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Broadcasting Transmitters in Kampala Metropolitan; Uganda Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics 3(4): 65-78, 2020; Article no.AJR2P.63843 ISSN: 2582-5992 Modeling the Distribution of Radiofrequency Intensities from the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) Broadcasting Transmitters in Kampala Metropolitan; Uganda Peter Opio1*, Akisophel Kisolo1, Tumps W. Ireeta1 and Willy Okullo1 1Department of Physics, College of Natural Science, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author PO designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, managed the literature searches and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors AK, TWI and WO managed the analyses of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJR2P/2020/v3i430130 Editor(s): (1) Prof. Shi-Hai Dong, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico. Reviewers: (1) Sigit Haryadi, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia. (2) Wahyu Pamungkas, Institut Teknologi Telkom Purwokerto, Indonesia. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/63843 Received 06 October 2020 Original Research Article Accepted 11 December 2020 Published 26 December 2020 ABSTRACT This study presents the modeling of the distribution of RF intensities from the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) broadcasting transmitter in Kampala metropolitan. To achieve this, the performance evaluation of the different path loss propagation models and envisaging the one most suitable for Kampala metropolitan was done by comparing the path loss model values with the measured field Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) values. The RSRP of the DTTV broadcasting transmitter were measured at operating frequencies of 526 MHz, 638 MHz, 730 MHz and 766 MHz using the Aaronia Spectran HF-6065 V4 spectrum analyzer, Aaronia AG HyperLOG 4025 Antenna at 1.5 m and 2.5 m heights, Aaronia GPS Logger, real time Aaronia MCS spectrum-analysis-software and a T430s Lenovo Laptop. On comparing the measured path loss values with the various path loss prediction model values, results showed that Egli and Davidson models are the _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Opio et al.; AJR2P, 3(4): 65-78, 2020; Article no.AJR2P.63843 most accurate and reliable path loss prediction models for the distribution of DTTV RF intensities in Kampala metropolitan, since their Root Mean Square Error values were the least for both routes. Keywords: Radiofrequency intensities; path loss; empirical models; Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP); Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). 1. INTRODUCTION achieved, it out competes other methods in indicating a perfect fit of the data. With this In order to have a good estimate of Digital advantage, RMSE enabled in coming up with a Terrestrial Television (DTTV) network signal pathloss model that best describe the distribution coverage, the efficiency for total revolutionary of DTTV RF intensities in Kampala metropolitan; switchover from analog to digital television signal Uganda. transmission is dictated upon by signal pathloss and the use of the link budgeting [1-3]. This has The RMSE approach is calculated as; caused a lot of anxiety amongst the media and the general public wanting to know the exact (1) differences in quality of services between Analog Terrestrial Television (ATTV) and Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) broadcasting where is the measured RF intensity path loss technologies. Because of this, researchers, in dB , is the predicted RF intensity path loss scientists, and engineers have picked interest in in dB and is the number of measured data researching about the modeling of the points. distribution of RF intensities from DTTV broadcasting transmitters in order to know the The motivation for this work was to review, have DTTV signal pathloss in different environments. a clear assessment of the existing models, With this, many DTTV network planners in choose the best model to achieve accuracy and different countries having different geographical minimize errors in relation to the measured settings find it easier to work on TV signal RSRP so as to fit the distribution of RF intensity coverage planning, optimization and prediction from the DTTV broadcasting transmitter in by using empirical pathloss propagation models. Kampala Metropolitan; Uganda. Fundamentally, TV signals always attenuate with 2. PATH LOSS MODELS distance which is the basis of these models [4,5]. For any environment, accurate optimization of RF intensity path loss models have been pathloss is when the established pathloss classified as empirical and theoretical models. models are subjected to empirical prediction with The empirical path loss models are based on the respect to the field measured Reference Signal achieved measurements done in a given Received Power (RSRP). Better optimization of environment while as the theoretical models the model depends on the calculated value of the predict signal losses by mathematical analysis Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and a better fit of the path geometry of the environment for any propagation model is when its RMSE between the receiving antenna and the value is closer to zero. The acceptable RMSE transmitting antenna and the tropospheric value should not exceed about 6-7 dB for urban refractivity [9]. and 10- 15 dB for the sub-urban and rural areas [6]. 