United States In cooperation with Department of the University of Florida, Agriculture Institute of Food and Soil Survey of Agricultural Sciences, Natural Agricultural Experiment Escambia County, Resources Stations, and Soil and Water Conservation Science Department; and the Service Florida Department of Florida Agriculture and Consumer Services

How To Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. ii

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1992. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1997. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1992. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Stations, and Soil and Water Science Department; and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Escambia Soil and Water Conservation District. The Escambia County Board of Commissioners contributed financially to the acceleration of the survey. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: Logo of the Escambia County Board of Commissioners. Escambia County, located on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, is noted for beautiful white-sand beaches and sailing ships. The county is the home of the Pensacola Naval Air Station.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available online from the Natural Resources Conservation Service at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. iii

Contents

How To Use This Soil Survey ...... i 14—Allanton-Pottsburg complex ...... 26 Contents ...... iii 15—Resota sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes...... 28 Foreword ...... vii 16—Arents-Urban land complex ...... 28 General Nature of the County ...... 1 17—Kureb sand, 8 to 12 percent slopes...... 29 How This Survey Was Made ...... 4 18—Pits ...... 30 General Soil Map Units ...... 7 19—Foxworth sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 30 Areas on Uplands Dominated by Nearly Level 20—Lakeland sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes...... 31 to Steep, Loamy and Sandy Soils ...... 7 21—Lakeland sand, 8 to 12 percent slopes...... 32 1. Red Bay-Notcher ...... 7 22—Urban land ...... 33 2. Troup-Lakeland ...... 8 24—Poarch sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent 3. Troup-Poarch-Perdido ...... 8 slopes ...... 33 4. Notcher-Troup...... 9 25—Poarch sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent 5. Notcher-Bonifay-Troup ...... 10 slopes ...... 34 6. Troup-Poarch-Pelham ...... 11 26—Poarch sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent Areas on Coastal Lowlands Dominated by slopes ...... 35 Nearly Level to Moderately Sloping, 27—Escambia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 Sandy Mineral Soils and Mucky Organic percent slopes ...... 36 Soils ...... 11 28—Grady loam ...... 37 7. Pickney-Croatan ...... 11 29—Perdido sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent 8. Lakeland-Hurricane ...... 12 slopes ...... 37 9. Leon-Pickney ...... 12 30—Perdido sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent 10. Corolla-Newhan-Duckston ...... 13 slopes ...... 38 Areas on Flood Plains, in Swamps, and on 31—Perdido sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent Low Stream Terraces Dominated by Level slopes ...... 39 to Gently Sloping, Loamy and Sandy 32—Troup sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 40 Mineral Soils and Mucky Organic Soils 33—Troup sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes ...... 41 that are Subject to Flooding ...... 13 34—Troup sand, 8 to 12 percent slopes ...... 42 11. Dorovan-Fluvaquents-Pelham ...... 14 35—Lucy loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 43 12. Dorovan-Fluvaquents-Mantachie ...... 14 36—Lucy loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes ...... 44 13. Mantachie-Fluvaquents-Bigbee ...... 15 38—Bonifay loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 17 slopes ...... 45 2—Duckston sand, frequently flooded ...... 18 39—Bonifay loamy sand, 5 to 8 percent 3—Corolla-Duckston sands, gently undulating, slopes ...... 46 flooded ...... 18 40—Eunola fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent 4—Pickney sand ...... 19 slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 47 5—Croatan and Pickney soils, depressional ...... 19 41—Malbis sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent 6—Dirego muck, tidal ...... 20 slopes ...... 48 7—Kureb sand, 0 to 8 percent slopes ...... 20 42—Malbis sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ... 48 8—Newhan-Corolla complex, rolling, rarely 43—Albany sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 50 flooded ...... 21 44—Corolla-Urban land complex, 0 to 5 9—Leon sand ...... 22 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 51 10—Beaches...... 24 45—Troup and Perdido soils, 8 to 35 percent 11—Hurricane sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 24 slopes, severely eroded ...... 52 12—Croatan muck, depressional ...... 25 46—Garcon-Bigbee-Yemassee complex, 0 to 13—Lakeland sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes...... 26 5 percent slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 53 iv

47—Hurricane and Albany soils, 0 to 5 70—Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes, occasionally flooded...... 54 slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 78 48—Pelham-Yemassee complex, occasionally 71—Iuka fine sandy loam, frequently flooded ..... 79 flooded ...... 55 72—Yemassee fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 49—Dorovan muck and Fluvaquents, percent slopes, occasionally flooded...... 80 frequently flooded ...... 57 73—Grady loam, drained ...... 81 50—Bigbee-Garcon-Fluvaquents complex, 74—Lucy loamy sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes ...... 82 flooded ...... 57 75—Weston fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent 51—Pelham loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 83 slopes ...... 58 76—Mantachie-Fluvaquents-Bigbee complex, 52—Robertsdale sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent frequently flooded ...... 84 slopes ...... 59 77—Arents-Water complex, undulating ...... 85 54—Troup-Poarch complex, 8 to 12 percent 78—Emory fine sandy loam, ponded ...... 85 slopes ...... 60 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 87 55—Troup-Poarch complex, 2 to 5 percent Hydric Soils ...... 87 slopes ...... 61 Ecological Communities ...... 88 56—Troup-Poarch complex, 5 to 8 percent Crops and Pasture ...... 91 slopes ...... 63 Yields per Acre ...... 93 57—Cowarts-Troup complex, 12 to 18 percent Land Capability Classification ...... 93 slopes ...... 64 Prime Farmland ...... 94 58—Eunola fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 95 slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 65 Recreation ...... 96 59—Notcher fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent Wildlife Habitat ...... 98 slopes ...... 66 Engineering ...... 99 60—Notcher fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent Building Site Development ...... 100 slopes ...... 68 Sanitary Facilities ...... 100 61—Notcher fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent Construction Materials ...... 101 slopes ...... 69 Water Management ...... 102 62—Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent Soil Properties ...... 105 slopes ...... 70 Engineering Index Properties ...... 105 63—Bama fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 106 slopes ...... 70 Soil and Water Features ...... 107 64—Red Bay fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent Classification of the Soils ...... 109 slopes ...... 71 Soil Series and Their Morphology...... 109 65—Red Bay fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent Albany Series ...... 109 slopes ...... 73 Allanton Series ...... 110 66—Red Bay fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent Bama Series...... 111 slopes ...... 73 Bigbee Series ...... 112 67—Notcher-Maubila complex, 2 to 5 percent Bonifay Series ...... 112 slopes ...... 75 Corolla Series...... 113 68—Notcher-Maubila complex, 5 to 8 percent Cowarts Series ...... 114 slopes ...... 76 Croatan Series ...... 115 69—Notcher-Maubila complex, 8 to 12 Dirego Series ...... 115 percent slopes ...... 77 Dorovan Series ...... 116 v

Duckston Series ...... 116 Climate...... 145 Emory Series ...... 117 Plants and Animals ...... 146 Escambia Series ...... 117 Relief...... 146 Eunola Series ...... 118 Time ...... 146 Foxworth Series ...... 119 Processes of Horizon Differentiation ...... 147 Garcon Series ...... 120 Geology ...... 147 Grady Series ...... 121 Geomorphology ...... 147 Hurricane Series ...... 122 Stratigraphy ...... 149 Iuka Series ...... 122 Ground Water...... 152 Izagora Series ...... 123 Mineral Resources ...... 152 Kureb series ...... 124 References ...... 155 Lakeland Series ...... 129 Glossary ...... 159 Leon Series ...... 129 Tables ...... 171 Lucy Series ...... 130 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 172 Malbis Series...... 130 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall...... 173 Mantachie Series ...... 131 Table 3.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Maubila Series ...... 132 of the Soils ...... 174 Newhan Series ...... 133 Table 4.—Land Capability Classes and Notcher Series ...... 134 Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture ...... 176 Pelham Series ...... 135 Table 5.—Woodland Management and Perdido Series ...... 135 Productivity ...... 181 Pickney Series ...... 136 Table 6.—Recreational Development ...... 186 Poarch Series ...... 137 Table 7.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 193 Pottsburg Series ...... 138 Table 8.—Building Site Development ...... 198 Red Bay Series ...... 138 Table 9.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 205 Resota Series...... 139 Table 10.—Construction Materials ...... 212 Robertsdale Series...... 140 Table 11.—Water Management ...... 217 Troup Series ...... 140 Table 12.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 226 Weston Series ...... 141 Table 13.—Physical and Chemical Yemassee Series ...... 142 Properties of the Soils ...... 236 Formation of the Soils ...... 145 Table 14.—Soil and Water Features ...... 244 Factors of Soil Formation ...... 145 Table 15.—Classification of the Soils ...... 249 Parent Material ...... 145

Issued 2004

vii

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

T. Niles Glasgow State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

1

Soil Survey of Escambia County, Florida

By C. Andrew Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by G. Wade Hurt, John D. Overing, and C. Andrew Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Stations, and Soil and Water Science Department; and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

ESCAMBIA COUNTY is in the northwestern part of Florida (fig. 1). It is bordered by Baldwin County, Alabama, to the west, by Escambia County, Alabama, to the north, by Santa Rosa County, Florida, to the east, and by the Gulf of Mexico to the south. The county is irregular in outline. The Perdido River forms the western boundary, and the Escambia River forms the eastern boundary. The total area of the county is 481,600 acres, or about 752 square miles. About 422,700 acres consists of land areas and small bodies of water. About 58,900 acres consists of large areas of water in lakes, rivers, bays, and the Gulf of Mexico. The county extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Florida-Alabama State line, a distance of about 50 miles. The county is roughly the shape of an hourglass, varying in width from 25 miles along the northern boundary to about 8 miles at the narrowest part near the center of the county. Figure 1.—Location of Escambia County in Florida. This soil survey updates an earlier soil survey of Escambia County published in 1960 (USDA–SCS, 1960). It provides additional information and an updated aerial photography base map at a scale of Climate 1:24,000. Areas of the county not mapped in the 1960 report are mapped in this report. This updated soil James T. Bradley, climatologist, helped prepare this section. survey is also available in digital format. Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation for the survey area as recorded at Pensacola, Florida, in General Nature of the County the period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring as This section gives general information about the recorded at the Milton Experiment Station. county. It describes the climate, history and Escambia County has a warm, humid-temperate development, agriculture, and transportation facilities. climate. In summer, the days are long, warm, and 2 Soil Survey

humid. Winter is mild and short. Along the coast, the date of the earliest freeze in the fall is November 17. Gulf of Mexico moderates high temperatures in the The average growing season is 292 days. On the summer and low temperatures in the winter. A few average, the temperature goes to freezing or below 9 miles inland, however, the effect of the Gulf diminishes days a year. Table 2 gives additional data on freezing appreciably. temperatures in the county. The total annual precipitation is about 62 inches. March is the windiest month, and August has the About 34 inches, or about 55 percent, of the rain falls lowest average windspeed. Windspeed averages 8 during April through September. Unusual amounts, to 15 miles per hour during the day and usually however, may fall during any month. In 3 years out of drops below 8 miles per hour at night. The 10, the rainfall in April through September is less than prevailing winds blow from the north and northwest 21 inches. The growing season for most crops falls during fall and winter and from the south and within this period. The greatest amount of rain falls in southwest during spring and summer. During July and August. The least amount falls in April. A summer, a moderate sea breeze usually blows off large proportion of the rain falls during the afternoon the Gulf. The breeze diminishes greatly as it moves and evening as thundershowers or showers. These inland. High winds of short duration occur thundershowers and showers, which occur on 40 occasionally in connection with thunderstorms in percent of the days, are widely scattered, short, and summer and with fronts moving across the county often excessive. Sometimes, 2 to 4 inches of rain falls in other seasons. Tropical disturbances can within 1 or 2 hours. generate very destructive winds of up to 200 miles Winter brings gentle rains of long duration, per hour. These seriously destructive hurricanes usually 1 to 3 days. Long-lasting showers in occur about one year in eight. summer usually are associated with tropical Damaging winds and flooding caused by hurricanes disturbances. Rainfall of more than 9 inches during can destroy crops and buildings. The hazard of 1 a 24-hour period can be expected in about one year erosion also increases when more than /2-inch of rain in nine, usually when a tropical depression or falls in less than 2 hours. hurricane passes through the area. Occasionally, short droughts in late spring—when Snowfall is rare. In 90 percent of the winters, there plants are beginning to grow and temperature is is no measurable snowfall. In 10 percent, the snowfall, high—lead to a moisture deficiency that can damage usually of short duration, is more than 2 inches. crops, pastures, and gardens. Such a moisture Hailstorms are infrequent and cover only deficiency can only be overcome by supplemental restricted areas. Damage, therefore, is restricted. irrigation. Ground fog is usually confined to the night and early morning in late fall, winter, and early spring. Although the sun usually dissipates the fog very History and Development quickly in most areas, the fog often persists for David Breetzke, historian, helped prepare this section. hours along the coast. The Gulf of Mexico tempers the cold in the winter Escambia County has a long and rich history. and causes warm sea breezes to move across the Evidence dates the presence of Native Americans land on summer days. The average temperature in in the area back as far as 8000 B.C. (Bense, 1983; summer is 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Cloudiness, Fernald, 1981; Florida Department of State Staff, associated thundershowers, and showers relieve the n.d). European civilization entered the area in 1559 heat and humidity. The average temperature in winter with the arrival of Don Tristan de Luna from Spain is 54 degrees Fahrenheit. The highest recorded (USDA–SCS, 1960). The original settlement, near temperature is 106 degrees Fahrenheit. The lowest is present-day Pensacola, lasted only 2 years. The 7 degrees Fahrenheit. Spanish did not return to the area until 1698, when Winters are mild but are punctuated by periodic Don Andres de Arrida established a fort and invasions of cold air masses from the north. These settlement in the southwestern part of the county in cold periods generally last 1 to 3 days. The second an area that is now on the grounds of the naval air day is usually the coldest because during the night, station (Parks, 1985). under clear skies, radiant cooling is accelerated and During the 1700s, the area became—because of its temperatures plummet during the early morning. strategic value—the object of French and British Unprotected water pipes may freeze. imperialism. The territory was under the jurisdiction of The average date of the last freezing Spain, France, or England at various times for 123 temperature in winter is March 10. The average years. In 1821, Andrew Jackson accepted the territory Escambia County, Florida 3

from Spain and Florida became a part of the United Acreage of Principal Crops States. The western half of the new territory was Crop 1929 1954 1992 named Escambia County and extended from the Perdido River east to the Suwannee River. The Cotton 6,704 1,600 8,722 present boundaries of the county were set in 1842. Soybeans 144 10,948 9,083 Until the late 1800s, most of the settlements were Hay 1,147 1,239 4,247 close to the coast. With the completion of the railroad Corn harvested in the 1880s and the expansion of the lumber industry, for grain 10,188 6,563 6,193 more small towns developed in the central and Small grain northern parts of the county (Bense, 1989). As land (wheat and oats) 6 2,835 3,703 was “cut over” and cleared, farming began to develop on the more fertile soils in the area. Through the turn Also grown in 1992 was a small, scattered acreage of the century, lumbering, naval stores, farming, and of sorghum, vegetables, and canola. fishing provided a living for most of the residents of Livestock operations also contribute to the Escambia County. agricultural production of the county. In 1992, the The military has played a role in the history of county had about 1,879 diary cattle on 25 dairies, Escambia County. In 1825, Congress voted to 3,076 beef cattle, and 1,787 hogs (USDC–ESA, 1992). establish a navy yard in recognition of the value of Most of the agriculture and most of the soils that the harbor at Pensacola. As part of the military are well suited to agriculture are in the northern half of defense of the harbor, Fort Pickens was built in the county. As urban growth spreads out from 1834, Fort McRee in 1840, and Fort Barrancas in Pensacola, agricultural lands in the central and 1844 (Coleman and Coleman, 1982). The southwestern parts of the county are being converted Pensacola Naval Complex has been known as “The to suburban and urban land uses. This trend is Cradle of Naval Aviation” since 1914. In 1971, it expected to continue, with urbanization claiming more became the headquarters for the Chief of Naval agricultural land in the central parts of the county. In Education and Training. the northern parts of the county, however, agriculture In the long and varied history of Escambia County, is expected to maintain a strong, viable presence. the city of Pensacola has changed hands 13 times. The flags of five different nations have flown over its Transportation Facilities forts, giving it the nickname of “City of Five Flags” Escambia County has an array of transportation (Pensacola Area Chamber of Commerce, 1993; facilities that serve the needs of the people Pensacola Bay Area League of Women Voters, 1983). (Pensacola Area Chamber of Commerce, 1993). A network of highways and secondary roads provides Agriculture access to cities, towns, markets, and recreational Ken Collar, district conservationist, helped prepare this section. sites. Interstate 10 runs east and west through the county. Interstate Spur 110 provides easy access from Residents of Escambia County did not turn to Interstate 10 to the city of Pensacola. U.S. Highway farming until forest resources were nearly 90 also runs east and west through the county. exhausted, which occurred around 1900 (USDA– Alternate U.S. 90 provides a direct route—and is the SCS, 1960). The main crops grown in the early original highway—following the scenic route along days included corn, cotton, oats, hay, sugarcane, Escambia Bay and through downtown Pensacola. and sweet potatoes. Citrus was also grown. In U.S. Highway 98 provides the southernmost east-west 1930, there were 29,680 orange trees in the county. access through the county. The major north-south Due to occasional cold weather that damaged the corridor is U.S. Highway 29, which connects trees, the number of orange trees dwindled to less downtown Pensacola with the town of Century on the than 20 by 1954. Florida-Alabama State line, a distance of about 45 By 1955, the principal crops were corn, soybeans, miles. Florida Highway 97 provides access from U.S. Irish potatoes, cotton, and small grains. Cotton faded Highway 29 north-northwest to Alabama. Other State from popularity after 1955 until the early 1990s. By and county roads and many improved dirt roads are 1993, small grain, cotton, soybeans, and corn, in that maintained for public use. order, were the main crops. The acreages of the The city of Pensacola, which is in the southern part principal crops during 1929, 1954, and 1992 are listed of the county, has a commercial airport and a in the following table (USDC–ESA, 1992; USDA–SCS, deepwater port. Two railroads provide freight service 1960). to the port and to other industries. Another railroad 4 Soil Survey

provides intercity passenger service and has a taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with terminal in Pensacola. precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a Local and intercity bus services are available. basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification How This Survey Was Made used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character of soil properties and the arrangement This survey was made to provide information about of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. classified and named the soils in the survey area, they The information includes a description of the soils and compared the individual soils with similar soils in the miscellaneous areas and their location and a same taxonomic class in other areas so that they discussion of their suitability, limitations, and could confirm data and assemble additional data management for specified uses. Soil scientists based on experience and research. observed the steepness, length, and shape of the While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some slopes; the general pattern of drainage; and the kinds of the soils in the area generally are collected for of crops and native plants. They dug many holes to laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil study the soil profile, which is the sequence of natural scientists interpret the data from these analyses and layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and the surface down into the unconsolidated material in the soil properties to determine the expected behavior which the soil formed. The unconsolidated material is of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not of the soils are field tested through observation of the been changed by other biological activity. soils in different uses and under different levels of The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey management. Some interpretations are modified to fit area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the local conditions, and some new interpretations are geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and from other sources, such as research information, miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind production records, and field experience of specialists. of landform or with a segment of the landform. By For example, data on crop yields under defined levels observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the of management are assembled from farm records and survey area and relating their position to specific from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a soil. concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, Predictions about soil behavior are based not only during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist on soil properties but also on such variables as to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location predictable over long periods of time, but they are not on the landscape. predictable from year to year. For example, soil Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of into one another as their characteristics gradually accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, within certain depths in most years, but they cannot soil scientists must determine the boundaries between predict that a high water table will always be at a the soils. They can observe only a limited number of specific level in the soil on a specific date. soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, After soil scientists located and identified the supplemented by an understanding of the soil- significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to photographs and identified each as a specific map determine the boundaries. unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, boundaries accurately. texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and The descriptions, names, and delineations of the amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those reaction, and other features that enable them to of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications area and determining their properties, the soil in series concepts, or variation in the intensity of scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each areas. Escambia County, Florida 5

Survey Procedures required remapping because they were not surveyed in the previous soil survey. The 1951 black-and-white The general procedures followed in making the photographs show the natural vegetation in many survey are described in the “National Soil Survey areas that were later cleared and planted to pine Handbook” (USDA–NRCS) of the Natural Resources plantations, used for urban development, or both. Conservation Service and in the “Soil Survey Manual” Soil boundary lines were adjusted as needed (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993). The earlier soil throughout the county due to changes in soil series survey of Escambia County was among the concepts and advances in technology since the earlier references used (USDA–SCS, 1960). survey. Traverses generally were made at intervals of 1 Before the fieldwork began, maps and aerial about /4 mile. They were made at closer intervals in photographs were studied, including black-and-white complex areas of high variability and wider intervals in aerial photographs taken in 1951 at a scale of less complex areas of low variability. A ground- 1:20,000 (USDA–SCS, 1960) and color infrared penetrating radar (GPR) system and manual transect photographs taken in the spring of 1983 and the methods were used to document the type and spring of 1984 at a scale of 1:24,000. Soil scientists variability of soils that occur in the detailed soil map studied United States Geological Survey topographic units. Random transects were made with the GPR and maps at a scale of 1:24,000 to relate land and image by hand. Information from notes and ground-truth features. observations made in the field and GPR data were Reconnaissance was made by vehicle before the used to classify the soils and to determine the landscape was traversed on foot. Some areas composition of map units.

7

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map in this publication shows 1. Red Bay-Notcher broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general soil Nearly level to strongly sloping, well drained and map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it moderately well drained soils that are loamy consists of one or more major soils or miscellaneous throughout; on uplands areas and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or miscellaneous areas. This map unit consists of soils on summits and side The components of one map unit can occur in another slopes of broad or narrow, convex ridges in the north- but in a different pattern. central part of the county. In most areas, the The general soil map can be used to compare the landscape consists of long, smooth slopes. Slopes suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas range from 0 to 12 percent. of suitable soils can be identified on the map. This map unit makes up about 10,570 acres, or Likewise, areas where the soils are not suitable can about 2.5 percent of the land area of the county. It is be identified. about 50 percent Red Bay soils, 30 percent Notcher Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable and similar soils, and 20 percent soils of minor extent. for planning the management of a farm or field or for The well drained Red Bay soils are on nearly level selecting a site for a road or building or other summits and on gently sloping and moderately sloping structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from shoulder slopes and side slopes. Typically, the surface place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other layer is brown fine sandy loam about 6 inches thick. characteristics that affect management. The subsurface layer is yellowish red sandy loam. The The boundaries of the general soil map units in subsoil is dark red sandy clay loam in the upper part Escambia County were matched, where possible, and dark red sandy loam in the lower part. with those of the previously completed surveys of The moderately well drained Notcher soils are on Baldwin and Escambia Counties, Alabama, and nearly level summits and on gently sloping to strongly Santa Rosa County, Florida. In a few areas, sloping side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is dark however, the lines do not join and the names of the grayish brown fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. map units differ. These differences result mainly The subsurface layer is yellowish brown fine sandy because of changes in soil series concepts, loam that has common nodules of ironstone. The differences in map unit design, and changes in soil subsoil is brownish yellow sandy clay loam in the patterns near survey area boundaries. upper part, brownish yellow gravelly sandy clay loam in the middle part, and brownish yellow sandy clay loam in the lower part. The lower part of the subsoil Areas on Uplands Dominated by has masses of plinthite and has mottles in shades of Nearly Level to Steep, Loamy and red, brown, and gray. Sandy Soils Of minor extent in this map unit are the well drained Bama, Malbis, Perdido, and Poarch soils on summits; The six general soil map units in this group consist the well drained Emory and poorly drained Grady soils of excessively drained to poorly drained soils that are in depressions; the well drained Cowarts and loamy or sandy throughout or that have thick, sandy moderately well drained, clayey Maubila soils on side surface and subsurface layers and a loamy subsoil. slopes; and the moderately well drained Iuka and They make up about 78 percent of the county. Most of somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils and very the acreage is used for woodland, cultivated crops, or poorly drained Fluvaquents on flood plains. pasture. Erosion, droughtiness, and low fertility are Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated management concerns in the areas used for crops crops, pasture, or hay. A small acreage is used for and pasture. woodland or has been developed for homesites. 8 Soil Survey

The soils in this map unit are well suited to drained Cowarts and moderately well drained, clayey cultivated crops, pasture, and hay. The main Maubila soils on side slopes; and the somewhat poorly management concern is a moderate to severe hazard drained Albany and poorly drained Pelham soils on of erosion in the more sloping areas. toeslopes and in shallow drainageways. The soils in this map unit are well suited to Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland. woodland. They have a high potential productivity for A small acreage is used for cultivated crops or pasture slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. Few or has been developed for homesites. limitations affect the use of this map unit as woodland. The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to Plant competition and soil compaction, however, are cultivated crops and are moderately well suited to management concerns. pasture and hay. The main management concerns are The soils in this map unit are well suited to most droughtiness and low fertility. urban uses. The main limitation is the slope in the The soils in this map unit are moderately well suited strongly sloping areas. The seasonal high water table to woodland. They have a moderately high potential and restricted permeability in the Notcher soils are productivity for slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf limitations affecting septic tank absorption fields. pine. Lakeland soils have a high potential productivity for sand pine. The main limitations affecting 2. Troup-Lakeland commercial timber production are an equipment limitation and a high seedling mortality rate. Nearly level to strongly sloping, somewhat excessively The soils in this map unit are moderately well suited drained and excessively drained soils that have thick, to most urban uses. The main limitation is the slope in sandy surface and subsurface layers and a loamy the strongly sloping areas. Seepage is a concern in subsoil or that are sandy throughout; on uplands areas of Lakeland soils if sanitary facilities are constructed. Additional concerns include the sandy This map unit consists of soils on summits and side textures and droughtiness. slopes of convex ridges in the uplands. It is in the northeastern part of the county. In most areas, the landscape consists of long, smooth slopes. Slopes 3. Troup-Poarch-Perdido range from 0 to 12 percent. Nearly level to steep, somewhat excessively drained This map unit makes up about 13,950 acres, or and well drained soils that have thick, sandy surface about 3.3 percent of the land area of the county. It is and subsurface layers and a loamy subsoil or that are about 58 percent Troup soils, 18 percent Lakeland loamy throughout; on uplands soils, and 24 percent soils of minor extent. The somewhat excessively drained Troup soils This map unit consists of soils on summits and side are on narrow, gently sloping summits and on slopes of narrow to broad ridges in the uplands. It is in gently sloping to strongly sloping side slopes. the northeastern part of the county. In most areas, the Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown landscape consists of long, smooth slopes. Slopes sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer is range from 0 to 35 percent. yellowish brown sand in the upper part, strong This map unit makes up about 18,600 acres, or brown sand in the middle part, and yellowish red about 4.4 percent of the land area of the county. It is loamy sand in the lower part. The subsoil is dark about 32 percent Troup and similar soils, 28 percent red sandy loam in the upper part and dark red Poarch and similar soils, 20 percent Perdido and sandy clay loam in the lower part. similar soils, and 20 percent soils of minor extent. The excessively drained Lakeland soils are on The somewhat excessively drained Troup soils broad, gently sloping summits and on gently sloping are on narrow, gently sloping summits and on to strongly sloping side slopes. Typically, the gently sloping to steep side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown sand about 5 surface layer is dark grayish brown sand about 5 inches thick. The substratum is yellowish brown inches thick. The subsurface layer is yellowish sand in the upper part and brownish yellow sand in brown sand in the upper part, strong brown sand in the lower part. the middle part, and yellowish red loamy sand in the Of minor extent in this map unit are the very poorly lower part. The subsoil is dark red sandy loam in drained Fluvaquents, the moderately well drained Iuka the upper part and dark red sandy clay loam in the soils, and the somewhat poorly drained Mantachie lower part. soils on flood plains; the well drained Bama, Bonifay, The well drained Poarch soils are on broad or Lucy, Perdido, and Poarch soils on summits; the well narrow, nearly level summits and on gently sloping to Escambia County, Florida 9

strongly sloping side slopes. Typically, the surface 4. Notcher-Troup layer is very dark grayish brown sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown sandy Nearly level to moderately steep, moderately well loam in the upper part; yellowish brown and brownish drained and somewhat excessively drained soils that yellow sandy loam that has brownish, reddish, and are loamy throughout or that have thick, sandy surface grayish mottles in the middle part; and very pale and subsurface layers and a loamy subsoil; on brown and brownish yellow sandy loam that has uplands brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles in the lower part. The middle and lower parts of the profile have This map unit consists of soils on summits and side masses of plinthite. slopes of convex ridges in the uplands. It is in the The well drained Perdido soils are on narrow, north-central part of the county. In most areas, the nearly level summits and on gently sloping to steep landscape consists of long, smooth slopes. Slopes side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is dark range from 0 to 18 percent. yellowish brown sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The This map unit makes up about 72,280 acres, or subsoil is strong brown sandy loam in the upper part, about 17.1 percent of the land area in the county. It is yellowish red and strong brown sandy loam in the about 47 percent Notcher and similar soils, 26 percent middle part, and red sandy clay loam and sandy loam Troup soils, and 27 percent soils of minor extent. in the lower part. The middle and lower parts have The moderately well drained Notcher soils are on masses of plinthite. nearly level summits and on gently sloping to strongly Of minor extent in this map unit are the somewhat sloping side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is dark poorly drained Albany and Hurricane soils on grayish brown fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. toeslopes; the well drained Bama, Bonifay, Lucy, The subsurface layer is yellowish brown fine sandy Malbis, and Red Bay soils on summits; the well loam that has common nodules of ironstone. The drained Cowarts and moderately well drained, clayey subsoil is brownish yellow sandy clay loam in the Maubila soils on narrow ridges and on side slopes; the upper part, brownish yellow gravelly sandy clay loam poorly drained Grady soils in depressions; and the in the middle part, and brownish yellow sandy clay very poorly drained Fluvaquents and the moderately loam in the lower part. The lower part of the subsoil well drained Iuka and somewhat poorly drained has masses of plinthite and has mottles in shades of Mantachie soils on flood plains. red, brown, and gray. Most areas of this map unit are used for The somewhat excessively drained Troup soils are cultivated crops, pasture, or hay. A small acreage on narrow, gently sloping summits and on gently has been developed for homesites or is used for sloping to moderately steep side slopes. Typically, the woodland. surface layer is dark grayish brown sand about 5 The soils in this map unit are poorly suited, inches thick. The subsurface layer is yellowish brown moderately well suited, or well suited to cultivated sand in the upper part, strong brown sand in the crops and are moderately well suited or well suited to middle part, and yellowish red loamy sand in the lower pasture and hay. Erosion is a hazard in the sloping part. The subsoil is dark red sandy loam in the upper areas. Additional concerns include the droughtiness part and dark red sandy clay loam in the lower part. and low fertility of the Troup soils. Of minor extent in this map unit are the well drained The soils in this map unit are moderately well suited Bama, Lucy, Malbis, Poarch, and Red Bay soils on or well suited to woodland. They have a moderately summits; the well drained Cowarts and Perdido and high to high potential productivity for slash pine, moderately well drained Maubila soils on side slopes; loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. The main limitations the poorly drained Grady soils in depressions; the very affecting commercial timber production are a high poorly drained Fluvaquents and the moderately well seedling mortality rate and an equipment limitation in drained Iuka and somewhat poorly drained Mantachie areas of the Troup soil. soils on flood plains; and the moderately well drained The soils in this map unit are well suited or Izagora and poorly drained Pelham soils on low moderately well suited to most urban uses. Slope is terraces. a limitation affecting most uses in the strongly Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated sloping to steep areas. Additional concerns include crops, pasture, and hay. Areas of woodland are restricted permeability and a seasonal high water scattered throughout the map unit, mostly in the more table in areas of the Poarch and Perdido soils and sloping areas and on flood plains. droughtiness and a potential for seepage in areas The soils in this map unit are poorly suited, of the Troup soils. moderately well suited, or well suited to cultivated 10 Soil Survey

crops and are well suited or moderately well suited to about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer is pasture and hay. Erosion is a hazard in the sloping yellowish brown loamy sand in the upper part and areas. Additional concerns include the droughtiness brownish yellow loamy sand in the lower part. The and low fertility of the Troup soils. subsoil is mottled yellowish, brownish, reddish, and The soils in this map unit are well suited or grayish sandy clay loam. moderately well suited to woodland. They have a The somewhat excessively drained Troup soils moderately high to high potential productivity for slash are on narrow, gently sloping summits and on pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. The main gently sloping to moderately steep side slopes. limitations affecting commercial timber production are Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown a high seedling mortality rate and an equipment sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer is limitation in areas of the Troup soil. yellowish brown sand in the upper part, strong The soils in this map unit are well suited or brown sand in the middle part, and yellowish red moderately well suited to most urban uses. Slope is a loamy sand in the lower part. The subsoil is dark limitation affecting most uses in the strongly sloping red sandy loam in the upper part and dark red and moderately steep areas. Additional concerns sandy clay loam in the lower part. include restricted permeability and a seasonal high Of minor extent in this map unit are the well water table in areas of the Notcher soils and drained Lucy, Malbis, Perdido, and Red Bay and droughtiness and a potential for seepage in areas of excessively drained Lakeland soils on summits of the Troup soils. broad ridges; the well drained Cowarts and moderately well drained, clayey Maubila soils on side slopes; the poorly drained Grady soils in 5. Notcher-Bonifay-Troup depressions; the moderately well drained Iuka soils and very poorly drained Fluvaquents on flood Nearly level to moderately steep, moderately well plains; and the somewhat poorly drained Albany drained, well drained, and somewhat excessively and poorly drained Pelham soils on toeslopes and drained soils that are loamy throughout or that have in shallow drainageways. thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers and a Most areas of this map unit are used for loamy subsoil; on uplands woodland, pasture, or hay. A few small areas are This map unit consists of soils on summits and side used for cultivated crops, and a significant area in slopes of broad ridges in the uplands. It is in the the southern part of the county has been developed central part of the county. In most areas, the for urban use. landscape consists of long, smooth slopes. Slopes The soils in this map unit are well suited, range from 0 to 18 percent. moderately well suited, or poorly suited to cultivated This map unit makes up about 162,740 acres, or crops and are well suited or moderately well suited about 38.5 percent of the land area in the county. It is to pasture and hay. Erosion is a hazard in the about 34 percent Notcher and similar soils, 19 percent sloping areas. Additional concerns include the Bonifay soils, 19 percent Troup soils, and 28 percent droughtiness and low fertility in areas of the Bonifay soils of minor extent. and Troup soils. The moderately well drained Notcher soils are on The soils in this map unit are well suited or nearly level summits and on gently sloping to strongly moderately well suited to woodland. They have a sloping side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is dark moderately high or high potential productivity for grayish brown fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. The The subsurface layer is yellowish brown fine sandy main limitations affecting commercial timber loam that has common nodules of ironstone. The production are a high seedling mortality rate and an subsoil is brownish yellow sandy clay loam in the equipment limitation in areas of the Bonifay and upper part, brownish yellow gravelly sandy clay loam Troup soils. in the middle part, and brownish yellow sandy clay The soils in this map unit are moderately well loam in the lower part. The lower part of the subsoil suited to most urban uses. Slope is a limitation has masses of plinthite and has mottles in shades of affecting most uses in the strongly sloping to steep red, brown, and gray. areas. Additional concerns include restricted The well drained Bonifay soils are on gently permeability and a seasonal high water table in sloping summits and on gently sloping and areas of the Notcher soils and droughtiness and a moderately sloping side slopes. Typically, the potential for seepage in areas of the Bonifay and surface layer is dark grayish brown loamy sand Troup soils. Escambia County, Florida 11

