DOCSLIB.ORG

Diss Zim.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diss Zim.Pdf University of Hohenheim Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Phytomedicine Applied Entomology Prof. Dr. Dr. C.P.W. Zebitz Monitoring, mechanisms and management of insecticide resistance and insecticide mode of action in coleopteran pests of winter oilseed rape with special reference to neonicotinoid insecticides under laboratory and applied aspects Thesis for the degree Doctor of Agricultural Sciences (doctor scientiarum agriculturae) submitted by CHRISTOPH THOMAS ZIMMER Matzenbach November 2013 Dekanin: Prof. Dr. M. Brockmeier 1. berichtende Person: Prof. Dr. C.P.W. Zebitz 2. berichtende Person: Prof. Dr. W. Schwack Eingereicht am: 04. November 2013 Mündliche Prüfung am: 17. September 2014 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde am 20. November 2013 von der Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften der Universität Hohenheim als „Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Agrarwissenschaften - doctor scientiarum agriculturae (Dr. sc. agr.)“ angenommen. The challenge of resistance will be with us for eternity GEORGE P. GEORGHIOU (2000) Zusammenfassung Der Winterraps, Brassica napus L., hat sich in Europa zu einem festen Bestandteil der maßgeblich von Getreide dominierten Fruchtfolgen entwickelt. Winterraps wird von einer Vielzahl an Schädlingen befallen welche in der Praxis fast ausschließlich durch den Einsatz von chemischen Insektiziden (maßgeblich Pyrethroide) bekämpft werden. Verglichen mit anderen Großkulturen ist der Insektizideinsatz im Rapsanbau relativ hoch. Der seit mehr als 20 Jahren wiederkehrende Einsatz von Pyrethroiden zur Kontrolle von Rapsschädlingen in Europa resultierte in einem enormen Selektionsdruck. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es nicht verwunderlich, dass drei Schädlinge der Ordnung Coleoptera gegenwärtig eine Resistenz gegen Pyrethroide aufweisen. Bei den drei coleopteren Vertretern handelt es sich um den Rapsglanzkäfer, Meligethes aeneus F., den Rapserdfloh, Psylliodes chrysocephala L. und den Kohlschotenrüssler, Ceutorhynchus assimilis PAYK.. Mittels einem auf insektizidbeschichteten Glasröhrchen beruhenden Biotestsystem („adult vial tests“) wurde die Ausprägung (Stärke und Kreuzresistenzmuster) sowie die geographische Verteilung der Pyrethroidresistenz bei Rapsglanzkäfern und Rapserdflöhen untersucht. Unter Verwendung des identischen Testsystems wurde die „Baseline Susceptibility“ (Ausgangsempfindlichkeit) von Kohlschotenrüsseler gegen lambda-Cyhalothrin, ein in der Praxis sehr häufig eingesetztes Pyrethroid, erfasst. Resistente Rapserdflöhe reagierten im Test mit verschiedenen Pyrethroiden gleichermaßen unempfindlich und zeigen eine absolute Kreuzresistenz gegen die Wirkstoffklasse der Pyrethroide, wohingegen beim Rapsglanzkäfer zwei resistente Phänotypen gefunden wurden. Der am häufigsten auftretende Phänotyp weist eine moderate Kreuzresistenz innerhalb der Wirkstoffgruppe auf während ein weiterer Phänotyp ähnlich wie beim Rapserdfloh eine absolute Kreuzresistenz aufweist. Unter Verwendung von Thiacloprid, ein Wirkstoff der chemischen Klasse der Neonikotinoide, im Glasröhrchen Testsystem wurde die Baseline Susceptibility vom Rapsglanzkäfer und Kohlschotenrüssler erfasst. Für den Rapsglanzkäfer wurden von 2009-2012 Daten erfasst und dadurch eine kontinuierliche Überwachung der Sensibilität über die Jahre gewährleistet, für den Kohlschotenrüssler wurden Daten im Jahr 2012 erfasst die eine hohe Empfindlichkeit gegenüber dem Wirkstoff Thiacloprid nachweisen. In Synergismus-Experimenten mit Rapsglanzkäferpopulationen die hauptsächlich in Mitteleuropa gesammelt wurden, steigerte Piperonyl-Butoxid (PBO) ein Synergist der Cytochrom P450-abhänigen Monooxygenasen, die Toxizität von lambda-Cyhalothrin in resistenten Populationen in vivo erheblich. Im Folgeexperiment zum Metabolismus von Deltamethrin in Inkubationen mit nativen mikrosomalen Membranpräparationen bestätigte sich der Befund, dass die Resistenz durch Cytochrom P450-abhänigen Monooxygenasen vermittelt wurde, durch den Nachweis von 4-Hydroxy-Deltamethrin. Die Metabolismusrate von [I] Deltamethrin zu 4-OH-Deltamethrin in vitro war mit der erfassten Pyrethroidresistenz in vivo positiv korreliert und konnte mit PBO inhibiert werden. Darüber hinaus ließ sich die Hydroxylierung von Deltamethrin durch Zugabe von tau-Fluvalinat bzw. lambda-Cyhalothrin kompetitiv