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Prediction of Path Loss Estimate for a Frequency Modulation (Fm) Station Using Basic Transmission Loss Model

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Prediction of Path Loss Estimate for a Frequency Modulation (Fm) Station Using Basic Transmission Loss Model DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v12i1.8 GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH VOL 12, 2013: 69-75 69 COPYRIGHT© BACHUDO SCIENCE CO. LTD PRINTED IN NIGERIA. ISSN 1596-292x www.globaljournalseries.com; [email protected] PREDICTION OF PATH LOSS ESTIMATE FOR A FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) STATION USING BASIC TRANSMISSION LOSS MODEL N. Y. GOSHWE, J. ORINYA AND G. A. IGWUE (Received 23, May 2013; Revision Accepted 16, July 2013) ABSTRACT This paper presents the path loss model that seeks to predict the signal strength degradation of Radio Nigeria, FM station, Makurdi which is normally a major component in the analysis and design of link budget of a telecommunication system. For the purpose of this work, Benue state was divided into four (4) routes for ease of data gathering, namely northern, southern, eastern and western parts and a Potomac FIM-41 field strength meter was used to measure the signal strength of the FM signal at selected locations. The values obtained are compared with those computed from Basic Transmission Loss Model for consistency. The result shows that values obtained from the model are slightly higher than the measured and it returned ninety-five percent (95%) confidence interval for the two samples using degree of freedom of 22. A null hypothesis was applied and the measure of the level of significant difference between the model and measured values is 10.3%. The results present no significant difference between the model and measured data. It can therefore be concluded that the model is valid and can be used to estimate path losses of FM signals in Benue State of Nigeria. 1.0 INTRODUCTION transmitted from Makurdi in Benue State. The FM band is chosen because majority of the radio Path loss (path attenuation) is the stations being established in Nigeria operate in reduction in power density of an electromagnetic the FM band. wave as it propagates through space. Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design 2.0 Path Loss Models of the link budget of a telecommunication system A number of path loss models have been (Mike, 2007). Path loss may be due to many developed and proposed for calculation of losses effects, such as free space loss, refraction, along a path. These models are valid for diffraction, reflection, aperture-medium coupling frequencies above 30 megahertz and 100 loss and absorption. It can also be influenced by kilometres range (Sinclair, 2006 and ITU-R, terrain contours, environment (urban or rural, 2005). Among the models available are Friis vegetation and foliage), propagation medium (dry transmission equation and flat earth models, or moist air), the distance between the transmitter basic transmission loss, Longley-Rice, and the receiver, and the height and location of International telecommunication union (ITU) 567 antennas (Shalangwa, 2010 and Green, 2004). and370 and Terrain-Integrated Rough Earth This paper therefore aims at estimating Model (TIREM). path loss that causes signal strength degradation For this application the basic transmission of Radio Nigeria Harvest FM station signals loss model is adopted because it captures the N. Y. Goshwe, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria J. Orinya, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria G. A. Igwue, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria 70 N. Y. GOSHWE, J. ORINYA AND G. A. IGWUE environmental losses, assumes a flat earth and consider the effect of irregular terrain (hills and does not require measuring the receiver antenna mountains) and diffraction (Green, 2004 and gains (Zamanillo, 2002). Other models are having Jimenez, 1999). And it is worth noting that the inherent weaknesses and limitations in adopting terrain over which signals travel will have a them for this application. Among them are: significant effect on them especially the effect of i. Friis Transmission model which multipath. This effect normally gives rise to fading weakness lies in the fact that it considers which is neglected in the model. only the effect of free space spreading This paper is adopting the basic neglecting other effects in the transmission loss model because it captures the transmission environment. environment, frequency and distance which are ii. The Long-Distance model is only suitable important factors in path loss estimation. In for indoor environment only and not valid addition, it does not require measuring the for outdoor transmission. receiver antenna gains. iii. The Two Ray Ground Model has the advantage of accounting for reflections