6. Troup-Poarch-Pelham and for wildlife habitat. A small acreage is used for cultivated crops, pasture, or hay. Nearly level to steep, somewhat excessively drained, The soils in this map unit are poorly suited, well drained, and poorly drained soils that have thick, moderately well suited, or well suited to cultivated sandy surface and subsurface layers and a loamy crops, pasture, and hay. Erosion is a hazard in the subsoil or that are loamy throughout; on uplands sloping areas. Additional concerns include droughtiness and low fertility in areas of the Troup This map unit consists of soils on summits and side soils and wetness in the Pelham soils. slopes of broad ridges in the northwestern part of the The soils in this map unit are poorly suited, county. In most areas, the landscape consists of long, moderately well suited, or well suited to woodland. smooth slopes. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. They have a moderately high or high potential This map unit makes up about 51,150 acres, or productivity for slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf about 12.1 percent of the land area of the county. It is pine. The main limitations affecting commercial timber about 29 percent Troup soils, 27 percent Poarch soils, production are a high seedling mortality rate and an 15 percent Pelham soils, and 29 percent soils of minor equipment limitation in areas of the Troup and Pelham extent. soils. The somewhat excessively drained Troup soils are The soils in this map unit are poorly suited, on narrow, gently sloping summits and on gently moderately well suited, or well suited to most urban sloping to steep side slopes. Typically, the surface uses. Slope is a limitation affecting most uses in the layer is dark grayish brown sand about 5 inches thick. strongly sloping to steep areas. Additional concerns The subsurface layer is yellowish brown sand in the include restricted permeability and a seasonal high upper part, strong brown sand in the middle part, and water table in areas of the Poarch and Pelham soils yellowish red loamy sand in the lower part. The and a potential for seepage in areas of the Troup subsoil is dark red sandy loam in the upper part and soils. dark red sandy clay loam in the lower part. The well drained Poarch soils are on nearly level summits and on gently sloping side slopes. Typically, Areas on Coastal Lowlands the surface layer is very dark grayish brown sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish Dominated by Nearly Level to brown sandy loam in the upper part; brownish yellow Moderately Sloping, Sandy Mineral sandy loam that has reddish, brownish, and grayish Soils and Mucky Organic Soils mottles in the middle part; and mottled very pale brown and brownish yellow sandy loam in the lower part. The The four general soil map units in this group consist middle and lower parts have masses of plinthite. of excessively drained to very poorly drained soils that The poorly drained Pelham soils are on flats and in are sandy throughout the profile or that have a thick shallow drainageways on stream terraces and surface tier of muck and a sandy or loamy substratum. uplands. Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray They make up about 14 percent of the county. More loamy sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer than half of the acreage has been developed for urban is gray loamy sand that has brownish mottles. The and recreational uses. Most of the remaining acreage subsoil is gray sandy loam in the upper part and is used for woodland. Wetness caused by a seasonal mottled gray and light gray sandy clay loam in the high water table is the main limitation. Sandy textures lower part. and droughtiness are also management concerns in Of minor extent in this map unit are the well drained some of the soils. Bama, Lucy, and Malbis and excessively drained Lakeland soils on summits of ridges; the poorly drained Grady soils in depressions; the well drained 7. Pickney-Croatan Cowarts and Perdido and moderately well drained, Level, very poorly drained soils that are sandy clayey Maubila soils on side slopes; the moderately throughout or that have thick, organic surface and well drained Iuka and very poorly drained Dorovan subsurface layers and a sandy or loamy substratum; soils and Fluvaquents on flood plains; and the on coastal lowlands moderately well drained Eunola, somewhat poorly drained Garcon, and poorly drained Weston soils on This map unit consists of soils on flats and in large low terraces. depressions. It is in the southwestern part of the Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland county. Most areas are subject to ponding for long or 12 Soil Survey

very long periods. Slopes are dominantly less than 1 broad, gently sloping summits and on gently sloping percent. and moderately sloping side slopes. Typically, the This map unit makes up about 10,990 acres, or surface layer is dark grayish brown sand about 5 about 2.6 percent of the land area in the county. It is inches thick. The substratum is yellowish brown sand about 61 percent Pickney and similar soils, 20 percent in the upper part and brownish yellow sand in the Croatan soils, and 19 percent soils of minor extent. lower part. The very poorly drained Pickney soils are in slightly The somewhat poorly drained Hurricane soils are concave positions on broad flats and in shallow on broad, nearly level and gently sloping summits of depressions. Typically, the surface layer is black sand low ridges and on toeslopes. Typically, the surface about 10 inches thick. The subsurface layer is black layer is very dark grayish brown sand about 5 inches sand that has streaks of grayish uncoated sand. The thick. The subsurface layer is yellowish brown sand in substratum is very dark gray coarse sand and very the upper part and light gray and very pale brown dark grayish brown sand. sand in the lower part. The subsoil is dark reddish The very poorly drained Croatan soils are in gray and dark reddish brown sand. depressions. Typically, the surface layer is black muck Of minor extent in this map unit are the excessively about 15 inches thick. The subsurface layer is dark drained Kureb soils on summits, the very poorly brown muck. The middle layer is dark grayish brown drained Pickney and Croatan soils in depressions, the loam. The substratum is gray sandy loam and loamy poorly drained Leon and Pottsburg soils on flats, and sand. the very poorly drained Dirego soils in salt marshes. Of minor extent in this map unit are the very poorly Most areas of this map unit have been developed drained Allanton and poorly drained Leon and for urban use. A few small areas are used for Pottsburg soils on the slightly higher flats and the woodland and for wildlife habitat. somewhat poorly drained Hurricane soils on convex The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to most knolls. cultivated crops and are moderately well suited to Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland pasture and hay. The main limitations are and for wildlife habitat. A few areas have been droughtiness and low fertility. drained, filled, and developed for urban uses. The soils in this map unit are moderately well suited The soils in this map unit are not suited to cultivated to woodland. They have a moderate to high potential crops, pasture, or hay. Wetness and ponding are the productivity for slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf main limitations. pine and a high potential productivity for sand pine. The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to The main limitations affecting commercial timber woodland. The main limitations affecting commercial production are a high seedling mortality rate and an timber production are a high seedling mortality rate equipment limitation. and an equipment limitation. The soils in this map unit are moderately well suited The soils in this map unit are not suited to most to most urban uses. The sandy textures, droughtiness, urban uses. Wetness and ponding are severe and a potential for seepage are limitations. An limitations that are difficult to overcome. additional concern is the seasonal high water table in areas of the Hurricane soils. 8. Lakeland-Hurricane 9. Leon-Pickney Nearly level to moderately sloping, excessively drained and somewhat poorly drained soils that are Nearly level, poorly drained and very poorly drained sandy throughout; on coastal lowlands soils that are sandy throughout; on coastal lowlands This map unit consists of soils on broad, low ridges This map unit consists of soils in areas of in the southern part of the county, primarily in and flatwoods, on flats, and in shallow depressions. It is in around the city of Pensacola. The landscape consists the southern part of the county, primarily in and of long, smooth slopes and has little relief. Slopes around the city of Pensacola. The landscape is range from 0 to 8 percent. generally flat and has little relief. Slope ranges from 0 This map unit makes up about 31,280 acres, or to 2 percent. about 7.4 percent of the land area of the county. It is This map unit makes up about 8,880 acres, or about 60 percent Lakeland and similar soils, 20 about 2.1 percent of the land area in the county. It is percent Hurricane and similar soils, and 20 percent about 45 percent Leon and similar soils, 30 percent soils of minor extent. Pickney soils, and 25 percent soils of minor extent. The excessively drained Lakeland soils are on The poorly drained Leon soils are in flat to convex Escambia County, Florida 13

positions in areas of flatwoods. Typically, the surface about 1.8 percent of the land area of the county. It is layer is dark gray sand about 5 inches thick. The about 38 percent Corolla soils, 27 percent Newhan subsurface horizon is gray sand. The subsoil is dark soils, 16 percent Duckston soils, and 19 percent soils reddish brown and dark brown sand. The middle layer of minor extent is light brownish gray and very pale brown sand. The somewhat poorly drained Corolla soils are on Below this is very dark brown sand. the lower parts of dunes and in shallow swales. The very poorly drained Pickney soils are in slightly Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown sand concave positions on broad flats and in shallow about 5 inches thick. The substratum is white and light depressions. Typically, the surface layer is black sand gray sand that has brown organic stains and brownish about 10 inches thick. The subsurface layer is black and reddish mottles. sand that has streaks of grayish uncoated sand. The The excessively drained Newhan soils are on substratum is very dark gray coarse sand and very dunes. Typically, the surface layer is gray sand about dark grayish brown sand. 3 inches thick. The substratum is light gray and white Of minor extent in this map unit are the excessively sand. drained Lakeland and somewhat poorly drained The poorly drained Duckston soils are on flats and Hurricane soils on convex knolls, the very poorly in shallow swales and other depressions between drained Croatan and Allanton soils in depressions, the dunes. Typically, the surface layer is black muck and poorly drained Pottsburg soils on flats, and Arents in very dark gray sand about 3 inches thick. The areas that have been drained and filled. substratum is light gray and white sand. Most areas of this map unit have been developed Of minor extent in this map unit are areas of for urban uses. A few areas are used for woodland Beaches, the very poorly drained Dirego soils in salt and for wildlife habitat. marshes, the poorly drained Leon soils in areas of The soils in this map unit are poorly suited or not flatwoods, and the excessively drained Kureb and suited to most cultivated crops and are moderately moderately well drained Resota soils on dunes. well suited or poorly suited to pasture and hay. The Many areas in this map unit have been developed main limitations are the ponding in some areas of the for homesites and commercial uses. A large acreage Pickney soils and wetness. Additional concerns has been left in a natural state and is used for include droughtiness and low fertility. recreation. The dunes serve to protect the mainland The soils in this map unit are moderately well suited from storm surges during hurricanes. or poorly suited to woodland. The Leon soils have a The soils in this map unit are not suited to cultivated moderately high potential productivity for slash pine crops, pasture, hay, or woodland. Salt spray from the and loblolly pine. The Pickney soils have a low Gulf of Mexico is a severe limitation affecting the potential productivity for slash pine and loblolly pine. growth of most trees, grasses, and cultivated crops. The main limitations affecting commercial timber The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to most production are a high seedling mortality rate and an urban uses. Flooding is the main limitation. Wetness in equipment limitation. the Corolla and Duckston soils is also a management The soils in this map unit are poorly suited or not concern. suited to most urban uses. Wetness is the main limitation in areas of the Leon soils. Wetness and ponding are the main limitations in areas of the Areas on Flood Plains, in Swamps, Pickney soils. and on Low Stream Terraces Dominated by Level to Gently 10. Corolla-Newhan-Duckston Sloping, Loamy and Sandy Mineral Nearly level to rolling, somewhat poorly drained, Soils and Mucky Organic Soils that excessively drained, and poorly drained soils that are are Subject to Flooding sandy throughout; on coastal lowlands This map unit consists of soils on dunes, on flats, The three general soil map units in this group and in depressions and swales between dunes. It is consist of excessively drained to very poorly drained adjacent to the coast and on the barrier islands. The soils that are loamy or sandy throughout; that have landscape is flat to rolling. Slopes are dominantly less thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers and a than 8 percent, but they range up to 12 percent on the loamy subsoil; or that have mucky textures higher dunes. throughout. They make up about 8 percent of the This map unit makes up about 7,600 acres, or county. Most of the acreage is used for woodland and 14 Soil Survey

for wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for cultivated poorly suited to these uses because of occasional crops or pasture. Wetness and flooding limit the use of flooding and wetness. equipment and increase the seedling mortality rate. The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to The wetness and flooding are the main management woodland. The main limitations affecting commercial concerns affecting woodland. timber production are a high seedling mortality rate and an equipment limitation. 11. Dorovan-Fluvaquents-Pelham The soils in this map unit are not suited to most urban uses. The flooding and wetness are the main Level and nearly level, very poorly drained and poorly limitations. drained soils that are mucky throughout, that are stratified sandy and loamy throughout, or that have 12. Dorovan-Fluvaquents-Mantachie thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers and a loamy subsoil; on flood plains and low terraces Level and nearly level, very poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained soils that are mucky This map unit consists of soils on flood plains and throughout, that are stratified sandy and loamy low stream terraces adjacent to the Perdido River in throughout, or that have a loamy surface layer and a the southwestern part of the county. The landscape is loamy subsoil; on flood plains generally flat or gently undulating and has little relief. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Most areas of this This map unit consists of soils on the flood plains map unit are subject to frequent or occasional along the Escambia River in the southeastern part of flooding. the county. The landscape is generally flat or gently This map unit makes up about 16,060 acres, or undulating. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Most about 3.8 percent of the land area of the county. It is areas of this map unit are subject to frequent flooding. about 30 percent Dorovan soils, 28 percent This map unit makes up about 8,880 acres, or Fluvaquents, 20 percent Pelham and similar soils, and about 2.1 percent of the land area of the county. It is 22 percent soils of minor extent. about 40 percent Dorovan soils, 30 percent The very poorly drained Dorovan soils are in Fluvaquents, 20 percent Mantachie and similar soils, swales, sloughs, and other depressions on flood and 10 percent soils of minor extent. plains and terraces. Typically, the surface layer is dark The very poorly drained Dorovan soils are in reddish brown muck about 8 inches thick. Below this swales, sloughs, and other depressions on flood is black muck. plains and terraces. Typically, the surface layer is dark The very poorly drained Fluvaquents are in the reddish brown muck about 8 inches thick. Below this lower parts of backswamps and in shallow is black muck. depressions. They vary significantly in color, texture, The very poorly drained Fluvaquents are in the and content of organic matter. lower parts of backswamps and in shallow The poorly drained Pelham soils are on flats and in depressions. They vary significantly in color, texture, shallow drainageways on stream terraces. Typically, and content of organic matter. the surface layer is very dark gray loamy sand about 5 The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils are inches thick. The subsurface layer is gray loamy sand on the middle and lower parts of natural levees and in that has brownish mottles. The subsoil is gray sandy the higher positions of backswamps. Typically, the loam in the upper part and mottled gray and light gray surface layer is dark brown loam about 6 inches thick. sandy clay loam in the lower part. The subsoil is brown loam in the upper part, grayish Of minor extent in this map unit are the excessively brown clay loam in the middle part, and mottled drained Bigbee soils on terraces, the very poorly grayish, brownish, and reddish sandy clay loam in the drained Croatan and Pickney soils in swales, the lower part. The substratum is mottled grayish, somewhat poorly drained Garcon and Yemassee soils brownish, and reddish loam. on terraces, and the somewhat poorly drained Of minor extent in this map unit are the excessively Mantachie soils on flood plains. drained Bigbee soils on terraces and natural levees; Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland the very poorly drained Croatan and Pickney soils in and for wildlife habitat. A few small areas are used for swales; the somewhat poorly drained Garcon, Albany, pasture or hay. and Hurricane and moderately well drained Eunola The Dorovan soils and Fluvaquents are not suited soils on terraces; and the moderately well drained Iuka to cultivated crops, pasture, or hay because of soils on flood plains. frequent flooding and ponding. The Pelham soils are Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland Escambia County, Florida 15

and for wildlife habitat. A few small areas are used for The subsoil is brown loam in the upper part, grayish pasture or hay. brown clay loam in the middle part, and mottled The Dorovan soils and Fluvaquents are not suited grayish, brownish, and reddish sandy clay loam in the to cultivated crops, pasture, or hay because of the lower part. The substratum is mottled grayish, frequent flooding and the ponding. The Mantachie brownish, and reddish loam. soils are poorly suited to these uses because of the The very poorly drained Fluvaquents are in the frequent flooding and the wetness. lower parts of backswamps and in shallow The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to depressions. They vary significantly in color, texture, woodland. The main limitations affecting commercial and content of organic matter. timber production are a high seedling mortality rate The excessively drained Bigbee soils are on the and an equipment limitation. high parts of natural levees adjacent to stream The soils in this map unit are not suited to most channels and on low terraces. Typically, the surface urban uses. The frequent flooding and the wetness layer is dark grayish brown fine sand about 7 inches are the main limitations. thick. The substratum is yellowish brown and light yellowish brown fine sand in the upper part, white fine sand in the middle part, and light gray fine sand in the 13. Mantachie-Fluvaquents-Bigbee lower part. Of minor extent in this map unit are the moderately Level and nearly level, somewhat poorly drained, very well drained Eunola and somewhat poorly drained poorly drained, and excessively drained soils that Albany and Hurricane soils on terraces, the very have a loamy surface layer and a loamy subsoil, that poorly drained Dorovan and Croatan soils in swales are stratified sandy and loamy throughout, or that are and sloughs, and the moderately well drained Iuka sandy throughout; on flood plains soils on flood plains. This map unit consists of soils on the flood plains Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland along the Escambia River in the northeastern part of and for wildlife habitat. A few small areas are used for the county. The landscape is generally flat or gently pasture or hay. undulating and has little relief. Slopes range from 0 to The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to 2 percent. Most areas of this map unit are subject to cultivated crops, pasture, and hay. The main limitation frequent flooding. is the flooding. Additional concerns include wetness in This map unit makes up about 9,720 acres, or the Mantachie soils and Fluvaquents and droughtiness about 2.3 percent of the land area of the county. It is in the Bigbee soils. about 40 percent Mantachie and similar soils, 26 The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to percent Fluvaquents, 15 percent Bigbee soils, and 19 woodland. The main limitations affecting commercial percent soils of minor extent. timber production are a high seedling mortality rate The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils are and an equipment limitation. on the middle and lower parts of natural levees and in The soils in this map unit are not suited to most the higher positions of backswamps. Typically, the urban uses. The frequent flooding and the wetness surface layer is dark brown loam about 6 inches thick. are the main limitations.

17

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps The presence of minor inclusions in a map unit in in this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure this section, along with the maps, can be used to taxonomic classes but rather to separate the determine the suitability and potential of a unit for landscape into landforms or landform segments that specific uses. They also can be used to plan the have similar use and management requirements. The management needed for those uses. delineation of such segments on the map provides A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an sufficient information for the development of resource area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and however, onsite investigation is needed to define and named according to the taxonomic classification of the locate the soils and miscellaneous areas. dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes On the landscape, however, the soils are natural general facts about the unit and gives the principal phenomena, and they have the characteristic hazards and limitations to be considered in planning variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of for specific uses. some observed properties may extend beyond the Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped surface layer, all the soils of a series have major without including areas of other taxonomic classes. horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils and arrangement. or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and Soils of one series can differ in texture of the some minor components that belong to taxonomic surface layer, slope, salinity, degree of erosion, and classes other than those of the major soils. other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis Most minor soils have properties similar to those of of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil they do not affect use and management. These are maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit or management. For example, Bonifay loamy sand, 0 description. Other minor components, however, have to 5 percent slopes, is a phase of the Bonifay series. properties and behavioral characteristics divergent Some map units are made up of two or more major enough to affect use or to require different soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are management. These are called contrasting, or complexes or undifferentiated groups. dissimilar, inclusions. They generally are in small A complex consists of two or more soils or areas and could not be mapped separately because of miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in the scale used. Some small areas of strongly such small areas that they cannot be shown contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of by a special symbol on the maps. The contrasting the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar components are mentioned in the map unit in all areas. Troup-Poarch complex, 5 to 8 percent descriptions. A few areas of minor components may slopes, is an example. not have been observed, and consequently they are An undifferentiated group is made up of two or not mentioned in the descriptions, especially where more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to mapped individually but are mapped as one unit make enough observations to identify all the soils and because similar interpretations can be made for use miscellaneous areas on the landscape. and management. The pattern and proportion of the 18 Soil Survey

soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not The capability subclass is VIIw. This map unit has uniform. An area can be made up of only one of the not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol. It is major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made in the Salt Marsh ecological community. up of all of them. Croatan and Pickney soils, depressional, is an undifferentiated group in this survey area. 3—Corolla-Duckston sands, gently This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such undulating, flooded areas have little or no soil material and support little or no vegetation. Urban land is an example. This map unit consists of the very deep, somewhat Table 3 gives the acreage and proportionate extent poorly drained Corolla soil and the poorly drained of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the Duckston soil. It is in gently undulating areas of low soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for dunes and swales in the coastal lowlands. The soils many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms occur as areas so intricately intermingled that they used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. could not be mapped separately at the scale selected for mapping. The Corolla soil makes up about 50 2—Duckston sand, frequently percent of the map unit, and the Duckston soil makes up about 35 percent. Slopes generally are short and flooded complex. They range from 2 to 5 percent in areas of the Corolla soil and are 0 to 1 percent in areas of the This very deep, poorly drained, sandy soil is in the Duckston soil. Individual areas are irregular in shape. coastal lowlands. It is on nearly level flats and in They range from 5 to about 150 acres in size. depressions or swales on the barrier islands and near The Corolla soil generally is on slightly convex, low coastal beaches on the mainland. It is subject to dunes and on convex slopes of flats. Typically, the frequent flooding for brief periods. Slopes are 0 to 1 surface layer is grayish brown sand about 5 inches percent. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They thick. The substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. range from 3 to about 20 acres in size. It is very pale brown sand in the upper part, white Typically, the surface layer consists of a layer of sand that has strong brown and yellowish red mottles black muck about 0.5 inch thick overlying a layer of in the middle part, and light gray sand in the lower very dark gray sand about 3 inches thick. The part. substratum to a depth of 80 inches is light gray and white sand. Important properties of the Corolla soil—

1 Important properties of the Duckston soil— Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 to 3 feet throughout the year Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to 1 Available water capacity: Very low a depth of /2 foot throughout the year Permeability: Very rapid Available water capacity: Very low Flooding: Rare Permeability: Very rapid Flooding: Frequent, for brief periods The Duckston soil generally is in shallow depressions or swales between low dunes. Typically, Included in mapping are a few small areas of the surface layer consists of a layer of black muck Corolla and Dirego soils. The somewhat poorly about 0.5 inch thick overlying a layer of very dark gray drained Corolla soils are in the slightly higher, more sand about 3 inches thick. The substratum to a depth convex positions, generally near the upper edges of of 80 inches is light gray and white sand. mapped areas. The very poorly drained Dirego soils are in the lower positions and have an organic surface Important properties of the Duckston soil— layer that is 20 to 44 inches thick. Also included are a Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to few small areas of soils that are similar to the 1 a depth of /2 foot throughout the year Duckston soil but have up to 8 inches of muck on the Available water capacity: Very low surface. They are in slightly lower positions than those Permeability: Very rapid of the Duckston soil. Included soils make up about 10 Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 1 acre in size. Included in mapping are a few small areas of This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, Newhan and Dirego soils. The excessively drained pasture, woodland, urban uses, or recreational uses Newhan soils are on the higher parts of dunes. The because of wetness and the flooding. very poorly drained Dirego soils are in lower positions Escambia County, Florida 19

than those of the Duckston soil and have an organic depressions. Included soils make up about 15 percent surface layer that is 20 to 44 inches thick. Also of the map unit. Individual areas generally are less included are soils that are similar to Duckston soil but than 3 acres in size. have up to 8 inches of muck on the surface. Included This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit. pasture, hay, woodland, urban uses, or recreational Individual areas generally are less than 1 acre in size. uses because of wetness. This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, The capability subclass is VIw. This map unit has pasture, hayland, or woodland because most areas not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol. It is receive salt spray from the Gulf of Mexico. Additional in the Pitcher Plant Bogs ecological communities. management concerns include droughtiness and wetness. This map unit is poorly suited to most urban and 5—Croatan and Pickney soils, recreational uses because of the flooding and depressional wetness. Additional management concerns include the sandy textures, droughtiness, and salt spray. This map unit consists of the very deep, very poorly The capability subclass is VIIs in areas of the drained Croatan and Pickney soils in depressions in Corolla soil and VIIw in areas of the Duckston soil. the coastal lowlands. These soils are subject to This map unit has not been assigned a woodland ponding for several months in most years. The ordination symbol. The Corolla part is in the North composition of the unit is variable. Some areas mainly Florida Coastal Strand ecological community, and the consist of the Croatan soil, some areas mainly consist Duckston part is in the Salt Marsh ecological of the Pickney soil, and other areas contain both soils community. in variable proportions. In a typical area, the Croatan soil makes up about 45 percent of the map unit and 4—Pickney sand the Pickney soil makes up about 35 percent. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. Individual areas are rounded or This very deep, very poorly drained, sandy soil is in oblong in shape. They range from 10 to about 250 the coastal lowlands. It is on nearly level flats. Slopes acres in size. are flat or slightly concave and are generally less than The Croatan soil is commonly in the lower parts of 1 percent. Individual areas are irregular in shape. the depressions. Typically, the surface layer is black They range from 10 to about 700 acres in size. muck about 15 inches thick. The subsurface layer Typically, the surface layer is black sand about 10 extends to a depth of 25 inches. It is dark brown inches thick. The subsurface layer extends to a depth muck. Below this is a buried surface layer of dark of 35 inches. It is black sand that has streaks and grayish brown loam to a depth of 33 inches. The pockets of gray sand. The substratum extends to a substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is gray depth of 80 inches. It is very dark gray coarse sand in sandy loam in the upper part, gray loamy sand in the the upper part and very dark grayish brown sand in middle part, and gray and dark gray sand in the lower the lower part. part. Important properties of the Pickney soil— Important properties of the Croatan soil— Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from 1 foot 1 1 a depth of /2 foot from December through July above the surface to a depth of /2 foot from Available water capacity: Low December through July Permeability: Rapid Available water capacity: Very high Flooding: None Permeability: Moderate Flooding: None Included in mapping are a few small areas of Duration of ponding: Very long Allanton, Pelham, and Pottsburg soils. The very poorly drained Allanton soils are in slightly lower positions The Pickney soil is commonly in shallow than those of the Pickney soil. The Pelham and depressions or in the higher parts of deep Pottsburg soils are in slightly higher positions than depressions. Typically, the surface layer is black those of the Pickney soil and do not have thick, dark sand about 10 inches thick. The subsurface layer surface and subsurface layers. Also included are a extends to a depth of 35 inches. It is black sand few small areas of very poorly drained soils that have that has streaks and pockets of gray sand. The a surface layer of mucky sand. They are in shallow substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is 20 Soil Survey

very dark gray coarse sand in the upper part and Included in mapping are a few small areas of very dark grayish brown sand in the lower part. Duckston soils in the slightly higher positions near the upper edges of mapped areas. The Duckston soils are Important properties of the Pickney soil— sandy throughout. Also included are small areas of Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from 1 foot mineral soils that have a surface layer of muck that is 1 above the surface to a depth of /2 foot from less than 16 inches thick. Included soils make up December through July about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas Available water capacity: Low generally are less than 3 acres in size. Permeability: Rapid This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, Flooding: None pasture, hay, woodland, urban use, or recreational Duration of ponding: Very long uses because of wetness, the frequent flooding, and a high content of salt and sulfur in the soil. Included in mapping are a few small areas of The capability subclass is VIIIw. This map unit has Dorovan soils. The Dorovan soils are in the deeper not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol. It is parts of depressions and do not have mineral soil in the Salt Marsh ecological community. horizons within a depth of 51 inches. Also included are small areas of mineral soils that are similar to the Pickney soil but have a dark surface layer that 7—Kureb sand, 0 to 8 percent is less than 24 inches thick. These soils are in slightly higher positions than those of the Pickney slopes soil. Included soils make up about 20 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 3 This very deep, excessively drained, sandy soil is acres in size. on undulating, low ridges, knolls, and old dunes in the This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, coastal lowlands. Slopes generally are short and pasture, hay, woodland, urban uses, or recreational complex. Individual areas commonly are parallel to the uses because of wetness and ponding. coast and are long and narrow. They range from 15 to The capability subclass is VIIw. This map unit has about 70 acres in size. not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol. It is Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray sand in the Swamp Hardwoods ecological community. about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer extends to a depth of 19 inches. It is white sand. The next layer extends to a depth of 36 inches. It is brownish yellow 6—Dirego muck, tidal sand that has streaks of white sand and thin bands of dark brown sand. The substratum to a depth of 80 This very deep, very poorly drained soil is in the inches is brownish yellow and yellow sand. coastal lowlands. It is in tidal marshes on the barrier islands and bordering the bays and lagoons Important properties of the Kureb soil— adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico. These soils are Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 subject to daily flooding by fluctuating tides. Slopes feet are less than 1 percent. Individual areas are Available water capacity: Very low irregular in shape. They range from 10 to about 400 Permeability: Rapid acres in size. Flooding: None Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown muck about 8 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a depth Included in mapping are a few small areas of of 35 inches is black muck. The substratum extends to Lakeland, Leon, and Resota soils. The Lakeland a depth of 80 inches. It is dark grayish brown fine sand soils are in positions similar to those of the Kureb in the upper part and grayish brown fine sand in the soil and do not have bands or streaks of dark brown lower part. sand in the substratum. The poorly drained Leon soils are in shallow depressions and have dark Important properties of the Dirego soil— colored, organic-matter enriched subsoil layers. Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to The moderately well drained Resota soils are in a depth of 1 foot throughout the year slightly lower positions than those of the Kureb soil. Available water capacity: Very high Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map Permeability: Rapid unit. Individual areas are generally less than 5 Flooding: Very frequent (twice daily) for very brief acres in size. periods This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. Escambia County, Florida 21

The main management concerns are the very low The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland available water capacity, very low fertility, and the ordination symbol is 4S for slash pine. This map unit is hazard of erosion. Irrigation is needed for the in the Sand Pine Scrub ecological community. production of cultivated crops in most years. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a management concern. Frequent, light applications of fertilizer are 8—Newhan-Corolla complex, necessary to maintain the productivity of most rolling, rarely flooded crops. This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. This map unit consists of the excessively drained Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are Newhan soil and the somewhat poorly drained Corolla commonly grown grasses and are well adapted to soil. It is on sand dunes on the barrier islands and the local conditions. The main management adjacent to coastal beaches on the mainland (fig. 2). concerns are the very low available water capacity, The soils occur as areas so intricately intermingled very low fertility, and rapid leaching of nutrients. that they could not be mapped separately at the scale Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and selected for mapping. The Newhan soil makes up restricted grazing during prolonged dry periods help about 55 percent of the map unit, and the Corolla soil to keep the pasture in good condition. Frequent, makes up about 30 percent. Slopes are short and light applications of nitrogen are necessary to complex and range from 2 to 15 percent. Individual maintain the productivity of grasses. areas are generally long and narrow. They range from This map unit is suited to sand pine, slash pine, about 10 to 400 acres in size. loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. The potential The Newhan soil generally is on the higher parts of productivity is moderate for sand pine and low for dunes. Typically, the surface layer is gray sand about slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. Moderate 3 inches thick. The substratum extends to a depth of limitations affect timber management. The main 80 inches. It is light gray sand in the upper part and management concerns are an equipment limitation, white sand in the lower part. seedling mortality, and plant competition. The sandy Important properties of the Newhan soil— texture of the surface layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially when the soil is very Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 dry. Harvesting activities should be planned for feet seasons when the soil is moist. The high seedling Available water capacity: Very low mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It can be Permeability: Very rapid compensated for by increasing the number of trees Flooding: Rare planted. Plant competition reduces timber yields and The Corolla soil generally is on the lower parts of can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing dunes and in shallow swales between dunes. vegetation can be controlled by mechanical methods, Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown sand herbicides, or prescribed burning. about 5 inches thick. The substratum extends to a This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has depth of 80 inches. It is very pale brown sand in the slight limitations affecting building sites and local roads upper part, white sand that has strong brown and and streets and has slight to severe limitations yellowish red mottles in the middle part, and light gray affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main sand in the lower part. management concerns are the sandy texture, seepage, and droughtiness. Cutbanks are unstable Important properties of the Corolla soil— and subject to slumping. Support beams should be 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 used to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. If this to 3 feet throughout the year unit is used as a site for a septic tank absorption field, Available water capacity: Very low effluent can surface in downslope areas or impact the Permeability: Very rapid water table and create a health hazard. Mounding with Flooding: Rare suitable fill material increases the filtering capacity of the field. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and Included in mapping are a few small areas of irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape plants. Duckston soils in interdunal swales and depressions. This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It Also included are soils that are similar to the Corolla has moderate or severe limitations affecting most and Newhan soils but have a seasonal high water uses. The main management concerns are the sandy table at a depth of 3 to 6 feet. Included soils make up texture and the slope. about 15 percent of the map unit. 22 Soil Survey

Figure 2.—Sand dunes in an area of Newhan-Corolla complex, rolling, rarely flooded. Sea oats help to stabilize the dunes. The white sand beaches and sand dunes along the Gulf of Mexico are major attractions in Escambia County.