inhibieren, dieser Befund deckt sich somit mit der in vivo erfassten Kreuzresistenz. Mit einer PCR Strategie basierend auf degenerierten Oligonukleotiden wurden Genfragmente der P450 Genfamilie aus Rapsglanzkäfern isoliert und deren Expression mittels qRT-PCR (quantitative Real-Time PCR) in Populationen mit verschiedenen Resistenzausprägungen quantifiziert. Ein P450 Gen, welches CYP6BQ23 kodiert, war in resistenten Populationen signifikant hochreguliert (bis zu 900-fach). Die Überexpression war signifikant korreliert mit der Resistenzausprägung in vivo und der Umsetzung von Deltamethrin in vitro. Mittels RACE- PCR (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) wurde die komplette mRNA/cDNA isoliert welche ein Leseraster kodierend für 522 Aminosäuren enthält. CYP6BQ23 wurde anschließend in einer Insektenzellkultur rekombinant funktionell exprimiert und der CYP6BQ23 abhängige Deltamethrinmetabolismus bewiesen. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass CYP6BQ23 auch tau-Fluvalinat umsetzt, allerdings mit einer geringeren Effizienz im Vergleich zu Deltamethrin. Die Metabolismusrate von beiden Wirkstoffen deckt sich mit dem Resistenzmuster vom moderat Kreuzresistenten Phänotyp. Mithilfe eines Computermodels von CYP6BQ23 wurde die Substratbindung simuliert und eine bessere Bindung für Deltamethrin im Vergleich zu tau- Fluvalinat prognostiziert. Der Einfluss von wirkortspezifischer Resistenz (target-site resistance) wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Vom para-locus, welcher den spannungsabhängigen Natriumkanal (Voltage Gated Sodium Channel, VGSC) im zentralen Nervensystem der Insekten kodiert, wurde ein Genfragment (Domäne IIS4-6) PCR-amplifiziert, sequenziert und auf Einzelnukleotidpoli- morphismen (SNPs, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) untersucht. Ein SNP wurde identifiziert der in einem Aminosäureaustausch von Leucin zu Phenylalanin an Positon 1014 (Musca domestica L. Nummerierung) resultiert. Diese Mutation ist in einer Vielzahl von Insekten als knock down resistance (kdr) beschrieben und vermittelt eine Kreuzresistenz gegenüber Pyrethroiden und DDT. Im Rapsglanzkäfer wurde diese Resistenzmutation fast ausschließlich in skandinavischen Populationen gefunden wo eine absolute Kreuzresistenz im Feld beobachtet wurde, wohingegen in Mitteleuropa der moderat kreuzresistente Phänotyp vorherrscht. Im Rapserdfloh wurde die gleiche Region im orthologen Locus untersucht mit dem identischen Befund. Die L1014F kdr Mutation im Rapserdfloh ist korreliert mit Bekämpfungsproblemen von Rapserdflöhen beim Einsatz von Pyrethroiden und mit dem in vitro erfassten Kreuzresistenzmuster. In den meisten Studien zur Aufklärung von Resistenzmechnismen wurde der Fokus auf eine spezielle Enzym-/Genfamilie gelegt. Um einen holistischeren Weg zu gehen wurde eine Transkriptomstudie beim Rapsglanzkäfer durchgeführt. Ziel war das Assemblieren des [II] de novo Transkriptoms, die Isolierung von Genen die insektizide Wirkorte kodieren und deren Analyse auf SNPs sowie eine komparative Analyse der Genregulierung zwischen pyrethroid– resistenten und –sensitiven Populationen. Die putativ komplette mRNA des VGSC’s konnte assembliert werden. Eine SNP Analyse mittels „Illumina-read mapping“ bestätigte die L1014F Mutation in einer schwedischen Population, brachte aber keine zusätzlichen bzw. neuen Mutationen hervor. Die Analyse der Genexpression zwischen resistenten und sensitiven Populationen untermauert den Beitrag von CYP6BQ23 in der Pyrethroidresistenz in allen resistenten Populationen, darüber hinaus wurden noch weitere Kandidatengene, wie z.B. Glutathione S-transferasen und Carboxylesterasen, identifiziert. Die Konsequenzen der Ergebnisse für ein nachhaltiges Resistenzmanagement in coleopteren Schädlingen in Winterraps and die Möglichkeiten für weiterführende Studien werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit diskutiert. [III] [IV] Abstract Winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus L., has become a vital part of cereal-based crop rotations in Europe. It is attacked by numerous insect pests and their control relies on the intensive use of insecticides (compared to other broad acre crops). The exclusive and continuous use of pyrethroid insecticides for almost twenty years led to an enormous selection pressure and facilitated the development of resistance in oilseed rape pests in Europe. Unsurprising three out of the five major pests of the order Coleoptera