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A Survey on Various Propagation Model for Wireless Communication

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A Survey on Various Propagation Model for Wireless Communication A Survey on Various Propagation Model for Wireless Communication 1Pooja Prajesh and 2R.K. Singh 1Asst. Professor, GRDIMT, Dehradun, India 2Professor, KEC, Dhawarahat, India Abstract The expression of the model Signal Propagation is used for wired or wireless PL(dB)=LF+Amn(f, d)−G(hte)−G(hre)−GAERA (1) communication. It is depend upon terrain, frequency of operation, height of mobile, base station and other dynamic Where factor. Propagation models predict the mean signal strength PL is path loss [dB], LF is Free space path loss [dB] Amn for an arbitrary transmitter-receiver (T-R) separation (f, d) is Median attenuation relative to free space [dB], G(hte) distance[5]. In this paper, Empirical propagation models such is Base station antenna height gain factor [dB], G(hre) is as Okumura, Hata, and Lee model has been surveyed Mobile station antenna height gain factor [dB], GAREA is Gain exhaustively. due to the type of environment [dB], hte: transmitter antenna height [m] hre: Receiver antenna height [m], d is Distance Keywords: Path Loss, Okumura model, Hata model and Lee between transmitter and receiver antenna [km] model G(hre) = 10 log10 (hre/200) hre < 3m G(hre) = 20 log10 (hre/200) 10m> hre >3m G(hte) =20 log10 (hte /3) Introduction In Wireless communication signal is transmitted by Okumura Model is considered to be among the simplest transmitting antenna and received by receiving antenna, any and best in terms of accuracy in predicting the path loss for distortion in signal strength at receiver is known as path loss. early cellular system. The major disadvantages of this model Propagation model are useful for predicting the signal are its slow response to rapid changes in terrain profile. attenuation or path loss between the transmitter and receiver. Therefore the model is fairly good in urban and suburban This path loss information may be used as a controlling factor areas, but not good for rural areas. for wireless communication system performance to achieve the perfect network planning [1]. Hata Model The Propagation model is generally of two types: Hata model [13] is basically an empirical model based on Empirical (statistical) models and Physical (Deterministic) Okumura model where some correction factor are included models. In this paper empirical models are considered. and it is valid from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz. Hata represented Statistical methods (also called stochastic or empirical) are the Urban area propagation loss as the standard formula along based on fitting curves with analytical expressions that with additional correction factor for application in the other recreate a set of measured data. Among the most commonly situations such as suburban, rural among others. The used such methods are Okumura Model, Hata Model, and computation time is short and only four parameter are required Lee’s Model [3]. The Empirical or statistical models are in Hata model. The path loss in dB for the urban areas is given suitable for both macro cell and micro cell. by: PL(dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log10(fc) -13.82 log10(hte) - a(hre) +(44.9-6.55log10 hte)log10D (2) Path Loss Models Okumura Model Where The Okumura model [5] is empirical model to measure the fc = Frequency from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz, hte = The radio signal strength in urban areas. The model was built by effective base station antenna height (30m to 200m), hre= The the collected data in Tokyo city. This model is applicable for effective mobile antenna height (1m to 10m), D = The frequencies in the range of 150 MHz to 1950 MHz and transmitter-receiver (T-R) distance in km, a(hre) = The distance of 1 km to 100 km. it can be used for the base station correction factor for effective mobile antenna height. For a antenna heights ranging from 30m to 1Km.To determine path small to medium sized city, the mobile antenna correction loss using Okumara’s model, the free space path loss between factor is given by the points of interest is first determined and then the value of a(hre) =(1.1logfc -0.7)hre - (1.56logfc -0.8) Amu ( f, d) is added to it along with correction factors according to the type of terrain. For a large city, it is given by 2 a(hre) =8.29(log1.5hre) -1.1 for fc < 300MHz [Page No. 61] 5th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies [ICACCT-2011] ISBN 81-87885-03-3 2 a(hre) =3.2(log11.75) -4.97 for fc > 300MHz applied to a non-terrain. However, Lee’s model