This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, 9—Leon sand pasture, hay, or woodland because of salt spray from the Gulf of Mexico. Additional management concerns This very deep, poorly drained, sandy soil is in the include droughtiness and the wetness in the Corolla coastal lowlands. It is in areas of nearly level soil. flatwoods. Slopes are flat or slightly concave and are This map unit is poorly suited to most urban and generally less than 2 percent. Individual areas are recreational uses because of the flooding and the irregular in shape. They range from 10 to about 150 wetness in the Corolla soils. Additional management acres in size. concerns include the slope, the sandy textures, Typically, the surface layer is dark gray sand droughtiness, and salt spray. about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer extends The capability subclass is VIIIs. This map unit has to a depth of 18 inches. It is gray sand. The subsoil not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol. It is extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is dark reddish in the North Florida Coastal Strand ecological brown and dark brown sand in the upper part, light community. brownish gray and very pale brown sand in the Escambia County, Florida 23

middle part, and very dark brown sand in the lower prevent adequate reforestation. The competing part. vegetation can be controlled by site preparation, herbicides, or prescribed burning. Applications of Important properties of the Leon soil— fertilizer can increase yields. 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of /2 This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. 1 to 1 /2 feet from December through April Wetness is a severe limitation affecting building sites, Available water capacity: Low local roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary Permeability: Moderately slow facilities. Additional management concerns include the Flooding: None sandy texture and droughtiness. Because of the seasonal high water table during winter and spring, a Included in mapping are a few small areas of drainage system is needed for buildings. A deep Hurricane, Pickney, and Pottsburg soils. The drainage system can help to lower the water table. somewhat poorly drained Hurricane soils are on low Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill knolls and do not have organic-enriched subsoil layers material helps to overcome the wetness. Septic tank within a depth of 30 inches. The very poorly drained absorption fields do not function properly during rainy Pickney soils are in small depressions. The Pottsburg periods because of the wetness. Constructing the soils are in positions similar to those of the Leon soil absorption field on a raised bed helps to compensate and do not have organic-enriched subsoil layers within for this limitation. Using supplemental irrigation and a depth of 30 inches. Included soils make up about 15 seeding or planting varieties that are adapted to percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are droughty conditions increase the survival rate of less than 5 acres in size. grasses and landscaping plants. This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The main management concerns are wetness, low available water capacity, low fertility, and leaching of plant nutrients. Installing a drainage system that includes open ditches, perforated tile, or land shaping; using supplemental irrigation; and planting crop varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions increase crop production. If irrigation is used, applying the water frequently in light amounts helps to prevent leaching of plant nutrients and pesticides to below the plant roots. This soil is poorly suited to pasture and hay. The seasonal wetness and droughtiness are the main management concerns. Grasses that are tolerant of wet conditions should be selected. Shallow ditches can help to remove excess water from the surface. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of fertilizer and lime are needed for the maximum production of forage. This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine (fig. 3). The potential productivity is moderate. Severe limitations affect timber management. The main management concerns are an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant competition. Harvesting activities should be planned for seasons when the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes rutting and the damage caused to tree roots by compaction. Planting seedlings on raised beds helps to establish the Figure 3.—Typical woodland vegetation in an area of Leon seedlings and increases the seedling survival rate. sand. The understory vegetation consists primarily of Plant competition reduces timber yields and can saw palmetto, gallberry, and assorted grasses and forbs. 24 Soil Survey

This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. 11—Hurricane sand, 0 to 5 percent Wetness and the sandy texture are the main management concerns. slopes The capability subclass is IVw. The woodland This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is in ordination symbol is 8W for slash pine. This map unit nearly level and gently sloping positions on low ridges is in the North Florida Flatwoods ecological and knolls in the coastal lowlands. Slopes are long community. and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from 3 to about 100 acres in size. 10—Beaches Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer extends to a depth of 58 inches. It is yellowish This map unit is in the coastal lowlands in the brown sand in the upper part, light gray sand that has southern part of the county. It is a miscellaneous brownish mottles in the middle part, and white sand in land type that consists of narrow strips of tide- the lower part. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 washed sand on the coast and on barrier islands. inches. It is dark reddish gray sand in the upper part Beaches are subject to daily flooding by fluctuating and dark reddish brown sand in the lower part. tides and wave action. The shape and slope of the beaches commonly change due to storm surges Important properties of the Hurricane soil— and wave action. Most areas have a uniform, gentle 1 slope, but some areas have a short, steep slope at Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 1 the water’s edge. Individual areas are long and to 3 /2 feet from December through April narrow, generally ranging from 200 to 500 feet in Available water capacity: Very low width. Permeability: Moderately rapid Most areas of Beaches consist of thick deposits of Flooding: None thinly stratified fine white sand. In most areas, Included in mapping are a few small areas of common or many shell fragments and dark sand Foxworth, Lakeland, Leon, Pickney, and Pottsburg grains are throughout the profile. A typifying profile soils. The moderately well drained Foxworth and was not selected. excessively drained Lakeland soils are in slightly Important properties of Beaches— higher positions than those of the Hurricane soil and do not have dark colored subsoil layers within a depth Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to 1 of 60 inches. The poorly drained Leon and Pottsburg a depth of /2 foot throughout the year soils are in slightly lower, less convex positions than Available water capacity: Very low those of the Hurricane soil. The very poorly drained Permeability: Rapid Pickney soils are in small depressions and have a Flooding: Very frequent for very brief periods due to thick, black surface layer. Included soils make up fluctuating tides about 15 percent of the map unit. Individual areas Included in mapping are a few small areas of generally are less than 5 acres in size. Newhan, Corolla, and Duckston soils. The Newhan This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. and Corolla soils are on sand dunes and are not The main management concerns are wetness and the subject to daily flooding by fluctuating tides. The poorly very low available water capacity. Additional drained Duckston soils are in shallow swales and management concerns include soil blowing, very low other depressions. Included soils make up less than fertility, and rapid leaching of plant nutrients. A water- 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally control system that removes excess water in wet are less than 1 acre in size seasons and provides supplemental irrigation in dry This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, seasons maximizes productivity. Conservation tillage, pasture, hay, woodland, or most urban uses because winter cover crops, crop residue management, and of the flooding, wetness, and the instability of the crop rotations that include grasses and legumes landforms. Beaches provide access to the Gulf of increase the amount of available water, decrease soil Mexico and are used extensively for recreational blowing, and improve fertility of the soil. Applying lime activities. and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the The capability subclass is VIIIw. This map unit has availability of plant nutrients and maximizes not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol or productivity. Using split applications increases the an ecological community. effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides. Escambia County, Florida 25

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Wetness This map unit is poorly suited to most recreational and the very low available water capacity are the main uses. It has severe and moderate limitations affecting management concerns. Coastal bermudagrass and most uses. The sandy texture and wetness are the bahiagrass are adapted to the local conditions. main management concerns. Shallow ditches can help to remove excess surface The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland water. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map unit restricted grazing during very wet or very dry periods is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological help to keep the pasture in good condition. community. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of forage. Using split applications increases the effectiveness of fertilizer 12—Croatan muck, depressional and herbicides. This very deep, very poorly drained soil is in This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly shallow depressions of the coastal lowlands in the pine, and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is southern part of the county. Slopes are long and moderate, and moderate limitations affect timber smooth and are less than 1 percent. Individual areas management. The main management concerns are are generally circular or oblong. They range from 3 to an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and about 15 acres in size. plant competition. The sandy texture of the surface Typically, the surface layer is black muck about 15 layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, inches thick. The subsurface layer extends to a depth especially when the soil is very dry. Wetness limits of 25 inches. It is dark brown muck. Below this is a the use of equipment during winter and spring. buried surface layer of dark grayish brown loam to a Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes depth of 33 inches. The substratum extends to a depth the damage to the soil and helps to maintain of 80 inches. It is gray sandy loam in the upper part, productivity. The moderate seedling mortality rate is gray loamy sand in the middle part, and gray and dark caused by droughtiness. It can be compensated for gray sand in the lower part. by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant competition can prevent adequate reforestation Important properties of the Croatan soil— unless sites receive appropriate site preparation Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from 1 foot and maintenance. Site preparation can control the 1 above the surface to a depth of /2 foot from initial plant competition, and herbicides can control December through July subsequent growth. Available water capacity: Very high This map unit is poorly suited to most urban Permeability: Moderately slow uses. Wetness is a severe limitation affecting Flooding: None building sites, local roads and streets, and most Duration of ponding: Very long kinds of sanitary facilities. Additional limitations include the instability of cutbanks, trafficability, and Included in mapping are a few small areas of droughtiness. Because of the seasonal high water Dorovan and Grady soils. The Dorovan soils are in table during winter and spring, a drainage system is the lower parts of the depressions and have organic needed for buildings. Installing a subsurface layers to a depth of 51 inches or more. The Grady drainage system helps to lower the water table. soils are in the upper parts of the depressions and Cutbanks are unstable and subject to slumping. do not have organic layers. Also included are soils Support beams should be used to maintain the that are similar to the Croatan soil but that have stability of the cutbanks. Constructing roads on organic layers that are less than 16 inches thick. raised, well-compacted fill material helps to Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map overcome the wetness. Septic tank absorption unit. Individual areas are generally less than 3 fields do not function properly during rainy periods acres in size. because of the wetness. Constructing the This map unit is severely limited for use as absorption field on a raised bed helps to cropland, pasture, or woodland or for urban or compensate for this limitation and provides recreational uses because of the wetness, the thick increased filtering capacity. Quickly establishing organic layers, and ponding. A site that has better permanent ground cover helps to stabilize the soil suited soils should be selected. and improves trafficability. Applying lime and The capability subclass is VIIw. This map unit has fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating help to establish not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol. It is lawns and landscape plants. in the Swamp Hardwoods ecological community. 26 Soil Survey

13—Lakeland sand, 0 to 5 percent light applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain the productivity of grasses. slopes This map unit is suited to sand pine, slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. The potential This very deep, excessively drained, sandy soil is productivity is high for sand pine and moderate for on nearly level summits and gently sloping shoulder slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. Moderate slopes of broad ridges. Slopes are long and smooth. limitations affect timber management. The main Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range management concerns are an equipment limitation, from 20 to about 300 acres in size. seedling mortality, and plant competition. The sandy Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown texture of the surface layer restricts the use of sand about 5 inches thick. The substratum to a depth wheeled equipment, especially when the soil is very of 80 inches is yellowish brown and brownish yellow dry. Harvesting activities should be planned for sand. seasons when the soil is moist. The moderate Important properties of the Lakeland soil— seedling mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing the number of Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 trees planted. Plant competition reduces timber yields feet and can prevent adequate reforestation. The Available water capacity: Very low competing vegetation can be controlled by mechanical Permeability: Rapid methods, herbicides, or prescribed burning. Flooding: None This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has Included in mapping are a few small areas of slight limitations affecting building sites and local roads Bonifay, Foxworth, Poarch, and Troup soils. The and streets and has slight to severe limitations Bonifay, Foxworth, and Troup soils are in positions affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main similar to those of the Lakeland soil. The Bonifay and management concerns are the sandy texture, Troup soils have loamy subsoil layers within a depth of seepage, and droughtiness. Cutbanks are unstable 40 to 80 inches. The Foxworth soils have a seasonally and subject to slumping. Support beams should be high water table within a depth of 6 feet. The Poarch used to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. If this soils are on small knolls and are loamy throughout. unit is used as a site for a septic tank absorption field, Also included are small areas of Lakeland soils that effluent can surface in downslope areas or impact the have slopes of more than 5 percent. Included soils water table and create a health hazard. Mounding with make up about 15 percent of the map unit. Individual suitable fill material increases the filtering capacity of areas are generally less than 5 acres in size. the field. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape plants. main management concerns are the very low available This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It water capacity, very low fertility, and a moderate has moderate or severe limitations affecting most hazard of erosion. In most years, irrigation can uses. The main management concern is the sandy prevent damage to crops and can increase texture. productivity. Returning crop residue to the soil helps to The capability subclass is IVs. The woodland maintain tilth and increases the available water ordination symbol is 5S for slash pine. This map unit is capacity. Minimum tillage, contour farming, and cover in the Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ecological crops reduce the runoff rate and help to control community. erosion. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a management concern. Most crops respond well to applications of lime and to frequent, light applications 14—Allanton-Pottsburg complex of fertilizer. This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. This map unit consists of the very poorly drained Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are Allanton soil and the poorly drained Pottsburg soil. The commonly grown grasses and are well adapted to Allanton soil is on nearly level flats and in shallow the local conditions. The main management depressions, and the Pottsburg soil is in areas of concerns are the very low available water capacity, flatwoods. It is in the coastal lowlands in the southern very low fertility, and rapid leaching of nutrients. part of the county. The areas are so intricately Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and intermingled that they could not be mapped separately restricted grazing during prolonged dry periods help at the scale selected for mapping. The Allanton soil to keep the pasture in good condition. Frequent, makes up about 60 percent of the map unit, and the Escambia County, Florida 27

Pottsburg soil makes up about 30 percent. Slopes are Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, crop residue long and smooth and range from 0 to 2 percent. management, and crop rotations that include grasses Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range and legumes increase the amount of available water, from 10 to 250 acres in size. decrease wetness, and improve fertility of the soils. The Allanton soil is on flats and in rounded Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing depressions. Typically, the surface layer is black and increases the availability of plant nutrients and very dark gray sand about 17 inches thick. The maximizes productivity. Using split applications subsurface layer extends to a depth of 53 inches. It is increases the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides. grayish brown sand in the upper part and light gray This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay. sand in the lower part. The subsoil extends to a depth The main management concerns are the ponding in of 80 inches. It is dark brown sand in the upper part areas of the Allanton soil and wetness. Shallow and dark reddish brown sand in the lower part. ditches can help to remove excess surface water. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted Important properties of the Allanton soil— grazing during very wet or very dry periods help to Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of 1 a depth of /2 foot from December through April lime and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the Available water capacity: Low production of forage. Using split applications increases Permeability: Moderate the effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides. Flooding: None This map unit is suited to slash pine and loblolly pine. The potential productivity is moderately high, but The Pottsburg soil is in areas of flatwoods in slightly severe limitations affect timber management. The higher positions than those of the Allanton soil. main management concerns are an equipment Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown limitation, seedling mortality, and plant competition. sand about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer Harvesting activities should be planned for seasons extends to a depth of 53 inches. It is brown sand in the when the soils are dry. Using standard wheeled and upper part and light brownish gray sand in the lower tracked equipment when the soils are wet results in part. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure ground dark reddish brown sand in the upper part and black equipment minimizes rutting and the damage caused sand in the lower part. to tree roots by compaction. Planting seedlings on Important properties of the Pottsburg soil— raised beds helps to establish the seedlings and

1 increases the seedling survival rate. Plant competition Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of /2 reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate to 1 foot from December through April reforestation. The competing vegetation can be Available water capacity: Low controlled by site preparation, herbicides, or Permeability: Moderate prescribed burning. Applications of fertilizer can Flooding: None increase yields. Included in mapping are a few small areas of This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Pelham and Pickney soils. The poorly drained Pelham Wetness is a severe limitation affecting building sites, soils are in positions similar to those of the Pottsburg local roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary soil and have loamy subsoil layers within a depth of 20 facilities. Because of the seasonal high water table to 40 inches. The very poorly drained Pickney soils during winter and spring, a drainage system is needed are in slightly lower positions than those of the for buildings. A deep drainage system can help to Allanton soil and do not have organic-enriched layers lower the water table. Constructing roads on raised, in the substratum. Included soils make up about 10 well-compacted fill material helps to overcome the percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are wetness. Septic tank absorption fields do not function less than 3 acres in size. properly during rainy periods because of the wetness. This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. Constructing the absorption field on a raised bed helps The main management concerns are ponding in areas to compensate for this limitation. of the Allanton soil and wetness. Additional This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. management concerns include the low available water It has severe limitations affecting most uses. Wetness capacity, very low fertility, and rapid leaching of plant and ponding are the main management concerns. nutrients. A water-control system that removes excess The capability subclass is VIw in areas of the water in wet seasons and provides supplemental Allanton soil and IVw in areas of the Pottsburg soil. irrigation in dry seasons maximizes productivity. The woodland ordination symbol is 10W for slash 28 Soil Survey

pine. This map unit is in the Flats ecological leaching of nutrients. Proper stocking rates, pasture community. rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Frequent, light applications of nitrogen are necessary 15—Resota sand, 0 to 5 percent to maintain the productivity of grasses. slopes This map unit is suited to sand pine, slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. The potential This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on productivity is moderate, and moderate limitations gently sloping knolls and low ridges in the coastal affect timber management. The main management lowlands. Slopes are long and smooth. Individual concerns are an equipment limitation, seedling areas are irregular in shape. They range from 100 to mortality, and plant competition. The sandy texture of about 450 acres in size. the surface layer restricts the use of wheeled Typically, the surface layer is gray sand about 3 equipment, especially when the soil is very dry. inches thick. The subsurface layer extends to a depth Harvesting activities should be planned for seasons of 19 inches. It is white sand. The subsoil extends to a when the soil is moist. The moderate seedling depth of 65 inches. It is brownish yellow sand that has mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It can be streaks of white sand in the upper part, is yellow sand compensated for by increasing the number of trees in the middle part, and is very pale brown sand in the planted. Plant competition reduces timber yields and lower part. The substratum to a depth of 80 inches is can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing white sand. vegetation can be controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or prescribed burning. Important properties of the Resota soil— This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3 /2 slight or moderate limitations affecting building sites to 6 feet from December through April and local roads and streets and has slight to severe Available water capacity: Very low limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. Permeability: Very rapid The main management concerns are the sandy Flooding: None texture, the seasonal high water table, seepage, and droughtiness. Cutbanks are unstable and subject to Included in mapping are a few small areas of slumping. Support beams should be used to maintain Kureb, Hurricane, Lakeland, and Leon soils. The the stability of the cutbanks. If this unit is used as a excessively drained Kureb and Lakeland soils are in site for a septic tank absorption field, effluent can slightly higher positions than those of the Resota soil surface in downslope areas or impact the water table and do not have a seasonally high water table within a and create a health hazard. Mounding with suitable fill depth of 6 feet. The somewhat poorly drained material increases the filtering capacity of the field. Hurricane and poorly drained Leon soils are on flats Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating and in swales. Included soils make up about 15 help to establish lawns and landscape plants. percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It less than 5 acres in size. has moderate or severe limitations affecting most This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. uses. The main management concern is the sandy The main management concerns are the very low texture. available water capacity, very low fertility, and a The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland moderate hazard of erosion. In most years, irrigation ordination symbol is 8S for slash pine. This map unit is can prevent damage to crops and can increase in the Sand Pine Scrub ecological community. productivity. Returning crop residue to the soil helps to maintain tilth and increases the available water capacity. Minimum tillage, contour farming, and cover 16—Arents-Urban land complex crops reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a concern. This map unit consists of very deep Arents and Most crops respond well to applications of lime and to areas of Urban land on uplands. It is primarily in the frequent, light applications of fertilizer. southwestern part of the county. The areas of Arents This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal and Urban land are so closely intermingled that they bermudagrass and bahiagrass are commonly grown could not be mapped separately at the scale selected grasses and are well adapted to the local conditions. for mapping. The Arents make up about 50 percent of The main management concerns are the very low the map unit, and the Urban land makes up about 40 available water capacity, very low fertility, and rapid percent. Slopes generally are less than 2 percent. Escambia County, Florida 29

Individual areas are rectangular. They range from 5 to depth of 36 inches is brownish yellow sand that has more than 50 acres in size. streaks of white sand and thin bands of dark brown The Arents consist of earthen materials that have sand. The substratum to a depth of 80 inches is been so modified by construction activities that the brownish yellow and yellow sand. original soil components are no longer recognizable. Important properties of the Kureb soil— The original soils were altered by cutting and filling, shaping and grading, and compacting. Fragments of Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 the subsurface and subsoil layers of the natural soil feet are throughout most pedons. In many areas, the Available water capacity: Very low Arents consist of materials hauled in from other Permeability: Rapid sources. The Arents can be highly variable within a Flooding: None short distance and can be sandy, loamy, or stratified Included in mapping are a few small areas of with various textures. Fragments of concrete, wood, Hurricane, Lakeland, and Resota soils. The somewhat and metal and other debris from construction activities poorly drained Hurricane and moderately well drained commonly are mixed in the Arents. Resota soils are in swales and on the lower parts of Important properties of the Arents— slopes. The Lakeland soils are in positions similar to those of the Kureb soil and do not have streaks or Seasonal high water table: Variable organic-enriched subsoil layers. Included soils make Available water capacity: Variable up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas Permeability: Variable generally are less than 3 acres in size. Flooding: None This map unit is severely limited for cultivated crops The Urban land consists of areas that are covered because of the slope, the hazard of erosion, and the by sidewalks, patios, driveways, parking lots, streets, very low available water capacity. A site that has better playgrounds, and buildings. suited soils should be selected. Included in mapping are a few small areas of This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay. unaltered soils, mostly Allanton, Pelham, Pickney, and Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well Pottsburg soils. They are generally on the edges of adapted to the local conditions. The main mapped areas or are covered by less than 20 inches management concerns are the slope, very low fertility, of fill material. Also included are a few small, water- and the very low available water capacity. In the filled depressions, ditches, and canals. Included areas steeper areas, the slope can limit equipment use if hay make up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual is harvested. Preparing seedbeds on the contour or areas are generally less than 1 acre in size. across the slope reduces the hazard of erosion and The Arents cannot easily be managed for crops, increases the germination rate. Proper stocking rates, pasture, timber, or wildlife habitat because of the pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during limited size of the areas, the areas of Urban land, and prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in the variability in soil properties. Onsite investigation good condition. Frequent, light applications of nitrogen and testing are needed to determine the suitability of are necessary to maintain the productivity of grasses. areas of this unit. This map unit is suited to sand pine, slash pine, This map unit has not been assigned a capability loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. The potential subclass, woodland ordination symbol, or ecological productivity is moderate for sand pine and low for community. slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. Moderate limitations affect timber management. The main management concerns are an equipment limitation, 17—Kureb sand, 8 to 12 percent seedling mortality, and plant competition. The sandy slopes texture of the surface layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially when the soil is very This very deep, excessively drained, sandy soil is dry. Harvesting activities should be planned for on strongly sloping side slopes of ridges, knolls, and seasons when the soil is moist. The high seedling old dunes in the coastal lowlands. Slopes generally mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It can be are short and complex. Individual areas are irregular in compensated for by increasing the number of trees shape. They range from 5 to about 20 acres in size. planted. Plant competition reduces timber yields and Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray sand can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer extends to vegetation can be controlled by mechanical methods, a depth of 19 inches. It is white sand. Below this to a herbicides, or prescribed burning. Installing broad- 30 Soil Survey

based dips, water bars, and culverts helps to stabilize mostly as a source of sand and gravel for construction. logging roads, skid trails, and landings. Reseeding all Pits on terraces and flood plains may be filled with disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes water. reduces the hazard of erosion and the siltation of Included in mapping are areas of abandoned pits. streams. These areas consist of pits and of banks of spoil This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. material that are 10 to 25 feet high. The surface of It has moderate limitations affecting building sites and these areas generally is a mixture of coarse sand and local roads and streets and has slight to severe gravel. Reaction is extremely acid or very strongly limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. acid. Also included are pits that hold water for The main management concerns are the slope and extended periods after rains. seepage. Cutbanks are unstable and subject to Most areas of this map unit do not support slumping. Support beams should be used to maintain vegetation. A few low-quality trees and sparse stands the stability of the cutbanks. If this unit is used as a of grass are in some of the abandoned pits. This map site for a septic tank absorption field, effluent can unit is unsuited to most uses. Extensive reclamation surface in downslope areas and create a health efforts are required to make it suitable as cropland, hazard. Increasing the length of the absorption lines pasture, woodland, or a site for urban development. and constructing the lines on the contour help to Onsite investigation and testing are needed to overcome this hazard. The sandy texture, the hazard determine the suitability of areas of this unit. of erosion, and the very low available water capacity The capability subclass is VIIIs. This map unit has are additional concerns. Vegetating cleared and not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol or graded areas as soon as possible or constructing silt an ecological community. fences helps to maintain soil stability and helps to keep soil on the site. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating help to establish lawns and 19—Foxworth sand, 0 to 5 percent landscape plants. slopes This map unit is poorly suited to most recreational uses. It has moderate or severe limitations affecting This very deep, moderately well drained, sandy soil most uses. The main management concerns are the is on nearly level and gently sloping, low ridges and sandy texture and the slope. knolls in the coastal lowlands in the southwestern part The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland of the county. Slopes are commonly long and smooth, ordination symbol is 4S for slash pine. This map unit is but some are short and complex. Individual areas are in the Sand Pine Scrub ecological community. irregular in shape. They range from 5 to about 100 acres in size. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown sand 18—Pits about 6 inches thick. The substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown sand in the This map unit consists of open excavations from upper part, light yellowish brown sand that has grayish which the original soil and underlying material have and reddish mottles in the middle part, and white sand been removed for use at another location. Pits are that has reddish mottles in the lower part. scattered throughout the county, primarily on terraces that parallel large streams and on sandy or loamy Important properties of the Foxworth soil— uplands. Individual areas generally are rectangular 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3 /2 and range from 5 to 25 acres in size. Areas smaller to 6 feet from December through April than 5 acres are identified on the soil maps by a Available water capacity: Low special symbol. Permeability: Rapid In the uplands, this map unit is mainly in areas Flooding: None where Bama, Lakeland, Lucy, Perdido, Poarch, Red Bay, and Troup soils have been removed to a depth of Included in mapping are a few small areas of 5 to 35 feet. In these areas, this map unit has been Hurricane and Lakeland soils. The somewhat poorly used as a source of construction material for highways drained Hurricane soils are in slightly lower, less and foundations and as a source of fill material. On convex positions than those of the Foxworth soil. The stream terraces and flood plains, this map unit is excessively drained Lakeland soils are in slightly mainly in areas where Bigbee, Eunola, Izagora, and higher positions than those of the Foxworth soil. Also Yemassee soils have been removed to a depth of 5 to included are moderately well drained, sandy soils that 15 feet. In these areas, this map unit has been used have dark colored, slightly cemented horizons below a Escambia County, Florida 31

depth of 40 inches. Included soils make up less than of the field. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, 15 percent of the map unit. Individual areas are and irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape generally less than 5 acres in size. plants. This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It main management concerns are the low available has moderate or severe limitations affecting most water capacity, very low fertility, and a moderate uses. The main management concern is the sandy hazard of erosion. In most years, irrigation can texture. prevent damage to crops and can increase The capability subclass is IIIs. The woodland productivity. Returning crop residue to the soil helps to ordination symbol is 10S for slash pine. This map unit maintain tilth and increases the available water is in the Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ecological capacity. Minimum tillage, contour farming, and cover community. crops reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a concern. Most crops respond well to applications of lime and to 20—Lakeland sand, 5 to 8 percent frequent, light applications of fertilizer. slopes This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are commonly grown This very deep, excessively drained, sandy soil is grasses and are well adapted to the local conditions. on moderately sloping side slopes of broad ridges. The main management concerns are the low available Slopes commonly are long and smooth, but some are water capacity, very low fertility, and rapid leaching of short and complex. Individual areas are irregular in nutrients. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and shape. They range from 15 to about 90 acres in size. restricted grazing during prolonged dry periods help to Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown keep the pasture in good condition. Frequent, light sand about 5 inches thick. The substratum to a depth applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain the of 80 inches is yellowish brown and brownish yellow productivity of grasses. sand. This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is Important properties of the Lakeland soil— moderately high. Moderate limitations affect timber Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 management. The main management concerns are an feet equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant Available water capacity: Very low competition. The sandy texture of the surface layer Permeability: Rapid restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially Flooding: None when the soil is very dry. Harvesting activities should be planned for seasons when the soil is moist. The Included in mapping are a few small areas of moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by Bonifay, Poarch, and Troup soils. The Bonifay and droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing Troup soils are in positions similar to those of the the number of trees planted. Plant competition Lakeland soil and have loamy subsoil layers within a reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate depth of 40 to 80 inches. The Poarch soils are on reforestation. The competing vegetation can be narrow ridges or on small knolls and are loamy controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or throughout. Also included are small areas of Lakeland prescribed burning. soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has than 8 percent. Included soils make up about 15 slight limitations affecting building sites and local percent of the map unit. Individual areas are generally roads and streets and has slight to severe less than 5 acres in size. limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. The main management concerns are the sandy The main management concerns are the very low texture, seepage, wetness, and droughtiness. available water capacity, very low fertility, and a Cutbanks are unstable and subject to slumping. moderate hazard of erosion. In most years, irrigation Support beams should be used to maintain the can prevent damage to crops and can increase stability of the cutbanks. If this unit is used as a site productivity. Returning crop residue to the soil helps to for a septic tank absorption field, effluent can maintain tilth and increases the available water surface in downslope areas or impact the water capacity. Minimum tillage, contour farming, and cover table and create a health hazard. Mounding with crops reduce the runoff rate and help to control suitable fill material increases the filtering capacity erosion. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a concern. 32 Soil Survey