are reported to be pyrethroid resistant at present: the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus F.; the cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala L. and the cabbage seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis PAYK.. An adult vial bioassay, which is based on insecticide coated glass vials, was used to monitor the spread and strength of pyrethroid resistance and to determine cross-resistance pattern in pollen beetle and cabbage stem flea beetle. Furthermore, baseline susceptibility towards lambda-cyhalothrin (a widely used pyrethroid) was also established for the cabbage seed weevil. Whereas the resistant phenotype of the cabbage stem flea beetle expresses an absolute cross-resistance, the cross-resistance pattern observed in pollen beetle was of two main phenotypes one characterized by moderate cross-resistance and one by absolute cross- resistance. The vial bioassay methodology was adapted to thiacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eesti Maaülikool Estonian University of Life Sciences
    EESTI MAAÜLIKOOL ESTONIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES OILSEED RAPE PESTS AND THEIR PARASITOIDS IN ESTONIA RAPSI KAHJURID JA NENDE PARASITOIDID EESTIS EVE VEROMANN A Thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology Väitekiri Filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks entomoloogia erialal Tartu 2007 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences According to verdict No 18 of April 23, 2007 the Doctoral Committee for Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of Estonian University of Life Sciences has accepted the thesis for the defence of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology. Opponent: Dr. Samantha M. Cook Plant & Invertebrate Ecology Division Rothamsted Research Harpenden, UK Supervisors: Prof. Anne Luik Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Dr. Luule Metspalu Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Defence of the thesis: Estonian University of Life Sciences, room 1A5, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu on June 15, 2007, at 10.00 The publication of this thesis was funded by the Estonian University of Life Sciences © Eve Veromann, 2007 ISBN 978-9985-830-73-4 CONTENTS LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS ................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 7 1. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............................................ 8 1.1. Oilseed rape pests ............................................................... 8 1.2. Parasitoids
    [Show full text]
  • Brassica Spp.) – 151
    II.3. BRASSICA CROPS (BRASSICA SPP.) – 151 Chapter 3. Brassica crops (Brassica spp.) This chapter deals with the biology of Brassica species which comprise oilseed rape, turnip rape, mustards, cabbages and other oilseed crops. The chapter contains information for use during the risk/safety regulatory assessment of genetically engineered varieties intended to be grown in the environment (biosafety). It includes elements of taxonomy for a range of Brassica species, their centres of origin and distribution, reproductive biology, genetics, hybridisation and introgression, crop production, interactions with other organisms, pests and pathogens, breeding methods and biotechnological developments, and an annex on common pathogens and pests. The OECD gratefully acknowledges the contribution of Dr. R.K. Downey (Canada), the primary author, without whom this chapter could not have been written. The chapter was prepared by the OECD Working Group on the Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology, with Canada as the lead country. It updates and completes the original publication on the biology of Brassica napus issued in 1997, and was initially issued in December 2012. Data from USDA Foreign Agricultural Service and FAOSTAT have been updated. SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS: OECD CONSENSUS DOCUMENTS, VOLUME 5 © OECD 2016 152 – II.3. BRASSICA CROPS (BRASSICA SPP.) Introduction The plants within the family Brassicaceae constitute one of the world’s most economically important plant groups. They range from noxious weeds to leaf and root vegetables to oilseed and condiment crops. The cole vegetables are perhaps the best known group. Indeed, the Brassica vegetables are a dietary staple in every part of the world with the possible exception of the tropics.
