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3 Improved Attraction of Anthonomus Eugenii to Traps Using Semiochemicals

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3 Improved Attraction of Anthonomus Eugenii to Traps Using Semiochemicals Improved detection and monitoring of pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii) in Ontario peppers by Cassandra J. Russell A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Cassandra J. Russell, May, 2021 ABSTRACT IMPROVED DETECTION AND MONITORING OF PEPPER WEEVIL (ANTHONOMUS EUGENII) IN ONTARIO PEPPERS Cassandra J. Russell Advisor: University of Guelph, 2021 Dr. Rebecca H. Hallett The pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii Cano) is a serious invasive pest of peppers in Ontario. The goal of this research was to improve detection and monitoring tools for A. eugenii to minimize losses in cultivated peppers. In lab trials, fewer A. eugenii escaped from sticky cards compared to other trap types, and sticky cards coated with new adhesives formulated for A. eugenii retained the most adults. Trécé pheromone lures attracted the highest number of A. eugenii in field trials compared to other lures. The addition of kairomones did not synergize A. eugenii response to pheromone lures in lab or greenhouse trials, possibly due to experimental conditions that may have affected adult response and behaviour. Therefore, the use of kairomones in A. eugenii monitoring requires further investigation. Until then, the currently available pheromone lures and sticky cards should continue to be used for monitoring for A. eugenii in Ontario pepper crops. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Rebecca Hallett. Your encouragement and positive outlook through unsuccessful experiments, colony crashes, and countless other roadblocks was instrumental. Thank you for not only supporting my development as a researcher, but also encouraging my career development and building my self-confidence throughout this entire journey. A very special thank you to Dr. Angela Gradish for the many hours spent correcting my countless spelling and grammar mistakes and helping me through all the writing stages. Thank you to my committee members, Dr. Roselyne Labbé and Dr. Cynthia Scott-Dupree for all your feedback and guidance, and thanks to Dr. Michelle Edwards for answering all my repetitive stats and SAS coding questions. To my wonderful lab mates and friends, Charles-Étienne Ferland, Carol McLennan, Graham Ansell, Jenny Liu, Marlee-Ann Lyle, Matthew Muzzatti, and the other biocontrol and SES colleagues I met along the way – thank you all for getting me through this and I can’t wait to see all your faces again (without masks). A very special thanks out to my relentless Room 2112 motivational team: Jenny Liu and Sahba Shahmohamadloo. I think I owe you each a steak dinner from our weekly goal setting activities. I am incredibly thankful to all the cooperating greenhouse and field pepper growers and funding support from the Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers, the Entomological Society of Canada travel scholarship, and the OMAFRA-UofG HQP Program and Production Systems (Plants) Program. To my OMAFRA pepper weevil team; Amanda Tracey, Cara McCreary, Denise Beaton, and Hannah Fraser - thank you for sharing all your pepper weevil expertise, helping me get connected to the right growers, and being amazing role models. iv To the pepper weevil crew at the AAFC-Harrow, thank you for making me feel welcome and helping me with my experiments. To all the summer students over the years in the Hallett lab including my PW colony superstars Kylie, Averyl, Emily and Serena: a million thanks for sticking it out with moldy peppers 3 times a week and keeping the colony going. Thank you to my past roommates for being so supportive and allowing bugs in freezer, and to Lily for helping me to turn a vision into the greatest pepper weevil diagram that ever was. To my parents, Karen and Steve, thank you for all your support to follow my passions and pursue graduate studies. To my entire family and the Di Vincenzo’s, thank you for understanding that weevils don’t observe holidays and for working family get- togethers around my crazy schedule so that I could keep my weevils alive. To my grandmother, Bev, I would have never applied for graduate school without your support and encouragement. You have always been my inspiration to grow and learn and I thank you for every ounce of wisdom and love you’ve provided. Lastly, to my partner, Nick. Your unconditional love and support over the last 3+ years of my master’s has been instrumental to my success. From helping me stay fueled with caffeine for those long nights and early mornings, to offering a hug and a shoulder to cry on, to reminding me that a failed experiment wasn’t the end of the world – thank you and I love you. You’ve been a part of this journey since day one and I wouldn’t have it any other way. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ v List of Tables ................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................xi 1 Potential for improved detection and monitoring of Anthonomus eugenii in Ontario 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Anthonomus eugenii pest status ........................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Geographic distribution ................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Pest status in Canada.................................................................................. 3 1.2.3 Fruit damage and economic impact ............................................................. 4 1.3 Anthonomus eugenii biology .............................................................................. 6 1.3.1 Life cycle ...................................................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Host plants ................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Anthonomus eugenii monitoring and management ............................................ 9 1.4.1 Use of semiochemicals in pest monitoring and management ...................... 9 1.4.2 Current Anthonomus eugenii monitoring strategies ................................... 13 1.4.3 Improved monitoring based on knowledge of host plant interactions ........ 17 1.4.4 Potential management strategies .............................................................. 18 1.5 Research objectives ......................................................................................... 21 2 Improved trapping of Anthonomus eugenii in field and greenhouse peppers ......... 23 vi 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 28 2.2.1 Study insect ............................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Assessment of Anthonomus eugenii movement on and escape from commercial sticky cards under laboratory conditions ............................................. 29 2.2.3 Evaluation of alternative trap designs for the capture of Anthonomus eugenii adults under laboratory conditions ............................................................. 32 2.2.4 Evaluation of novel adhesive formulations on yellow sticky cards for Anthonomus eugenii retention under laboratory conditions ................................... 34 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................. 36 2.3.1 Assessment of movement of Anthonomus eugenii on commercial sticky cards under laboratory conditions .......................................................................... 36 2.3.2 Assessment of escapes of Anthonomus eugenii from commercial sticky cards under laboratory conditions .......................................................................... 38 2.3.3 Evaluation of alternative trap designs for capture of Anthonomus eugenii adults under laboratory conditions ......................................................................... 41 2.3.4 Laboratory evaluation of novel adhesive formulations for Anthonomus eugenii retention..................................................................................................... 44 2.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 45 3 Improved attraction of Anthonomus eugenii to traps using semiochemicals .......... 52 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 52 3.2 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 57 3.2.1 Field evaluation of commercial lures for Anthonomus eugenii ................... 57 3.2.2 Addition of kairomones to pheromone lures for increased attraction of Anthonomus eugenii .............................................................................................
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