Most crops respond well to applications of lime and to The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland frequent, light applications of fertilizer. ordination symbol is 5S for slash pine. This map unit is This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal in the Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ecological bermudagrass and bahiagrass are commonly grown community. grasses and are well adapted to the local conditions. The main management concerns are the very low available water capacity, very low fertility, and rapid 21—Lakeland sand, 8 to 12 percent leaching of nutrients. Proper stocking rates, pasture slopes rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. This very deep, excessively drained, sandy soil is Frequent, light applications of nitrogen are necessary on strongly sloping side slopes of ridges. Slopes to maintain the productivity of grasses. generally are short and complex. Individual areas are This map unit is suited to sand pine, slash pine, irregular in shape. They range from 15 to about 90 and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is high acres in size. for sand pine and moderate for slash pine and Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown longleaf pine. Moderate limitations affect timber sand about 5 inches thick. The substratum to a depth management. The main management concerns are of 80 inches is yellowish brown and brownish yellow an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and sand. plant competition. The sandy texture of the surface layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, Important properties of the Lakeland soil— especially when the soil is very dry. Harvesting Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 activities should be planned for seasons when the feet soil is moist. The moderate seedling mortality rate Available water capacity: Very low is caused by droughtiness. It can be compensated Permeability: Rapid for by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant Flooding: None competition reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing vegetation Included in mapping are a few small areas of Iuka, can be controlled by mechanical methods, Poarch, and Troup soils. The moderately well drained herbicides, or prescribed burning. Installing broad- Iuka soils are in narrow drainageways and are subject based dips, water bars, and culverts helps to to flooding. The Poarch soils are on the upper and stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. middle parts of slopes and on narrow ridges and are Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses loamy throughout. The Troup soils are in positions and legumes reduces the hazard of erosion and the similar to those of the Lakeland soil and have a loamy siltation of streams. subsoil within a depth of 40 to 80 inches. Also included This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has are small areas of Lakeland soils that have slopes of slight limitations affecting building sites and local less than 8 percent or more than 12 percent and areas roads and streets and has slight to severe of poorly drained soils in narrow drainageways. limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map The main management concerns are the sandy unit. Individual areas are generally less than 5 acres in texture, seepage, and droughtiness. Cutbanks are size. unstable and subject to slumping. Support beams This map unit is severely limited for cultivated crops should be used to maintain the stability of the because of the slope, the hazard of erosion, and the cutbanks. If this unit is used as a site for a septic very low available water capacity. A site that has better tank absorption field, effluent can surface in suited soils should be selected. downslope areas or impact the water table and This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay. create a health hazard. Mounding with suitable fill Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well material and increasing the length of the field lines adapted to the local conditions. The main increases the filtering capacity of the field. Applying management concerns are the slope, very low lime and fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating help to fertility, and the very low available water capacity. In establish lawns and landscape plants. the steeper areas, the slope can limit equipment This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It use if hay is harvested. Preparing seedbeds on the has moderate or severe limitations affecting most contour or across the slope reduces the hazard of uses. The main management concerns are the sandy erosion and increases the germination rate. Proper texture and slope. stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted Escambia County, Florida 33

grazing during prolonged dry periods help to keep 22—Urban land the pasture in good condition. Frequent, light applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain This map unit consists mainly of high density the productivity of grasses. residential areas and commercial and industrial This map unit is suited to sand pine, slash pine, developments. Generally, these areas have been and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is high graded and smoothed. In most areas, the original soils for sand pine and moderate for slash pine and have been altered beyond recognition or are covered longleaf pine. Moderate limitations affect timber by buildings or pavement. The original soils were management. The main management concerns are altered by cutting and filling, shaping and grading, an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and compacting, or covering with concrete and asphalt. plant competition. The sandy texture of the surface Individual areas generally are rectangular. They are layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, primarily in the southern part of the county in the especially when the soil is very dry. Harvesting Pensacola area. activities should be planned for seasons when the Included in mapping are a few small areas of soil is moist. The moderate seedling mortality rate unaltered soils, mostly Allanton, Corolla, Foxworth, is caused by droughtiness. It can be compensated Lakeland, and Pottsburg soils. Included soils generally for by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant make up less than 15 percent of the map unit. competition reduces timber yields and can prevent Onsite investigation and testing are needed to adequate reforestation. The competing vegetation determine the suitability of areas of this unit. can be controlled by mechanical methods, The capability subclass is VIIIs. This map unit has herbicides, or prescribed burning. Installing broad- not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol or based dips, water bars, and culverts helps to an ecological community. stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes reduces the hazard of erosion and the 24—Poarch sandy loam, 0 to 2 siltation of streams. percent slopes This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It has moderate limitations affecting building sites and This very deep, well drained soil is on nearly level local roads and streets and has slight to severe summits of broad ridges in the central and northern limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. parts of the county. Slopes generally are long and The main management concerns are the slope and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They seepage. Cutbanks are unstable and subject to range from 5 to about 150 acres in size. slumping. Support beams should be used to maintain Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish the stability of the cutbanks. If this unit is used as a brown sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil site for a septic tank absorption field, effluent can extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown surface in downslope areas and create a health sandy loam in the upper part; yellowish brown and hazard. Increasing the length of the absorption lines brownish yellow sandy loam that has brownish, and constructing the lines on the contour help to reddish, and grayish mottles in the middle part; and overcome this hazard. The sandy texture, the hazard very pale brown and brownish yellow sandy loam that of erosion, and the very low available water capacity has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles in the are additional concerns. Vegetating cleared and lower part. The middle and lower parts of the subsoil graded areas as soon as possible or constructing silt have nodules of plinthite. fences helps to maintain soil stability and helps to keep soil on the site. Applying lime and fertilizer, Important properties of the Poarch soil— mulching, and irrigating help to establish lawns and 1 Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 /2 landscape plants. to 5 feet from December through April This map unit is poorly suited to most recreational Available water capacity: Moderate uses. It has moderate or severe limitations affecting Permeability: Moderately slow most uses. The main management concerns are the Flooding: None sandy texture and the slope. The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland Included in mapping are a few small areas of ordination symbol is 5S for slash pine. This map unit is Bonifay, Escambia, Grady, Notcher, and Perdido soils. in the Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ecological The Bonifay soils are on the higher-lying knolls and community. have thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. The 34 Soil Survey

somewhat poorly drained Escambia soils are in This map unit is well suited to most recreational slightly lower, less convex positions than those of the uses. It has few limitations affecting these uses. Poarch soil. The poorly drained Grady soils are in The capability class is I. The woodland ordination shallow depressions. The Perdido soils are in slightly symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit is in the higher, more convex positions than those of the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological community. Poarch soil and have a reddish subsoil. The Notcher soils are in positions similar to those of the Poarch soil and have a higher content of clay in the upper part of 25—Poarch sandy loam, 2 to 5 the subsoil. Included soils make up about 10 percent percent slopes of the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size. This very deep, well drained soil is on gently This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. It sloping shoulder slopes and side slopes of ridges in has few limitations affecting this use. Low fertility and the central and northern parts of the county. Slopes droughtiness, however, are management concerns. generally are long and smooth. Individual areas are Minimizing tillage and returning all crop residue to the irregular in shape. They range from 5 to about 90 soil or regularly adding other organic matter help to acres in size. improve and maintain tilth and the content of organic Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish matter. In most years, irrigation can prevent damage brown sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil to crops and can increase productivity. Crops respond extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown well to systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. sandy loam in the upper part; yellowish brown and This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It brownish yellow sandy loam that has brownish, has few limitations affecting these uses. Coastal reddish, and grayish mottles in the middle part; and bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and clovers are well very pale brown and brownish yellow sandy loam that adapted to the local conditions. Proper stocking rates, has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles in the pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during lower part. The middle and lower parts of the subsoil prolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture have nodules of plinthite. in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of forage. Important properties of the Poarch soil—

This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly 1 Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 /2 pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting to 5 feet from December through April the production of timber. The potential productivity is Available water capacity: Moderate high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor Permeability: Moderately slow management concerns. Harvesting during the drier Flooding: None periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully managed reforestation helps to control competition Included in mapping are a few small areas of from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation Bama, Bonifay, Notcher, and Perdido soils. The Bama practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and and Perdido soils are on the upper parts of slopes. applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant The Bama soils have a higher content of clay than the competition and facilitate mechanical planting. Poarch soil in the upper part of the subsoil and are This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has reddish. The Perdido soils have reddish colors in the moderate limitations affecting building sites, slight subsoil. The Bonifay soils are on the lower parts of limitations affecting local roads and streets, and slopes and have thick, sandy surface and subsurface severe limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary layers. The Notcher soils are in positions similar to facilities. The main management concerns are those of the Poarch soil and have a higher content of wetness and the moderately slow permeability. A clay in the subsoil. Included soils make up about 15 subsurface drainage system can help to lower the percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are water table. Septic tank absorption fields do not less than 5 acres in size. function properly during rainy periods because of the This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The wetness and the moderately slow permeability. main management concerns are a moderate hazard of Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to erosion and droughtiness. Conservation tillage, overcome these limitations. Using suitable fill material terraces, contour farming, and cover crops reduce the to raise the filter field a sufficient distance above the runoff rate and help to control erosion. Using seasonal high water table improves the performance supplemental irrigation and planting crop varieties that of a septic system. are adapted to droughty conditions increase crop Escambia County, Florida 35

production. Crops respond well to systematic brown sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil applications of lime and fertilizer. extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It sandy loam in the upper part; yellowish brown and has few limitations affecting these uses. Bahiagrass brownish yellow sandy loam that has brownish, and coastal bermudagrass are the most commonly reddish, and grayish mottles in the middle part; and grown grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture very pale brown and brownish yellow sandy loam that rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged wet has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles in the or dry periods help to keep the pasture in good lower part. The middle and lower parts of the subsoil condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve have nodules of plinthite. fertility and increase the production of forage. This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly Important properties of the Poarch soil— pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting 1 Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 /2 the production of timber. The potential productivity is to 5 feet from December through April high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor Available water capacity: Moderate management concerns. Harvesting during the drier Permeability: Moderately slow periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully Flooding: None managed reforestation helps to control competition from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation Included in mapping are a few small areas of practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and Bonifay, Iuka, Notcher, and Perdido soils. The Bonifay applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant soils are on the lower parts of slopes and have thick, competition and facilitate mechanical planting. sandy surface and subsurface layers. The Iuka soils This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has are in narrow drainageways and are subject to moderate limitations affecting building sites, slight flooding. The Notcher and Perdido soils are in limitations affecting local roads and streets, and positions similar to those of the Poarch soil. The severe limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary Notcher soils have a higher content of clay in the facilities. The main management concerns are upper part of the subsoil than the Poarch soil. The wetness and the moderately slow permeability. A Perdido soils have a reddish subsoil. Also included are subsurface drainage system can help to lower the small areas of Poarch soils that have slopes of less water table. Septic tank absorption fields do not than 5 percent or more than 8 percent. Included soils function properly during rainy periods because of the make up about 15 percent of the map unit. Individual wetness and the moderately slow permeability. areas generally are less than 5 acres in size. Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The overcome these limitations. Using suitable fill material main management concerns are a severe hazard of to raise the filter field a sufficient distance above the erosion, droughtiness, and the short, complex slopes. seasonal high water table improves the performance Using a resource management system that includes of a septic system. contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue This map unit is well suited to most recreational management, stripcropping, and a sod-based rotation uses. It has few limitations for most uses. Slope is a reduces the hazard of erosion, helps to control surface moderate limitation in areas used for playgrounds. runoff, and maximizes infiltration of water. Installing The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland drop-inlet structures in grassed waterways helps to ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit prevent the formation of gullies. Using supplemental is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological irrigation and planting crop varieties that are adapted community. to droughty conditions increase crop production. Crops respond well to systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. 26—Poarch sandy loam, 5 to 8 This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. percent slopes Coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and clovers are well adapted to the local conditions. The main This very deep, well drained soil is on moderately management concerns are droughtiness and a severe sloping side slopes of ridges in the central and hazard of erosion. The seedbed should be prepared northern parts of the county. Slopes generally are on the contour or across the slope where practical. short and complex. Individual areas are irregular in Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted shape. They range from 5 to about 35 acres in size. grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of 36 Soil Survey

lime and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish production of forage. brown fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly subsurface layer extends to a depth of 10 inches. It is pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting grayish brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil extends to the production of timber. The potential productivity is a depth of 80 inches. It is light yellowish brown fine high. Soil compaction, plant competition, and the sandy loam that has brownish and grayish mottles in hazard of erosion are minor management concerns. the upper part; light yellowish brown fine sandy loam Harvesting during the drier periods helps to prevent that has brownish and grayish mottles and nodules of compaction. Carefully managed reforestation helps to plinthite in the middle part; and mottled grayish, control competition from undesirable understory brownish, and reddish fine sandy loam that has plants. Site preparation practices, such as chopping, nodules of plinthite in the lower part. prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Important properties of the Escambia soil— control the initial plant competition and facilitate 1 mechanical planting. Installing broad-based dips, Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 1 water bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging to 2 /2 feet from December through April roads, skid trails, and landings. Reseeding all Available water capacity: Moderate disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes Permeability: Moderately slow reduces the hazard of erosion and the siltation of Flooding: None streams. Included in mapping are a few small areas of This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has Albany, Poarch, Notcher, and Robertsdale soils. The moderate limitations affecting building sites, slight Albany and Robertsdale soils are in positions similar limitations affecting local roads and streets, and to those of the Escambia soil. The Albany soils have severe limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. The facilities. The main management concerns are the Robertsdale soils have a higher content of clay in the slope, wetness, and the moderately slow permeability. subsoil than the Escambia soil. The moderately well A subsurface drainage system can help to lower the drained Poarch and Notcher soils are in slightly higher, water table. Septic tank absorption fields do not more convex positions than those of the Escambia function properly during rainy periods because of the soil. Also included are small areas of poorly drained, wetness and the moderately slow permeability. loamy soils in narrow drainageways and depressions. Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map overcome these limitations. Absorption lines should be unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in installed on the contour. Preserving the existing plant size. cover during construction helps to control erosion. This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion-control main management concern is wetness. Planting may structures, such as sediment fences and catch basins, be delayed in spring because of the wetness. Well help to keep soil on the site. maintained drainageways and ditches can help to This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It remove excess water. Minimizing tillage and returning has slight limitations affecting most uses. Slope is a all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other severe limitation in areas used for playgrounds. organic matter improve fertility and help to maintain The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland tilth and the content of organic matter. Applying lime ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological availability of plant nutrients and maximizes community. productivity. This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Wetness 27—Escambia fine sandy loam, is the main management concern. Grasses that are tolerant of wet conditions should be selected. Shallow 0 to 2 percent slopes ditches can help to remove excess water from the surface. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is in restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the flat or slightly depressional positions on uplands and pasture in good condition. Applications of fertilizer and on toeslopes. It is in the central and northern parts of lime are needed for maximum production of forage. the county. Slopes are long and smooth. Individual This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly areas are generally broad or oblong. They range from pine, and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is 3 to about 70 acres in size. high, but moderate and severe limitations affect timber Escambia County, Florida 37

management. The main management concerns are an Permeability: Slow equipment limitation and plant competition. Harvesting Flooding: None activities should be planned for seasons when the soil Duration of ponding: Several months in most years is dry. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment Included in mapping are a few small areas of when the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Croatan and Escambia soils. The Croatan soils are in Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes the lower parts of depressions and have thick organic damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity. layers in the upper part of the profile. The somewhat Plant competition reduces timber yields and can poorly drained Escambia soils are in the slightly higher prevent adequate reforestation. The competing positions near the upper edge of depressions. Also vegetation can be controlled by site preparation, included are small areas of poorly drained and very herbicides, or prescribed burning. poorly drained, loamy soils in positions similar to those This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. of the Grady soil. Included soils make up about 10 Wetness is a severe limitation affecting building sites, percent of the map unit. Individual areas are generally local roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary less than 3 acres in size. facilities. Because of the seasonal high water table This map unit is severely limited for cultivated during winter and spring, a drainage system is needed crops, pasture, woodland, and urban and recreational for buildings. A deep drainage system can help to uses because of wetness and ponding. A site that has lower the water table. Constructing roads on raised, better suited soils should be selected. well-compacted fill material helps to overcome the The capability subclass is VIIw. This map unit has wetness. Septic tank absorption fields do not function not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol. It is properly during rainy periods because of the wetness. in the Cypress Swamp ecological community. Constructing the absorption field on a raised bed helps to compensate for this limitation. This map unit is suited to recreational uses. 29—Perdido sandy loam, 0 to 2 Wetness and restricted permeability are the main management concerns. percent slopes The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map unit This very deep, well drained soil is on nearly level is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological summits of broad to narrow ridges in the central and community. northern parts of the county. Slopes generally are long and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from 20 to about 150 acres in size. 28—Grady loam Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil extends This very deep, poorly drained soil is in shallow to a depth of 80 inches. It is strong brown sandy loam depressions on summits of broad ridges in the central in the upper part, yellowish red and strong brown and northern parts of the county. Slopes are long and sandy loam in the middle part, and red sandy clay smooth and range from 0 to 2 percent. Individual loam and sandy loam in the lower part. The middle areas are generally circular or oblong. They range and lower parts of the subsoil have nodules of from 2 to about 20 acres in size. plinthite. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer Important properties of the Perdido soil— to a depth of 11 inches is dark grayish brown clay Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 4 to loam that has reddish brown mottles. The subsoil 6 feet from December through April extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is dark gray clay Available water capacity: Moderate that has brownish mottles in the upper part, grayish Permeability: Moderately slow brown clay that has brownish mottles in the middle Flooding: None part, and light brownish gray and light gray clay that has brownish and reddish mottles in the lower part. Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bama, Emory, Lucy, Poarch, and Red Bay soils. The Important properties of the Grady soil— Bama and Red Bay soils are in positions similar to Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from 2 feet those of the Perdido soil and have a higher content of above the surface to a depth of 1 foot from clay in the upper part of the subsoil. The Emory soils December through July are in shallow depressions and are subject to ponding Available water capacity: High following periods of prolonged rainfall. The Lucy soils 38 Soil Survey

are on small knolls and have thick, sandy surface and 30—Perdido sandy loam, 2 to 5 subsurface layers. The Poarch soils are in slightly less convex positions than the Perdido soil and have percent slopes brownish colors throughout the subsoil. Included soils This very deep, well drained soil is on gently make up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual sloping shoulder slopes and side slopes of ridges in areas generally are less than 3 acres in size. the central and northern parts of the county. Slopes This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. It generally are long and smooth. Individual areas are has few limitations affecting this use. Low fertility irregular in shape. They range from 15 to about 85 and droughtiness, however, are management acres in size. concerns. Minimizing tillage and returning all crop Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown residue to the soil or regularly adding other organic sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil extends matter help to improve and maintain tilth and the to a depth of 80 inches. It is strong brown sandy loam content of organic matter. In most years, irrigation in the upper part, yellowish red and strong brown can prevent damage to crops and can increase sandy loam in the middle part, and red sandy clay productivity. Crops respond well to systematic loam and sandy loam in the lower part. The middle and applications of lime and fertilizer. lower parts of the subsoil have nodules of plinthite. This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It has few limitations affecting these uses. Coastal Important properties of the Perdido soil— bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and clovers are well Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 4 to adapted to the local conditions. Proper stocking rates, 6 feet from December through April pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during Available water capacity: Moderate prolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture Permeability: Moderately slow in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer Flooding: None improve fertility and increase the production of forage. This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly Included in mapping are a few small areas of pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting Bama, Lucy, Poarch, and Red Bay soils. The Bama the production of timber. The potential productivity is and Red Bay soils are on the upper parts of slopes high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor and have a higher content of clay in the upper part of management concerns. Harvesting during the drier the subsoil than the Perdido soil. The Lucy soils are periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully on the upper parts of slopes and have thick, sandy managed reforestation helps to control competition surface and subsurface layers. The Poarch soils are in from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation less sloping positions than the Perdido soil and have practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and brownish colors throughout the subsoil. Included soils applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant make up about 15 percent of the map unit. Individual competition and facilitate mechanical planting. areas generally are less than 3 acres in size. This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The slight limitations affecting building sites and local roads main management concerns are a moderate hazard of and streets and has severe limitations affecting most erosion and droughtiness. Conservation tillage, kinds of sanitary facilities. The main management terraces, contour farming, and cover crops reduce the concerns are wetness and the moderately slow runoff rate and help to control erosion. Using permeability. A subsurface drainage system can help supplemental irrigation and planting crop varieties that to lower the water table. Septic tank absorption fields are adapted to droughty conditions increase crop do not function properly during rainy periods because production. Crops respond well to systematic of the wetness and the moderately slow permeability. applications of lime and fertilizer. Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It overcome these limitations. Using suitable fill material has few limitations affecting these uses. Bahiagrass to raise the filter field a sufficient distance above the and coastal bermudagrass are the most commonly seasonal high water table improves the performance grown grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture of a septic system. rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged wet This map unit is well suited to most recreational or dry periods help to keep the pasture in good uses. It has no significant limitations for most uses. condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve The capability class is I. The woodland ordination fertility and increase the production of forage. symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit is in the This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological community. pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting Escambia County, Florida 39

the production of timber. The potential productivity is Available water capacity: Moderate high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor Permeability: Moderately slow management concerns. Harvesting during the drier Flooding: None periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully Included in mapping are a few small areas of Lucy, managed reforestation helps to control competition Iuka, Maubila, Notcher, and Poarch soils. Lucy soils from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation are on the lower parts of slopes and have thick, sandy practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and surface and subsurface layers. The Iuka soils are in applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant narrow drainageways and are subject to flooding. The competition and facilitate mechanical planting. Maubila soils are in positions similar to those of the This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has Perdido soil and are clayey in the upper part of the slight or moderate limitations affecting building sites, subsoil. The Notcher and Poarch soils are in positions slight limitations affecting local roads and streets, and similar to those of the Perdido soil. The Notcher soils moderate or severe limitations affecting sanitary have a higher content of clay in the upper part of the facilities. The main management concerns are subsoil than the Perdido soil. The Poarch soils have a wetness and the moderately slow permeability. A brownish subsoil. Also included are small areas of subsurface drainage system can reduce the wetness. Perdido soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent Septic tank absorption fields may not function properly or more than 8 percent. Included soils make up about during rainy periods because of the moderately slow 15 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorption field are less than 5 acres in size. helps to overcome this limitation. Preserving the This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The existing plant cover during construction helps to main management concerns are a severe hazard of control erosion. Mulching, applying fertilizer, and erosion, droughtiness, and the short, complex slopes. irrigating help to establish lawn grasses and other Using a resource management system that includes small-seeded plants. contour farming, conservation tillage, crop residue This map unit is well suited to most recreational management, stripcropping, and a sod-based rotation uses. It has slight management concerns affecting reduces the hazard of erosion, helps to control surface most uses. Slope is a moderate limitation in areas runoff, and maximizes infiltration of water. Installing used for playgrounds. drop-inlet structures in grassed waterways helps to The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland prevent the formation of gullies. Using supplemental ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit irrigation and planting crop varieties that are adapted is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological to droughty conditions increase crop production. community. Crops respond well to systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. 31—Perdido sandy loam, 5 to 8 This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and clovers are percent slopes well adapted to the local conditions. The main management concerns are a severe hazard of erosion This very deep, well drained soil is on side slopes and droughtiness. The seedbed should be prepared of ridges in the central and northern parts of the on the contour or across the slope where practical. county. Slopes generally are short and complex. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to from 15 to about 45 acres in size. keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown lime and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil extends production of forage. to a depth of 80 inches. It is strong brown sandy loam This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly in the upper part, yellowish red and strong brown pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting sandy loam in the middle part, and red sandy clay the production of timber. The potential productivity is loam and sandy loam in the lower part. The middle high. Soil compaction, plant competition, and the and lower parts of the subsoil have nodules of hazard of erosion are minor management concerns. plinthite. Harvesting during the drier periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully managed reforestation helps to Important properties of the Perdido soil— control competition from undesirable understory Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 4 to plants. Site preparation practices, such as chopping, 6 feet from December through April prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to 40 Soil Survey

control the initial plant competition and facilitate Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface mechanical planting. Installing broad-based dips, layers and moderate in the subsoil water bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging Flooding: None roads, skid trails, and landings. Reseeding all Included in mapping are a few small areas of disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes Bonifay, Lakeland, Lucy, and Perdido soils. The reduces the hazard of erosion and the siltation of Bonifay, Lakeland, and Lucy soils are in positions streams. similar to those of the Troup soil. The Bonifay soils This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has have a significant accumulation of plinthite in the moderate limitations affecting building sites, slight subsoil. The Lakeland soils do not have a loamy limitations affecting local roads and streets, and subsoil within a depth of 80 inches. The Lucy soils severe limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary have a loamy subsoil within a depth of 40 inches. The facilities. The main management concerns are the Perdido soils are on small knolls and do not have slope, wetness, and the moderately slow permeability. thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. Included A subsurface drainage system can help to lower the soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit. water table. Septic tank absorption fields do not Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in function properly during rainy periods because of the size. wetness and the moderately slow permeability. This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to main management concerns are the low available overcome these limitations. Absorption lines should be water capacity, very low fertility, and a moderate installed on the contour. Preserving the existing plant hazard of erosion. Returning crop residue to the soil cover during construction helps to control erosion. helps to maintain tilth and increases the available Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion-control water capacity. Minimum tillage, contour farming, structures, such as sediment fences and catch basins, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to help to keep soil on the site. control erosion. Leaving the maximum amount of This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It crop residue on the surface helps to control soil has slight limitations affecting most uses. Slope is a blowing and conserves soil moisture. In most years, severe limitation in areas used for playgrounds. irrigation can prevent damage to crops and can The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland increase productivity. Most crops respond well to ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit applications of lime and to frequent, light is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological applications of fertilizer. community. This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the 32—Troup sand, 0 to 5 percent local conditions. The main management concerns are low fertility and the low available water capacity. slopes Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged dry periods help to keep the This very deep, somewhat excessively drained soil pasture in good condition. Leaching of plant nutrients is on nearly level summits and gently sloping shoulder is also a management concern. Frequent, light slopes of ridges in the central and northern parts of applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain the the county. Slopes generally are long and smooth. productivity of grasses. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, from 15 to about 600 acres in size. and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown moderately high. Moderate limitations affect timber sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer management. The main management concerns are an extends to a depth of 58 inches. It is yellowish brown equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant sand in the upper part, strong brown sand in the competition. The sandy texture of the surface layer middle part, and yellowish red loamy sand in the lower restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially part. The subsoil to a depth of 80 inches is red sandy when the soil is very dry. Harvesting activities should loam and sandy clay loam. be planned for seasons when the soil is moist. The moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by Important properties of the Troup soil— droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 the number of trees planted. Plant competition feet reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate Available water capacity: Low reforestation. The competing vegetation can be Escambia County, Florida 41

controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or similar to those of the Troup soil. The Bonifay soils prescribed burning. have a significant accumulation of plinthite in the This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has subsoil. The Lakeland soils do not have a loamy slight limitations affecting building sites and local roads subsoil within a depth of 80 inches. The Lucy soils and streets and has slight to severe limitations have a loamy subsoil within a depth of 40 inches. The affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main Perdido soils are on narrow ridges or high knolls and management concerns are the sandy texture, do not have thick, sandy surface and subsurface seepage, and droughtiness. Cutbanks are unstable layers. Also included are small areas of Troup soils and subject to slumping. Support beams should be that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more than 8 used to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. If this percent. Included soils make up about 15 percent of unit is used as a site for a septic tank absorption field, the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than effluent can surface in downslope areas and create a 5 acres in size. health hazard. Increasing the length of the absorption This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. lines helps to reduce this hazard. Applying lime and The main management concerns are the low available fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating help to establish water capacity, very low fertility, and the hazard of lawns and landscape plants. erosion. Gullies form readily in areas that are subject This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It to concentrated flow of water on the surface. has moderate or severe limitations affecting most Returning crop residue to the soil helps to maintain uses. The main limitation is the sandy texture. tilth and increases the available water capacity. The capability subclass is IIIs. The woodland Minimum tillage, contour farming, and cover crops ordination symbol is 11S for slash pine. This map unit reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. is in the Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ecological Leaving the maximum amount of crop residue on the community. surface helps to control soil blowing and conserves soil moisture. In most years, irrigation can prevent damage to crops and can increase productivity. 33—Troup sand, 5 to 8 percent Leaching of plant nutrients is also a management slopes concern. Most crops respond well to applications of lime and to frequent, light applications of fertilizer. This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal This very deep, somewhat excessively drained soil bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the is on moderately sloping shoulder slopes and side local conditions. The main management concerns are slopes of ridges in the central and northern parts of very low fertility and the low available water capacity. the county. Slopes generally are long and smooth, but Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the some are short and complex. Individual areas are slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the irregular in shape. They range from 10 to about 150 germination rate. Proper stocking rates, pasture acres in size. rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged dry Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer Leaching of plant nutrients is also a management extends to a depth of 58 inches. It is yellowish brown concern. Frequent, light applications of nitrogen are sand in the upper part, strong brown sand in the necessary to maintain the productivity of grasses. middle part, and yellowish red loamy sand in the lower This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, part. The subsoil to a depth of 80 inches is red sandy and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is loam and sandy clay loam. moderately high. Moderate limitations affect timber Important properties of the Troup soil— management. The main management concerns are an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 competition. The sandy texture of the surface layer feet restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially Available water capacity: Low when the soil is very dry. Harvesting activities should Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface be planned for seasons when the soil is moist. The layers and moderate in the subsoil moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by Flooding: None droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing Included in mapping are a few small areas of the number of trees planted. Plant competition Bonifay, Lakeland, Lucy, and Perdido soils. The reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate Bonifay, Lakeland, and Lucy soils are in positions reforestation. The competing vegetation can be 42 Soil Survey

controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface prescribed burning. Installing broad-based dips, water layers and moderate in the subsoil bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, skid Flooding: None trails, and landings. Reseeding all disturbed areas with Included in mapping are a few small areas of Iuka, adapted grasses and legumes reduces the hazard of Lakeland, Lucy, Maubila, and Perdido soils. The erosion and the siltation of streams. moderately well drained Iuka soils are in narrow This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has drainageways and are subject to flooding. The slight limitations affecting building sites and local roads Lakeland and Lucy soils are in positions similar to and streets and has slight to severe limitations those of the Troup soil. The Lakeland soils do not affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main have a loamy subsoil within a depth of 80 inches. The management concerns are the sandy texture, Lucy soils have a loamy subsoil within a depth of 40 seepage, and droughtiness. Cutbanks are unstable inches. The Maubila and Perdido soils are on the and subject to slumping. Support beams should be upper and middle parts of slopes and do not have used to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. If this thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. Also unit is used as a site for a septic tank absorption field, included are small areas of Troup soils that have effluent can surface in downslope areas and create a slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 12 percent health hazard. Increasing the length of the absorption and areas of poorly drained soils in narrow lines and installing the lines on the contour help to drainageways. Included soils make up about 15 reduce this hazard. Vegetating cleared and graded percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are areas as soon as possible or constructing silt fences less than 5 acres in size. helps to maintain soil stability and helps to keep soil This map unit is severely limited for cultivated crops on the site. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and because of the slope, the hazard of erosion, and the irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape plants. low available water capacity. A site that has better This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It suited soils should be selected. has moderate or severe limitations affecting most This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay. uses. The main management concerns are the sandy Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well texture and the slope. adapted to the local conditions. The main The capability subclass is IVs. The woodland management concerns are the slope, very low fertility, ordination symbol is 11S for slash pine. This map unit and the low available water capacity. In the steeper is in the Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ecological areas, the slope can limit equipment use if hay is community. harvested. Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope reduces the hazard of erosion and 34—Troup sand, 8 to 12 percent increases the germination rate. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during slopes prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Frequent, light applications of nitrogen This very deep, sandy, somewhat excessively are necessary to maintain the productivity of grasses. drained soil is on strongly sloping side slopes of ridges This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, in the central and northern parts of the county. Slopes and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is generally are short and complex. Individual areas are moderately high. Moderate limitations affect timber irregular in shape. They range from 10 to about 60 management. The main management concerns are an acres in size. equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown competition. The sandy texture of the surface layer sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially extends to a depth of 58 inches. It is yellowish brown when the soil is very dry. Harvesting activities should sand in the upper part, strong brown sand in the be planned for seasons when the soil is moist. The middle part, and yellowish red loamy sand in the lower moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by part. The subsoil to a depth of 80 inches is red sandy droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing loam and sandy clay loam. the number of trees planted. Plant competition reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate Important properties of the Troup soil— reforestation. The competing vegetation can be Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or feet prescribed burning. Installing broad-based dips, water Available water capacity: Low bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, skid Escambia County, Florida 43

