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Literature Survey on Various Outdoor Propagation Model for Fixed Wireless Network International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 Literature Survey on Various Outdoor Propagation Model for Fixed Wireless Network Chandan Kumar Jha,Reshu Jain Abstract: The main focus of this review paper is to encompass the earlier and recent advances in popular propagation model for wireless communication channel. The paper covers the wide area of radio communication in a subtle and elastic manner. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing propagation models have also been discussed. Keywords: Path-loss, Path-Loss Models, Attenuation 1. Introduction 2.3 Stochastic Models For the proper designing of a cellular network, it is very Stochastic models are used in terms of random variables important to determine the parameters such as coverage being deployed for representation of some or the other area, frequency assignment, SNR and C/I ratio. These factors influencing the behavioural nature of radio waves in parameters are determined by conducting a series of action. These models have a concern of correctness and propagation measurements, which are expensive and time accuracy. These are mostly used for prediction at and above consuming. It is therefore important to develop an effective 1.8 GHz. radio propagation model for cellular network. [1] Radio propagation models can be classified into Indoor 3. Models for Path Loss propagation model and Outdoor Propagation model 3.1 Free Space Path Model 2. Review of Propagation Model In this model, the received power is a function of transmitted Different outdoor models deployed in radio propagation [2] power, antenna gain and distance between the transmitter are and the receiver. The basic idea is that the received power Empirical Model decreases as the square of the distance between the Deterministic Model transmitter and the receiver subjected to the assumption that Stochastic Model there is one single path between the transmitter and the receiver. The received signal power in a free space at a 2.1 Empirical Models distance‘d’ from the transmitter is [2], [8] PR TGTGR (1) An empirical model is simply based on observed and � measured data alone. It can be further classified in to two where,=P (� ⁄4��) sub heads, time-dispersive and non-time-dispersive. The SUI PT -Transmitted signal power (Stanford University Interim) model is one of the perfect PR-Recieved signal power examples of time-dispersive models. The models like GT-Transmitter antenna Gain COST-231 Hata model, Hata and ITU-R model are GR-Reciever Antenna Gain examples of non-time dispersive models. λ-is the wavelength 2.2 Deterministic Models It is common to select GT=GR=1 These kinds of models deploy laws of electromagnetic wave �� ��� � ���� � Expressed in dB as propagation for determination of received signal strength in �� = � � � =� � � (2) a definite region of concern. And as the modern times are the times of site-specific propagation studies, these can be �� L(dB) = 10 log ��� � deployed both for outdoor & indoor scenarios in � deterministic form. Here actual 3-D designs of buildings or ���� =10 log � � � concerned environment like foliage equivalent to some ���� dielectric slab etc. are made based on some database. There =20 log � � � after ray tracing techniques are used to associate =32.44+20logd+20logf (3) representation with the software being used, representing From the above equation, we can clearly see that as the fundamental phenomenon of reflection, diffraction and frequency or the distance is doubled, the path loss increases scattering. It is more of computerized form of comparative by 6dB analysis and is becoming increasingly important with advent of high-speed computational technologies coming in. Volume 3 Issue 8, August 2014 www.ijsr.net Paper ID: 02015259 Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 1601 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 Table 1: Path loss comparison for 900MHz and 1800 MHz G (ht) =20 log ( ) 1000m>ht>30 m (7) Freq=900 MHz Freq=1800 MHz �� Dis(km) Path loss(dB) Dis(km) Path loss(dB) G (hR) =10��� log ( ) hr≤ 3m (8) 0.1 71.52 0.1 77.55 �� G (hR) =20 log ( )� 10m>hr>3m (9) 0.2 77.55 0.2 83.57 �� 0.3 81.07 0.3 87.09 � 0.4 83.07 0.4 89.59 The major disadvantages of this model are the slow response 0.5 85.5 0.5 91.52 to the rapid changes in the terrain. Hence the model gives 1 91.52 1 97.55 good result in urban and sub-urban region but is not good in 2 97.5 2 103.57 rural areas. Common standard deviation between the predicted and the measured path loss values are around 10 dB to 40 dB. 3.3 Hata Model The Hata Model is the empirical formulation of the graphical