has been known to be more of a “North American model” than that of To obtain the path loss in suburban area, the Hata Hata. The propagation loss calculated as: standard formula is modified as PL (dB) = 124+30.5 log10(D/D0) 2 PL (dB) = PL( Urban) – 2[log(fc /28)] – 5.4 (3) + 10k log10 (f/fc) – α (9) Although Hata’s model does not have any of the path Where, specific correction which are available in Okumura model. D is in km, f and fc is in MHz, k = 2 for fc < 450 MHz This model is well suited for large cell mobile system, but not and in suburban/open area and 3 for fc > 450 MHz and in personal communication [5][12]. urban area, D0 = 1.6 km. ƒ is the transmitted frequency, D is the Transmitter- Receiver distance and α0 is a correction factor ECC-33Model to account for BS and MS antenna heights[2]. The ECC-33 model is developed by Electronic communication committee (ECC). This is generally used for FWA (Fixed Walfisch and Bertoni Model Wireless Access) system. The path loss is defined as [10]. The COST-231 model does not have the impact of diffraction PL (dB) = Afs + Abm – Gb – Gr (4) from rooftops and buildings. A model which uses diffraction to predict average signal strength at street level is known as Where Walfisch-Bertoni model. The model considers the path loss to Afs, Abm, Gb and Gr are the free space attenuation, the be the product of three factors: 2 basic median path loss, the BS height gain factor and the L= P0Q P1 (10) terminal height gain factor. They are the individually defined as Where 2 Afs = 92.4 + 20 log10(D) + 20 log10(f) P0 is the free space path loss for isotropic antennas, Q Abm = 20.41 + 9.83 log10(D) + 7.894 log10(f) gives the signal power reduction due to buildings which 2 + 9.56[log10(f)] (5) provides shadow the receiver at street level, and P1is based on signal loss from the rooftop to the street due to diffraction. 2 Gb=log10(hb/200){13.958+ 5.8[log10(D)] (6) In dB, the path loss is given by, L = L0 + Lrts + Lms (11) And for medium city environments, Gr= [42.57+13.7 log10(f)][log10(hr) − 0.585] (7) Where L0 represents free space path loss, Lrts is the “rooftop-to- Where street diffraction and scatter loss”, and Lms is diffraction loss f is the frequency in GHz, D is the distance between due to building[5]. Transmitter and Receiver in km, hb is the BS antenna height in meters and hr is the CPE antenna height in meters. The Longley rice model predictions using the ECC-33 model with the medium city The Longley – rice model is generally used for point to point option are compared with the measurements taken in suburban communication systems and it has a frequency range from and urban environments [3][6]. 40MHz to 100GHz, over different types of terrain. The median transmission loss is predicated using the path COST-231Model geometry of terrain profile and the refractivity of the COST-231 model was devised as an extension to the Hata- troposphere. The Longley-rice propagation prediction model is Okumura model, The COST-231 model is designed to be used also referred to as the ITS irregular terrain model. in the freq range 1500MHz to- 2GHz. This model contains The Longley-Rice method generally operates in two corrections factor for urban, suburban and rural (flat) modes, the path-specific parameters can be easily determined environments. The basic equation for path loss in dB is, when the detailed terrain path profile is available and PL (dB) =46.3+33.9log10 (f) −13.82log10 (hb) prediction is called a point-to-point mode prediction. On the – ahm + (44.9 − 6.55 log10(hb) log10 D + c (8) other hand, the Longley-Rice method provides techniques to estimate the path-specific parameters, if the terrain path profile Where is not available, and such a prediction is called area mode f is the frequency in MHz, D is the distance between AP prediction. One shortcoming of the Longley-Rice model is that and CPE antennas in km, and hb is the AP antenna height it does not provide a way of determining correction due to above ground level in meters. The parameter cm is defined as 0 environmental factor in the immediate vicinity of the mobile dB for Medium sized city and suburban environments and 3dB receiver, or consider correction factors to account for the for urban environment. All the parameters are effects of building and foliage. Further, multipath is not f=1500MHz to- 2GHz, hte = 30m to 200m considered[5]. hre = 1m to 10m, d = 1km to 20 km [3], [12] Stanford University Interim (SUI) Model Lee Model The proposed standards for the frequency bands below 11 Lee’s path loss model is based on empirical data chosen so as GHz contain the channel models developed by Stanford to model a flat terrain.
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