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Haftar's Calculus for Libya: What Happened, and What Is Next? ICSR Insight by Inga Kristina Trauthig
Haftar's Calculus for Libya: What Happened, and What is Next? ICSR Insight by Inga Kristina Trauthig In recent days, a battle for Tripoli has At the time of writing, fighting is been raging that bears the forlorn ongoing. On Sunday, 8 April, Tripoli’s possibility of regression for Libya as a only functioning civilian airport at Mitiga whole. A military offensive led by was forced to be evacuated as it was General Khalifa Haftar, commander of hit with air strikes attributed to the LNA. the so-called “Libyan National Army” These airstrikes took place the same (LNA) that mostly controls eastern day that the “Tripoli International Fair” Libya, was launched on April 3, to the occurred, signalling the formidable level dismay of much the international of resilience Libyans have attained after community. A few days after the launch eight years of turbulence following of the military campaign by Haftar, Qaddafi’s overthrow. some analysts have already concluded that “Libya is (…) [in] its third civil war since 2011”. The LNA forces first took the town of Gharyan, 100 km south of Tripoli, before advancing to the city’s outskirts. ICSR, Department of War Studies, King’s College London. All rights reserved. Haftar's Calculus for Libya: What Happened, and What is Next? ICSR Insight by Inga Kristina Trauthig What is happening? Haftar had been building his forces in central Libya for months. At the beginning of the year, he claimed to have “taken control” of southern Libya, indicating that he was prepping for an advance on the western part of Libya, the last piece missing. -
The Crisis in Libya
APRIL 2011 ISSUE BRIEF # 28 THE CRISIS IN LIBYA Ajish P Joy Introduction Libya, in the throes of a civil war, now represents the ugly facet of the much-hyped Arab Spring. The country, located in North Africa, shares its borders with the two leading Arab-Spring states, Egypt and Tunisia, along with Sudan, Tunisia, Chad, Niger and Algeria. It is also not too far from Europe. Italy lies to its north just across the Mediterranean. With an area of 1.8 million sq km, Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, yet its population is only about 6.4 million, one of the lowest in the continent. Libya has nearly 42 billion barrels of oil in proven reserves, the ninth largest in the world. With a reasonably good per capita income of $14000, Libya also has the highest HDI (Human Development Index) in the African continent. However, Libya’s unemployment rate is high at 30 percent, taking some sheen off its economic credentials. Libya, a Roman colony for several centuries, was conquered by the Arab forces in AD 647 during the Caliphate of Utman bin Affan. Following this, Libya was ruled by the Abbasids and the Shite Fatimids till the Ottoman Empire asserted its control in 1551. Ottoman rule lasted for nearly four centuries ending with the Ottoman defeat in the Italian-Ottoman war. Consequently, Italy assumed control of Libya under the Treaty of 1 Lausanne (1912). The Italians ruled till their defeat in the Second World War. The Libyan constitution was enacted in 1949 and two years later under Mohammed Idris (who declared himself as Libya’s first King), Libya became an independent state. -
Investment Projects of the Republic of Dagestan Index
INVESTMENT PROJECTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN INDEX INNOVATION Construction of a round and shaped steel tubes ............................. 00 producing plant Construction of the “Mountain Resources” .........................................00 Development of in-car electronics manufacturing .........................00 education and display center in Makhachkala (audio sets, starters, alternators) Construction of an IT-park of complete ............................................... 00 Construction of the “Viaduk” customs ..................................................00 “idea-series” cycle type and logistics centre Development of high-effi ciency .............................................................00 Reconstruction of the Makhachkala ..................................................... 00 solar cells and modules production commercial sea port (facilities of the second stage) Construction of the KamAZ vehicles trade ......................................... 00 INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORT and service centers in the districts of the Republic of Dagestan Development of fl oat glass production............................................... 00 Investment sites ...........................................................................................00 Development of nitric and sulfuric acid, .............................................00 and high analysis fertilizer production FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX onsite the “Dagfos” OJSC – II stage Construction of an intra-zone .................................................................00 -
