Image Grating Metrology Using a Fresnel Zone Plate Chulmin
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Path Loss, Delay Spread, and Outage Models As Functions of Antenna Height for Microcellular System Design
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 43, NO. 3, AUGUST 1994 487 Path Loss, Delay Spread, and Outage Models as Functions of Antenna Height for Microcellular System Design Martin J. Feuerstein, Kenneth L. Blackard, Member, IEEE, Theodore S. Rappaport, Senior Member, IEEE, Scott Y. Seidel, Member, IEEE, and Howard H. Xia Abstract-This paper presents results of wide-band path loss be encountered in a microcellular system using lamp-post- and delay spread measurements for five representative microcel- mounted base stations at street comers, Measurement locations Mar environments in the San Francisco Bay area at 1900 MHz. were chosen to coincide with places where microcellular Measurements were made with a wide-band channel sounder using a 100-ns probing pulse. Base station antenna heights of systems will likely be deployed in urban and suburban areas. 3.7 m, 8.5 m, and 13.3 m were tested with a mobile receiver The power delay profiles recorded at each receiver lo- antenna height of 1.7 m to emulate a typical microcellular cation were used to calculate path loss and delay spread. scenario. The results presented in this paper provide insight into Path loss and delay spread are two important methods of the satistical distributions of measured path loss by showing the characterizing channel behavior in a way that can be related validity of a double regression model with a break point at a distance that has first Fresnel zone clearance for line-of-sight to system performance measures such as bit error rate [4] topographies. The variation of delay spread as a function of and outage probability [7]. -
A Computational Study of Gabor Zone Plate Gamma Ray Holography
A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF GABOR ZONE PLATE GAMMA RAY HOLOGRAPHY by CLARE ESTELLE JACKSON A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Scho ol of Physics and Astronomy The University of Birmingham Decemb er University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Gamma ray zone plate holography is a new technique with applications to Nuclear Medicine Unlike other tomographic techniques threedimensional images can b e recon structed from just one pro jection The history of zone plate holography is reviewed and the dierences b etween this technique and conventional holography are outlined Sources of error in the recorded hologram are reviewed and metho ds for the assessment of image quality are given Three image reconstruction techniques are describ ed and compared These techniques are convolution deconvolution and the CLEAN algorithm Simulated diraction is the main image reconstruction metho d which has previously b een used to reconstruct images from -
Elements of Screenology: Toward an Archaeology of the Screen 2006
Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Erkki Huhtamo Elements of screenology: Toward an Archaeology of the Screen 2006 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/1958 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Huhtamo, Erkki: Elements of screenology: Toward an Archaeology of the Screen. In: Navigationen - Zeitschrift für Medien- und Kulturwissenschaften, Jg. 6 (2006), Nr. 2, S. 31–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/1958. Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under a Deposit License (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, non-transferable, individual, and limited right for using this persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses document. This document is solely intended for your personal, Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für non-commercial use. All copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute, or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the conditions of vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder use stated above. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. -
Fresnel Diffraction.Nb Optics 505 - James C
Fresnel Diffraction.nb Optics 505 - James C. Wyant 1 13 Fresnel Diffraction In this section we will look at the Fresnel diffraction for both circular apertures and rectangular apertures. To help our physical understanding we will begin our discussion by describing Fresnel zones. 13.1 Fresnel Zones In the study of Fresnel diffraction it is convenient to divide the aperture into regions called Fresnel zones. Figure 1 shows a point source, S, illuminating an aperture a distance z1away. The observation point, P, is a distance to the right of the aperture. Let the line SP be normal to the plane containing the aperture. Then we can write S r1 Q ρ z1 r2 z2 P Fig. 1. Spherical wave illuminating aperture. