168 her parents, 7 Theatre of cruelty. 27 Weill, Kurt, 6, 10 Thirty Years War, 91f., 104, 149 Weimar, Deutsches Nationaltheater, 52 Thurii, 7 Weise, Christian, 106 Tillis, 150 Weiss, Peter, 172 Toller, Ernst, 20 Weisse, Michael, 106 Topol, 84 Wekwerth, Manfred, 12, 27, 42, 49, 52, Tragedy, 32, 34, 39 107, 110, 140 Tretiakov, Sergei, 8, 29 Werfel, Franz, 5 Tuscany, 72 Wilder, Thornton, 39 Tynan, Kenneth, 52 Wilkinson, Nick, 112 Willett, John, 3 Ulbricht, Walter, 12 Wolf, Friedrich, 123 Ullstein Verlag, 5 Wordsworth, William, 138 United States of America, 4, 7. 9f., 12, World War I, 2f. 20, 52, 63, 66, 71, 113 World War II. 20f., 64, 165 U.S.S.R., 6-9, 13, 19-22, 29, 52, 63, 67, Wort, Das, 8 150f., 163f. Wuolijoki, Hella, 10 Wuppertal, 133 Valentin, Karl, 3f., 24, 102 V-effect, Vedremdung, see Distancing Yin and yang, 21, 130, 152 Venice, 72 Verlaine, Paul, 1 Zhdanov, A. A., 19 Vienna, 7, 120 Zoff, Marianne, 4 Vilar, Jean, 52 Zola, Emile, 38 Virtue, 69, 98-101, 122-9 Zuckmayer, Carl, 4, 128 Vladivostok, 10 Zurich, 11; Schauspielhaus, 10, 53, 85, 93, 113, 135 Wagner, Richard, 47 Waley, Arthur, 123