trails, and landings. Reseeding all disturbed areas with Included in mapping are a few small areas of adapted grasses and legumes reduces the hazard of Perdido, Red Bay, and Troup soils. The Perdido and erosion and the siltation of streams. Red Bay soils are on small knolls and do not have This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. The Troup moderate limitations affecting building sites and local soils are in positions similar to those of the Lucy soil roads and streets and has slight to severe limitations and do not have a loamy subsoil within a depth of 40 affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main inches. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the management concerns are the slope and seepage. map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 Cutbanks are unstable and subject to slumping. acres in size. Support beams should be used to maintain the This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The stability of the cutbanks. If this unit is used as a site for main management concern is the low available water a septic tank absorption field, effluent can surface in capacity. Returning crop residue to the soil helps to downslope areas and create a health hazard. maintain tilth and increases the available water Increasing the length of the absorption lines and capacity. Leaving the maximum amount of crop constructing the lines on the contour help to overcome residue on the surface helps to control soil blowing this hazard. The sandy texture, the hazard of erosion, and conserves soil moisture. In most years, irrigation and the low available water capacity are additional can prevent damage to crops and can increase concerns. Vegetating cleared and graded areas as productivity. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a soon as possible or constructing silt fences helps to management concern. Most crops respond well to maintain soil stability and helps to keep soil on the applications of lime and to frequent, light applications site. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and of fertilizer. irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape plants. This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. This map unit is poorly suited to most recreational Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well uses. It has moderate or severe limitations affecting adapted to the local conditions. The main most uses. The main management concerns are the management concerns are low fertility and the low sandy texture and the slope. available water capacity. Proper stocking rates, The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during ordination symbol is 11S for slash pine. This map unit prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in is in the Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ecological good condition. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a community. management concern. Frequent, light applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain the productivity of grasses. 35—Lucy loamy sand, 0 to 2 This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, percent slopes and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is moderately high. Moderate limitations affect timber This very deep, well drained soil is on nearly level management. The main management concerns are an summits of ridges in the central and northern parts of equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant the county. Slopes generally are long and smooth. competition. The sandy texture of the surface layer Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially from 15 to about 120 acres in size. when the soil is very dry. Harvesting activities should Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy sand be planned for seasons when the soil is moist. The about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer extends to moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by a depth of 26 inches. It is brown loamy sand. The droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is red sandy the number of trees planted. Plant competition loam in the upper part, red sandy clay loam in the reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate middle part, and red sandy loam in the lower part. reforestation. The competing vegetation can be controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or Important properties of the Lucy soil— prescribed burning. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. It feet has slight limitations affecting building sites and local Available water capacity: Low roads and streets and has slight to severe limitations Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main layers and moderate in the subsoil management concerns are the sandy texture, Flooding: None seepage, and droughtiness. If this unit is used as a 44 Soil Survey

site for a septic tank absorption field, effluent can Minimum tillage, contour farming, and cover crops surface in downslope areas and create a health reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. hazard. Increasing the length of the absorption lines Leaving the maximum amount of crop residue on the helps to reduce this hazard. Applying lime and surface helps to control soil blowing and conserves fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating help to establish soil moisture. In most years, irrigation can prevent lawns and landscape plants. damage to crops and can increase productivity. This map unit is well suited to most recreational Leaching of plant nutrients is also a management uses. It has slight or moderate limitations affecting concern. Most crops respond well to applications of most uses. The main limitation is the sandy texture. lime and to frequent, light applications of fertilizer. The capability subclass is IIs. The woodland This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal ordination symbol is 11S for slash pine. This map unit bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological local conditions. The main management concerns are community. low fertility and the low available water capacity. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged dry periods help to keep the 36—Lucy loamy sand, 2 to 5 pasture in good condition. Leaching of plant nutrients percent slopes is also a management concern. Frequent, light applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain the productivity of grasses. This very deep, well drained soil is on gently This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, sloping shoulder slopes of ridges in the central and and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is northern parts of the county. Slopes generally are long moderately high. Moderate limitations affect timber and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape. management. The main management concerns are an They range from 15 to about 100 acres in size. equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy sand competition. The sandy texture of the surface layer about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer extends restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially to a depth of 26 inches. It is brown loamy sand. The when the soil is very dry. Harvesting activities should subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is red be planned for seasons when the soil is moist. The sandy loam in the upper part, red sandy clay loam moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by in the middle part, and red sandy loam in the lower droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing part. the number of trees planted. Plant competition Important properties of the Lucy soil— reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing vegetation can be Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or feet prescribed burning. Available water capacity: Low This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface slight limitations affecting building sites and local roads layers and moderate in the subsoil and streets and has slight to severe limitations Flooding: None affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main Included in mapping are a few small areas of management concerns are the sandy texture, Perdido, Red Bay, and Troup soils. The Perdido and seepage, and droughtiness. If this unit is used as a Red Bay soils are on the upper parts of slopes or on site for a septic tank absorption field, effluent can narrow ridges and do not have thick, sandy surface surface in downslope areas and create a health and subsurface layers. The Troup soils are in positions hazard. Increasing the length of the absorption lines similar to those of the Lucy soil and do not have a helps to reduce this hazard. Applying lime and loamy subsoil within a depth of 40 inches. Included fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating help to establish soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit. lawns and landscape plants. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in This map unit is well suited to most recreational size. uses. It has slight or moderate limitations affecting This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The most uses. The main limitation is the sandy texture. main management concerns are the low available The capability subclass is IIs. The woodland water capacity and a moderate hazard of erosion. ordination symbol is 11S for slash pine. This map unit Returning crop residue to the soil helps to maintain is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological tilth and increases the available water capacity. community. Escambia County, Florida 45

38—Bonifay loamy sand, 0 to 5 management concern. Most crops respond well to applications of lime and to frequent, light applications percent slopes of fertilizer. This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal This very deep, well drained soil is on nearly level bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the summits and gently sloping shoulder slopes of ridges local conditions. The main management concerns are in the central and northern parts of the county. Slopes low fertility and the low available water capacity. generally are long and smooth. Individual areas are Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted irregular in shape. They range from 10 to about 350 grazing during prolonged dry periods help to keep the acres in size. pasture in good condition. Leaching of plant nutrients Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown is also a management concern. Frequent, light loamy sand about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain the extends to a depth of 54 inches. It is yellowish brown productivity of grasses. loamy sand in the upper part, brownish yellow loamy This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, sand in the middle part, and brownish yellow loamy and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is sand that has brownish mottles in the lower part. The moderately high. Moderate limitations affect timber subsoil to a depth of 80 inches is mottled yellowish, management. The main management concerns are an brownish, grayish, and reddish sandy clay loam that equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant has masses of plinthite within the matrix. competition. The sandy texture of the surface layer Important properties of the Bonifay soil— restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially

1 when the soil is very dry. Harvesting activities should Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3 /2 be planned for seasons when the soil is moist. The to 5 feet from December through April moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by Available water capacity: Low droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface the number of trees planted. Plant competition layers and moderately slow in the subsoil reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate Flooding: None reforestation. The competing vegetation can be Included in mapping are a few small areas of controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or Albany, Lakeland, Lucy, Poarch, and Troup soils. The prescribed burning. somewhat poorly drained Albany soils are in shallow This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has depressions. The Lakeland, Lucy, and Troup soils are slight or moderate limitations affecting building sites in positions similar to those of the Bonifay soil. The and local roads and streets and has moderate or Lakeland soils do not have a loamy subsoil within a severe limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary depth of 80 inches. The Lucy soils have a loamy facilities. The main management concerns are subsoil within a depth of 40 inches. The Troup soils do wetness and the restricted permeability of the not have a significant accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. Additional management concerns include subsoil. The Poarch soils are on high knolls and do the sandy texture, the hazard of erosion, and not have thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. droughtiness. Cutbanks are unstable and subject to Also included are small areas of Bonifay soils that slumping. Support beams should be used to have slopes of more than 5 percent. Included soils maintain the stability of the cutbanks. If this unit is make up about 15 percent of the map unit. Individual used as a site for a septic tank absorption field, areas generally are less than 5 acres in size. effluent can surface in downslope areas and create This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The a health hazard. Increasing the length of the main management concerns are the low available absorption lines helps to reduce this hazard. water capacity, very low fertility, and a moderate Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as hazard of erosion. Returning crop residue to the soil possible or constructing silt fences helps to helps to maintain tilth and increases the available maintain soil stability and helps to keep soil on the water capacity. Minimum tillage, contour farming, and site. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to control irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape erosion. Leaving the maximum amount of crop residue plants. on the surface helps to control soil blowing and This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It conserves soil moisture. In most years, irrigation can has moderate limitations affecting most uses. The prevent damage to crops and can increase main limitation is the sandy texture. productivity. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a The capability subclass is IIIs. The woodland 46 Soil Survey

ordination symbol is 10S for slash pine. This map unit Minimum tillage, contour farming, and cover crops is in the Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ecological reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. community. Leaving the maximum amount of crop residue on the surface helps to control soil blowing and conserves soil moisture. In most years, irrigation can prevent 39—Bonifay loamy sand, 5 to 8 damage to crops and can increase productivity. percent slopes Leaching of plant nutrients is also a management concern. Most crops respond well to applications of lime and to frequent, light applications of fertilizer. This very deep, well drained soil is on moderately This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal sloping shoulder slopes and side slopes of ridges in bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the the central and northern parts of the county. Slopes local conditions. The main management concerns are generally are long and smooth, but some are short the very low fertility and the low available water and complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. capacity. Preparing seedbeds on the contour or They range from 10 to about 100 acres in size. across the slope reduces the hazard of erosion and Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown increases the germination rate. Proper stocking rates, loamy sand about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during extends to a depth of 54 inches. It is yellowish brown prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in loamy sand in the upper part, brownish yellow loamy good condition. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a sand in the middle part, and brownish yellow loamy management concern. Frequent, light applications of sand that has brownish mottles in the lower part. The nitrogen are necessary to maintain the productivity of subsoil to a depth of 80 inches is mottled yellowish, grasses. brownish, grayish, and reddish sandy clay loam that This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, has masses of plinthite within the matrix. and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is Important properties of the Bonifay soil— moderately high. Moderate limitations affect timber

1 management. The main management concerns are an Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3 /2 equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant to 5 feet from December through April competition. The sandy texture of the surface layer Available water capacity: Low restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface when the soil is very dry. Harvesting activities should layers and moderately slow in the subsoil be planned for seasons when the soil is moist. The Flooding: None moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by Included in mapping are a few small areas of droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing Lakeland, Lucy, Poarch, and Troup soils. The the number of trees planted. Plant competition Lakeland, Lucy, and Troup soils are in positions similar reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate to those of the Bonifay soil. The Lakeland soils do not reforestation. The competing vegetation can be have a loamy subsoil within a depth of 80 inches. The controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or Lucy soils have a loamy subsoil within a depth of 40 prescribed burning. Installing broad-based dips, water inches. The Troup soils do not have a significant bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, skid accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. The Poarch trails, and landings. Reseeding all disturbed areas with soils are on narrow ridges or high knolls and do not adapted grasses and legumes reduces the hazard of have thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. Also erosion and the siltation of streams. included are small areas of Bonifay soils that have This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has slopes of less than 5 percent or more than 8 percent. slight or moderate limitations affecting building sites Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map and local roads and streets and has moderate or unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in severe limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary size. facilities. The main management concerns are This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. wetness, seepage, and the restricted permeability of The main management concerns are the low available the subsoil. Additional management concerns include water capacity, very low fertility, and the hazard of the sandy texture, the hazard of erosion, and erosion. Gullies form readily in areas that are subject droughtiness. Cutbanks are unstable and subject to to concentrated flow of water on the surface. slumping. Support beams should be used to maintain Returning crop residue to the soil helps to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. If this unit is used as a tilth and increases the available water capacity. site for a septic tank absorption field, effluent can Escambia County, Florida 47

surface in downslope areas and create a health to those of the Eunola soil and do not decrease in clay hazard. Increasing the length of the absorption lines content with depth. The poorly drained Weston soils and installing the lines on the contour help to reduce are in the slightly lower, flat or concave positions. this hazard. Vegetating cleared and graded areas as Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map soon as possible or constructing silt fences helps to unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in maintain soil stability and helps to keep soil on the size. site. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape plants. main management concerns are wetness and the This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It occasional flooding. The planting of early-season has moderate or severe limitations affecting most crops may be delayed in some years because of the uses. The main management concerns are the sandy flooding. The surface layer is friable and easy to keep texture and the slope. in good tilth. It can be worked over a wide range of The capability subclass is IVs. The woodland moisture content. Shallow ditches can help to remove ordination symbol is 10S for slash pine. This map unit excess surface water. Minimizing tillage and returning is in the Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ecological all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other community. organic matter improve fertility and help to maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer. 40—Eunola fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. percent slopes, occasionally Wetness and the occasional flooding are the main flooded management concerns. Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the local conditions. Excess surface water can be removed by shallow This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on ditches. Deferring or restricting grazing during very low terraces that parallel the Escambia and Perdido wet periods helps to keep the pasture in good Rivers and other large streams in the central and condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve northern parts of the county. Slopes generally are long fertility and promote the growth of forage plants. and smooth. Individual areas are generally oblong. This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine, slash They range from 10 to about 50 acres in size. pine, and hardwoods. The potential productivity is Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy high. Moderate limitations affect timber management. loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer The main management concerns are an equipment extends to a depth of 10 inches. It is yellowish brown limitation and plant competition. Using standard fine sandy loam. The subsoil extends to a depth of 50 wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet inches. It is yellowish brown sandy loam in the upper results in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure part and yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has ground equipment minimizes the damage to the soil grayish, reddish, and brownish mottles in the lower and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting part. The substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. activities should be planned for seasons when the soil It is yellowish brown loamy sand in the upper part and is dry. Plant competition reduces timber yields and can yellowish brown sand in the lower part. prevent adequate reforestation. The competing Important properties of the Eunola soil— vegetation can be controlled by site preparation or

1 prescribed burning. Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 1 This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. to 2 /2 feet from December through April The main management concerns are the flooding and Available water capacity: High wetness. Buildings can be elevated above the Permeability: Moderate in the subsoil and moderately expected level of flooding by constructing them on rapid or rapid in the substratum pilings or mounds. Septic tank absorption fields may Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods not function properly during the rainy season because Included in mapping are a few small areas of of the moderate permeability and the seasonal high Fluvaquents and Garcon, Izagora, Yemassee, and water table. Using suitable fill material to raise the filter Weston soils. The very poorly drained Fluvaquents are field a sufficient distance above the seasonal high in swales and narrow drainageways. The somewhat water table improves the performance of a septic poorly drained Garcon and Yemassee soils are in system. slightly lower, less convex positions that those of the This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. Eunola soil. The Izagora soils are in positions similar It has moderate or severe limitations affecting most 48 Soil Survey

uses. The main management concerns are wetness growing cover crops, minimizing tillage, and returning and the flooding. all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland organic matter, improve fertility and help to maintain ordination symbol is 12W for slash pine. This map unit tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological respond well to systematic applications of lime and community. fertilizer. This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay (fig. 4). It has few limitations affecting these uses. 41—Malbis sandy loam, 0 to 2 Coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and clovers are percent slopes well adapted to the local conditions. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer nearly level summits of broad ridges in the central and improve fertility and increase the production of forage. northern parts of the county. Slopes generally are long This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape. pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting They range from 15 to about 100 acres in size. the production of timber. The potential productivity is Typically, the surface layer is dark brown sandy high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a management concerns. Harvesting during the drier depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown loam in the periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully upper part, brownish yellow and yellowish brown clay managed reforestation helps to control competition loam that has reddish and brownish mottles and from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation masses of plinthite in the middle part, and mottled practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and brownish, grayish, reddish, and yellowish clay loam in applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant the lower part. competition and facilitate mechanical planting. Important properties of the Malbis soil— This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has

1 moderate limitations affecting building sites, slight Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 /2 limitations affecting local roads and streets, and to 4 feet from December through April severe limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary Available water capacity: High facilities. The main management concerns are Permeability: Moderately slow wetness and the moderately slow permeability. A Flooding: None subsurface drainage system can help to lower the Included in mapping are a few small areas of water table. Septic tank absorption fields do not Bama, Escambia, Grady, Notcher, and Poarch soils. function properly during rainy periods because of the The Bama soils are in slightly higher, more convex wetness and the moderately slow permeability. positions than those of the Malbis soil and have Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to reddish colors throughout the subsoil. The somewhat overcome these limitations. Using suitable fill material poorly drained Escambia soils are in slightly lower, to raise the filter field a sufficient distance above the more concave positions than those of the Malbis soil. seasonal high water table improves the performance The poorly drained Grady soils are in shallow of a septic system. depressions. The Notcher and Poarch soils are in This map unit is well suited to most recreational positions similar to those of the Malbis soil. The uses. It has few limitations for most uses. Notcher soils have more than 5 percent ironstone The capability class is I. The woodland ordination nodules in the subsoil. The Poarch soils have less clay symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit is in the in the upper part of the subsoil than the Malbis soil. Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological community. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size. 42—Malbis sandy loam, 2 to 5 This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. It percent slopes has few limitations affecting this use. Low fertility, however, is a management concern. The surface layer This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on is friable and is easy to keep in good tilth. It can be gently sloping shoulder slopes and side slopes of tilled over a wide range of moisture content without broad ridges in the central and northern parts of the becoming cloddy. Conservation practices, such as county. Slopes generally are long and smooth. Escambia County, Florida 49

Figure 4.—Rolled bales of improved bermudagrass hay in an area of Malbis sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This soil is well suited to pasture and hay.

Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range soils. The Bama soils are on the upper parts of slopes from 10 to about 100 acres in size. and have reddish colors throughout the subsoil. The Typically, the surface layer is dark brown sandy somewhat poorly drained Escambia and Robertsdale loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a soils are in concave swales. The Notcher and Poarch depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown loam in the soils are in positions similar to those of the Malbis soil. upper part, brownish yellow and yellowish brown clay The Notcher soils have more than 5 percent ironstone loam that has reddish and brownish mottles and nodules in the subsoil. The Poarch soils have a lower masses of plinthite in the middle part, and mottled content of clay in the upper part of the subsoil than the brownish, grayish, reddish, and yellowish clay loam in Malbis soil. Also included are small areas of Malbis the lower part. soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more than 5 percent. Included soils make up about 10 Important properties of the Malbis soil— percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are

1 less than 5 acres in size. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 /2 This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The to 4 feet from December through April main management concern is a moderate hazard of Available water capacity: High erosion. Conservation tillage, terraces, contour Permeability: Moderately slow farming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and Flooding: None help to control erosion. Minimizing tillage and returning Included in mapping are a few small areas of all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other Bama, Escambia, Notcher, Poarch, and Robertsdale organic matter help to improve and maintain tilth and 50 Soil Survey

the content of organic matter. Crops respond well to Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. brown sand about 7 inches thick. The subsurface This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It layer extends to a depth of 57 inches. It is brown sand has few limitations affecting these uses. Bahiagrass in the upper part, light yellowish brown sand that has and coastal bermudagrass are the most commonly brownish mottles in the middle part, and light gray grown grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture sand in the lower part. The subsoil extends to a depth rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged wet of 80 inches. It is light brownish gray sandy loam that or dry periods help to keep the pasture in good has brownish mottles in the upper part and gray sandy condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve clay loam that has brownish mottles in the lower part. fertility and increase the production of forage. Important properties of the Albany soil— This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to 1 the production of timber. The potential productivity is 2 /2 feet from December through April high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor Available water capacity: Very low management concerns. Harvesting during the drier Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully layers and moderately slow in the subsoil managed reforestation helps to control competition Flooding: None from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation Included in mapping are a few small areas of practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and Bonifay, Escambia, Foxworth, and Pelham soils. The applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant well drained Bonifay and moderately well drained competition and facilitate mechanical planting. Foxworth soils are in slightly higher, more convex This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has positions than those of the Albany soil. The Bonifay moderate limitations affecting building sites and local soils have a significant accumulation of plinthite in the roads and streets and has severe limitations affecting subsoil. The Foxworth soils do not have loamy subsoil most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main layers within a depth of 80 inches. The Escambia soils management concerns are wetness and the are in positions similar to those of the Albany soil and moderately slow permeability. A subsurface drainage do not have thick, sandy surface and subsurface system can help to lower the water table. Septic tank layers. The poorly drained Pelham soils are in slightly absorption fields do not function properly during rainy lower positions than those of the Albany soil and have periods because of the wetness and the moderately loamy subsoil layers within a depth of 20 to 40 inches. slow permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorption Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map field helps to overcome these limitations. Using unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in suitable fill material to raise the filter field a sufficient size. distance above the seasonal high water table This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The improves the performance of a septic system. main management concerns are seasonal wetness This map unit is well suited to most recreational and the very low available water capacity. Additional uses. It has few limitations for most uses. The slope is management concerns include soil blowing, low a moderate limitation in areas used for playgrounds. fertility, and rapid leaching of plant nutrients. A water- The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland control system that removes excess water in wet ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit seasons and provides supplemental irrigation in dry is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological seasons maximizes productivity. Conservation tillage, community. winter cover crops, crop residue management, and crop rotations that include grasses and legumes 43—Albany sand, 0 to 5 percent increase the amount of available water, decrease soil blowing, and improve fertility of the soil. Applying lime slopes and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is in productivity. Using split applications increases the flat or slightly concave positions on nearly level effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides. summits of low ridges and on gently sloping positions This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Wetness on toeslopes. It is in positions that are depressed and the very low available water capacity are the main relative to the surrounding landforms. Slopes are long management concerns. Coastal bermudagrass and and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape. bahiagrass are adapted to the local conditions. They range from 3 to about 50 acres in size. Shallow ditches can help to remove excess surface Escambia County, Florida 51

water. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and of Corolla soil and Urban land are so closely restricted grazing during very wet or very dry periods intermingled that they could not be mapped separately help to keep the pasture in good condition. at the scale selected for mapping. The Corolla soil Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and makes up about 50 percent of the map unit, and the increase the production of forage. Using split Urban land makes up about 40 percent. Slopes applications increases the effectiveness of fertilizer generally are long and smooth. Individual areas are and herbicides. rectangular. They range from 200 to about 400 acres This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly in size. pine, and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is The Corolla soil generally is on slightly convex, low moderately high for slash pine and loblolly pine and dunes and on convex positions on flats. Typically, the moderate for longleaf pine. Moderate limitations affect surface layer is grayish brown sand about 5 inches timber management. The main management concerns thick. The substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. are an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and It is very pale brown sand in the upper part, white plant competition. The sandy texture of the surface sand that has strong brown and yellowish red mottles layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, in the middle part, and light gray sand in the lower especially when the soil is very dry. Wetness limits the part. use of equipment during winter and spring. Using low- Important properties of the Corolla soil— pressure ground equipment minimizes the damage to 1 the soil and helps to maintain productivity. The Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by to 3 feet throughout the year droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing Available water capacity: Very low the number of trees planted. Plant competition can Permeability: Very rapid prevent adequate reforestation unless sites receive Flooding: Rare appropriate site preparation and maintenance. Site Urban land consists of areas that are covered by preparation can control the initial plant competition, sidewalks, patios, driveways, parking lots, streets, and herbicides can control subsequent growth. playgrounds, and buildings. This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Included in mapping are a few small areas of Wetness is a severe limitation affecting building sites, Newhan and Duckston soils. The excessively drained local roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary Newhan soils are in slightly higher positions than facilities. Because of the seasonal high water table those of the Corolla soil and do not have a seasonal during winter and spring, a drainage system is needed high water table within a depth of 6 feet. The poorly for buildings. A deep drainage system can help to drained Duckston soils are in interdunal swales. Also lower the water table. Constructing roads on raised, included are areas that have been modified to such an well-compacted fill material helps to overcome the extent that the soil series cannot be identified. wetness. Septic tank absorption fields do not function Inclusions make up about 10 percent of the map unit. properly during rainy periods because of the wetness. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in Constructing the absorption field on a raised bed helps size. to compensate for this limitation. The Corolla soil cannot easily be managed for This map unit is suited to recreational uses. crops, pasture, hay, or woodland because of the Wetness, the sandy texture, and restricted limited size of the areas and the areas of Urban land permeability are the main management concerns. and highly disturbed soils. The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland The Corolla soil is poorly suited to most urban uses ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map unit because of the flooding and wetness. Additional is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological limitations include the instability of cutbanks, community. trafficability, and droughtiness. Because of the seasonal high water table during winter and spring, a 44—Corolla-Urban land complex, drainage system is needed for buildings. Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to lower the water 0 to 5 percent slopes, rarely table. Cutbanks are unstable and subject to slumping. flooded Support beams should be used to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. Constructing roads on raised, This map unit consists of the very deep, somewhat well-compacted fill material helps to overcome the poorly drained Corolla soil and areas of Urban land. It wetness. Septic tank absorption fields do not function is on barrier islands in the coastal lowlands. The areas properly during rainy periods because of the wetness. 52 Soil Survey

Constructing the absorption field on a raised bed helps The Perdido soil generally is on shoulder slopes and to compensate for this limitation and provides the upper parts of side slopes. Typically, the surface increased filtering capacity. Quickly establishing layer is dark yellowish brown sandy loam about 8 permanent ground cover helps to stabilize the soil and inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 improves trafficability. Applying lime and fertilizer, inches. It is strong brown sandy loam in the upper part, mulching, and irrigating help to establish lawns and yellowish red and strong brown sandy loam in the landscape plants. middle part, and red sandy clay loam and sandy loam This map unit is poorly suited to most recreational in the lower part. The middle and lower parts of the uses. It has severe and moderate limitations affecting subsoil have nodules of plinthite. most uses. The sandy texture and wetness are the Important properties of the Perdido soil— main management concerns. This map unit has not been assigned a capability Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 4 to subclass, woodland ordination symbol, or ecological 6 feet from December through April community. Available water capacity: Moderate Permeability: Moderately slow Flooding: None 45—Troup and Perdido soils, Included in mapping are a few small areas of 8 to 35 percent slopes, severely Fluvaquents and Bonifay, Iuka, Lakeland, Lucy, and eroded Poarch soils. The Bonifay, Lakeland, and Lucy soils are in positions similar to those of the Troup soil. The This map unit consists of the sandy, somewhat Bonifay soils have thick, sandy surface and excessively drained Troup soil and the loamy, well subsurface layers and a significant accumulation of drained Perdido soil. It is on strongly sloping to steep plinthite in the subsoil. The Lakeland soils are sandy to hillslopes in the central and northern parts of the a depth of more than 80 inches. The Lucy soils have county. The composition of the unit is variable. Some sandy surface and subsurface layers that are 20 to 40 areas mainly consist of the Troup soil, some areas inches thick. The poorly drained Fluvaquents and mainly consist of the Perdido soil, and other areas moderately well drained Iuka soils are on narrow flood contain both soils in variable proportions. In a typical plains. The Poarch soils are in positions similar to area, the Troup soil makes up about 50 percent of the those of the Perdido soil. They do not have thick, map unit and the Perdido soil makes up about 35 sandy surface and subsurface layers and have percent. In most areas, the surface layer is a mixture brownish colors throughout the subsoil. Also included of the original surface layer and material from the are a few small areas of soils that are similar to the subsurface layer or subsoil. In some places, all of the Perdido soil but that contain common fragments of original surface layer has been removed. Most areas ironstone ranging in size from channers to boulders. have numerous rills and gullies. Slopes generally are Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map short and complex, but some are long and smooth. unit. Individual areas generally are less than 10 acres Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range in size. from 15 to 75 acres in size. This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops. The The Troup soil generally is on the lower parts of main management concerns are the moderately steep side slopes and on footslopes. Typically, the surface slopes and a severe hazard of erosion. Additional layer is dark grayish brown sand about 5 inches thick. management concerns include the complex The subsurface layer extends to a depth of 58 inches. topography, droughtiness in areas of the Troup soil, It is yellowish brown sand in the upper part, strong and the presence of deep gullies. brown sand in the middle part, and yellowish red This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay. loamy sand in the lower part. The subsoil to a depth of The main management concerns are the slope, 80 inches is red sandy loam and sandy clay loam. droughtiness in areas of the Troup soil, and a severe hazard of erosion. The more steeply sloping areas are Important properties of the Troup soil— best suited to native grasses. Proper stocking rates, Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet feet periods help to maintain the pasture. Available water capacity: Low This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is high. layers and moderate in the subsoil Moderate limitations affect timber management. The Flooding: None main management concerns are the hazard of Escambia County, Florida 53

erosion, an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, fine sandy loam that has brownish and grayish mottles and plant competition. Exposing the surface by in the upper part and is light brownish gray sandy clay removing ground cover increases the hazard of loam and fine sandy loam that has brownish and erosion, including rill and gully erosion. Installing grayish mottles in the lower part. The substratum to a broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts helps to depth of 80 inches is white fine sand that has stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. brownish mottles. Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted grasses and Important properties of the Garcon soil— legumes helps to control erosion and the siltation of 1 streams. The slope and the sandy texture in areas of Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 the Troup soil restrict the use of equipment. Using to 3 feet from December through April equipment that has wide tires or crawler-type Available water capacity: Low equipment improves trafficability. The moderate Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface seedling mortality rate in areas of the Troup soil is layers and moderate in the subsoil caused by droughtiness. It can be compensated for by Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods increasing the number of trees planted. Plant The Bigbee soil generally is on high parts of natural competition reduces timber yields and can prevent levees. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish adequate reforestation unless sites receive intensive brown fine sand about 7 inches thick. The substratum preparation and maintenance. Site preparation extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and fine sand in the upper part, light yellowish brown fine applying herbicides, help to control plant competition. sand in the middle part, and white and light gray fine This map unit is poorly suited to most urban and sand that has brownish and grayish mottles in the recreational uses. It is generally not suitable as a site lower part. for buildings because of the slope. Other limitations include the moderately slow permeability of the Important properties of the Bigbee soil—

