Microwave Path Engineering April 2005
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Path Loss, Delay Spread, and Outage Models As Functions of Antenna Height for Microcellular System Design
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 43, NO. 3, AUGUST 1994 487 Path Loss, Delay Spread, and Outage Models as Functions of Antenna Height for Microcellular System Design Martin J. Feuerstein, Kenneth L. Blackard, Member, IEEE, Theodore S. Rappaport, Senior Member, IEEE, Scott Y. Seidel, Member, IEEE, and Howard H. Xia Abstract-This paper presents results of wide-band path loss be encountered in a microcellular system using lamp-post- and delay spread measurements for five representative microcel- mounted base stations at street comers, Measurement locations Mar environments in the San Francisco Bay area at 1900 MHz. were chosen to coincide with places where microcellular Measurements were made with a wide-band channel sounder using a 100-ns probing pulse. Base station antenna heights of systems will likely be deployed in urban and suburban areas. 3.7 m, 8.5 m, and 13.3 m were tested with a mobile receiver The power delay profiles recorded at each receiver lo- antenna height of 1.7 m to emulate a typical microcellular cation were used to calculate path loss and delay spread. scenario. The results presented in this paper provide insight into Path loss and delay spread are two important methods of the satistical distributions of measured path loss by showing the characterizing channel behavior in a way that can be related validity of a double regression model with a break point at a distance that has first Fresnel zone clearance for line-of-sight to system performance measures such as bit error rate [4] topographies. The variation of delay spread as a function of and outage probability [7]. -
Recommendation ITU-R P.1410-5 (02/2012)
Recommendation ITU-R P.1410-5 (02/2012) Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial broadband radio access systems operating in a frequency range from 3 to 60 GHz P Series Radiowave propagation ii Rec. ITU-R P.1410-5 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http://www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. -
Fresnel Diffraction.Nb Optics 505 - James C
Fresnel Diffraction.nb Optics 505 - James C. Wyant 1 13 Fresnel Diffraction In this section we will look at the Fresnel diffraction for both circular apertures and rectangular apertures. To help our physical understanding we will begin our discussion by describing Fresnel zones. 13.1 Fresnel Zones In the study of Fresnel diffraction it is convenient to divide the aperture into regions called Fresnel zones. Figure 1 shows a point source, S, illuminating an aperture a distance z1away. The observation point, P, is a distance to the right of the aperture. Let the line SP be normal to the plane containing the aperture. Then we can write S r1 Q ρ z1 r2 z2 P Fig. 1. Spherical wave illuminating aperture. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 2 2 2 SQP = r1 + r2 = z1 +r + z2 +r 1 2 1 1 = z1 + z2 + þþþþ r J þþþþþþþ + þþþþþþþN + 2 z1 z2 The aperture can be divided into regions bounded by concentric circles r = constant defined such that r1 + r2 differ by l 2 in going from one boundary to the next. These regions are called Fresnel zones or half-period zones. If z1and z2 are sufficiently large compared to the size of the aperture the higher order terms of the expan- sion can be neglected to yield the following result. l 1 2 1 1 n þþþþ = þþþþ rn J þþþþþþþ + þþþþþþþN 2 2 z1 z2 Fresnel Diffraction.nb Optics 505 - James C. Wyant 2 Solving for rn, the radius of the nth Fresnel zone, yields !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! rn = n l Lorr1 = l L, r2 = 2 l L, , where (1) 1 L = þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ þþþþþ1 + þþþþþ1 z1 z2 Figure 2 shows a drawing of Fresnel zones where every other zone is made dark. -
Line-Of-Sight-Obstruction.Pdf
App. Note Code: 3RF-E APPLICATION NOT Line of Sight Obstruction 6/16 E Copyright © 2016 Campbell Scientific, Inc. Table of Contents PDF viewers: These page numbers refer to the printed version of this document. Use the PDF reader bookmarks tab for links to specific sections. 1. Introduction ................................................................ 1 2. Fresnel Zones ............................................................. 4 3. Fresnel Zone Clearance ............................................. 6 4. Effective Earth Radius ............................................... 7 5. Signal Loss Due to Diffraction .................................. 9 6. Conclusion ............................................................... 10 Figures 1-1. Wavefronts with 180° Phase Shift ....................................................... 2 1-2. Multipath Reception ............................................................................. 2 1-3. Totally Obstructed LOS ....................................................................... 3 1-4. Knife-Edge Type Obstruction .............................................................. 4 2-1. Fresnel Zones ....................................................................................... 5 3-1. Effective Ellipsoid Shape ..................................................................... 6 3-2. Path Profile Traversing Uneven Terrain with Knife-Edge Obstruction ....................................................................................... 7 5-1. Diffraction Parameter .......................................................................... -
