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Development of Propagation Path Loss Prediction Model for Mobile Communications Network Deployment in Osogbo, Nigeria

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Development of Propagation Path Loss Prediction Model for Mobile Communications Network Deployment in Osogbo, Nigeria EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 2, No. 11, November 2017 Development of Propagation Path Loss Prediction Model for Mobile Communications Network Deployment in Osogbo, Nigeria Hammed Lasisi, Yinusa A. Adediran, and Anjolaoluwa A. Ayodele for short propagation paths. Abstract—Path loss, a major parameter in the analysis and iii. Semi-deterministic model: This is based on both the design of the link budget of a telecommunication system, could empirical models and deterministic aspects [1]. be explained as the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it travels through space, over a II. PATH LOSS MODELS distance. Path loss prediction models are therefore vital tools in cell planning, cell parameter estimation, frequency assignments Six path loss models are considered in the developmental and interference evaluation. This paper reports on the process of the new model. They are: free space path loss development of a path loss prediction model that describes the model, Okumura-Hata model, COST 231 Hata model, signal attenuation between transmitting and receiving antennas Ericsson model, Egli model and the Lee model. as a function of the propagation distance and other parameters for Osogbo, Nigeria. The model is extensively useful for A. Free Space Path Loss Model (FSPL) conducting feasibility studies for signal prediction, coverage optimization and interference analysis during the initial phase Free space path loss model is the simplest way to model of network planning in the study area and other areas with path loss as all hindrances that might affect signal similar environmental and propagation characteristics. propagation are neglected. Path loss in free space defines how much strength of the signal is lost during propagation Index Terms—Interference; Path Loss; Frequency from transmitter to receiver across a free space devoid of Assignment; Cell Planning; Link Budget. vegetation. FSPL is dependent on frequency and distance, and is given as [2]. I. INTRODUCTION In mobile communication, path loss models are necessary 푃퐿퐹푆퐿푃 = 32.45 + 20푙표푔10푑 + 20푙표푔10푓 (1) for proper planning, interference estimation, frequency assignments, and cell parameter estimation which are basic where PLFSPL is free space path loss (in dB), f is frequency for network planning process as well as Location Based (MHz), d is distance between transmitter and receiver (m). Service (LBS) techniques that are not based on Global B. Okumura-Hata Model Positioning System (GPS) system. Estimation of the path loss is usually termed prediction. Exact prediction is Okumura Hata model is based upon an extensive series of possible only for simpler cases, such as free space survey and measurements made in and around Tokyo city in propagation or the flat earth model. For practical cases the 1968 between 150MHz and1500MHz. Depending on the path loss is calculated using a variety of approximations area of interest, Okumura Hata path loss approximations such as: could be stated as [3]. i. Empirical model: It is derived from in-depth field measurements, that is, measured and averaged losses Urban area: 퐿(푑퐵) = 퐴 + 퐵푙표푔10푅 − 퐸 (2) along typical classes of radio links. It is efficient and Suburban area: 퐿(푑퐵) = 퐴 + 퐵푙표푔 푅 − 퐶 (3) simple to use. The most commonly used of this 10 method are Okumura-Hata model, the COST Hata Open area: 퐿(푑퐵) = 퐴 + 퐵푙표푔 푅 − 퐷 (4) model and the Lee model. 10 ii. Deterministic model: This model is derived from and 퐴 = 69.5 + 26.16푙표푔10푓 − 13.82푙표푔10퐻푏 (5) depend on the detailed and accurate description of all objects in the propagation space. This method is 퐵 = 44.9 − 6.55푙표푔10퐻푏 (6) expected to produce more accurate and reliable prediction of the path loss than the empirical method; 푓 퐶 = 2(푙표푔 ( ))2 (7) however, it is significantly more expensive in 10 28 computational effort. Thus, it is used predominantly 2 퐷 = 4.78(푙표푔10푓) + 18.33푙표푔10푓 + 40.94 (8) Published on November 6, 2017. 퐸 = 3.2(푙표푔 (11.75퐻 )2 − 4.97 for large cities 푓 > 300MHz (9) H. Lasisi is a lecturer at Osun State University, Osogbo. He completed 10 푚 his BS, MS, and PhD Degree at University of Ilorin. 2 Y. A Adediran is a Professor at University of Ilorin in the Department of 퐸 = 8.29(푙표푔10(1.54퐻푚) − 1.1 for large cities 푓 < 300MHz (10) Electrical and Electronic Engineering. A.A Ayodele is a first class graduate of Osun State University in 퐸 = (1.1푙표푔 푓 − 0.7)퐻 − (1.56푙표푔 푓 − 0.8)for medium to small cities (11) Electrical and Electronic Engineering. 