Perdido soil and the sandy texture of the Troup soil. 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3 /2 The capability subclass is VIIe. The woodland to 6 feet from December through April ordination symbol is 11R for slash pine. This map unit Available water capacity: Very low is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological Permeability: Rapid community. Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods The Yemassee soil is on low terraces. Typically, the 46—Garcon-Bigbee-Yemassee surface layer is very dark grayish brown fine sandy complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes, loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a occasionally flooded depth of 12 inches is grayish brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil extends to a depth of 74 inches. It is olive yellow sandy clay loam that has brownish and grayish This map unit consists of the somewhat poorly mottles in the upper part, olive yellow fine sandy loam drained Garcon and Yemassee soils and the and sandy clay loam having brownish and grayish excessively drained Bigbee soil. It is on flood plains mottles in the middle part, and light gray fine sandy and low terraces in the central and northern parts of loam that has brownish and reddish mottles in the the county. The soils occur as areas so intricately lower part. The substratum to a depth of 80 inches is intermingled that they could not be mapped separately light gray sand. at the scale selected for mapping. The Garcon soil makes up about 35 percent of the map unit, the Important properties of the Yemassee soil— Bigbee soil makes up about 30 percent, and the Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to Yemassee soil makes up about 20 percent. Slopes 1 1 /2 feet from December through April range from 0 to 2 percent. Individual areas generally Available water capacity: High are long and narrow or are oblong. They range from Permeability: Moderate 10 to about 60 acres in size. Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods The Garcon soil is on low terraces. Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray loamy fine sand about Included in mapping are a few small areas of 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a depth of 27 Albany, Dorovan, Pelham, and Weston soils. The inches is light yellowish brown loamy fine sand that Albany soils are on low terraces in positions similar to has brownish and grayish mottles. The subsoil those of the Garcon and Yemassee soils. The Albany extends to a depth of 57 inches. It is brownish yellow soils have sandy surface and subsurface layers 54 Soil Survey

having a combined thickness of 40 to 80 inches. The This map unit is not suited to most urban and Dorovan soils are in deep sloughs and have organic recreational uses. The flooding and wetness are layers to a depth of 50 inches or more. The poorly severe limitations affecting most uses. Buildings can drained Pelham and Weston soils are in slightly lower, be elevated above the expected level of flooding by less convex positions than those of the Garcon and constructing them on pilings or on well-compacted fill. Yemassee soils. Also included are a few areas of soils The capability subclass is IIw in areas of the that are similar to the Bigbee soil but have a seasonal Garcon soil, IIIs in areas of the Bigbee soil, and IIw in high water table at a depth of 24 to 40 inches. They areas of the Yemassee soil. The woodland ordination are on positions similar to those of the Bigbee soil. symbol for slash pine is 10W in areas of the Garcon Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map soil, 11S in areas of the Bigbee soil, and 11W in areas unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in of the Yemassee soil. This map unit is in the size. Bottomland Hardwoods ecological community. This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main management concerns are the flooding, wetness in the Garcon and Yemassee soils, and the 47—Hurricane and Albany soils, droughtiness of the Bigbee soil. The planting of early- 0 to 5 percent slopes, season crops may be delayed in some years because occasionally flooded of the flooding. Well maintained drainageways and ditches can help to remove excess water in areas of This map unit consists of the very deep, somewhat the Garcon and Yemassee soils. Minimizing tillage and poorly drained Hurricane and Albany soils. It is on low returning all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding terraces that parallel the Escambia and Perdido other organic matter improve fertility and help to Rivers in the central and northern parts of the county. maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. The composition of this unit is variable. Some areas Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing mainly consist of the Hurricane soil, some areas increases the availability of plant nutrients and mainly consist of the Albany soil, and other areas maximizes productivity. contain both soils in variable proportions. In a typical This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. The area, the Hurricane soil makes up about 45 percent of main management concerns are the occasional the map unit and the Albany soil makes up about 40 flooding, the wetness in the Garcon and Yemassee percent. Individual areas are long and narrow or are soils, and the droughtiness of the Bigbee soil. Coastal oblong. They range from 5 to about 45 acres in size. bermudagrass and bahiagrass are adapted to the The Hurricane soil is in slightly convex positions on local conditions. Excess surface water can be low terraces. Typically, the surface layer is very dark removed by shallow ditches. Deferring or restricting grayish brown sand about 5 inches thick. The grazing during very wet periods helps to keep the subsurface layer extends to a depth of 58 inches. It is pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and yellowish brown sand in the upper part, light gray sand fertilizer improve fertility and promote the growth of that has brownish mottles in the middle part, and white forage plants. sand in the lower part. The subsoil extends to a depth This map unit is suited to pines and hardwoods. of 80 inches. It is dark reddish gray sand in the upper The potential productivity is moderately high for slash part and dark reddish brown sand in the lower part. pine, longleaf pine, loblolly pine, and hardwoods. The main management concerns are an equipment Important properties of the Hurricane soil— limitation, seedling mortality, and plant competition. 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 The seasonal high water table and the flooding restrict 1 to 3 /2 feet from December through April the use of equipment to periods when the soils are Available water capacity: Very low dry. The high seedling mortality rate is caused by Permeability: Moderately rapid droughtiness in areas of the Bigbee soil and by Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods wetness in areas of the Garcon and Yemassee soils. It can be reduced by planting on raised beds, or it can The Albany soil is in slightly lower positions than the be compensated for by increasing the number of trees Hurricane soil. Typically, the surface layer is very dark planted. Plant competition reduces timber yields and grayish brown sand about 7 inches thick. The can prevent adequate reforestation unless sites subsurface layer extends to a depth of 57 inches. It is receive intensive preparation and maintenance. Site brown sand in the upper part, light yellowish brown preparation can control the initial plant competition, sand that has brownish mottles in the middle part, and and herbicides can control subsequent growth. light gray sand in the lower part. The subsoil extends Escambia County, Florida 55

to a depth of 80 inches. It is light brownish gray sandy moderately high for slash pine and loblolly pine and loam that has brownish mottles in the upper part and moderate for longleaf pine. Moderate limitations affect gray sandy clay loam that has brownish mottles in the timber management. The main management concerns lower part. are an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant competition. The sandy texture of the surface Important properties of the Albany soil— layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to especially when the soils are very dry. Wetness limits 1 2 /2 feet from December through April the use of equipment during winter and spring. Using Available water capacity: Very low low-pressure ground equipment minimizes the Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity. layers and moderately slow in the subsoil The moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant competition can Included in mapping are a few small areas of prevent adequate reforestation unless sites receive Eunola, Garcon, Pelham, and Weston soils. The appropriate site preparation and maintenance. Site moderately well drained Eunola soils are on small preparation can control the initial plant competition, knolls and are loamy throughout. The Garcon soils are and herbicides can control subsequent growth. in positions similar to those of the Albany soil and This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It have loamy subsoil layers at a depth of 20 to 40 has severe limitation affecting building sites, local inches. The poorly drained Pelham and Weston soils roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. are in shallow depressions and drainageways. The main management concerns are wetness and the Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map occasional flooding. Buildings can be elevated above unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in the expected level of flooding by constructing them on size. pilings or mounds. Septic tank absorption fields do not This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. function properly during rainy periods because of the The main management concerns are the occasional wetness. Constructing the absorption field on a raised flooding, seasonal wetness, and the very low available bed helps to compensate for this limitation. water capacity. Additional management concerns This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. include soil blowing, low fertility, and rapid leaching of It has severe and moderate limitations affecting most plant nutrients. A water-control system that removes uses. The occasional flooding, wetness, and the excess water in wet seasons and provides sandy textures are the main management concerns. supplemental irrigation in dry seasons maximizes The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland productivity. Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map unit crop residue management, and crop rotations that is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological include grasses and legumes increase the amount of community. available water, decrease soil blowing, and improve fertility of the soils. Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of plant 48—Pelham-Yemassee complex, nutrients and maximizes productivity. Using split applications increases the effectiveness of fertilizer occasionally flooded and herbicides. This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. The This map unit consists of the poorly drained Pelham occasional flooding, wetness, and the very low soil and the somewhat poorly drained Yemassee soil. available water capacity are the main management It is on low terraces in the central and northern parts of concerns. Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the county. The soils occur as areas so intricately adapted to the local conditions. Shallow ditches can intermingled that they could not be mapped separately help to remove excess surface water. Proper stocking at the scale selected for mapping. The Pelham soil rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during makes up about 65 percent of the map unit, and the very wet or very dry periods help to keep the pasture Yemassee soil makes up about 20 percent. Slopes in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer range from 0 to 2 percent. Individual areas generally improve fertility and increase the production of forage. are long and narrow or are oblong. They range from Using split applications increases the effectiveness of 10 to about 100 acres in size. fertilizer and herbicides. The Pelham soil is in low, concave positions on This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly terraces. Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray pine, and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is loamy sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer 56 Soil Survey

to a depth of 35 inches is gray loamy sand that has occasional flooding. The planting of early-season crops brownish mottles. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 may be delayed in some years because of the flooding. inches. It is gray sandy loam that has brownish Installing a drainage system that includes open mottles in the upper part and mottled gray and light ditches, perforated tile, or land shaping improves gray sandy clay loam that has yellowish and brownish productivity. Delaying spring planting minimizes the mottles in the lower part. rutting that occurs if equipment is used when the soils are wet. Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Important properties of the Pelham soil— testing increases the availability of plant nutrients and Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to maximizes productivity. 1 a depth of /2 foot from December through April This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay. Available water capacity: Low Wetness and the occasional flooding are the main Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface management concerns. Grasses that are tolerant of layers and moderately slow in the subsoil wet conditions should be selected. Shallow ditches Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods can help to remove excess water from the surface. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted The Yemassee soil is in flat or slightly convex grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in positions on terraces. Typically, the surface layer is good condition. Applying lime and fertilizer on the very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam about 5 basis of soil testing increases the availability of plant inches thick. The subsurface layer to a depth of 12 nutrients and maximizes productivity. inches is grayish brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil This map unit is suited to slash pine and loblolly extends to a depth of 74 inches. It is olive yellow pine. The potential productivity is high, but severe sandy clay loam that has brownish and grayish limitations affect timber management. The main mottles in the upper part, olive yellow fine sandy loam management concerns are an equipment limitation, and sandy clay loam having brownish and grayish seedling mortality, and plant competition. mottles in the middle part, and light gray fine sandy Harvesting activities should be planned for seasons loam that has brownish and reddish mottles in the when the soils are dry. Using standard wheeled and lower part. The substratum to a depth of 80 inches is tracked equipment when the soils are wet results in light gray sand. rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure ground Important properties of the Yemassee soil— equipment minimizes rutting and the damage caused to tree roots by compaction. Planting Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to 1 seedlings on raised beds helps to establish the 1 /2 feet from December through April seedlings and increases the seedling survival rate. Available water capacity: High Plant competition reduces timber yields and can Permeability: Moderate prevent adequate reforestation. The competing Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods vegetation can be controlled by site preparation, Included in mapping are a few small areas of herbicides, or prescribed burning. Applications of Fluvaquents and Eunola, Garcon, and Weston soils. fertilizer can increase yields. The very poorly drained Fluvaquents are in sloughs or This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. swales. The moderately well drained Eunola soils are Wetness and the flooding are severe limitations in slightly higher, more convex positions than those of affecting building sites, local roads and streets, and the Yemassee soil. The somewhat poorly drained most kinds of sanitary facilities. Buildings can be Garcon soils are in slightly higher positions than those elevated above the expected level of flooding by of the Pelham soil and have sandy surface and constructing them on pilings or mounds. Septic tank subsurface layers having a combined thickness of 20 absorption fields may not function properly during the to 40 inches. The poorly drained Weston soils are in rainy season because of the slow permeability and the shallow drainageways or swales and do not have seasonal high water table. Using suitable fill material thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. Also to raise the filter field a sufficient distance above the included are small areas of Pelham and Yemassee seasonal high water table improves the performance soils that have slopes of more than 2 percent. of a septic system. Constructing roads on raised, well- Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map compacted fill material helps to overcome the unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in wetness. size. This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. It has severe limitations affecting most uses. The main The main management concerns are wetness and the management concerns are wetness and the flooding. Escambia County, Florida 57

The capability subclass is IIIw in areas of the Included in mapping are a few small areas of Pelham soil and IIw in areas of the Yemassee soil. Bigbee, Croatan, Mantachie, and Pelham soils. The The woodland ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. excessively drained Bigbee soils are on high parts of This map unit is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine natural levees and are sandy throughout. The Croatan ecological community. soils are in positions similar to those of the Dorovan soil and have mineral layers within a depth of 16 to 51 inches. The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils 49—Dorovan muck and are on the intermediate parts of natural levees and are Fluvaquents, frequently flooded loamy throughout. The poorly drained Pelham soils are on low terraces and have thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. Included soils make up about 15 This map unit consists of the very poorly drained, percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are mucky Dorovan soil and loamy and sandy less than 10 acres in size. Fluvaquents. It is on flood plains along rivers and This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops, streams in the central and northern parts of the pasture, hayland, woodland, urban uses, or county. This map unit is subject to frequent flooding recreational uses because of wetness, the flooding, and ponding for very long periods in most years. The and ponding. composition of this unit is variable. Some areas mainly The capability subclass is VIIw. This map unit has consist of the Dorovan soil, some areas mainly consist not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol. It is of the Fluvaquents, and other areas contain both in in the Swamp Hardwoods ecological community. variable proportions. In a typical area, the Dorovan soil makes up about 45 percent of the map unit and the Fluvaquents make up about 40 percent. Slopes are 50—Bigbee-Garcon-Fluvaquents less than 2 percent. Individual areas are long and narrow and range from 20 to several hundred acres in complex, flooded size. This map unit consists of the excessively drained The Dorovan soil commonly is on the lower parts of Bigbee soil, the somewhat poorly drained Garcon soil, the flood plain. Typically, the surface layer is dark and the very poorly drained Fluvaquents. It is on the reddish brown muck about 8 inches thick. Below this flood plains along the Perdido River, Eight-Mile Creek, is black muck to a depth of 80 inches. and Eleven-Mile Creek in the central and northern Important properties of the Dorovan soil— parts of the county. The soils occur as areas so intricately intermingled that they could not be mapped Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from 2 feet 1 separately at the scale selected for mapping. The above the surface to a depth of /2 foot from Bigbee soil makes up about 35 percent of the map December through July unit, the Garcon soil makes up about 30 percent, and Available water capacity: Very high the Fluvaquents make up about 20 percent. Slopes Permeability: Moderate range from 0 to 2 percent. Individual areas generally Flooding: Frequently flooded for very long periods in are long and narrow. They range from 25 to about 800 most years acres in size. Duration of ponding: Very long periods in most years The Bigbee soil generally is on high parts of natural The Fluvaquents are in slightly higher positions on levees. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish the flood plains than the Dorovan soil. Fluvaquents are brown fine sand about 7 inches thick. The substratum mineral soils that have variable soil properties. extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown Because of this variability, Fluvaquents are classified fine sand in the upper part, light yellowish brown fine only to the Great Group level. No typical pedon has sand in the middle part, and white and light gray fine been selected. sand that has brownish and grayish mottles in the lower part. Important properties of the Fluvaquents— Important properties of the Bigbee soil— Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to 1 1 a depth of /2 foot from December through July Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3 /2 Available water capacity: Variable to 6 feet from December through April Permeability: Variable Available water capacity: Very low Flooding: Frequently flooded for very long periods in Permeability: Rapid most years Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods 58 Soil Survey

The Garcon soil is in flat or slightly convex positions pasture, and hay. The flooding is the main management on low terraces. Typically, the surface layer is very concern. Additional management concerns include dark gray loamy fine sand about 5 inches thick. The wetness in the Garcon soil and Fluvaquents, subsurface layer to a depth of 27 inches is light droughtiness in the Bigbee soil, and the complex yellowish brown loamy fine sand that has brownish topography. and grayish mottles. The subsoil extends to a depth of This map unit is suited to pine and hardwoods. The 57 inches. It is brownish yellow fine sandy loam that Garcon and Bigbee soils have a moderately high has brownish and grayish mottles in the upper part potential productivity for slash pine, longleaf pine, and and is light brownish gray sandy clay loam and fine loblolly pine and hardwoods. Because the Fluvaquents sandy loam having brownish and grayish mottles in are subject to ponding for long and very long the lower part. The substratum to a depth of 80 inches durations, they are not suited to the production of pine. is white fine sand that has brownish mottles. The main management concerns in areas of the Garcon and Bigbee soils are an equipment limitation, Important properties of the Garcon soil— seedling mortality, and plant competition. The 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 seasonal high water table and the flooding restrict the to 3 feet from December through April use of equipment to periods when the soils are dry. Available water capacity: Low The high seedling mortality rate is caused by Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface droughtiness in areas of the Bigbee soil and by layers and moderate in the subsoil excessive wetness in areas of the Garcon soil and Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods Fluvaquents. It can be reduced by planting on raised beds, or it can be compensated for by increasing the The Fluvaquents are in swales and sloughs in the number of trees planted. Plant competition reduces lower parts of backswamps. Fluvaquents generally are timber yields and can prevent adequate reforestation very poorly drained but may vary significantly in color, unless sites receive intensive preparation and texture, and content of organic matter. maintenance. Site preparation can control the initial Important properties of the Fluvaquents— plant competition, and herbicides can control subsequent growth. Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from 1 foot 1 This map unit is not suited to most urban and above the surface to a depth of /2 foot from recreational uses. The flooding and wetness are December through July severe limitations affecting most uses. Buildings can Available water capacity: Variable be elevated above the expected level of flooding by Permeability: Variable constructing them on pilings or on well-compacted fill. Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods The capability subclass is IIIs in areas of the Bigbee Duration of ponding: Long or very long soil, IIIw in areas of the Garcon soil, and VIIw in areas Included in mapping are a few small areas of of the Fluvaquents. The woodland ordination symbol Albany, Dorovan, Pelham, Weston, and Yemassee for slash pine is 11S in areas of the Bigbee soil and soils. The Albany and Yemassee soils are on low 10W in areas of the Garcon soil. The Fluvaquents terraces in positions similar to those of the Garcon have not been assigned a woodland ordination soil. The Albany soils have sandy surface and symbol. This map unit is in the Bottomland Hardwoods subsurface layers having a combined thickness of 40 ecological community. to 80 inches. The Yemassee soils do not have thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. The Dorovan soils are in positions similar to those of the 51—Pelham loamy sand, 0 to 2 Fluvaquents and have organic layers to depth of 50 percent slopes inches or more. The poorly drained Pelham and Weston soils are in slightly lower, less convex This very deep, poorly drained soil is in flat or positions than those of the Garcon soil. Also included slightly depressional positions on stream terraces and are a few areas of soils that are similar to the Bigbee uplands in the northern and central parts of the county. soil but have loamy layers below a depth of 40 inches. Slopes are long and smooth. Individual areas are They are in positions similar to those of the Bigbee irregular in shape. They range from 3 to about 90 soil. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the acres in size. unit. Individual areas generally are less than 10 acres Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray loamy in size. sand about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops, depth of 35 inches is gray loamy sand that has Escambia County, Florida 59

brownish mottles. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 to establish the seedlings and increases the seedling inches. It is gray sandy loam that has brownish survival rate. Plant competition reduces timber yields mottles in the upper part and is mottled gray and light and can prevent adequate reforestation. The gray sandy clay loam that has yellowish and brownish competing vegetation can be controlled by site mottles in the lower part. preparation, herbicides, or prescribed burning. Applications of fertilizer can increase yields. Important properties of the Pelham soil— This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to Wetness is a severe limitation affecting building sites, 1 a depth of /2 foot from December through April local roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary Available water capacity: Low facilities. Because of the seasonal high water table Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface during winter and spring, a drainage system is needed layers and moderately slow in the subsoil for buildings. A deep drainage system can help to Flooding: None lower the water table. Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill material helps to overcome the Included in mapping are a few small areas of wetness. Septic tank absorption fields do not function Albany, Escambia, Yemassee, and Weston soils. The properly during rainy periods because of the wetness. somewhat poorly drained Albany, Escambia, and Constructing the absorption field on a raised bed helps Yemassee soils are in slightly higher, more convex to compensate for this limitation. positions than those of the Pelham soil. The Weston This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. soils are in positions similar to those of the Pelham Wetness is the main limitation. soil and do not have thick, sandy surface and The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland subsurface layers. Also included are small areas of ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map unit Pelham soils that have slopes of more than 2 percent. is in the Pitcher Plant Bogs ecological community. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size. 52—Robertsdale sandy loam, 0 to 2 This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. Wetness is the main limitation. Installing a drainage percent slopes system that includes open ditches, perforated tile, or This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is in land shaping improves productivity. Delaying spring flat or slightly depressional positions on uplands and planting minimizes the rutting that occurs if equipment on toeslopes in the central and northern parts of the is used when the soil is wet. Applying lime and county. Slopes are long and smooth. Individual areas fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the are irregular in shape. They range from 30 to about availability of plant nutrients and maximizes 150 acres in size. productivity. Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray fine This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay. sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer Wetness is the main limitation. Grasses that are to a depth of 12 inches is brownish yellow fine sandy tolerant of wet conditions should be selected. Shallow loam. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is ditches can help to remove excess water from the light yellowish brown loam that has mottles in shades surface. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and of brown, yellow, and gray in the upper part and is restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the mottled grayish, brownish, and reddish sandy clay pasture in good condition. Applications of fertilizer and loam that has masses of plinthite in the lower part. lime are needed for the maximum production of forage. Important properties of the Robertsdale soil— This map unit is suited to slash pine and loblolly Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 to pine. The potential productivity is high, but severe 1 2 /2 feet from December through April limitations affect timber management. The main Available water capacity: High management concerns are an equipment limitation, Permeability: Slow seedling mortality, and plant competition. Harvesting Flooding: None activities should be planned for seasons when the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment Included in mapping are a few small areas of when the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Escambia, Malbis, Notcher, and Poarch soils. The Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes Escambia soils are in positions similar to those of the rutting and the damage caused to tree roots by Robertsdale soil and have a lower content of clay in compaction. Planting seedlings on raised beds helps the subsoil. The moderately well drained Malbis, 60 Soil Survey

Notcher, and Poarch soils are in slightly higher, more Wetness and restricted permeability are the main convex positions than those of the Robertsdale soil. management concerns. Also included are small areas of poorly drained, loamy The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland soils in narrow drainageways and depressions. ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map unit Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in community. size. This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The 54—Troup-Poarch complex, 8 to 12 main management concern is wetness. Planting may be delayed in spring because of the wetness. Well percent slopes maintained drainageways and ditches can help to This map unit consists of the sandy, somewhat remove excess water. Minimizing tillage and returning excessively drained Troup soil and the loamy, well all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other drained Poarch soil. It is on strongly sloping hillslopes organic matter improve fertility and help to maintain in the central and northern parts of the county. The tilth and the content of organic matter. Applying lime soils occur as areas so intricately intermingled that and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the they could not be mapped separately at the scale availability of plant nutrients and maximizes selected for mapping. The Troup soil makes up about productivity. 45 percent of the map unit, and the Poarch soil makes This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Wetness up about 35 percent. Slopes generally are short and is the main limitation. Grasses that are tolerant of wet complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They conditions should be selected. Shallow ditches can range from 10 to about 125 acres in size. help to remove excess water from the surface. Proper The Troup soil generally is on the middle and lower stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing parts of side slopes and on footslopes. Typically, the during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good surface layer is dark grayish brown sand about 5 condition. Applications of fertilizer and lime are needed inches thick. The subsurface layer extends to a depth for the maximum production of forage. of 58 inches. It is yellowish brown sand in the upper This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly part, strong brown sand in the middle part, and pine, and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is yellowish red loamy sand in the lower part. The high, but moderate and severe limitations affect timber subsoil to a depth of 80 inches is red sandy loam and management. The main management concerns are an sandy clay loam. equipment limitation and plant competition. Harvesting activities should be planned for seasons when the soil Important properties of the Troup soil— is dry. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 when the soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. feet Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes the Available water capacity: Low damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity. Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface Plant competition reduces timber yields and can layers and moderate in the subsoil prevent adequate reforestation. The competing Flooding: None vegetation can be controlled by site preparation, herbicides, or prescribed burning. The Poarch soil generally is on shoulder slopes and This map unit is poorly suited to most urban the upper parts of side slopes. Typically, the surface uses. Wetness is a severe limitation affecting layer is very dark grayish brown sandy loam about 5 building sites, local roads and streets, and most inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 kinds of sanitary facilities. Because of the seasonal inches. It is yellowish brown sandy loam in the upper high water table during winter and spring, a part; yellowish brown and brownish yellow sandy loam drainage system is needed for buildings. A deep that has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles in the drainage system can help to lower the water table. middle part; and very pale brown and brownish yellow Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill sandy loam that has brownish, reddish, and grayish material helps to overcome the wetness. Septic mottles in the lower part. The middle and lower parts tank absorption fields do not function properly of the subsoil have nodules of plinthite. during rainy periods because of the wetness. Important properties of the Poarch soil— Constructing the absorption field on a raised bed 1 helps to compensate for this limitation. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 /2 This map unit is suited to recreational uses. to 5 feet from December through April Escambia County, Florida 61

Available water capacity: Moderate Using equipment that has wide tires or crawler-type Permeability: Moderately slow equipment improves trafficability. The moderate Flooding: None seedling mortality rate in areas of the Troup soil is caused by droughtiness. It can be compensated for by Included in mapping are a few small areas of increasing the number of trees planted. Plant Bonifay, Iuka, Lakeland, Notcher, and Maubila soils. competition reduces timber yields and can prevent The Bonifay and Lakeland soils are in positions similar adequate reforestation unless sites receive intensive to those of the Troup soil. The Bonifay soils have thick, preparation and maintenance. Site preparation sandy surface and subsurface layers and a significant practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. The Lakeland applying herbicides, help to control plant competition. soils are sandy throughout. The moderately well This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It drained Iuka soils are in narrow drainageways. The has moderate and severe limitations affecting building Notcher and Maubila soils are in positions similar to sites and local roads and streets and has severe those of the Poarch soil and have a higher content of limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. clay in the subsoil. Also included are poorly drained The main management concerns are the slope and soils in narrow drainageways and soils that have the moderate and moderately slow permeability. slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 12 percent. Additional management concerns include the Included soils make up about 15 percent of the unit. seasonal high water table in areas of the Poarch soil Individual areas generally are less than 10 acres in and the sandy texture and droughtiness of the Troup size. soil. Erosion is a hazard in the steeper areas. If areas This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops. The of this map unit are used as building sites, only the complex topography and the slope are limitations part of the site that is used for construction should be affecting the use of equipment. Erosion is a severe disturbed. Access roads can be designed so that hazard. In areas of the Troup soil, the sandy texture surface runoff is controlled and cut slopes are and droughtiness are limitations. If the soils are stabilized. Septic tank absorption fields may not cultivated, all tillage should be on the contour or function properly during rainy periods because of the across the slope. restricted permeability. Effluent from absorption areas This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal may surface in downslope areas and create a health bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the hazard. Increasing the length of the absorption lines local conditions. The main management concerns are and constructing the lines on the contour help to the slope, low fertility, and the available water capacity. overcome this hazard. Vegetating cleared and graded In the steeper areas, the slope can limit equipment areas as soon as possible or constructing silt fences use if hay is harvested. Preparing seedbeds on the helps to maintain soil stability and helps to keep soil contour or across the slope reduces the hazard of on the site. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and erosion and increases the germination rate. Proper irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape plants. stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing This map unit is poorly suited to most recreational during prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture uses. It has moderate or severe limitations affecting in good condition. Frequent, light applications of most uses. The main management concerns are the nitrogen are necessary to maintain the productivity of sandy texture of the Troup soil and the slope. grasses. The capability subclass is VIs in areas of the Troup This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, soil and IVe in areas of the Poarch soil. The woodland and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is ordination symbol for slash pine is 11S in areas of the moderately high. The Poarch soil has no significant Troup soil and 11A in areas of the Poarch soil. This limitations affecting timber management, and the map unit is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine Troup soil has moderate limitations. The main ecological community. management concerns are the hazard of erosion, an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and plant competition. Exposing the surface by removing ground 55—Troup-Poarch complex, 2 to 5 cover increases the hazard of erosion, including rill and gully erosion. Installing broad-based dips, water percent slopes bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. Reseeding disturbed areas with This map unit consists of the sandy, somewhat adapted grasses and legumes helps to control erosion excessively drained Troup soil and the loamy, well and the siltation of streams. The sandy texture in drained Poarch soil. It is on gently sloping summits areas of the Troup soil restricts the use of equipment. and side slopes of ridges in the central and northern 62 Soil Survey

parts of the county. The soils occur as areas so and have a higher content of clay in the subsoil. The intricately intermingled that they could not be mapped included soils make up about 15 percent of the unit. separately at the scale selected for mapping. The Individual areas generally are less than 10 acres in Troup soil makes up about 45 percent of the map unit, size. and the Poarch soil makes up about 35 percent. This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The Slopes generally are long and smooth. Individual main management concerns are the available water areas are irregular in shape. They range from 5 to capacity, low fertility, and a moderate hazard of about 50 acres in size. erosion. Returning crop residue to the soil helps to The Troup soil generally is in the lower and less maintain tilth and increases the available water sloping positions. Typically, the surface layer is dark capacity. Minimum tillage, contour farming, and grayish brown sand about 5 inches thick. The cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to subsurface layer extends to a depth of 58 inches. It is control erosion. Leaving the maximum amount of yellowish brown sand in the upper part, strong brown crop residue on the surface helps to control soil sand in the middle part, and yellowish red loamy sand blowing and conserves soil moisture. In most years, in the lower part. The subsoil to a depth of 80 inches is irrigation can prevent damage to crops and can red sandy loam and sandy clay loam. increase productivity. Most crops respond well to applications of lime and to frequent, light Important properties of the Troup soil— applications of fertilizer. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal feet bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the Available water capacity: Low local conditions. The main management concerns are Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface low fertility and the available water capacity. Proper layers and moderate in the subsoil stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing Flooding: None during prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a The Poarch soil generally is on shoulder slopes and management concern. Frequent, light applications of knolls. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish nitrogen are necessary to maintain the productivity of brown sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil grasses. extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly sandy loam in the upper part; yellowish brown and pine, and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is brownish yellow sandy loam that has brownish, moderately high. The Poarch soil has no significant reddish, and grayish mottles in the middle part; and limitations affecting timber management, and the very pale brown and brownish yellow sandy loam that Troup soil has moderate limitations. The main has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles in the management concerns are an equipment limitation, lower part. The middle and lower parts of the subsoil seedling mortality, and plant competition. The sandy have nodules of plinthite. texture of the Troup soil restricts the use of wheeled Important properties of the Poarch soil— equipment, especially when the soil is very dry.