    [Show full text]
  • Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae, Brachyceridae, Curculionidae) of the Prairies Ecozone in Canada
    143 Chapter 4 Weevils (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae, Brachyceridae, Curculionidae) of the Prairies Ecozone in Canada Robert S. Anderson Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1P 6P4 Email: [email protected] Patrice Bouchard* Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 Email: [email protected] *corresponding author Hume Douglas Entomology, Ottawa Plant Laboratories, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Building 18, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0C6 Email: [email protected] Abstract. Weevils are a diverse group of plant-feeding beetles and occur in most terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. This chapter documents the diversity and distribution of 295 weevil species found in the Canadian Prairies Ecozone belonging to the families Dryophthoridae (9 spp.), Brachyceridae (13 spp.), and Curculionidae (273 spp.). Weevils in the Prairies Ecozone represent approximately 34% of the total number of weevil species found in Canada. Notable species with distributions restricted to the Prairies Ecozone, usually occurring in one or two provinces, are candidates for potentially rare or endangered status. Résumé. Les charançons forment un groupe diversifié de coléoptères phytophages et sont présents dans la plupart des écosystèmes terrestres et dulcicoles. Le présent chapitre décrit la diversité et la répartition de 295 espèces de charançons vivant dans l’écozone des prairies qui appartiennent aux familles suivantes : Dryophthoridae (9 spp.), Brachyceridae (13 spp.) et Curculionidae (273 spp.). Les charançons de cette écozone représentent environ 34 % du total des espèces de ce groupe présentes au Canada. Certaines espèces notables, qui ne se trouvent que dans cette écozone — habituellement dans une ou deux provinces — mériteraient d’être désignées rares ou en danger de disparition.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceutorhynchus Obstrictus – North America
    4. Host-Specificity Testing: 4.1 Selection of non-target test arthropods Peter G. Mason Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, CANADA Biological Control Expert Group Workshop Ottawa, Ontario, Canada July 7-8, 2015 Background • Why is this needed? Background • Detailed ecological studies and increasing awareness of the environment led to discoveries of unintended effects – Rhinocyllus conicus – Compsilura concinnata – Cactoblastis cactorum – Microctonus aethiopoides 3 Background Harmonia axyridis 4 Background Results “Five (Belgium) and seven (Britain) of eight species studied show substantial declines attributable to the arrival of H. axyridis.” Main conclusion “… these analyses show H. axyridis to be displacing native ladybirds with high niche overlap, probably through predation and competition.” “Predatory ladybirds are known to provide a major ecosystem service by regulating pest insects. Although H. axyridis is an effective biological control agent in crop systems …, it is unclear whether it can fulfil all the functional roles of the species it is displacing. Harmonia axyridis is rapidly expanding its global range: our results imply that this will cause ecological extinctions … of native species, notably deciduous tree specialists, over large areas.” Information requirements 4.0 Host Specificity Testing 4.1 Selection of non-target test arthropods: typically, species, genera and other taxonomically closely-related arthropods and arthropods recorded as hosts in the literature, on museum labels or in other unpublished collection records, agriculture pest reports, etc.; hosts of close relatives (i.e. in the same genus) of the candidate agent; unrelated arthropods having physical and ecological similarities to the pest, rare and endangered species (or their surrogates), beneficial species that may be encountered, species of cultural or indigenous significance, and economically important arthropods.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms of Cabbage Seedpod Weevil Resistance