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 2 2 2 SQP = r1 + r2 = z1 +r + z2 +r 1 2 1 1 = z1 + z2 + þþþþ r J þþþþþþþ + þþþþþþþN + 2 z1 z2 The aperture can be divided into regions bounded by concentric circles r = constant defined such that r1 + r2 differ by l 2 in going from one boundary to the next. These regions are called Fresnel zones or half-period zones. If z1and z2 are sufficiently large compared to the size of the aperture the higher order terms of the expan- sion can be neglected to yield the following result. l 1 2 1 1 n þþþþ = þþþþ rn J þþþþþþþ + þþþþþþþN 2 2 z1 z2 Fresnel Diffraction.nb Optics 505 - James C. Wyant 2 Solving for rn, the radius of the nth Fresnel zone, yields !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! rn = n l Lorr1 = l L, r2 = 2 l L, , where (1) 1 L = þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ þþþþþ1 + þþþþþ1 z1 z2 Figure 2 shows a drawing of Fresnel zones where every other zone is made dark. -
Line-Of-Sight-Obstruction.Pdf
App. Note Code: 3RF-E APPLICATION NOT Line of Sight Obstruction 6/16 E Copyright © 2016 Campbell Scientific, Inc. Table of Contents PDF viewers: These page numbers refer to the printed version of this document. Use the PDF reader bookmarks tab for links to specific sections. 1. Introduction ................................................................ 1 2. Fresnel Zones ............................................................. 4 3. Fresnel Zone Clearance ............................................. 6 4. Effective Earth Radius ............................................... 7 5. Signal Loss Due to Diffraction .................................. 9 6. Conclusion ............................................................... 10 Figures 1-1. Wavefronts with 180° Phase Shift ....................................................... 2 1-2. Multipath Reception ............................................................................. 2 1-3. Totally Obstructed LOS ....................................................................... 3 1-4. Knife-Edge Type Obstruction .............................................................. 4 2-1. Fresnel Zones ....................................................................................... 5 3-1. Effective Ellipsoid Shape ..................................................................... 6 3-2. Path Profile Traversing Uneven Terrain with Knife-Edge Obstruction ....................................................................................... 7 5-1. Diffraction Parameter .......................................................................... -
Applications of the Fresnel Diffraction of Neutrons
f\u-*•? 0 *o •? ^- UM-P-78/43 APPLICATIONS OF THE FRESNEL DIFFRACTION OF NEUTRONS A. G. Klein and G. I. Opat School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052 ABSTRACT The place of Fresnel diffraction in the overall scheme of neutron interference experiments is outlined and possible applications are discussed in the areas of: magnetic domain visualisation; measurement of nuclear scattering lengths with ver/ small specimens; focussing of long wavelength neutron beams using zone plates. 1. INTRODUCTION In classical optics, two principal types of interference experiment are distinguished: interference by amplitude division and interference by division of wavefront. The first of these, typified by the Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometers and by various thin film interference situations, relies on partial reflection, i.e. beam-splitters. They find their realisation in the case of neutron optics in the highly successful single crystal interferometers , in which the dynamical Bragg diffraction of neutrons provides the beam-splitting. Another situation of inter ference by amplitude division has been manifested in thin film 2 experiments with neutrons . Interference by division of the wavefront has as its paradigm Young's two-slit experiment, in which spatially separated parts of a coherent wavefront are recombir.ed. One of the classical variants of this scheme is the Fresnel bi-prism experiment which has also been demonstrated in the case of electrons by X A Mollenstedt and, in the case of neutrons by Maier-Leibnitz et al. An even simpler set-up was used by us in 1976 : Naufron b«om from cold Moneehrofflotor Cryttol. o« 200 mm. -
Design of Fresnel Lenses and Binary-Staircase Kinoforms of Low Value of the Aperture Number
Optics Communications 260 (2006) 454–461 www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom Design of Fresnel lenses and binary-staircase kinoforms of low value of the aperture number Javier Alda a,*, Jose´ M. Rico-Garcı´a a, Jose´ M. Lo´pez-Alonso a, Brian Lail b, Glenn Boreman c a Optics Department, University Complutense of Madrid, School of Optics, Av. Arcos de Jalo´n s/n, 28037 Madrid, Spain b Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162450, Orlando, FL 32816-2450, USA c College of Optics and Photonics, CREOL, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162700, Orlando, FL 32816-2700, USA Received 23 March 2005; received in revised form 25 October 2005; accepted 27 October 2005 Abstract The design of plane Fresnel zone plates, and binary-staircase