1 Harvesting activities should be planned for seasons Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 /2 when the soils are moist. The moderate seedling to 5 feet from December through April mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It can be Available water capacity: Moderate compensated for by increasing the number of trees Permeability: Moderately slow planted. Plant competition reduces timber yields Flooding: None and can prevent adequate reforestation. The Included in mapping are a few small areas of competing vegetation can be controlled by Albany, Bonifay, Escambia, Lakeland, and Notcher mechanical methods, herbicides, or prescribed soils. The somewhat poorly drained Albany and burning. Escambia soils are in slightly depressional positions This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has around the heads of drains and in shallow swales. The moderate and severe limitations affecting building Bonifay and Lakeland soils are in positions similar to sites and local roads and streets and has severe those of the Troup soil. The Bonifay soils have thick, limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. sandy surface and subsurface layers and have a The main management concerns are the seasonal significant accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. The high water table and restricted permeability in areas of Lakeland soils are sandy throughout. The Notcher the Poarch soil. The sandy texture and droughtiness soils are in positions similar to those of the Poarch soil of the Troup soil are also management concerns. In Escambia County, Florida 63

areas of the Poarch soil, septic tank absorption fields Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface may not function properly during rainy periods layers and moderate in the subsoil because of the restricted permeability and the Flooding: None seasonal high water table. A subsurface drainage The Poarch soil generally is on shoulder slopes and system can help to lower the water table. Using the upper parts of side slopes. Typically, the surface suitable fill material to raise the filter field a sufficient layer is very dark grayish brown sandy loam about 5 distance above the seasonal high water table inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 improves the performance of a septic system. inches. It is yellowish brown sandy loam in the upper Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as part; yellowish brown and brownish yellow sandy loam possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain that has brownish, reddish, and grayish mottles in the soil stability and to keep soil on the site. Applying lime middle part; and very pale brown and brownish yellow and fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating help to establish sandy loam that has brownish, reddish, and grayish lawns and landscape plants. mottles in the lower part. The middle and lower parts This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It of the subsoil have nodules of plinthite. has slight or moderate limitations affecting most uses. The main limitation is the sandy texture of the Troup Important properties of the Poarch soil— soil. 1 Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 /2 The capability subclass is IIIs in areas of the Troup to 5 feet from December through April soil and IIe in areas of the Poarch soil. The woodland Available water capacity: Moderate ordination symbol for slash pine is 11S in areas of the Permeability: Moderately slow Troup soil and 11A in areas of the Poarch soil. This Flooding: None map unit is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological community. Included in mapping are a few small areas of Bonifay, Iuka, Lakeland, Notcher, and Maubila soils. The Bonifay and Lakeland soils are in positions similar 56—Troup-Poarch complex, 5 to 8 to those of the Troup soil. The Bonifay soils have thick, percent slopes sandy surface and subsurface layers and a significant accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. The Lakeland This map unit consists of the sandy, somewhat soils are sandy throughout. The moderately well excessively drained Troup soil and the loamy, well drained Iuka soils are in narrow drainageways. The drained Poarch soil. It is on moderately sloping Notcher and Maubila soils are in positions similar to hillslopes in the central and northern parts of the those of the Poarch soil and have a higher content of county. The soils occur as areas so intricately clay in the subsoil. Also included are poorly drained intermingled that they could not be mapped separately soils in narrow drainageways and soils that have at the scale selected for mapping. The Troup soil slopes of less than 5 percent or more than 8 percent. makes up about 45 percent of the map unit, and the Included soils make up about 15 percent of the unit. Poarch soil makes up about 35 percent. Slopes Individual areas generally are less than 10 acres in generally are short and complex. Individual areas are size. irregular in shape. They range from 5 to about 65 This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. acres in size. The main management concerns are the available The Troup soil generally is on the middle and lower water capacity, low fertility, and the hazard of erosion. parts of side slopes and on footslopes. Typically, the Gullies form readily in areas that are subject to surface layer is dark grayish brown sand about 5 concentrated flow of water on the surface. Returning inches thick. The subsurface layer extends to a depth crop residue to the soil helps to maintain tilth and of 58 inches. It is yellowish brown sand in the upper increases the available water capacity. Minimum part, strong brown sand in the middle part, and tillage, contour farming, and cover crops reduce the yellowish red loamy sand in the lower part. The runoff rate and help to control erosion. Leaving the subsoil to a depth of 80 inches is red sandy loam and maximum amount of crop residue on the surface helps sandy clay loam. to control soil blowing and conserves soil moisture. In most years, irrigation can prevent damage to crops Important properties of the Troup soil— and can increase productivity. Leaching of plant Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 nutrients is also a management concern. Most crops feet respond well to applications of lime and to frequent, Available water capacity: Low light applications of fertilizer. 64 Soil Survey

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal The main management concerns are the sandy texture bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the of the Troup soil and the slope. local conditions. The main management concerns are The capability subclass is IVs in areas of the Troup low fertility and the available water capacity. Preparing soil and IIIe in areas of the Poarch soil. The woodland seedbeds on the contour or across the slope reduces ordination symbol for slash pine is 11S in areas of the the hazard of erosion and increases the germination Troup soil and 11A in areas of the Poarch soil. This rate. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and map unit is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine restricted grazing during prolonged dry periods help to ecological community. keep the pasture in good condition. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a management concern. Frequent, light applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain 57—Cowarts-Troup complex, the productivity of grasses. 12 to 18 percent slopes This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is This map unit consists of the very deep, well moderately high. The Poarch soil has no significant drained Cowarts soil and the somewhat excessively limitations affecting timber management, and the drained Troup soil. It is on hillslopes in the central and Troup soil has moderate limitations. The main northern parts of the county. The soils occur as areas management concerns are an equipment limitation, so intricately intermingled that they could not be seedling mortality, and plant competition. The sandy mapped separately at the scale selected for mapping. texture of the Troup soil restricts the use of wheeled The Cowarts soil makes up about 45 percent of the equipment, especially when the soil is very dry. map unit, and the Troup soil makes up about 35 Harvesting activities should be planned for seasons percent. Slopes generally are short and complex. when the soils are moist. The moderate seedling Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It can be from 10 to about 125 acres in size. compensated for by increasing the number of trees The Cowarts soil generally is on the upper and planted. Plant competition reduces timber yields middle parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer is and can prevent adequate reforestation. The dark grayish brown sandy loam about 4 inches thick. competing vegetation can be controlled by The subsurface layer to a depth of 9 inches is strong mechanical methods, herbicides, or prescribed brown sandy loam. The subsoil extends to a depth of burning. 40 inches. It is strong brown sandy clay loam in the This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has upper part and strong brown sandy loam that has moderate and severe limitations affecting building mottles in shades of red and gray in the lower part. sites and local roads and streets and has severe The substratum to a depth of 80 inches is strong limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. brown sandy loam that has thin strata of loamy sand. The main management concerns are the seasonal high water table and restricted permeability in areas Important properties of the Cowarts soil— of the Poarch soil. The sandy texture and Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 droughtiness of the Troup soil are also management feet concerns. In areas of the Poarch soil, septic tank Available water capacity: Moderate absorption fields may not function properly during Permeability: Moderately slow rainy periods because of the restricted permeability Flooding: None and the seasonal high water table. A subsurface drainage system can help to lower the water table. The Troup soil generally is on the lower parts of Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a slopes and on narrow ridges. Typically, the surface sufficient distance above the seasonal high water layer is dark grayish brown sand about 5 inches thick. table improves the performance of a septic system. The subsurface layer extends to a depth of 58 inches. Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as It is yellowish brown sand in the upper part, strong possible or constructing silt fences helps to brown sand in the middle part, and yellowish red maintain soil stability and helps to keep soil on the loamy sand in the lower part. The subsoil to a depth of site. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and 80 inches is red sandy loam and sandy clay loam. irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape Important properties of the Troup soil— plants. This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 has slight to severe limitations affecting most uses. feet Escambia County, Florida 65

Available water capacity: Low that has wide tires or crawler-type equipment improves Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface trafficability. The moderate seedling mortality rate in layers and moderate in the subsoil areas of the Troup soil is caused by droughtiness. It Flooding: None can be compensated for by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant competition reduces timber yields Included in mapping are a few small areas of Iuka, and can prevent adequate reforestation unless sites Lucy, Maubila, Notcher, and Perdido soils. The receive intensive preparation and maintenance. Site moderately well drained Iuka soils are on narrow flood preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed plains. The Lucy soils are in positions similar to those burning, and applying herbicides, help to control plant of the Troup soil and have loamy subsoil layers within competition. a depth of 20 to 40 inches. The Maubila and Perdido This map unit is poorly suited to most urban and soils are in positions similar to those of the Cowarts recreational uses. It is generally not suitable as a site soil. The Maubila soils are clayey in the upper part of for buildings because of the slope. Other limitations the subsoil. The Perdido soils do not have thick, sandy include the moderately slow permeability of the surface and subsurface layers and have reddish Cowarts soil and the sandy texture of the Troup soil. colors in the subsoil. The Notcher soils are on narrow The capability subclass is VIe in areas of the ridges and have a significant accumulation of plinthite Cowarts soil and VIIe in areas of the Troup soil. The in the subsoil. Also included are loamy soils that have woodland ordination symbol for slash pine is 11R in thin layers of ironstone within a depth of 40 inches and areas of the Cowarts soil and 10R in areas of the areas of Cowarts and Troup soils that have slopes of Troup soil. This map unit is in the Mixed Hardwood less than 12 percent or more than 18 percent. and Pine ecological community. Included soils make up about 20 percent of the unit. Individual areas generally are less than 10 acres in size. 58—Eunola fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops. The main management concerns are the moderately steep percent slopes, occasionally slopes and a severe hazard of erosion. Additional flooded management concerns include the complex This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on topography, the droughtiness of the Troup soil, and the gently sloping side slopes of low terraces that parallel presence of deep gullies. the Escambia and Perdido Rivers and other large This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal streams in the central and northern parts of the bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the county. Slopes generally are long and smooth. local conditions. The main management concerns are Individual areas are generally long and narrow. They the slope, droughtiness, low fertility, and a severe range from 15 to about 50 acres in size. hazard of erosion. The use of equipment is restricted Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy by the sloping, complex topography and by the sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a texture of the Troup soil. Seedbeds should be depth of 10 inches is yellowish brown fine sandy loam. prepared on the contour or across the slope where The subsoil extends to a depth of 50 inches. It is practical. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and yellowish brown sandy loam in the upper part and restricted grazing during very wet or dry periods help yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has grayish, to keep the pasture in good condition. reddish, and brownish mottles in the lower part. The This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is high. yellowish brown loamy sand in the upper part and Moderate limitations affect timber management. The yellowish brown sand in the lower part. main management concerns are the hazard of erosion, an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, Important properties of the Eunola soil— and plant competition. Exposing the surface by 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 removing ground cover increases the hazard of 1 to 2 /2 feet from December through April erosion, including rill and gully erosion. Installing Available water capacity: High broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts helps to Permeability: Moderate in the subsoil and moderately stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. rapid to rapid in the substratum Reseeding disturbed areas with adapted grasses and Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods legumes helps to control erosion and the siltation of streams. The slope and the sandy texture of the Troup Included in mapping are a few small areas of soil restrict the use of equipment. Using equipment Fluvaquents and Garcon, Izagora, and Yemassee 66 Soil Survey

soils. The very poorly drained Fluvaquents are in sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table swales and narrow drainageways. The somewhat improves the performance of a septic system. poorly drained Garcon and Yemassee soils are in This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. slightly lower, less convex positions than those of the It has moderate or severe limitations affecting most Eunola soil. The Izagora soils are in positions similar uses. The main management concerns are wetness to those of the Eunola soil and do not decrease in clay and the flooding. content with depth. Also included are small areas of The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland Eunola soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or ordination symbol is 12W for slash pine. This map unit more than 5 percent. Included soils make up about 15 is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are community. less than 5 acres in size. This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The 59—Notcher fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 main management concerns are the occasional flooding and a moderate hazard of erosion. In some percent slopes years, the planting of early-season crops may be This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on delayed and crops may be damaged because of the nearly level summits of broad ridges in the central and flooding. Using a resource management system that northern parts of the county. Slopes generally are long includes terraces and diversions, stripcropping, and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape. contour tillage, no-till planting, and crop residue They range from 15 to about 150 acres in size. management reduces the hazard of erosion, reduces Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown the runoff rate, and increases the infiltration of rainfall. fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface Most crops respond well to applications of lime and layer to a depth of 12 inches is yellowish brown fine fertilizer. sandy loam. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. The inches. It is brownish yellow sandy clay loam in the main management concern is the occasional flooding. upper part and brownish yellow gravelly sandy clay Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well loam that has mottles in shades of red, brown, and adapted to the local conditions. Deferring or restricting gray in the lower part. The lower part of the subsoil grazing during very wet periods helps to keep the has nodules of ironstone and masses of plinthite. pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and promote the growth of Important properties of the Notcher soil— forage plants. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3 to This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine, slash 4 feet from December through April pine, and hardwoods. The potential productivity is Available water capacity: High high. Moderate limitations affect timber management. Permeability: Moderately slow The main management concerns are an equipment Flooding: None limitation and plant competition. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet Included in mapping are a few small areas of results in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure Bama, Escambia, Grady, Malbis, Poarch, and ground equipment minimizes the damage to the soil Robertsdale soils. The Bama soils are in slightly and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting higher, more convex positions than those of the activities should be planned for seasons when the soil Notcher soil and have reddish colors throughout the is dry. Plant competition reduces timber yields and can subsoil. The somewhat poorly drained Escambia and prevent adequate reforestation. The competing Robertsdale soils are in slightly lower, more concave vegetation can be controlled by site preparation or positions than those of the Notcher soil. The poorly prescribed burning. drained Grady soils are in shallow depressions. The This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It Malbis and Poarch soils are in positions similar to has severe limitations affecting most uses. The main those of the Notcher soil. The Malbis soils have less management concerns are the flooding and wetness. than 5 percent ironstone nodules in the subsoil. The Buildings can be elevated above the expected level of Poarch soils have less clay in the upper part of the flooding by constructing them on pilings or mounds. subsoil than the Notcher soil. Included soils make up Septic tank absorption fields may not function properly about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas during the rainy season because of the moderately generally are less than 5 acres in size. slow permeability and the seasonal high water table. This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a (fig. 5). It has few limitations affecting this use. Low Escambia County, Florida 67

Figure 5.—Soybeans in an area of Notcher fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. Most areas of this unit are used for cultivated crops.

fertility, however, is a management concern. The has few limitations affecting these uses. Coastal surface layer is friable and is easy to keep in good bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and clovers are well tilth. It can be tilled over a wide range of moisture adapted to the local conditions. Proper stocking rates, content without becoming cloddy. Conservation pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during practices, such as growing cover crops, minimizing prolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture tillage, and returning all crop residue to the soil or in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer regularly adding other organic matter, improve fertility improve fertility and increase the production of forage. and help to maintain tilth and the content of organic This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly matter. Most crops respond well to systematic pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting applications of lime and fertilizer. the production of timber. The potential productivity is This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor 68 Soil Survey

management concerns. Harvesting during the drier Permeability: Moderately slow periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully Flooding: None managed reforestation helps to control competition Included in mapping are a few small areas of from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation Bama, Escambia, Malbis, Poarch, and Robertsdale practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and soils. The Bama soils are on the upper parts of slopes applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant and have reddish colors throughout the subsoil. The competition and facilitate mechanical planting. somewhat poorly drained Escambia and Robertsdale This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has soils are in concave swales. The Malbis and Poarch moderate limitations affecting building sites and soils are in positions similar to those of the Notcher local roads and streets and has severe limitations soil. The Malbis soils have less than 5 percent affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main ironstone nodules in the subsoil. The Poarch soils management concerns are wetness and the have a lower content of clay in the upper part of the moderately slow permeability. A subsurface subsoil than the Notcher soil. Also included are small drainage system can help to lower the water table. areas of Notcher soils that have slopes of less than 2 Septic tank absorption fields do not function percent or more than 5 percent. Included soils make properly during rainy periods because of the up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas wetness and the moderately slow permeability. generally are less than 5 acres in size. Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The overcome these limitations. Using suitable fill main management concern is a moderate hazard of material to raise the filter field a sufficient distance erosion. Conservation tillage, terraces, contour above the seasonal high water table improves the farming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and performance of a septic system. help to control erosion. Minimizing tillage and returning This map unit is well suited to most recreational all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other uses. It has few limitations for most uses. The content organic matter help to improve and maintain tilth and of small nodules of ironstone is a moderate limitation the content of organic matter. Crops respond well to in areas used for playgrounds. systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. The capability class is I. The woodland ordination This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit is in the has few limitations affecting these uses. Bahiagrass Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological community. and coastal bermudagrass are the most commonly grown grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture 60—Notcher fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture in good percent slopes condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of forage. This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly gently sloping shoulder slopes and side slopes of pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting broad ridges in the central and northern parts of the the production of timber. The potential productivity is county. Slopes generally are long and smooth. high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range management concerns. Harvesting during the drier from 10 to about 160 acres in size. periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown managed reforestation helps to control competition fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation layer to a depth of 12 inches is yellowish brown fine practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and sandy loam. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant inches. It is brownish yellow sandy clay loam in the competition and facilitate mechanical planting. upper part and brownish yellow gravelly sandy clay This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has loam that has mottles in shades of red, brown, and moderate limitations affecting building sites and local gray in the lower part. The subsoil has nodules of roads and streets and has severe limitations affecting ironstone and masses of plinthite. most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main management concerns are wetness and the Important properties of the Notcher soil— moderately slow permeability. A subsurface drainage Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3 to system can help to lower the water table. Septic tank 4 feet from December through April absorption fields do not function properly during rainy Available water capacity: High periods because of the wetness and the moderately Escambia County, Florida 69

slow permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorption main management concerns are a severe hazard of field helps to overcome these limitations. Using erosion and the short, complex slopes. Using a suitable fill material to raise the filter field a sufficient resource management system that includes contour distance above the seasonal high water table farming, conservation tillage, crop residue improves the performance of a septic system. management, stripcropping, and a sod-based rotation This map unit is well suited to most recreational reduces the hazard of erosion, helps to control surface uses. It has few limitations for most uses. The slope runoff, and maximizes infiltration of water. Installing and the content of small nodules of ironstone are drop-inlet structures in grassed waterways helps to moderate limitations in areas used for playgrounds. prevent the formation of gullies. Crops respond well to The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological Coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and clovers are community. well adapted to the local conditions. The main management concern is a severe hazard of erosion. The seedbed should be prepared on the contour or 61—Notcher fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 across the slope where practical. Proper stocking percent slopes rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on improve fertility and increase the production of forage. side slopes of ridges in the central and northern parts This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly of the county. Slopes generally are short and complex. pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range the production of timber. The potential productivity is from 5 to about 35 acres in size. high. Soil compaction, plant competition, and the Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown hazard of erosion are minor management concerns. fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface Harvesting during the drier periods helps to prevent layer to a depth of 12 inches is yellowish brown fine compaction. Carefully managed reforestation helps to sandy loam. The subsoil extends to a depth of 80 control competition from undesirable understory inches. It is brownish yellow sandy clay loam in the plants. Site preparation practices, such as chopping, upper part and brownish yellow gravelly sandy clay prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to loam that has mottles in shades of red, brown, and control the initial plant competition and facilitate gray in the lower part. Nodules of ironstone and mechanical planting. Installing broad-based dips, masses of plinthite are in the lower part of the subsoil. water bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging Important properties of the Notcher soil— roads, skid trails, and landings. Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3 to reduces the hazard of erosion and the siltation of 4 feet from December through April streams. Available water capacity: High This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has Permeability: Moderately slow moderate limitations affecting building sites and local Flooding: None roads and streets and has severe limitations affecting Included in mapping are a few small areas of most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main Bonifay, Iuka, Perdido, and Poarch soils. The Bonifay management concerns are the slope, wetness, and soils are on the lower parts of slopes and have thick, the moderately slow permeability. A subsurface sandy surface and subsurface layers. The Iuka soils drainage system can help to lower the water table. are in narrow drainageways and are subject to Septic tank absorption fields do not function properly flooding. The Perdido and Poarch soils are in positions during rainy periods because of the wetness and the similar to those of the Notcher soil and have a lower moderately slow permeability. Enlarging the size of the content of clay in the upper part of the subsoil. Also absorption field helps to overcome these limitations. included are small areas of Notcher soils that have Absorption lines should be installed on the contour. slopes of less than 5 percent or more than 8 percent. Preserving the existing plant cover during construction Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map helps to control erosion. Vegetating disturbed areas unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in and using erosion-control structures, such as size. sediment fences and catch basins, help to keep soil This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The on the site. 70 Soil Survey

This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It has slight limitations affecting most uses. Slope is a has no significant limitations affecting these uses. Low severe limitation in areas used for playgrounds. fertility, however, is a management concern. The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass are the ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit commonly grown grasses. Proper stocking rates, is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during community. prolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of forage. 62—Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly percent slopes pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting the production of timber. The potential This very deep, well drained soil is on nearly level productivity is high. Soil compaction and plant summits of broad ridges in the central and northern competition are minor management concerns. parts of the county. Slopes are long and smooth. Harvesting during the drier periods helps to prevent Individual areas are irregular or oblong in shape. They compaction. Carefully managed reforestation helps range from 5 to more than 60 acres in size. to control competition from undesirable understory Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy plants. Site preparation practices, such as loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a chopping, prescribed burning, and applying depth of 80 inches. It is reddish yellow sandy clay herbicides, help to control the initial plant loam in the upper part, yellowish red sandy clay loam competition and facilitate mechanical planting. in the middle part, and red sandy clay loam in the This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. It lower part. has no significant management concerns for most uses. Mulching, applying fertilizer, and irrigating help Important properties of the Bama soil— to establish lawn grasses and other small-seeded Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 plants. feet This map unit is well suited to most recreational Available water capacity: High uses. It has no significant management concerns for Permeability: Moderate most uses. Flooding: None The capability class is I. The woodland ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit is in the Included in mapping are small areas of Emory, Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological community. Malbis, Notcher, and Red Bay soils. The moderately well drained Emory soils are in shallow depressions and are subject to ponding for short periods following 63—Bama fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 heavy rains. The moderately well drained Malbis and Notcher soils are in slightly lower, less convex percent slopes positions than the Bama soil. They have a brownish subsoil that has masses of plinthite. The Red Bay soils This very deep, well drained soil is on gently are in positions similar to those of the Bama soil and sloping shoulder slopes and side slopes of broad have a dark red subsoil. Included soils make up about ridges in the central and northern parts of the county. 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas are Slopes generally are long and smooth. Individual generally less than 3 acres in size. areas are irregular in shape. They range from 5 to This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. It about 50 acres in size. has few limitations affecting this use. Low fertility, Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy however, is a management concern. The surface layer loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a is friable and is easy to keep in good tilth. It can be depth of 80 inches. It is reddish yellow sandy clay tilled over a wide range of moisture content without loam in the upper part, yellowish red sandy clay loam becoming cloddy. Conservation practices, such as in the middle part, and red sandy clay loam in the growing cover crops, minimizing tillage, and returning lower part. all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other Important properties of the Bama soil— organic matter, improve fertility and help to maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 respond well to systematic applications of lime and feet fertilizer. Available water capacity: High Escambia County, Florida 71

Permeability: Moderate The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland Flooding: None ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological Included in mapping are a few small areas of community. Perdido, Lucy, and Red Bay soils. The Perdido soils are on the upper parts of slopes and have less clay in the upper part of the subsoil than the Bama soil. The 64—Red Bay fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 Lucy soils are on the upper parts of slopes or on narrow ridges and have thick, sandy surface and percent slopes subsurface layers. The Red Bay soils are in positions This very deep, well drained soil is on nearly level similar to those of the Bama soil and have dark red summits of broad ridges in the central and northern colors throughout the subsoil. Included soils make up parts of the county. Slopes are long and smooth. about 15 percent of the unit. Individual areas generally Individual areas are irregular or oblong in shape. They are less than 5 acres in size. range from 20 to more than 220 acres in size. This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy main management concern is a moderate hazard of loam about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a erosion. Gullies form readily in areas that are subject depth of 12 inches is yellowish red sandy loam. The to concentrated flow of water on the surface. subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is dark red Conservation tillage, terraces, contour farming, and sandy clay loam in the upper part and dark red sandy cover crops reduce the runoff rate and help to control loam in the lower part. erosion. Minimizing tillage and returning all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other organic Important properties of the Red Bay soil— matter help to improve and maintain tilth and the Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 content of organic matter. Crops respond well to feet systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. Available water capacity: High This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It Permeability: Moderate has few limitations affecting these uses. Bahiagrass Flooding: None and coastal bermudagrass are the most commonly grown grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture Included in mapping are small areas of Bama, rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged wet Emory, Grady, Lucy, and Perdido soils. The Bama and or dry periods help to keep the pasture in good Perdido soils are in positions similar to those of the condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve Red Bay soil and do not have dark red colors fertility and increase the production of forage. throughout the subsoil. The moderately well drained This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly Emory and poorly drained Grady soils are in shallow pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting depressions and are subject to ponding for brief to the production of timber. The potential productivity is very long periods following prolonged rainfall. The high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor Lucy soils are on small knolls and have thick, sandy management concerns. Harvesting during the drier surface and subsurface layers. Included soils make up periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas managed reforestation helps to control competition generally are less than 3 acres in size. from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and (fig. 6). It has few limitations affecting this use. Low applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant fertility, however, is a management concern. The competition and facilitate mechanical planting. surface layer is friable and is easy to keep in good This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. It tilth. It can be tilled over a wide range of moisture has no significant limitations for most uses. Preserving content without becoming cloddy. Conservation the existing plant cover during construction helps to practices, such as growing cover crops, minimizing control erosion. Topsoil from disturbed areas should tillage, and returning all crop residue to the soil or be stockpiled and then replaced before landscaping. regularly adding other organic matter, improve fertility Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating and help to maintain tilth and the content of organic help to establish lawns and landscape plants. matter. Most crops respond well to systematic This map unit is well suited to most recreational applications of lime and fertilizer. uses. It has slight limitations affecting most uses. This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It Slope is a moderate limitation in areas used for has no significant limitations affecting these uses. playgrounds. Low fertility, however, is a management concern. 72 Soil Survey

Figure 6.—Soybeans in an area of Red Bay fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This soil is well suited to cultivated crops, pasture, and hay. The woodland in the background is an area of Croatan muck, depressional.

Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass are the high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor commonly grown grasses. Proper stocking rates, management concerns. Harvesting during the drier pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully prolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture managed reforestation helps to control competition in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation improve fertility and increase the production of forage. practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting competition and facilitate mechanical planting. the production of timber. The potential productivity is This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. It Escambia County, Florida 73

has no significant management concerns for most Crops respond well to systematic applications of uses. Mulching, applying fertilizer, and irrigating help lime and fertilizer. to establish lawn grasses and other small-seeded This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay plants. (fig. 7). It has few limitations affecting these uses. This map unit is well suited to most recreational Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass are the most uses. It has no significant management concerns for commonly grown grasses. Proper stocking rates, most uses. pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during The capability class is I. The woodland ordination prolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit is in the in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological community. improve fertility and increase the production of forage. This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations 65—Red Bay fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 affecting the production of timber. The potential percent slopes productivity is high. Soil compaction and plant competition are minor management concerns. Harvesting during the drier periods helps to prevent This very deep, well drained soil is on gently compaction. Carefully managed reforestation helps sloping shoulder slopes and side slopes of broad to control competition from undesirable understory ridges in the central and northern parts of the county. plants. Site preparation practices, such as Slopes generally are long and smooth. Individual chopping, prescribed burning, and applying areas are irregular in shape. They range from 15 to herbicides, help to control the initial plant about 120 acres in size. competition and facilitate mechanical planting. Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. It loam about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a has no significant limitations for most uses. Preserving depth of 12 inches is yellowish red sandy loam. The the existing plant cover during construction helps to subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is dark red control erosion. Topsoil from disturbed areas should sandy clay loam in the upper part and dark red sandy be stockpiled and then replaced before landscaping. loam in the lower part. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating Important properties of the Red Bay soil— help to establish lawns and landscape plants. This map unit is well suited to most recreational Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 uses. It has slight limitations affecting most uses. feet Slope is a moderate limitation in areas used for Available water capacity: High playgrounds. Permeability: Moderate The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland Flooding: None ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit Included in mapping are a few small areas of is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological Bama, Perdido, and Lucy soils. The Bama and community. Perdido soils are on the upper parts of slopes and do not have dark red colors throughout the subsoil. The Lucy soils are on the upper parts of slopes or on 66—Red Bay fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 narrow ridges and have thick, sandy surface and percent slopes subsurface layers. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the unit. Individual areas generally are less This very deep, well drained soil is on moderately than 5 acres in size. sloping side slopes of broad ridges in the central and This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. northern parts of the county. Slopes generally are long The main management concern is a moderate and smooth, but some are short and complex. hazard of erosion. Gullies form readily in areas that Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range are subject to concentrated flow of water on the from 15 to about 120 acres in size. surface. Conservation tillage, terraces, contour Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy farming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and loam about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a help to control erosion. Minimizing tillage and depth of 12 inches is yellowish red sandy loam. The returning all crop residue to the soil or regularly subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is dark red adding other organic matter help to improve and sandy clay loam in the upper part and dark red sandy maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. loam in the lower part. 74 Soil Survey

Figure 7.—An area of Red Bay fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, that supports a well-maintained pasture of coastal bermudagrass.

Important properties of the Red Bay soil— to concentrated flow of water on the surface. Using a resource management system that includes terraces Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 and diversions, conservation tillage, stripcropping, feet contour farming, crop residue management, and soil Available water capacity: High conserving crops in rotation reduces the hazard of Permeability: Moderate erosion, helps to control surface runoff, and Flooding: None maximizes infiltration of water. Crops respond well to Included in mapping are a few small areas of systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. Bama, Iuka, Perdido, and Lucy soils. The Bama and This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. The Perdido soils are on the upper parts of slopes and do main management concern is a severe hazard of not have dark red colors throughout the subsoil. The erosion. Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass are moderately well drained Iuka soils are in narrow the most commonly grown grasses. Preparing drainageways that are subject to flooding. The Lucy seedbeds on the contour or across the slope reduces soils are on the upper parts of slopes or on narrow the hazard of erosion and increases the germination ridges and have thick, sandy surface and subsurface rate. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and layers. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the restricted grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in help to keep the pasture in good condition. size. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The increase the production of forage. main management concern is a severe hazard of This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly erosion. Gullies form readily in areas that are subject pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting Escambia County, Florida 75

the production of timber. The potential productivity is subsoil has nodules of ironstone and masses of high. Soil compaction, plant competition, and the plinthite. hazard of erosion are minor management concerns. Important properties of the Notcher soil— Harvesting during the drier periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully managed reforestation helps to Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3 to control competition from undesirable understory 4 feet from December through April plants. Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Available water capacity: High prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Permeability: Moderately slow control the initial plant competition and facilitate Flooding: None mechanical planting. Installing broad-based dips, The Maubila soil is generally on the middle and water bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging lower parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer is roads, skid trails, and landings. Reseeding all very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a depth reduces the hazard of erosion and the siltation of of 9 inches is yellowish brown fine sandy loam. The streams. subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is reddish This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has yellow and strong brown clay loam in the upper part slight limitations affecting most uses. Preserving the and mottled reddish, brownish, yellowish, and grayish existing plant cover during construction helps to sandy clay loam in the lower part. control erosion. Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion-control structures, such as sediment fences Important properties of the Maubila soil— and catch basins, help to keep soil on the site. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It 1 3 /2 feet from December through April has slight limitations affecting most uses. The slope is Available water capacity: High a severe limitation in areas used for playgrounds. Permeability: Slow The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland Flooding: None ordination symbol is 11A for slash pine. This map unit is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological Included in mapping are a few small areas of community. Albany, Bonifay, Cowarts, Perdido, and Poarch soils. The somewhat poorly drained Albany soils are in slightly depressional positions around heads of 67—Notcher-Maubila complex, drainages. The Bonifay soils are on the lower parts of 2 to 5 percent slopes slopes and have thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. The Cowarts soils are in positions similar to This map unit consists of the loamy, moderately those of the Maubila soil, are loamy in the upper part well drained Notcher soil and the clayey, moderately of the subsoil, and do not have a significant well drained Maubila soil. It is on gently sloping accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. The Perdido summits and side slopes of ridges in the central and and Poarch soils are in positions similar to those of the northern parts of the county. The soils occur as areas Notcher soil and have less clay in the subsoil. Also so intricately intermingled that they could not be included are soils that have slopes of less than 2 mapped separately at the scale selected for mapping. percent or more than 5 percent. Included soils make The Notcher soil makes up about 50 percent of the up about 15 percent of the map unit. Individual areas map unit, and the Maubila soil makes up about 35 generally are less than 5 acres in size. percent. Slopes generally are long and smooth. This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range main management concern is a moderate hazard of from 5 to about 50 acres in size. erosion. Conservation tillage, terraces, contour The Notcher soil generally is on knolls and shoulder farming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and slopes. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish help to control erosion. Minimizing tillage and returning brown fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other subsurface layer to a depth of 12 inches is yellowish organic matter help to improve and maintain tilth and brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil extends to a depth the content of organic matter. Crops respond well to of 80 inches. It is brownish yellow sandy clay loam in systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. the upper part and brownish yellow gravelly sandy This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It clay loam that has mottles in shades of red, brown, has few limitations affecting these uses. Bahiagrass and gray in the lower part. The lower part of the and coastal bermudagrass are the most commonly 76 Soil Survey

grown grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, at the scale selected for mapping. The Notcher soil and restricted grazing during prolonged wet or dry makes up about 50 percent of the map unit, and the periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Maubila soil makes up about 35 percent. Slopes Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and generally are short and complex. Individual areas are increase the production of forage. irregular in shape. They range from 5 to about 35 This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly acres in size. pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting The Notcher soil is generally on shoulder slopes the production of timber. The potential productivity is and the upper parts of side slopes. Typically, the high in areas of the Notcher soil and moderate in surface layer is dark grayish brown fine sandy loam areas of the Maubila soil. Soil compaction and plant about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a depth competition are minor management concerns. of 12 inches is yellowish brown fine sandy loam. The Harvesting during the drier periods helps to prevent subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is brownish compaction. Carefully managed reforestation helps to yellow sandy clay loam in the upper part and brownish control competition from undesirable understory yellow gravelly sandy clay loam that has mottles in plants. Site preparation practices, such as chopping, shades of red, brown, and gray in the lower part. The prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to lower part of the subsoil has nodules of ironstone and control the initial plant competition and facilitate masses of plinthite. mechanical planting. Important properties of the Notcher soil— This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has moderate and severe limitations affecting building Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3 to sites and local roads and streets and has severe 4 feet from December through April limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. Available water capacity: High The main management concerns are wetness, low Permeability: Moderately slow strength, and restricted permeability. A subsurface Flooding: None drainage system can help to lower the water table. The Maubila soil is generally on the middle and Septic tank absorption fields do not function properly lower parts of side slopes. Typically, the surface layer during rainy periods because of the wetness and the is very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam restricted permeability. Enlarging the size of the about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a depth absorption field helps to overcome these limitations. of 9 inches is yellowish brown fine sandy loam. The Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is reddish sufficient distance above the seasonal high water yellow and strong brown clay loam in the upper part table improves the performance of a septic system. and mottled reddish, brownish, yellowish, and grayish This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It sandy clay loam in the lower part. has slight or moderate limitations affecting most uses. The slope, restricted permeability, and the content of Important properties of the Maubila soil— small nodules of ironstone are moderate limitations in Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to areas used for playgrounds. 1 3 /2 feet from December through April The capability subclass is IIe in areas of the Available water capacity: High Notcher soil and IIIe in areas of the Maubila soil. The Permeability: Slow woodland ordination symbol for slash pine is 11A in Flooding: None areas of the Notcher soil and 10C in areas of the Maubila soil. This map unit is in the Mixed Hardwood Included in mapping are a few small areas of and Pine ecological community. Albany, Bonifay, Cowarts, and Perdido soils. The somewhat poorly drained Albany soils are in slightly depressional positions around heads of drainages. 68—Notcher-Maubila complex, The Bonifay soils are on the lower parts of slopes and 5 to 8 percent slopes have thick, sandy surface and subsurface layers. The Cowarts soils are in positions similar to those of the This map unit consists of the loamy, moderately Maubila soil, are loamy in the upper part of the well drained Notcher soil and the clayey, moderately subsoil, and do not have a significant accumulation of well drained Maubila soil. It is on moderately sloping plinthite in the subsoil. The Perdido soils are in side slopes of ridges in the central and northern parts positions similar to those of the Notcher soil and have of the county. The soils occur as areas so intricately less clay in the subsoil. Also included are soils that intermingled that they could not be mapped separately have slopes of less than 5 percent or more than 8 Escambia County, Florida 77