Libya's Conflict
LIBYA’S BRIEF / 12 CONFLICT Nov 2019 A very short introduction SERIES by Wolfgang Pusztai Freelance security and policy analyst * INTRODUCTION Eight years after the revolution, Libya is in the mid- dle of a civil war. For more than four years, inter- national conflict resolution efforts have centred on the UN-sponsored Libya Political Agreement (LPA) process,1 unfortunately without achieving any break- through. In fact, the situation has even deteriorated Summary since the onset of Marshal Haftar’s attack on Tripoli on 4 April 2019.2 › Libya is a failed state in the middle of a civil war and increasingly poses a threat to the An unstable Libya has wide-ranging impacts: as a safe whole region. haven for terrorists, it endangers its north African neighbours, as well as the wider Sahara region. But ter- › The UN-facilitated stabilisation process was rorists originating from or trained in Libya are also a unsuccessful because it ignored key political threat to Europe, also through the radicalisation of the actors and conflict aspects on the ground. Libyan expatriate community (such as the Manchester › While partially responsible, international Arena bombing in 2017).3 Furthermore, it is one of the interference cannot be entirely blamed for most important transit countries for migrants on their this failure. way to Europe. Through its vast oil wealth, Libya is also of significant economic relevance for its neigh- › Stabilisation efforts should follow a decen- bours and several European countries. tralised process based on the country’s for- mer constitution. This Conflict Series Brief focuses on the driving factors › Wherever there is a basic level of stability, of conflict dynamics in Libya and on the shortcomings fostering local security (including the crea- of the LPA in addressing them. -
The North Caucasus: the Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law
The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law Europe Report N°226 | 6 September 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Russia between Decentralisation and the “Vertical of Power” ....................................... 3 A. Federative Relations Today ....................................................................................... 4 B. Local Government ...................................................................................................... 6 C. Funding and budgets ................................................................................................. 6 III. Elections ........................................................................................................................... 9 A. State Duma Elections 2011 ........................................................................................ 9 B. Presidential Elections 2012 ...................................................................................... -
Intelligence Memorandum
DECLASSIFIED PA/HO Department of State E.O. 12958, as amended September 6, 2007 DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE Intelligence Memorandum LIBYAN ARMS SUPPLIES SINCE THE 1969 REVOLUTION 91 31 July 1970 No. 0531/70 DECLASSIFIED PA/HO Department of State E.O. 12958, as amended September 6, 2007 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Directorate of Intelligence 31 July 1970 INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM Lib an Arms Su..lies Since the 1969 Revolution Introduction Libya became independent in 1951 and formed its first army in 1953. In September 1969, an army coup replaced the monarchy with a Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Colonel Muammar Qaddafi. Before the coup, all weapons and military equipment were of Western origin, primarily British and US, acquired through purchase and grant aid worth in all about $75 million. Since the coup in 1969, Libya has drastically reduced its dependence upon the UK and the US, has concluded a shaky $400-million mil- itary-economic deal with France, and has received clandestine deliveries of Soviet-made tanks from Egypt, as well as the recent overt deliveries of tanks and other equipment via two Soviet freighters. The 1970 Libyan defense budget is $245.5 million, about 21 percent of the total budget. Note: This memorandum was produced solely by CIA. It was prepared by the Office of Current Intelli- gence, and coordinated with the offices of National Estimates, Strategic Research, and Economic Research, and with the Directorate of Plans. DECLASSIFIED PA/HO Department of State E.O. 12958, as amended September 6, 2007 The United Kingdom 1. Until 1970, the chief supplier of military equipment to Libya was the UK. -
The Beginnings of Radio Habana Cuba