    University of Alberta Mechanisms of cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus , resistance associated with novel germplasm derived from Sinapis alba x Brassica napus by James Allen Tansey A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Science Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences ©James Allen Tansey Fall, 2009 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. University of Alberta Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research for acceptance, a thesis entitled ‘Mechanisms of cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus resistance associated with novel germplasm derived from Sinapis alba x Brassica napus ’ submitted by James A. Tansey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science. Examining Committee Dr. Lloyd M. Dosdall, Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the Entomological Research Society
    PRINT ISSN 1302-0250 ONLINE ISSN 2651-3579 Journal of the Entomological Research Society --------------------------------- Volume: 22 Part: 2 2020 JOURNAL OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH SOCIETY Published by the Gazi Entomological Research Society Editor (in Chief) Abdullah Hasbenli Managing Editor Associate Editor Zekiye Suludere Selami Candan Review Editors Doğan Erhan Ersoy Damla Amutkan Mutlu Nurcan Özyurt Koçakoğlu Language Editor Nilay Aygüney Subscription information Published by GERS in single volumes three times (March, July, November) per year. The Journal is distributed to members only. Non-members are able to obtain the journal upon giving a donation to GERS. Papers in J. Entomol. Res. Soc. are indexed and abstracted in Biological Abstract, Zoological Record, Entomology Abstracts, CAB Abstracts, Field Crop Abstracts, Organic Research Database, Wheat, Barley and Triticale Abstracts, Review of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Veterinary Bulletin, Review of Agricultural Entomology, Forestry Abstracts, Agroforestry Abstracts, EBSCO Databases, Scopus and in the Science Citation Index Expanded. Publication date: July 24, 2020 © 2020 by Gazi Entomological Research Society Printed by Hassoy Ofset Tel:+90 3123415994 www.hassoy.com.tr J. Entomol. Res. Soc., 22(2): 107-118, 2020 Research Article Print ISSN:1302-0250 Online ISSN:2651-3579 A Study on the Biology of the Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix [Pandemis cerasana (Hübner, 1786) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] be Detected in the Cherry Orchards in Turkey Ayşe ÖZDEM Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Gayret Mah. F S M B u l v a r ı , N o : 6 6 Ye n i m a h a l l e , A n k a r a , T U R K E Y e - m a i l : a y s e .
    [Show full text]
  • Costs and Threats of Invasive Species to Alberta's
    COSTS AND THREATS OF INVASIVE SPECIES TO ALBERTA’S NATURAL RESOURCES Costs and Threats of Invasive Species to Alberta’s Natural Resources A.S. McClay K.M. Fry E.J. Korpela R.M. Lange L.D. Roy Alberta Research Council March 2004 Edmonton DISCLAIMER This report is intended to provide Sustainable Resource Development staff with up-to-date information regarding the ecological and economic impacts of and potential threats from Alberta’s invasive alien species. The opinions, findings and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the government of Alberta. For copies of this report, contact: Information Centre Main Floor, 9920 108 Street Edmonton, Alberta CANADA T5K 2M4 Phone: (780) 944-0313 FAX: (780) 427-4407 Email: [email protected] ISBN No. 0-7785-2956-8 (Printed Edition) ISBN No. 0-7785-2957-6 (On-line Edition) Pub No. T/054 (Printed, On-line Edition) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................................vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ix 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Ensuring the Safety of Classical Biological Control for Cabbage
    Ensuring the Safety of Classical Biological Control for Cabbage Seedpod Weevil in Canada: Assessment of the Ecological Host Range of Candidate Ectoparasitoids in Europe and Clarification of their Taxonomic Status Dissertation to obtain the Ph. D. degree in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany presented by Franck Muller born in Clamart, France Göttingen, July 2006 D7 1. Referee: Prof. Dr. Stefan Vidal 2. Co-referee: Prof. Dr. Teja Tscharntke 3. Examiner: Prof. Dr. Matthias Schaefer Date of dissertation: 13 Juli 2006 Summary Summary Classical biological control of insect pests and weeds can lead to potential conflicts, particularly if the insect pest and weed agents are closely related. Such a conflict may occur in biological control of the Cabbage Seedpod Weevil (CSPW), Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) [=C. assimilis (Paykull); see Colonnelli (2004)] (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which belongs to the same subfamily, Ceutorhynchinae, as a number of agents introduced or proposed for introduction