Tr 138 901 V14.3.0 (2018-01)
ETSI TR 138 901 V14.3.0 (2018-01) TECHNICAL REPORT 5G; Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz (3GPP TR 38.901 version 14.3.0 Release 14) 3GPP TR 38.901 version 14.3.0 Release 14 1 ETSI TR 138 901 V14.3.0 (2018-01) Reference RTR/TSGR-0138901ve30 Keywords 5G ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI. -
Development of Epstein-Peterson Method- Based Approach for Computing Multiple Knife Edgediffraction Loss As a Function of Refractivity Gradient
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 6 Issue 9, September - 2019 Development Of Epstein-Peterson Method- Based Approach For Computing Multiple Knife Edgediffraction Loss As A Function Of Refractivity Gradient Akaninyene B. Obot1 Ukpong,Victor Joseph2 Department of Electrical/Electronic and Computer Department of Electrical/Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, AkwaIbom, Nigeria Engineering, University of Uyo, AkwaIbom, Nigeria Kalu Constance3 Department of Electrical/Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, AkwaIbom, Nigeria [email protected] Abstract— In this paper, the development of I. INTRODUCTION Epstein-Peterson method-based approach for Radio wave propagation over irregular computing multiple knife edge diffraction loss as a function of refractivity gradient. Specifically, the terrain consisting of mountain, buildings, hills study utilized Epstein Peterson diffraction loss and even trees and other high rising methodology alongside the International obstructions is of great concern to Telecommunication Union (ITU) knife edge communication network designers [1,2,3,4]. approximation model to compute multiple knife When a wireless signal is propagated over a edge diffraction loss as a function of refractivity gradient. Analytical expression for the long distance, the signal may get distorted and determination of obstacles height, the earth bulge attenuated due to obstacles along its path. This and the effective obstruction height were modeled causes the signal to be reflected, absorbed in terms of the refractivity gradient (∆). A case scattered or diffracted. Diffraction occurs when study of 10 knife edge obstructions located in a a wireless signal encounter obstacles in its path communication link with a path length of 36km was used as a numerical example to demonstrate [6,7,8,9,10]. -
A Path-Specific Propagation Prediction Method for Point-To-Area Terrestrial Services in the VHF and UHF Bands
VHF作参2-1 Recommendation ITU-R P.1812-4 (07/2015) A path-specific propagation prediction method for point-to-area terrestrial services in the VHF and UHF bands P Series Radiowave propagation ii Rec. ITU-R P.1812-4 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio- frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http://www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. -
Hitless Space Diversity STL Enables IP+Audio in Narrow STL Bands
Hitless Space Diversity STL Enables IP+Audio in Narrow STL Bands Presented at the 2005 National Association of Broadcasters Annual Convention Broadcast Engineering Conference Session "HD Radio™ Technology" April 17, 2005 Howard Friedenberg, Senior RF Engineer Sunil Naik, Director of Engineering Moseley Associates, Inc. Santa Barbara, CA, USA Contacts: [email protected] [email protected] www.moseleysb.com (805) 968-9621 Hitless Space Diversity STL Enables IP+Audio in Narrow STL Bands Howard Friedenberg Moseley Associates, Inc. Santa Barbara, CA, USA ABSTRACT In this paper we will be looking at issues that affect HD Radio™ poses a new challenge to STLs, requiring STL transmission reliability as they pertain to newer the ability to transport an Ethernet channel at 300 kbps high rate applications. Path reliability and keeping your along side a 44.1 kHz sampled AES digital stereo pair station on-air is the name of the game. Fading and ultimately fit them into a single 300 kHz STL mitigation techniques must be implemented to handle channel. This requirement is only possible with latest these higher level data packing modulations effectively generation digital STLs operating with very high against channel impairments and to maintain consistent efficiency, e.g. 128 QAM. As QAM rates are increased, path integrity. Receive site frequency and space also is the sensitivity to multipath. “Hitless” switching diversity techniques are a major tool in battling these enables real time space diversity antenna systems to effects. We’ll describe how to properly implement STL combat instantaneous multipath fading on microwave diversity techniques with a “hitless” transfer switch. paths that commonly occurs in Spring and Fall seasons. -
Digital Radio-Relay Systems