kinoforms, has been analyzed in this paper for a non-imaging applica- tion aimed to increase the performance of point-like detectors. They maximize the irradiance at the focal point of the diffractive element maintaining some constrains in the lateral size of the element. The design of the binary-staircase kinoform has been described as an iter- ative process. Some interesting results have been obtained for the values of the relative aperture number, or F/#. The practical case trea- ted here produces elements with very low F/#. The results shows that the gain of the irradiance at the focal point increases with the focal distance of the binary-staircase kinoform, and decreases with the focal length for a plane Fresnel zone plate having a limited lateral size. -
1 Introduction
Investigating Silicon-Based Photoresists with Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering and X-ray Micro-spectroscopy by Allison G. Caster A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Stephen R. Leone, Chair Professor Richard Mathies Professor Luke P. Lee Spring 2010 Abstract Investigating Silicon-Based Photoresists with Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering and X-ray Micro-spectroscopy by Allison G. Caster Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Professor Stephen R. Leone, Chair Photoresist lithography is a critical step in producing components for high-density data storage and high-speed information processing, as well as in the fabrication of many novel micro and nanoscale devices. With potential applications in next generation nanolithography, the chemistry of a high resolution photoresist material, hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), is studied with two different state-of-the-art, chemically selective microscope systems. Broadband coherent anti- Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) micro-spectroscopy and scanning transmission X•ray microscopy (STXM) reveal the rate of the photoinduced HSQ cross-linking, providing insight into the reaction order, possible mechanisms and species involved in the reactions. Near infrared (NIR) multiphoton absorption polymerization (MAP) is a relatively new technique for producing sub-diffraction limited structures in photoresists, and in this work it is utilized in HSQ for the first time. By monitoring changes in the characteristic Raman active modes over time with ~500 ms time resolution, broadband CARS micro-spectroscopy provides real-time, in situ measurements of the reaction rate as the HSQ thin films transform to a glass-like network (cross-linked) structure under the focused, pulsed NIR irradiation. -
Transmission of Hologram Image Using a Zone Plate for Hard X-Ray
REPRODUCTION OF HOLOGRAM IMAGE USING A ZONE PLATE FOR HARD X-RAY RADIATION A. V. Kuyumchyan1, A. Yu. Souvorov2, T. Ishikawa2, A. A. Isoyan1, V.V. Aristov1, K. Trouni3, and E. Sarkisian3 1Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials of RAS, Russian Federation, Chernogolovka, 142432, 2SPring-8, JASRI, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikazuki-cho, Sayo-gun Hyogo 679 5198, Japan and 3International Academy of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 4385, CA 91222, USA The images of the silicon test object have been studied. An image for in-line hologram for hard X-ray (8 – 18 KeV) is presented. The transmission of a hologram image for hard X-ray radiation using Fresnel phase zone plate has been investigated. The experimental investigations have been conducted on the station BL29XU, Spring-8. Introduction The development of X-ray optics opens new possibilities for diagnostics in the field of Biology, microelectronics and nanotechnologies. Methods of X-ray holography for soft X-ray radiation [1,2] and transmission of the image of phase objects for both hard and soft X-ray radiation [3-5] have rapidly develop in recent years. The absence of coherent beams (X-ray lasers) and recording devices for three-dimension images is the main difficulty to obtain X-ray holograms by optical method. In the present work the following experimental results are given: recordings of a Gabor hologram for hard X-ray radiation and transmission of a hologram image using a silicon phase zone plate (ZP) [6]. Experimental scheme and results The images of the test silicon object consisting of the word-combination “X-RAY phase contrast, IPMT RAS CHERNOGOLOVKA” have been investigated. -
Emergency! Preparing for Disasters and Confronting the Unexpected in Conservation: AIC's 44Th Annual Meeting, Joint with CAC/A