against invasive alien weed species in North America. The CSPW is a serious pest of canola and rapeseed in North America. Some of the known European parasitoids such as Trichomalus perfectus Walker and Mesopolobus morys Walker (both Hym.; Pteromalidae) show the greatest potential for incorporation into an IPM programme in North America and are currently being considered for introduction. Prior to importation, several issues have to be assessed, and results are presented here: Taxonomy of the European species of the genus Trichomalus and Mesopolobus associated to Ceutorhynchinae hosts were revised and illustrated keys provided to ensure up to date information is available to biological control practitioners. A three years field survey has been carried out in five European countries to field collect Ceutorhynchinae hosts, rear their ectoparasitoids and identify them.
    [Show full text]
  • (Coleoptera) the Superfamily Curculionoidea
    Fragmenta entomologica, Roma, 44 (1): 101-161 (2012) CURCULIONOIDEA FROM GOLESTAN PROVINCE, NORTHERN IRAN (Coleoptera) HASSAN GHAHARI (*) and ENZO COLONNELLI (**) INTRODUCTION The superfamily Curculionoidea, also known as weevils or snout- beetles, contains some 62,000 species and around 6,000 described genera (Thompson 1992; Kuschel 1995; Farrell 1998; Oberprieler et al. 2007; Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal 1999, 2002, 2006, 2009). Although Curculio- noidea, being the most speciose of all the beetle superfamilies, are a suit- able taxon for insights into the evolution of diversity, yet they remain a challenging taxonomic group in terms of stability of classification (Mar- valdi et al. 2002). Curculionoidea, despite their considerable diversity of form and size, can be recognized by their distinctive more or less long snout and clubbed and mostly geniculate antennae. Almost all of them are plant feeders, being several species associated with a narrow range of hosts, in many cases living only on a single species. The larvae are short, fleshy, apodous, and live as endophytes as a rule, only immature stages of a few species being ectophagous. This superfamily includes a large number of agricultural and forest pests (Bajtenov 1974; Anderson 1993, 1995). Golestan province is in the north-east of Iran and south of the Cas- pian Sea (fig. 1). Geographically, Golestan is divided into two sections, the plains and the mountains of the Alborz range. In the eastern Alborz section, the direction of the mountains faces northeast and gradually de- creases in height. The highest point of the province is Shavar, at 3,945 m above sea level. Golestan climate is temperate for most of the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Pflanzengallen Und Gallenkunde – Plant Galls and Cecidology
    © Autonome Provinz Bozen, Abteilung Forstwirtschaft, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at forest observer vol. 5 2010 207 - 328 Pflanzengallen und Gallenkunde – Plant Galls and Cecidology Klaus Hellrigl Abstract: Plant Galls and Cecidology The present paper on Plant Galls and Cecidology in South Tyrol constitutes the supplementary General Part to the Special Part on the indigenous gall-wasps and their galls, published last year (HELLRI G L 2008). Whereas the special part dealt mainly with the biodiversity, variety of forms of gall-wasps galls and their faunistic distribution in our region, the present general part concentrates on basic questions, such as the induction and formation of galls, host-plant association, survey and quantification of the various indigenous gall inducers. Questions on the development of the single gall inducers, and the circumstances of alternation of generations and hosts, are also discussed. The Author further explains the historical development and economical significance of cecidology as well as the mutual relations between the main actors, especially between the 17 th and 19 th Centuries. This General Part treats not only the gall-wasps and their galls (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae), but also other galls caused by animals (Nematodes & Arthropods). This basic procedure is also maintained with regard to the historical record of plant galls in Tyrol, with a numeric survey in the last section. The record for South Tyrol reveals a quantity of some 700 plant galls induced by animals (Zoocecidia – Cecidozoa). Of these, the following have been recorded so far: gall-mites (115), gall-midges (280), gall-wasps (50 -70), Sawflies (20), Homoptera Sternorrhyncha (105), beetles (60), butterflies (10), others (25-40).