10 푚 10 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.11.370 13 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 2, No. 11, November 2017 height (m). The default values of these parameters a0, a1, a2 where L (dB) is Path loss, A, B, C, D and E are the antenna and a3 for different terrains are given in Table I. correction facto. R is the radial distance between the TABLE I: VALUE OF 푎 ,푎 , 푎 AND 푎 PARAMETERS FOR ERICSSON MODEL transmitter and the receiver. 퐻푏 and 퐻푚 are the base station 0 1 2 3 antenna and mobile antenna heights respectively, and f is the [11] Environment 푎 푎 푎 푎 frequency of transmission (MHz). The model is valid for the 0 1 2 3 Urban 36.20 30.20 12.00 0.1 carrier frequency range 150 MHz ≤ f ≤ 1500 MHz, base Suburban 43.20 68.93 12.00 0.1 station height in the range 30 m ≤ Hb ≤ 200 m, and mobile Rural 45.95 100.60 12.00 0.1 station height in the range 1m ≤ Hm ≤ 10m [3]. C. COST 231-Hata Model E. The Lee Model Committee 231 of the European Cooperation in the field Reference [4] proposed this model in 1982. In a very of Scientific and Technical Research (COST) in 1993 short time it became widely popular among researchers and extended the Hata model frequencies of interest. The model, system engineers mainly because the parameters of the which was renamed COST 231-Hata model, is applicable in model can be easily adjusted to the local environment by the frequency range of 500MHz to 2000MHz and can additional field calibration. In the beginning, the Lee model predict the median path loss for the distance of up to 20 km was developed for use at 900 MHz and has two modes: area- between the transmitter and the receiver with transmitter to-area and point-to-point. Built as two different models, antenna height of 30 m to 200 m, and receiver antenna this model includes an adjustment factor that can be used to height of 1 m to 10m [5]. COST 231-Hata model can be make the model more flexible to different regions of used to calculate path loss in three different environments; propagation. Lee model is given as [5]. urban, suburban and rural (flat) areas. It can be expressed as [6]. Scenario 1: 푃퐿퐶푀 = 46.3 + 33.9푙표푔10푓 − 13.84푙표푔10퐻푏 − 푎퐻푚 푓 Urban area, 푃퐿 = 123.77 + 30.5 log10 푑 + 10 푛 log10( ) − + (44.9 − 6.55푙표푔 퐻 )푙표푔 푑 − 퐶 900 10 푏 10 푚 α (17) (12) 0 Scenario 2: where PLcm is the path loss, d is the distance between transmitting and receiving antennas (km), f is frequency 푓 Surburban, 푃퐿 = 99.86 + 38.4 log10 푑 + 10 푛 log10( ) − α0 (MHz), Hb is the transmitter antenna height (m), aHm is the 900 (18) antenna height correction factor. The parameter Cm has different values for different environments. It is given as 0dB for rural as well as suburban and 3dB for urban areas. Scenario 3: The parameter aHm (mobile antenna height correction Rural area, 푃퐿 = 86.12 + 43.5 log10 푑 + factor) is defined in urban areas as 푓 10 푛 log ( ) − α (19) 10 900 0 2 푎퐻푚 = 3.20푙표푔10(11.75퐻푟) − 4.81 (13) Where 훼0 is the correction factor which accounts for the The value for aHm in suburban and rural (flat) areas is base station and mobile station antenna heights, transmit given as powers and antenna gain and it is given as 푎퐻푚 = (1.11푙표푔10푓 − 0.7)퐻푟 − (1.5푙표푔10푓 − 0.8) (14) 훼0 = 훼1 + 훼2 + 훼3 + 훼4 + 훼5 (20) ℎ푏 2 Hr is the receiver antenna height in metres. 훼 = ( ) (21) 1 30.48 D. Ericsson Model ℎ 훼 = ( 푚) 푘 (22) The Ericsson model software from Ericsson Company 2 3 can be used to predict propagation path loss. Network 푃 planning engineers use it. This model also builds on the 훼 = ( 푡) 2 (23) 3 10 modified Okumura-Hata model to allow room for changes in parameters according to the propagation environment. 퐺 훼 = 푏 (24) Path loss according to this model is given as (Jalel etal., 4 4 2013) 훼5 = 퐺푚 (25) 푃퐿 = 푎0 + 푎1푙표푔1표푑 + 푎2푙표푔10퐻푏 + 푎3푙표푔10(퐻푏 + 푑) − 2 PL is the path loss, n is the path loss exponent chosen to be 3.2(푙표푔10(11.78퐻푟)) + 푔(푓) (15) 3, f is frequency, d is distance, hb is base station antenna 2 height, hm is mobile station antenna height, Pt is transmitter 푔(푓) = 44.49푙표푔10푓 − 4.78(푙표푔10푓) (16) power, Gb transmitter antenna gain, Gm is mobile antenna gain. where PL is the path loss, and f is frequency (MHz), Hb is transmission antenna height (m), Hr is receiver antenna DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.11.370 14 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 2, No. 11, November 2017 F. Egli Model The Egli model is a terrain model for radio frequency Putting (31) into (30) gives propagation.
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