The Beginnings of Radio Habana Cuba by José Altshuler, Dr.Sc.* The first decade of the 20th century saw the installation and regular operation of the first radio communication stations in Cuba, using De Forest and Telefunken low- and medium- frequency spark transmitters to provide wireless telegraphy services, essentially ship-shore. By 1916, in the context of World War I, the Cuban government equipped its station at the entrance of the bay of Havana with a 20 kW transmitter so that it could reach “the United States and [...] any ship 500 miles or more from the island” [5]. Radio broadcasting began in 1922, initially in an amateurish way, and shortly after with a 500 watt medium-wave transmitter installed and operated in Havana by ITT through its subsidiary, the Cuban Telephone Company. Erected with a view to enhancing the corpo- rate image of ITT, the facility was one of the nine most powerful ones in the Western hemisphere at the time [6]. Commercial broadcasting expanded rapidly from 29 medium- wave stations operating in 1923 to 81 in 1935, when the number of radio receivers in the country was about 45 000 [3]. By the end of 1933, the first shortwave commercial broadcasting station was in- stalled. A few other low-power shortwave transmitters went into regular operation afterwards for the purpose of serving the interior of the country, but they were not effective enough and most of them were put off after some time. Only a few low-power shortwave broadcasting stations remained in operation in Cuba in the 1950s, each one dedicated to the simultaneous transmission of the ordinary commercial programs broadcast by associated medium-wave stations serving a national audience. -
Libya Conflict Insight | Feb 2018 | Vol
ABOUT THE REPORT The purpose of this report is to provide analysis and Libya Conflict recommendations to assist the African Union (AU), Regional Economic Communities (RECs), Member States and Development Partners in decision making and in the implementation of peace and security- related instruments. Insight CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Mesfin Gebremichael (Editor in Chief) Mr. Alagaw Ababu Kifle Ms. Alem Kidane Mr. Hervé Wendyam Ms. Mahlet Fitiwi Ms. Zaharau S. Shariff Situation analysis EDITING, DESIGN & LAYOUT Libya achieved independence from United Nations (UN) trusteeship in 1951 Michelle Mendi Muita (Editor) as an amalgamation of three former Ottoman provinces, Tripolitania, Mikias Yitbarek (Design & Layout) Cyrenaica and Fezzan under the rule of King Mohammed Idris. In 1969, King Idris was deposed in a coup staged by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. He promptly abolished the monarchy, revoked the constitution, and © 2018 Institute for Peace and Security Studies, established the Libya Arab Republic. By 1977, the Republic was transformed Addis Ababa University. All rights reserved. into the leftist-leaning Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In the 1970s and 1980s, Libya pursued a “deviant foreign policy”, epitomized February 2018 | Vol. 1 by its radical belligerence towards the West and its endorsement of anti- imperialism. In the late 1990s, Libya began to re-normalize its relations with the West, a development that gradually led to its rehabilitation from the CONTENTS status of a pariah, or a “rogue state.” As part of its rapprochement with the Situation analysis 1 West, Libya abandoned its nuclear weapons programme in 2003, resulting Causes of the conflict 2 in the lifting of UN sanctions. -
Geopolitics of Makhachckala Sea Trade Port in the Caspian Sea And
Geopolitical Report Geopolitics of Makhachkala Sea Trade Port in the Caspian Sea and Eurasian interconnectivity Volume 4 Year 2021 A publication of ASRIE Analytica Online ISSN: 2532-845X Geopolitical Report A publication of ASRIE Analytica Website: www.asrie.org Email: [email protected] Online ISSN: 2532-845X Date: May 2021 Author: Giuliano Bifolchi Scope ASRIE Analytica is a geopolitical analysis platform whose aim is to transform current events into valuable Intelligence for the decision-making process. Our goal is to interpret what is happening in the world filtering the amount of data and information which we consider not important in order to understand the contemporary international system and forecast future developments. ASRIE Analytica’s publication, Geopolitical Report, aims at investigating the current geopo- litical and socio-cultural events and trends which are shaping the world of international relations, business and security creating a debate by allowing scholars and professional ex- perts to share their views, perspectives, work results, reports and research findings. One can submit manuscripts, analytical reports, critical responses, short articles, commentaries, book reviews to [email protected]. Information about the organization’s goals, activities, projects, and publications which can be freely downloaded can be found on the website www.asrie.org. Copyright © 2021 ASRIE Analytica All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmit- ted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. -