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Improved Attraction of Anthonomus Eugenii to Traps Using Semiochemicals
    Improved detection and monitoring of pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii) in Ontario peppers by Cassandra J. Russell A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Cassandra J. Russell, May, 2021 ABSTRACT IMPROVED DETECTION AND MONITORING OF PEPPER WEEVIL (ANTHONOMUS EUGENII) IN ONTARIO PEPPERS Cassandra J. Russell Advisor: University of Guelph, 2021 Dr. Rebecca H. Hallett The pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii Cano) is a serious invasive pest of peppers in Ontario. The goal of this research was to improve detection and monitoring tools for A. eugenii to minimize losses in cultivated peppers. In lab trials, fewer A. eugenii escaped from sticky cards compared to other trap types, and sticky cards coated with new adhesives formulated for A. eugenii retained the most adults. Trécé pheromone lures attracted the highest number of A. eugenii in field trials compared to other lures. The addition of kairomones did not synergize A. eugenii response to pheromone lures in lab or greenhouse trials, possibly due to experimental conditions that may have affected adult response and behaviour. Therefore, the use of kairomones in A. eugenii monitoring requires further investigation. Until then, the currently available pheromone lures and sticky cards should continue to be used for monitoring for A. eugenii in Ontario pepper crops. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Rebecca Hallett. Your encouragement and positive outlook through unsuccessful experiments, colony crashes, and countless other roadblocks was instrumental. Thank you for not only supporting my development as a researcher, but also encouraging my career development and building my self-confidence throughout this entire journey.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diversity of Species of Ceutorhynchinae Captured in Traps in the Region of Sofia, Bulgaria
    Bulletin of Insectology 62 (1): 27-33, 2009 ISSN 1721-8861 The diversity of species of Ceutorhynchinae captured in traps in the region of Sofia, Bulgaria 1 1 2 Teodora TOSHOVA , Mitko SUBCHEV , Miklós TÓTH 1Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria 2Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Abstract Sticky PALs and “hat” KLP+ traps (CSALOMON®) were used for studying species diversity of Ceutorhynchinae weevils (Col- eoptera Curculionidae). The catches in transparent and yellow, and in unbaited and baited with 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate traps were compared. A total of 17 species from the subfamily Ceutorhynchinae were trapped in Sofia Basin area in 2006 and 2007. They belonged to the six genera: Amalus, Ceutorhynchus, Microplontus, Rhinoncus, Sirocalodes and Thamiocolus. Several eco- nomic pests on cruciferous crops including Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Marsham), Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), Ceu- torhynchus napi Gyllenhal, Ceutorhynchus picitarsis Gyllenhal and Ceutorhynchus erysimi (F.), were found in low numbers. Fourteen weevil species are newly recorded for the Sofia Basin area. The most abundant species was Ceutorhynchus typhae (Herbst). Significantly high number of adults of this species was found in yellow sticky traps. The number of the beetles caught was not affected by the presence or absence of the chemical cue, 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate. We suggest that yellow PALs traps can be effective tools for faunistic researches on Ceutorhynchinae weevils in various habitats and for detection and seasonal moni- toring of harmful Ceutorhynchus spp. Key words: Ceutorhynchinae, catch composition, trap design, 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, Ceutorhynchus typhae, Bulgaria. Introduction One of the way for studying species diversity and dis- tribution of insects, and in particular Ceutorhynchinae The Ceutorhynchinae weevils are relatively small bee- beetles, is trap catching.
    [Show full text]