2.1 Free Space Path Loss Model Though there are other model optimization The free space propagation model is used to methods, like the composite function-based predict received signal strength when the approach, adjustment of the original pathloss transmitter and receiver have a clear, model coefficients [1,7,8], in this study, the unobstructed line-of-sight path between them RMSE approach was used alongside the field [10]. In free space, the power, , received by measured RSRP for the 20 km distance from the the detector antenna placed at a lateral distance, DTTV transmitter in the eastern and western , from the base of the transmitter antenna is sides of the transmitter. Since the RMSE is given by the Friis free space equation [10], always positive and a value of zero never equation 2. 66 Opio et al.; AJR2P, 3(4): 65-78, 2020; Article no.AJR2P.63843 (2) formula according to Okumura's model is given as [14]. Where, , is the transmitted power, , is the (6) transmitter antenna gain, , is the receiver th antenna gain and is the wavelength. is the median value (i.e. 50 percentile) of the path (propagation) loss, is the free The Friis free space equation shows that the space loss. is the value of the median received power falls off as the square of the attenuation relative to free space, is the base Transmitter-Receiver (T-R) separation distance. station antenna height gain factor, is the The path loss, which represents signal mobile antenna height gain factor, and is the attenuation as a positive quantity measured in gain or correction factor owing to the type of dB, is defined as the difference (in dB) between environment. the effective transmitted power and the received power, and may or may not include the effect of and are determined by observing antenna gains [11]. the Okumura curves. Since Kampala metropolitan is a quasi-open area; , is 20 The path loss for the free space model when dB for the 1.5 m receiving antenna height and 25 antenna gains are included is given as; dB for the 2.5 m receiving antenna height while as, is 6 dB, from the Okumura curves. (3) Both and can be got using the For known frequency of operation, this following formulas; relationship is given as; (7a) (7b) (4) (7c) (7d) 8 -1 where is the speed of light (3x10 ms ) The model is considered to be the simplest and most excellent in terms of accuracy in path loss (5) prediction for most wireless systems in cluttered environment. Where and are measured in decibels, is the distance in kilometers and is measured in 2.3 Hata Model MHz [12]. Valid from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz frequency 2.2 Okumura Model band, path distance up to 20 km, extended to 100 km; for a transmitting antenna height of 30- The models derivation was based on extensive 200 m and a receiving antenna height of 1 m-10 drive test measurements made in Japan for m parameter ranges, the model as provided by frequencies within 150 to 1920 MHz and further Yoshihisa Okumura [15] is an empirical extended to the 3000 MHz frequency. The model formulation of graphical path loss data. The Hata is basically for macrocells with cells diameters in model is, basically, a set of equations based on the range of 1 to 100 km for the base station measurements and extrapolations from the antenna height kept in the range between 30-100 curves derived by Okumura. Hata presented the m [13]. The Okumura model takes into account urban area propagation loss as a standard several propagation parameters such as the type formula, along with additional correction factors of environment and the terrain irregularity. for application in other situations such as Okumura came up with a set of curves which suburban and rural. gives the median attenuation relative to free space (Amu), in an urban area over a quasi- The model assumes a direct line-of-sight path smooth terrain with a base station effective from transmitter ( ) to receiver ( ) but the actual antenna height of 200 m and a mobile antenna path is obstructed by two hills. Hence, the height of 3 meters. The path loss prediction prediction would be too optimistic. 67 Opio et al.; AJR2P, 3(4): 65-78, 2020; Article no.AJR2P.63843 The standard Hata formula for median path loss in urban areas is given as; (8) Where, is the frequency, is the effective transmitter antenna height (in m) ranging from 30 m to , 200 m, is the effective receiver antenna height (in m) ranging from 1 m to 10 m, d is the transmitter- , receiver antenna separation distance (in km), is the correction factor for effective antenna height which is a function of the size of the coverage area and its given as; (9a) for small or medium sized cities and (9b) for large cities.
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