Southern Caucasus Geographic Information and Mapping Unit As of June 2003 Population and Geographic Data Section Email : [email protected]
GIMU / PGDS Southern Caucasus Geographic Information and Mapping Unit As of June 2003 Population and Geographic Data Section Email : [email protected] Znamenskoye)) )) Naurskaya Aki-Yurt ))) Nadterechnaya Dokshukino Malgobek Babayurt RUSSIANRUSSIAN FEDERATIONFEDERATION Chervlennaya ))Nalchik INGUSHETIAINGUSHETIAINGUSHETIA Gudermes KABARDINO-BALKARIAKABARDINO-BALKARIA Sleptsovskaya Grozny Khazavyurt )) Argun )) )) NazranNazran )) ))) NazranNazran )) Kizilyurt Ardon Achkhay-Martan ABKHAZIAABKHAZIA Urus-Martan Shali Alagir )) VladikavkazVladikavkaz CHECHNYACHECHNYA VladikavkazVladikavkaz CHECHNYACHECHNYA SOUTHERNCAUCASUS_A3LC.WOR SukhumiSukhumi )) SukhumiSukhumi )) )) NORTHNORTH OSSETIAOSSETIA )))Vedeno Kaspiysk Nizhniy Unal )) Buynaksk )) Itum-Kali)) Botlikh Shatili)) GaliGali Izberbash !!! ZugdidiZugdidi ZugdidiZugdidi Sergokala SOUTHSOUTH OSSETIAOSSETIA Levashi Tskhinvali Caspian Dagestanskiye Ogni Kareli Sea Black Sea )) Derbent Lanchkhuti )) AkhmetaAkhmeta Khashuri Gori AkhmetaAkhmeta Kvareli Telavi Lagodekhi Gurdzhaani TBILISITBILISI Belakan GEORGIAGEORGIA Kasumkent Batumi)) ADJARIAADJARIA Akhaltsikhe Tsnori Zaqatala Khudat Tsalka Tetri-Tskaro Rustavi Khryuk Khachmas Bolnisi Marneuli Tsiteli-Tskaro Akhalkalaki QAKH Kusary Hopa Shulaveri Kuba Dmanisi Bagdanovka Sheki Divichi Pazar Artvin Alaverdi Akstafa Cayeli Ardahan Oghus Siazan Rize Tauz Mingechaur Lake Tumanyan Gabala Idzhevan Dallyar Dzheir Lagich Kirovakan Shamkhor Gyumri Mingechaur Ismailly Dilizhan Dilmamedli Agdash Geokchay Artik Shamakha Nasosnyy Kars Goranboy Yevlakh Kedabek -
The United Nations Response to the Libyan Crisis
Report No: 201, August 2015 THE UNITED NATIONS RESPONSE TO THE LIBYAN CRISIS ORTADOĞU STRATEJİK ARAŞTIRMALAR MERKEZİ CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STRATEGIC STUDIES ORSAM Süleyman Nazif Sokak No: 12-B Çankaya / Ankara Tel: 0 (312) 430 26 09 Fax: 0 (312) 430 39 48 www.orsam.org.tr, [email protected] THE UNITED NATIONS RESPONSE TO THE LIBYAN CRISIS ORSAM Report No: 201 August 2015 ISBN: 978-605-9157-05-6 Ankara - TURKEY ORSAM © 2015 Content of this report is copyrighted to ORSAM. Except reasonable and partial quotation and use under the Act No. 5846, Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, via proper citation, the content may not be used or republished without prior permission by ORSAM. The views expressed in this report reflect only the opinions of its authors and do not represent the institutional opinion of ORSAM. Prepared by: Nebahat Tanrıverdi Yaşar, Research Assistant, ORSAM ORSAM 2 Report No: 201, August 2015 Contents Preface.................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 I. UN-BROKERED PEACE NEGOTIATIONS AND THE UN’S POLICY SHIFT .......................... 9 II. WHAT DOES THE UN AIM TO DO IN LIBYA? ............................................................................ 13 a. Government of National Accord ................................................................................................... -
National Threat Assessment 2021
DEFENCE INTELLIGENCE STATE SECURITY AND SECURITY DEPARTMENT OF SERVICE UNDER THE REPUBLIC OF THE MINISTRY OF LITHUANIA NATIONAL DEFENCE NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT 2021 DEFENCE INTELLIGENCE STATE SECURITY AND SECURITY DEPARTMENT OF SERVICE UNDER THE REPUBLIC OF THE MINISTRY OF LITHUANIA NATIONAL DEFENCE NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT 2021 VILNIUS, 2021 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 FOREWORD 5 SUMMARY 8 NEW SECURITY CHALLENGES 12 REGIONAL SECURITY 17 MILITARY SECURITY 27 ACTIVITIES OF HOSTILE INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY SERVICES 41 PROTECTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER 50 INFORMATION SECURITY 54 ECONOMIC AND ENERGY SECURITY 61 TERRORISM AND GLOBAL SECURITY 67 3 INTRODUCTION The National Threat Assessment by the State Security Department of the Republic of Lithuania (VSD) and the Defence Intelligence and Security Service under the Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Lithuania (AOTD) is presented to the public in accordance with Articles 8 and 26 of the Law on Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania. The document provides consolidated, unclassified assessment of threats and risks to national security of the Repub- lic of Lithuania prepared by both intelligence services. The document assesses events, processes and trends that correspond to the intelligence requirements approved by the State Defence Council. Based on them and considering the long-term trends affecting national security, the document provides the assessment of major challenges that the Lithuanian national security is to face in the near term (2021–2022). The assessments of long-term