in 3.0 The Fundamental Equation for Free the transmission channel and considers Space Propagation antenna height and gain which are critical The fundamental equation for free space in any radio link design, but for this work, transmission or propagation can be expressed it will be difficult to measure the antenna using the average power WT assumed to be gain of end users across the state. radiated in all directions (Isotropically) by a iv. The Terrain-Integrated Rough Earth transmitting antenna (Salonen, 1992). It is further Model (TIREM provides more accuracy in assumed that this isotropic radiator is placed in the radio propagation model than the free free space, a homogenous and non-absorbing space path loss (FSPL) model because it medium of dielectric constant unity. In addition, it takes into account the transmitting is assumed that this radiation will be spread out medium (surface refractivity and spherically as it travels away from the source humidity), antenna properties (height, which is expressed as frequency and polarization), (conductivity 2 and terrain elevations) but this research is WR WT GT GR ......................... (1) limited in equipment to measure all the 4d parameters. WT is the Radiated power in watts, WR is the v. The Longley-Rice model predicts only Received power in watts, GT is the maximum long-term median transmission loss over directivity gain of transmitting antenna, GR is the irregular terrain relative to free space maximum directivity gain of receiving antenna, λ transmission loss. is the wave length in metres and d is the vi. The adjusted ITU-P1546 model is distance in metres. suitable only for modelling propagation The wavelength of the FM signal can be path loss in the broadcasting, land mobile expressed as a function of frequency of signal and certain fixed services (those using employing point to multipoint systems in V f ................................................ (2) the frequency range 30-3000MHZ and for Where V is the velocity of light in free space the distance range 1KM to 1000KM). 8 (3x10 m/s), f is the signal frequency in hertz and 2.1 The Basic Transmission Loss Model λ is the wavelength in metres This model describes the attenuation of For an FM station transmitting at the radio waves under real condition and proposes a frequency of 103.5 MHZ, the wavelength can be path loss model in terms of the attenuation computed using equation (2) to obtain the value function and attempts to resolve the design of of 2.89 metre. This value is used to estimate the radio links whose parameters are time invariant. path losses for the selected locations and the The model specifically captures the free space values of the path loss were estimated as a path loss in addition to the effect of the function of the distance from Makurdi (the transmission environment. Important factors like reference point). the wave length, power gains of the transmitting The basic transmission loss model and receiving antenna are included in the proposed a path loss model in terms of the expression. The model weakness lies in the fact attenuation function F which can be expressed in that it assumes a flat earth which does not terms of transmission loss as PREDICTION OF PATH LOSS ESTIMATE FOR A FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) STATION 71 1 4 r radio station to be d. The modified Basic L ................................ (3) transmission Loss equation can be expressed as G1G2 F Lmb 20Log4 20Log 20LogA .... (7) If it is assumed that the receiving and If we assume unity gain for the antennas, then transmitting antennas have unity gain, then equation (7) can be reduced to Equation (3) can be reduced to equation (4) which is called the basic transmission loss Lmb 61.97 20Logd 20Log ......... (8) equation. Where Lmb is the modified path loss equation in 4 r decibel, d is the distance from transmitter to ....................................... (4) receiver in kilometres and λ is the wave length of Lb F signal in metres Equation (3) can also be expressed in decibel as 3.0 Methodology L 20Log(4r) 20Log F(dB) G (dB) G (dB) ... (5) 1 2 In this work it is assumed that FM signals While equation (4) which is the basic (88MHZ-108MHZ) are not affected by rain fall, so transmission loss equation can be expressed in model covers both dry and raining season. Also, decibel as the areas under study have a regular terrain or Lb 20Log(4r) 20Log F(dB) ...... (6) flat surface with few scattered trees. Very high Where r is the distance between the transmitting structures like cathedrals, mosque and and receiving antennas in metres, λ is the skyscrapers are negligible. For the purpose of wavelength of signal in metres, G1 is the power this research, Benue state was divided into four gain of transmitting antenna, G2 is the power gain (4) routes for ease of data gathering, namely of receiving antenna
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