July 2016 Vol. 41, No. 4 Inside From the Board President 2 Emergency! Preparing for AIC News 7 Disasters and Confronting the Annual Meeting News 12 Unexpected in Conservation: FAIC News 13 AIC’s 44th Annual Meeting, JAIC News 18 Joint with CAC/ACCR’s Allied Organizations 19 42nd Annual Conference by Margaret Holben Ellis, AIC Board Vice President, with AIC Staff Health & Safety 19 AIC’s 44th Annual Meeting was a joint meeting with our Canadian counterparts, the New Publications 21 Canadian Association for Conservation of Cultural Property, and was held May 13-17, 2016, in Montreal, Canada, at the Palais des Congrès, Montreal’s beautiful conference People 21 center. The joint meeting gave many attendees the opportunity to meet colleagues face- Worth Noting 22 to-face, and provided a forum for international collaboration and connection. This was reflected in the diversity of attendance at the meeting, with more than 1,450 attendees Conservation Training Programs 23 from over 30 different countries, the largest AIC meeting ever. We greatly enjoyed exploring Montreal’s cultural institutions, culinary scene, and beautiful landscapes, even Specialty Group Columns 23 in the rain and snow! Fifty years after the Arno River breached its banks, the theme for the American Network Columns 27 Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC) and the Canadian Association for Conservation (Association Canadienne pour la Conservation et la Courses, Conferences, & Seminars 29 Restauration) (CAC-ACCR)’s Joint 44th Annual Meeting and 42nd Annual Conference was Emergency! Preparing for Disasters and Confronting the Unexpected in Conservation. Dr. Anne Radice was the keynote speaker at the opening general session on Sunday, May 15, and recalled her time spent salvaging artwork during the days of the flood. -
Making Hard X-Ray Micro-Focus Beam and Imaging Microscope with Fresnel Zone Plate Optics
Making hard x-ray micro-focus beam and imaging microscope with Fresnel zone plate optics -SPring-8 summer school text- September 2008 Revised June 2009, Revised October 2009 (Imaging microscope) Revised Sep. 2010 (minor revisions) Final Revision September 2011 Yoshio Suzuki, JASRI/SPring-8 Contents 1. What is Fresnel zone plate for x-rays? 1.1. A simple and intuitional explanation of Fresnel zone plate (FZP) 3 1.2. More precise treatment 6 1.3. Diffraction efficiency 8 1.4. Actual structure of FZP for hard x-rays, fabrication of zone plates 9 2. Making microfocus beam with Fresnel zone plate 2.1. How small is the limit of focused beam size? Diffraction limit and geometrical limit of resolution 12 2.2. Depth of focus and chromatic aberrations 15 2.3. Preservation of emittance and brilliance 16 2.4. General description of focusing optics 17 3. Application of FZP optics to imaging microscopy and microtomography 3.1. X-ray imaging microscopy 19 3.2. Order selection by spatial filter and illuminating optics for FZP objective 19 3.3. Spatial resolution of FZP microscopy with illuminating optics 21 3.4. Depth of focus 22 3.5. Chromatic aberration and spherical aberration 25 3.6. Off-axis aberration theory based on wave optics 26 3.7. Typical example of imaging microtomography with FZP objective in SPring-8 29 4. References 32 Basic exercises before the experiments 33 Practice at the beamline(s) 34 Advanced exercises 36 2 1. What is Fresnel zone plate for hard x-rays? 1.1. Introduction - a simple and intuitional explanation of Fresnel zone plate (FZP) - It is difficult to use refractive optics in the hard x-ray regions, while the refractive lens is most popular optics for visible light. -
Improving Comms with 5Ghz
Improving Comms With 5GHz Essential EG Guide ESSENTIAL GUIDES Introduction As broadcasters strive for more and RF technologies such as OFDM more unique content, live events are (Orthogonal Frequency Division growing in popularity. Consequently, Multiplexing) further improve the productions are increasing in complexity robustness of transmission. Rather than resulting in an ever-expanding number transmitting on one frequency, lower of production staff all needing access to symbol rate audio data is spread across high quality communications. Wireless multiple carriers to help protect against intercom systems are essential and multi-path interference and reflections, provide the flexibility needed to host essential for moving wireless handsets or today’s highly coordinated events. But highly dynamic environments. this ever-increasing demand is placing unprecedented pressure on the existing As 5GHz appears in the SHF range, it lower frequency solutions. displays some interesting beneficial characteristics associated with this The 5GHz spectrum offers new band, specifically directionality. This opportunities as the higher carrier allows engineers to direct narrow beams frequencies involved deliver more and steer them to make better use bandwidth for increased data of the available power. Furthermore, Tony Orme. transmission. In excess of twenty- interference with nearby transmissions five non-overlapping channels, each on the same frequency is reduced with a bandwidth of typically 20MHz, allowing frequency reuse. demonstrates the opportunity this technology has to outperform legacy The concept of constructive interference Broadcasters rely on clear and reliable systems based on lower frequencies provides signal amplification for communications now more than ever, such as DECT in the highly congested certain relative signal phases through especially when we consider how many 2.4GHz frequency spectrum.