path loss data provided by the Okumura. This model is applicable from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz [5] The median path loss in urban area is given by L c t 50 t r where,(urban)=69.55+26.16log f -13.82 log h -a(h )+(44.9- Figure 1: Path Loss Graph for table 1 fc is the frequency6.55h in MHz).logd (10) ht is the effective base station antenna height ranging from 3.2Two Ray Ground Model 30m to 200m hr is the effective mobile antenna height ranging from 1m to The two ray ground reflection model is based on geometric 10m optics and considers both direct path and the ground d is the separation between transmitter and the receiver in reflected propagation path between transmitter and the km receiver. This model has been found to be reasonably a(hr) is the correction factor for effective mobile antenna accurate for predicting the large scale signal strength over height the distance of several kilometres. The received power at a distance‘d’ from the transmitter for the two ray ground For small to medium size city a(hr) in dB is given by[3] [5]: model has been expressed as [2] c c PR TGTGR � (����) r r when expressed in dB: � = P � (4) and for a largea(h city)=(1.1 a(hr) in log dB f given-0.7)h by:-(1.56 logf -0.8 ) (11) c T R T � r c R � ) = In order to a(h obtain)=8.29 the( logpath 1.54� loss �)in-1.1; open f ≤300rural MHzareas, (12) the L (dB 40 log d-(10 log G + 10 log G +20 log h +20 r � modified formula a(h )=3.2 is: (log 11.75� ) -4.97 ;f ≥300 MHz (13) 3.2 Okumura Model log h ) (5) L c � 50 50 � The model developed by a Japanese radio scientist, The(dB)=L following(urban)-4.78 table shows( logthe �path) +18.33 loss using log f Hata -40.94 model Okumura, as a part of extensive measurement campaign using following(14) set of parameters in urban areas conducted in 1968, is one of the most widely used models Base Station Antenna ht.30m for propagation in urban areas [4]. This model is applicable Mobile station Antenna ht.2m for frequency range from 150 MHz to 1920 MHz, but can be Transmitting Frequency: 900 MHz extrapolated to 3GHz and up to a distance of 1Km to100 Km from the base station. To determine the path loss using Table 2: Path Loss for small & medium and large cities Okumura model, the free space path loss between the points Distance Path Loss(Small & Med Cities) Path Loss (large Cities) of interest is initially calculated and then the value Amu (f,d) 1 125.13 125.37 is added to it along with the correction factor (to account for 2 135.73 135.98 the terrain type). The model can be expressed as [3] 3 141.93 142.18 4 146.34 146.58 L mu t R 5 149.75 149.99 where, 50 f Area Lf is the free(dB) space = L propagation+A (f,d)-G(h loss )-G(h )-G (6) Amu is the medium attenuation relative to the free space G(ht) is the base station antenna height gain factor G(hR) is the mobile station antenna height gain factor GArea is the gain due to the environment The values of G(ht) and G(hR) can be determined as Volume 3 Issue 8, August 2014 www.ijsr.net Paper ID: 02015259 Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 1602 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 Figure 3: Figure 2: Path Loss graph for table 2 3.5 Stanford University Path Interim(SUI) Loss graph for model table3 3.4 Cost 231 Hata Model/PCS extension to Hata Model SUI model was proposed by IEEE 802.16 wireless group of frequency range below 11GHz. This is basically the Hata model is applicable till the max. frequency range of extension of Hata Model with frequency band greater than 1500 MHz[1] and hence cannot be used for GSM 1800 or 1900 MHz. The correction factor in SUI model is its terrain for systems operating at frequency range above 1500 MHz. based classification along with the foliage distribution. The The extension of the frequency range is achieved by the path loss expression for the SUI along with its correction COST 231 Hata model. Cost 231 Hata model is usable in the factor is frequency range of 1500 MHz to 2000 MHz. The formula for the median path loss is given by: � where, f h 0 L=A+10⋎ log(��)+X +X +e for d>d (19) L c t d:distance between transmitter and receiver antenna 50 t m r d =100 (urban)=46.3+33.9 log f -13.82log h -a(h )+(44.9- 0 λis the wavelength d is the distance between6.55 log transmitterh )log d+C and (15) the receiver in km Xf is the correction factor for frequency>2GHz fWhere, is the frequency in MHz Xh is the correction factor for receiving antenna height ht and hr is the effective height of the transmitting and e is the correction factor for shadowing effect receiving antenna in m is the path loss component Parameters Cm is defined as 0dB for sub-urban and rural environment and 3dB for urban environment.
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