- iii - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 1.1 INTENT OF HANDBOOK ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL RADIO-RELAY SYSTEMS .................................... 2 1.3 DIGITAL RADIO-RELAY SYSTEMS AS PART OF DIGITAL TRANSMISSION NETWORKS............................................................................. 3 1.4 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE HANDBOOK .................................................. 5 1.5 OUTLINE OF THE HANDBOOK.......................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2 - BASIC PRINCIPLES .................................................................................. 7 2.1 DIGITAL SIGNALS, SOURCE CODING, DIGITAL HIERARCHIES AND MULTIPLEXING .......................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Digitization (A/D conversion) of analogue voice signals ........................... 7 2.1.2 Digitization of video signals........................................................................ 8 2.1.3 Non voice services, ISDN and data signals ................................................. 8 2.1.4 Multiplexing of 64 kbit/s channels .............................................................. 8 2.1.5 Higher order multiplexing, Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) ........ 8 2.1.6 Other multiplexers ...................................................................................... -
Compilation of Measurement Data Relating to Building Entry Loss
Report ITU-R P.2346-1 (06/2016) Compilation of measurement data relating to building entry loss P Series Radiowave propagation ii Rep. ITU-R P.2346-1 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http://www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. -
Image Grating Metrology Using a Fresnel Zone Plate Chulmin
Image Grating Metrology Using a Fresnel Zone Plate by Chulmin Joo B.S. Aerospace Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (1998) Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2003 @ Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2003. All rights resH S T OF TECHNOLOGY OCT 0 6 2003 LIBRARIES A uthor ......... .. ........... Department of Mechanical Engineering August 20, 2003 Certified by .. ...... ................ Mark L. Schattenburg Principal Research Scientist Thesis Supervisor C ertified by .... ....................... George Barbastathis Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by ....... ............. Ain A. Sonin Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students BARKER Image Grating Metrology Using a Fresnel Zone Plate by Chulmin Joo Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering on August 20, 2003, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Abstract Scanning-beam interference lithography (SBIL) is a novel concept for nanometer- accurate grating fabrication. It can produce gratings with nanometer phase accuracy over large area by scanning a photoresist-coated substrate under phase-locked image grating. For the successful implementation of the SBIL, it is crucial to measure the spatial period, phase, and distortion of the image grating accurately, since it enables the precise stitching of subsequent scans. This thesis describes the efforts to develop an image grating metrology that is capable of measuring a wide range of image periods, regardless of changes in grat- ing orientation. In order to satisfy the conditions, the use of a Fresnel zone plate is proposed. -
Improving Comms with 5Ghz
Improving Comms With 5GHz Essential EG Guide ESSENTIAL GUIDES Introduction As broadcasters strive for more and RF technologies such as OFDM more unique content, live events are (Orthogonal Frequency Division growing in popularity. Consequently, Multiplexing) further improve the productions are increasing in complexity robustness of transmission. Rather than resulting in an ever-expanding number transmitting on one frequency, lower of production staff all needing access to symbol rate audio data is spread across high quality communications. Wireless multiple carriers to help protect against intercom systems are essential and multi-path interference and reflections, provide the flexibility needed to host essential for moving wireless handsets or today’s highly coordinated events. But highly dynamic environments. this ever-increasing demand is placing unprecedented pressure on the existing As 5GHz appears in the SHF range, it lower frequency solutions. displays some interesting beneficial characteristics associated with this The 5GHz spectrum offers new band, specifically directionality. This opportunities as the higher carrier allows engineers to direct narrow beams frequencies involved deliver more and steer them to make better use bandwidth for increased data of the available power. Furthermore, Tony Orme. transmission. In excess of twenty- interference with nearby transmissions five non-overlapping channels, each on the same frequency is reduced with a bandwidth of typically 20MHz, allowing frequency reuse. demonstrates the opportunity this technology has to outperform legacy The concept of constructive interference Broadcasters rely on clear and reliable systems based on lower frequencies provides signal amplification for communications now more than ever, such as DECT in the highly congested certain relative signal phases through especially when we consider how many 2.4GHz frequency spectrum.