percent. Included soils make up about 15 percent of contour. Preserving the existing plant cover during the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than construction helps to control erosion. Vegetating 5 acres in size. disturbed areas and using erosion-control structures, This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. such as sediment fences and catch basins, help to The main management concerns are a severe hazard keep soil on the site. of erosion and the short, complex slopes. Using a This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It resource management system that includes contour has slight to severe limitations affecting most uses. farming, conservation tillage, crop residue Slope is a severe limitation in areas used for management, stripcropping, and a sod-based rotation playgrounds. Additional limitations include restricted reduces the hazard of erosion, helps to control surface permeability and the small fragments of ironstone in runoff, and maximizes infiltration of water. Installing the surface and subsurface layers. drop-inlet structures in grassed waterways helps to The capability subclass is IIIe in areas of the prevent the formation of gullies. Crops respond well to Notcher soil and IVe in areas of the Maubila soil. The systematic applications of lime and fertilizer. woodland ordination symbol for slash pine is 11A in This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. areas of the Notcher soil and 10C in areas of the Coastal bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and clovers are Maubila soil. This map unit is in the Mixed Hardwood well adapted to the local conditions. The main and Pine ecological community. management concern is a severe hazard of erosion. The seedbed should be prepared on the contour or 69—Notcher-Maubila complex, across the slope where practical. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during 8 to 12 percent slopes prolonged wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture This map unit consists of the loamy, moderately in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer well drained Notcher soil and the clayey, moderately improve fertility and increase the production of forage. well drained Maubila soil. It is on strongly sloping This map unit is well suited to slash pine, loblolly hillslopes in the central and northern parts of the pine, and longleaf pine. It has few limitations affecting county. The soils occur as areas so intricately the production of timber. The potential productivity is intermingled that they could not be mapped separately high in areas of the Notcher soil and moderate in at the scale selected for mapping. The Notcher soil areas of the Maubila soil. Soil compaction, plant makes up about 45 percent of the map unit, and the competition, and the hazard of erosion are minor Maubila soil makes up about 35 percent. Slopes management concerns. Harvesting during the drier generally are short and complex. Individual areas are periods helps to prevent compaction. Carefully irregular in shape. They range from 10 to about 50 managed reforestation helps to control competition acres in size. from undesirable understory plants. Site preparation The Notcher soil generally is on shoulder slopes practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and and the upper parts of side slopes. Typically, the applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant surface layer is dark grayish brown fine sandy loam competition and facilitate mechanical planting. about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a depth Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts of 12 inches is yellowish brown fine sandy loam. The helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is brownish landings. Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted yellow sandy clay loam in the upper part and brownish grasses and legumes reduces the hazard of erosion yellow gravelly sandy clay loam that has mottles in and the siltation of streams. shades of red, brown, and gray in the lower part. The This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has lower part of the subsoil has nodules of ironstone and moderate and severe limitations affecting building masses of plinthite. sites and local roads and streets and has severe limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. Important properties of the Notcher soil— The main management concerns are the slope, low Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3 to strength, wetness, and restricted permeability. A 4 feet from December through April subsurface drainage system can help to lower the Available water capacity: High water table. Septic tank absorption fields do not Permeability: Moderately slow function properly during rainy periods because of the Flooding: None wetness and the restricted permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to overcome these The Maubila soil generally is on the middle and limitations. Absorption lines should be installed on the lower parts of side slopes. Typically, the surface layer 78 Soil Survey

is very dark grayish brown gravelly fine sandy loam competition from undesirable understory plants. Site about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a depth preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed of 9 inches is yellowish brown fine sandy loam. The burning, and applying herbicides, help to control the subsoil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is reddish initial plant competition and facilitate mechanical yellow and strong brown clay loam in the upper part planting. Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and and mottled reddish, brownish, yellowish, and grayish culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, sandy clay loam in the lower part. and landings. Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses and legumes reduces the hazard of Important properties of the Maubila soil— erosion and the siltation of streams. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to This map unit is poorly suited to most urban 1 3 /2 feet from December through April uses. It has moderate and severe limitations Available water capacity: High affecting building sites and local roads and streets Permeability: Slow and has severe limitations affecting most kinds of Flooding: None sanitary facilities. The main management concerns are the slope, wetness, low strength, and restricted Included in mapping are a few small areas of permeability. Erosion is a severe hazard. If areas of Bonifay, Cowarts, Iuka, and Perdido soils. The Bonifay this map unit are used as building sites, only the soils are on toeslopes and have thick, sandy surface part of the site that is used for construction should and subsurface layers. The Cowarts and Perdido soils be disturbed. Access roads can be designed so that are in positions similar to those of the Notcher soil and surface runoff is controlled and cut slopes are have a lower content of clay in the upper part of the stabilized. Installing a subsurface drainage system subsoil than the Notcher and Maubila soils. Iuka soils helps to intercept water from seeps and springs. are in narrow drainageways and are subject to Septic tank absorption fields may not function flooding. Also included are small areas of poorly properly during rainy periods because of the drained soils in narrow drainageways and soils that seasonal high water table and the restricted have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 12 permeability. Effluent from absorption areas may percent. Included soils make up about 20 percent of surface in downslope areas and create a health the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than hazard. Increasing the size of septic tank 5 acres in size. absorption fields and installing the distribution lines This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops. The on the contour improve the performance of the complex topography and the slope are limitations fields. Vegetating cleared and graded areas as affecting the use of equipment. Erosion is a severe soon as possible or constructing silt fences helps to hazard. If the soils are cultivated, all tillage should be maintain soil stability and helps to keep soil on the on the contour or across the slope. site. This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal This map unit is poorly suited to most recreational bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the uses. It has moderate or severe limitations affecting local conditions. The main management concerns are most uses. The main management concerns are the the slope and a severe hazard of erosion. In the slope, restricted permeability, and fragments of steeper areas, the slope can limit equipment use if hay ironstone in the surface and subsurface layers. is harvested. Preparing seedbeds on the contour or The capability subclass is IVe in areas of the across the slope reduces the hazard of erosion and Notcher soil and VIe in areas of the Maubila soil. The increases the germination rate. Proper stocking rates, woodland ordination symbol for slash pine is 11A in pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during areas of the Notcher soil and 10C in areas of the prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in Maubila soil. This map unit is in the Mixed Hardwood good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer and Pine ecological community. improve fertility and increase the production of forage. This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is high in 70—Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 areas of the Notcher soil and moderate in areas of the Maubila soil. Moderate limitations affect the production percent slopes, occasionally of timber. The main management concerns are an flooded equipment limitation, plant competition, and the hazard of erosion. Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on trails on the contour helps to overcome the slope. low terraces that parallel large streams in the central Carefully managed reforestation helps to control and northern parts of the county. Slopes generally are Escambia County, Florida 79

long and smooth. Individual areas are generally oblong. limitation and plant competition. Using standard They range from 15 to about 400 acres in size. wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown results in rutting and compaction. Using low-pressure and grayish brown fine sandy loam about 8 inches ground equipment minimizes the damage to the soil thick. The subsurface layer to a depth of 10 inches is and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting light yellowish brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil activities should be planned for seasons when the soil extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is brownish yellow is dry. Plant competition reduces timber yields and can loam in the upper part and mottled grayish, brownish, prevent adequate reforestation. The competing and reddish clay loam in the lower part. vegetation can be controlled by site preparation or prescribed burning. Important properties of the Izagora soil— This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to The main management concerns are the flooding and 3 feet from December through April wetness. Buildings can be elevated above the Available water capacity: High expected level of flooding by constructing them on Permeability: Slow pilings or mounds. Septic tank absorption fields may Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods not function properly during the rainy season because of the slow permeability and the seasonal high water Included in mapping are a few small areas of table. Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field Fluvaquents and Eunola, Garcon, Yemassee, and a sufficient distance above the seasonal high water Weston soils. The very poorly drained Fluvaquents are table improves the performance of a septic system. in swales and narrow drainageways. The Eunola soils This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. are in positions similar to those of the Izagora soil and It has moderate or severe limitations affecting most have a sandy substratum. The somewhat poorly uses. The main management concerns are wetness drained Garcon and Yemassee soils are in slightly and the flooding. lower, less convex positions that those of the Izagora The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland soil. The poorly drained Weston soils are in the slightly ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map unit lower, flat, or concave positions. Included soils make is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological up about 15 percent of the map unit. Individual areas community. generally are less than 5 acres in size. This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main management concerns are wetness and the 71—Iuka fine sandy loam, occasional flooding. The planting of early-season crops may be delayed in some years because of frequently flooded the flooding. The surface layer is friable and easy to keep in good tilth. It can be worked over a wide This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on range of moisture content. Shallow ditches can help narrow flood plains in the northern and central parts of to remove excess surface water. Minimizing tillage the county. Slopes are long and smooth and range and returning all crop residue to the soil or regularly from 0 to 2 percent. Individual areas are long and adding other organic matter improve fertility and narrow. They range from 5 to about 30 acres in size. help to maintain tilth and the content of organic Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish matter. Most crops respond well to applications of brown fine sandy loam about 9 inches thick. The lime and fertilizer. substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is dark This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. yellowish brown sandy loam in the upper part; Wetness and the occasional flooding are the main yellowish brown sandy loam that has mottles in management concerns. Coastal bermudagrass and shades of red, brown and gray in the middle part; and bahiagrass are well adapted to the local conditions. mottled grayish, brownish, and reddish sandy loam in Excess surface water can be removed by shallow the lower part. ditches. Deferring or restricting grazing during very Important properties of the Iuka soil— wet periods helps to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to fertility and promote the growth of forage plants. 3 feet from December through April This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine, slash Available water capacity: Moderate pine, and hardwoods. The potential productivity is Permeability: Moderate high. Moderate limitations affect timber management. Flooding: Frequent, for brief periods The main management concerns are an equipment 80 Soil Survey

Included in mapping are a few small areas of 72—Yemassee fine sandy loam, Fluvaquents and Bigbee, Eunola, and Mantachie soils. The very poorly drained Fluvaquents are in swales 0 to 2 percent slopes, and sloughs. The Bigbee soils are on high parts of occasionally flooded natural levees and are sandy throughout. The Eunola This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on soils are on small knolls and have a higher content of low terraces that parallel major streams in the central clay in the upper part of the subsoil than the Iuka soil. and northern parts of the county. Slopes generally are The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils are in long and smooth. Individual areas generally are slightly lower, less convex positions on the flood plain oblong. They range from 5 to about 25 acres in size. than the Iuka soil. Included soils make up about 15 Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish percent of the map unit. Individual areas are generally brown fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The less than 5 acres in size. subsurface layer to a depth of 12 inches is grayish This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil extends to a depth The frequent flooding is the main management of 74 inches. It is olive yellow sandy clay loam that has concern. If cultivated crops are grown, a surface brownish and grayish mottles in the upper part, olive drainage system and protection from flooding are yellow fine sandy loam and sandy clay loam having needed. brownish and grayish mottles in the middle part, and This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Grasses light gray fine sandy loam that has brownish and that are toleratant of the wet conditions should be reddish mottles in the lower part. The substratum to a selected. Bermudagrass and bahiagrass are suitable. depth of 80 inches is light gray sand. The frequent flooding is a management concern, especially on newly seeded pasture. Important properties of the Yemassee soil— This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to pine, and hardwoods. The potential productivity is 1 1 /2 feet from December through April high, but moderate and severe limitations affect Available water capacity: High timber management. The main management Permeability: Moderate concerns are an equipment limitation, seedling Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods mortality, and plant competition. The seasonal high water table and the flooding restrict the use of Included in mapping are a few small areas of equipment to periods when the soil is dry. Using Fluvaquents and Eunola, Garcon, Izagora, and standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the Weston soils. The very poorly drained Fluvaquents are soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using in swales and narrow drainageways. The moderately low-pressure ground equipment minimizes the well drained Eunola and Izagora soils are in slightly damage to the soil and helps to maintain higher, more convex positions than those of the productivity. The high seedling mortality rate is Yemassee soil. The Garcon soils are in positions caused by the flooding. It can be reduced by similar to those of the Yemassee soil and have thick, planting on beds or compensated for by increasing sandy surface and subsurface layers. The poorly the number of trees planted. Plant competition drained Weston soils are in the slightly lower, flat or reduces timber yields and can prevent adequate concave positions. Included soils make up about 15 reforestation unless sites receive intensive percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are preparation and maintenance. Site preparation can less than 5 acres in size. control the initial plant competition, and herbicides This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The can control subsequent growth. main management concerns are wetness and the This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. The occasional flooding. The planting of early-season flooding and wetness are severe limitations affecting crops may be delayed in some years because of the most uses. Buildings can be elevated above the flooding. The surface layer is friable and easy to keep expected level of flooding by constructing them on in good tilth. It can be worked over a wide range of pilings or on well-compacted fill. moisture content. Shallow ditches can help to remove This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. excess surface water. Minimizing tillage and returning The flooding and wetness are limitations affecting all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other most uses. organic matter improve fertility and help to maintain The capability subclass is Vw. The woodland tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops ordination symbol is 13W for slash pine. This map unit respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer. is in the Bottomland Hardwoods ecological community. This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. The Escambia County, Florida 81

main management concerns are wetness and the loam that has reddish brown mottles. The subsoil occasional flooding. Coastal bermudagrass, extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is dark gray clay bahiagrass, and white clover are adapted to the local that has brownish mottles in the upper part, grayish conditions. Excess surface water can be removed by brown clay that has brownish mottles in the middle shallow ditches. Deferring or restricting grazing during part, and light brownish gray and light gray clay that very wet periods helps to keep the pasture in good has brownish and reddish mottles in the lower part. condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve Important properties of the Grady soil— fertility and promote the growth of forage plants. This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine, slash Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to pine, and hardwoods. The potential productivity is 2 feet from December through April high, but moderate and severe limitations affect timber Available water capacity: High management. The main management concerns are an Permeability: Slow equipment limitation and plant competition. Using Flooding: None standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the Included in mapping are a few small areas of soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using somewhat poorly drained Escambia soils in the slightly low-pressure ground equipment minimizes the higher positions near the upper edge of depressions. damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity. Also included are small areas of poorly drained and Harvesting activities should be planned for seasons very poorly drained, loamy soils in positions similar to when the soil is dry. Plant competition reduces timber those of the Grady soil and areas of Grady soils that yields and can prevent adequate reforestation. The are subject to ponding. Included soils make up about competing vegetation can be controlled by site 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas are preparation or prescribed burning. generally less than 3 acres in size. This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. This map unit is suited to cultivated crops in areas The main management concerns are the flooding and that have a functional, well maintained drainage wetness. Buildings can be elevated above the system. In most years, planting and tilling are delayed expected level of flooding by constructing them on because of wetness. Restricting tillage to periods pilings or mounds. Septic tank absorption fields may when the soil is dry minimizes clodding and crusting. not function properly during the rainy season because Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing of the moderate permeability and the seasonal high increases the availability of plant nutrients and water table. Using suitable fill material to raise the filter maximizes productivity. field a sufficient distance above the seasonal high This map unit is suited to pasture and hay in areas water table improves the performance of a septic that have a functional, well maintained drainage system. system. Growing plants that are adapted to wet This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. conditions helps to ensure the production of high It has moderate or severe limitations affecting most quality forage. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, uses. The main management concerns are wetness timely deferment of grazing, and restricted use during and the flooding. wet periods minimize compaction, maintain The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland productivity, and help to keep the pasture in good ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map unit condition. is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological This map unit is suited to slash pine and loblolly community. pine. It has moderate and severe limitations affecting timber management. The potential productivity is high 73—Grady loam, drained in areas that have a functional, well maintained drainage system. The main management concerns This very deep, poorly drained soil is in shallow, are an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and rounded depressions on summits of broad ridges in plant competition. Harvesting activities should be the central and northern parts of the county. Areas of planned for seasons when the soil is dry. Using this unit have been cleared and drained for agricultural standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the use. Slopes are long and smooth and range from 0 to soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using 2 percent. Individual areas are generally circular or low-pressure ground equipment minimizes the oblong. They range from 2 to about 20 acres in size. damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish Planting seedlings on raised beds helps to establish brown loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer the seedlings and increases the seedling survival rate. to a depth of 11 inches is dark grayish brown clay Plant competition reduces timber yields and can 82 Soil Survey

prevent adequate reforestation. The competing layers. The Troup soils are in positions similar to those vegetation can be controlled by site preparation, of the Lucy soil and do not have a loamy subsoil within herbicides, or prescribed burning. Applications of a depth of 40 inches. Also included are small areas of fertilizer can increase yields. Lucy soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or This map unit is suited to most urban uses in areas more than 8 percent. Included soils make up about 15 that have a functional, well maintained drainage percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are system. Wetness and restricted permeability are less than 5 acres in size. limitations affecting building sites, local roads and This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities. Because main management concerns are the low available of the seasonal high water table during winter and water capacity, the hazard of erosion, and soil spring, a drainage system is needed for buildings. A blowing. Gullies form readily in areas that are subject deep drainage system can help to lower the water to concentrated flow of water on the surface. table. Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted Returning crop residue to the soil helps to maintain fill material helps to overcome the wetness. Septic tilth and increases the available water capacity. tank absorption fields do not function properly during Minimum tillage, contour farming, and cover crops rainy periods because of the wetness and slow reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion. permeability. Constructing the absorption field on a Leaving the maximum amount of crop residue on the raised bed helps to compensate for these limitations. surface helps to control soil blowing and conserves This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. soil moisture. In most years, irrigation can prevent Wetness and restricted permeability are the main damage to crops and can increase productivity. management concerns. Leaching of plant nutrients is also a management The capability subclass is IVw. The woodland concern. Most crops respond well to applications of ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map unit lime and to frequent, light applications of fertilizer. is in the Cypress Swamp ecological community. This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are well adapted to the local conditions. The main management concerns are 74—Lucy loamy sand, 5 to 8 the low available water capacity and the hazard of percent slopes erosion. Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the germination rate. Proper stocking rates, pasture This very deep, well drained soil is on moderately rotation, and restricted grazing during prolonged dry sloping shoulder slopes and side slopes of ridges in periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. the central and northern parts of the county. Slopes Leaching of plant nutrients is also a management generally are long and smooth, but some are short concern. Frequent, light applications of nitrogen are and complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. necessary to maintain the productivity of grasses. They range from 15 to about 80 acres in size. This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy sand pine, and longleaf pine. The potential productivity is about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer to a depth moderately high. Moderate limitations affect timber of 26 inches is brown loamy sand. The subsoil management. The main management concerns are extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is red sandy loam in an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and the upper part, red sandy clay loam in the middle part, plant competition. The sandy texture of the surface and red sandy loam in the lower part. layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment, Important properties of the Lucy soil— especially when the soil is very dry. Harvesting activities should be planned for seasons when the Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 soil is moist. The moderate seedling mortality rate feet is caused by droughtiness. It can be compensated Available water capacity: Low for by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface competition reduces timber yields and can prevent layers and moderate in the subsoil adequate reforestation. The competing vegetation Flooding: None can be controlled by mechanical methods, Included in mapping are a few small areas of herbicides, or prescribed burning. Installing broad- Perdido, Red Bay, and Troup soils. The Perdido and based dips, water bars, and culverts helps to Red Bay soils are on narrow ridges or high knolls and stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. do not have thick, sandy surface and subsurface Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses Escambia County, Florida 83

and legumes reduces the hazard of erosion and the well drained Izagora and somewhat poorly drained siltation of streams. Yemassee soils are in slightly higher, more convex This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has positions than those of the Weston soil. The Pelham slight limitations affecting building sites and local roads soils are in positions similar to those of the Weston and streets and has slight to severe limitations soil and have thick, sandy surface and subsurface affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main layers. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the management concerns are the sandy texture, map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 seepage, and droughtiness. If this unit is used as a acres in size. site for a septic tank absorption field, effluent can This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops. surface in downslope areas and create a health Wetness is the main limitation. Installing a drainage hazard. Increasing the length of the absorption lines system that includes open ditches, perforated tile, or and installing the lines on the contour help to reduce land shaping improves productivity. Delaying spring this hazard. Vegetating cleared and graded areas as planting minimizes the clodding and rutting that occurs soon as possible or constructing silt fences helps to if equipment is used when the soil is wet. Applying maintain soil stability and helps to keep soil on the lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases site. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape plants. productivity. This map unit is suited to most recreational uses. It This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay. has slight limitations affecting most uses. Slope is a Wetness is the main limitation. Grasses that are moderate or severe limitation in areas used for tolerant of wet conditions should be selected. Shallow playgrounds. ditches can help to remove excess water from the The capability subclass is IIIs. The woodland surface. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and ordination symbol is 11S for slash pine. This map unit restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological pasture in good condition. Applications of fertilizer and community. lime are needed for the maximum production of forage. This map unit is suited to slash pine, loblolly 75—Weston fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 pine, and hardwoods. The potential productivity is percent slopes high, but severe limitations affect timber management. The main management concerns are an equipment limitation, seedling mortality, and This very deep, poorly drained soil is in flat or plant competition. Harvesting activities should be slightly depressional positions on stream terraces and planned for seasons when the soil is dry. Using uplands in the northern and central parts of the county. standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the Slopes are long and smooth. Individual areas are long soil is wet results in rutting and compaction. Using and narrow or oblong. They range from 3 to about 80 low-pressure ground equipment minimizes rutting acres in size. and the damage caused to tree roots by Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown compaction. Planting seedlings on raised beds fine sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil helps to establish the seedlings and increases the extends to a depth of 68 inches. It is grayish brown seedling survival rate. Plant competition reduces fine sandy loam that has reddish mottles in the upper timber yields and can prevent adequate part and gray fine sandy loam and sandy loam having reforestation. The competing vegetation can be reddish and brownish mottles in the lower part. The controlled by site preparation, herbicides, or substratum to a depth of 80 inches is mottled grayish, prescribed burning. Applications of fertilizer can yellowish, reddish, and brownish sandy loam. increase yields. Important properties of the Weston soil— This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. Wetness is a severe limitation affecting Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to 1 building sites, local roads and streets, and most a depth of /2 foot from December through April kinds of sanitary facilities. Because of the seasonal Available water capacity: Moderate high water table during winter and spring, a Permeability: Moderate drainage system is needed for buildings. A deep Flooding: None drainage system can help to lower the water table. Included in mapping are a few small areas of Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill Izagora, Pelham, and Yemassee soils. The moderately material helps to overcome the wetness. Septic 84 Soil Survey

tank absorption fields do not function properly during Important properties of the Fluvaquents— rainy periods because of the wetness. Constructing Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from 1 foot above the absorption field on a raised bed helps to 1 the surface to a depth of /2 foot from December compensate for this limitation. through July This map unit is poorly suited to recreational uses. Available water capacity: Variable Wetness is the main limitation. Permeability: Variable The capability subclass is IVw. The woodland Flooding: Frequent, for brief periods ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map Duration of ponding: Long or very long unit is in the Swamp Hardwoods ecological community. The excessively drained Bigbee soil generally is in high, convex positions on low ridges and on high parts of natural levees. Typically, the surface layer is dark 76—Mantachie-Fluvaquents-Bigbee grayish brown fine sand about 7 inches thick. The complex, frequently flooded substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is yellowish brown fine sand in the upper part, light This map unit consists of the very deep, yellowish brown fine sand in the middle part, and white somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soil, the very and light gray fine sand that has brownish and grayish poorly drained Fluvaquents, and the excessively mottles in the lower part. drained Bigbee soil. It is on flood plains along the Important properties of the Bigbee soil— Escambia River and other major streams. These 1 soils are subject to flooding by fast-flowing water for Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3 /2 brief periods several times each year. These soils to 6 feet from December through April occur as areas so intricately intermingled that it was Available water capacity: Very low not possible to separate them at the scale selected Permeability: Rapid for mapping. The Mantachie soil make up about 50 Flooding: Frequent, for brief periods percent of the map unit, the Fluvaquents make up Included in mapping are a few small areas of about 20 percent, and the Bigbee soil makes up Albany, Dorovan, Izagora, and Weston soils. The about 15 percent. Slopes are short and smooth and Albany, Izagora, and Weston soils are on small knolls range from 0 to 5 percent. Individual areas are long or remnants of low terraces. The somewhat poorly and narrow. They range from 150 to more than 500 drained Albany soils have thick, sandy surface and hundred acres in size. subsurface layers. The moderately well drained The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soil is in Izagora and poorly drained Weston soils have a loamy flat to slightly concave areas, generally in low to subsoil. The Dorovan soils are in positions similar to intermediate positions on low ridges. Typically, the those of the Fluvaquents and have thick organic surface layer is dark brown loam about 6 inches thick. layers in the upper part. Included soils make up about The subsoil extends to a depth of 55 inches. It is 15 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally brown loam in the upper part, grayish brown clay loam are less than 10 acres in size. that has mottles in shades of brown and gray in the This map unit is poorly suited to most cultivated middle part, and mottled grayish, brownish, and crops. The frequent flooding and the wetness in the reddish sandy clay loam in the lower part. The Mantachie soils and Fluvaquents are the main substratum to a depth of 80 inches is gray loam that management concerns. If cultivated crops are grown, has brownish and reddish mottles. a surface drainage system and protection from Important properties of the Mantachie soil— flooding are needed. This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to 1 because of the frequent flooding and the wetness. If 1 /2 feet from December through April areas are used for pasture or hay, grasses that are Available water capacity: High tolerant of the wet conditions should be selected. Permeability: Moderate Common bermudagrass and bahiagrass are suitable. Flooding: Frequent, for brief periods Shallow ditches can help to remove excess water from The Fluvaquents are in swales, sloughs, and other the surface. depressional areas at the lowest elevations on the The Mantachie and Bigbee soils are suited to flood plain. Fluvaquents generally are very poorly loblolly pine and slash pine. The potential productivity drained but may vary significantly in color, texture, and is high for slash and loblolly pine in areas of the content of organic matter. Mantachie soil and moderate in areas of the Bigbee Escambia County, Florida 85

soil. The Fluvaquents are not suited to pine trees mapping. The Arents make up about 65 percent of because of ponding. This map unit has severe the map unit, and the areas of water make up about limitations affecting timber management. The main 25 percent. Slopes are short and complex. They management concerns in areas of the Mantachie and range from 5 to 15 percent. Individual areas are Bigbee soils are an equipment limitation, seedling rectangular in shape. They range from about 10 to mortality, and plant competition. In areas of the 250 acres in size. Mantachie soils and Fluvaquents, the seasonal high Arents do not have an orderly sequence of soil water table and the flooding restrict the use of layers. They vary significantly within a short distance, equipment to periods when the soils are dry. Using and they may be sandy, loamy, or stratified with standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the various textures. The content of coarse fragments, soils are wet results in rutting and compaction. Using mainly rounded quartzite pebbles, is also highly low-pressure ground equipment minimizes the variable, ranging from 15 percent to more than 60 damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity. percent, by volume. Fragments of the subsurface The high seedling mortality rate is caused by layer and subsoil of the natural soil are throughout excessive wetness in areas of the Mantachie soil and most pedons. Fluvaquents and by droughtiness in areas of the Important properties of the Arents— Bigbee soil. The high seedling mortality rate can be reduced by planting on beds or compensated for by Seasonal high water table: Variable increasing the number of trees planted. Plant Available water capacity: Variable competition reduces timber yields and can prevent Permeability: Variable adequate reforestation unless sites receive intensive Flooding: None preparation and maintenance. Site preparation can Included in mapping are a few small areas of control the initial plant competition, and herbicides can unaltered soils, mostly Albany, Eunola, Izagora, and control subsequent growth. Yemassee soils. They are generally on the edges of This map unit is not suited to most urban uses or the mapped areas. Also included are small areas of recreational uses. The flooding and wetness are Arents that have slopes of more than 15 percent. severe limitations affecting most uses. Buildings can Inclusions make up about 10 percent of the map unit. be elevated above the expected level of flooding by Individual areas are generally less than 1 acre in size. constructing them on pilings or on well-compacted fill. Most areas of this map unit are idle and have The capability subclass is Vw in areas of the reverted to poor-quality woodland. Slash pine, loblolly Mantachie and Bigbee soils and VIIw in areas of the pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, yellow-poplar, and Fluvaquents. The woodland ordination symbol for water oak are the common trees. slash pine is 13W in areas of the Mantachie soil and This map unit generally is not suited to 11S in areas of the Bigbee soil. The Fluvaquents have agricultural and urban uses and is poorly suited to not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol. This woodland. The irregular topography intermingled map unit is in the Bottomland Hardwoods ecological with small areas of water and the variability of the community. soils are limitations affecting most uses. Additional limitations include low fertility, droughtiness, and a 77—Arents-Water complex, high content of coarse fragments. Onsite investigation and testing are needed to determine undulating the suitability of areas of this unit. The capability subclass is VIIs. This map unit has This map unit consists of the very deep Arents not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol or and areas of water. It is in areas that have been an ecological community. mined for sand and gravel and have not been reclaimed. Most areas are in the northeastern part of the county, mainly on stream terraces near the 78—Emory fine sandy loam, confluence of the Escambia River and Big ponded Escambia Creek. The areas generally consist of parallel ridges or piles of sandy and loamy material This very deep, well drained soil is in shallow that have a high content of gravel and small pits depressions on nearly level summits in the uplands in that are filled with water. The areas are so the northern part of the county. This soil receives intricately intermingled that they could not be runoff from higher positions and is subject to ponding mapped separately at the scale selected for for a few days following intense rain. Slopes are long, 86

smooth, and slightly concave. They are 0 to 1 percent. matter. Crops respond well to applications of lime and Individual areas are oblong to circular. They range fertilizer. from 5 to about 95 acres in size. This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. The Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy ponding is a moderate limitation. Bahiagrass and loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a coastal bermudagrass grow well if properly managed. depth of 80 inches. It is dusky red sandy clay loam in The excess water on the surface can be removed by a the upper part and dark red sandy clay loam in the system of shallow ditches. Deferred grazing during lower part. wet periods helps to prevent soil compaction and helps to keep the pasture and soil in good condition. Important properties of the Emory soil— Applications of lime and fertilizer help to overcome the low fertility and promote the growth of forage plants. Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 This map unit is well suited to woodland. The feet potential productivity is high for loblolly pine, slash Available water capacity: High pine, and longleaf pine. Soil compaction and plant Permeability: Moderate competition are minor management concerns. Flooding: None Harvesting during the drier periods helps to prevent Duration of ponding: 2 to 7 days following periods of compaction. Site preparation practices, such as heavy rain chopping, prescribed burning, and applying Included in mapping are a few small areas of herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition Bama, Perdido, and Red Bay soils. They are and facilitate mechanical planting. Prescribed burning commonly in convex positions on the upper edges of in established stands can help to control the the mapped areas and are not subject to ponding. The competing vegetation and maintain ease of access. Bama and Perdido soils do not have dark red colors This map unit has severe limitations affecting septic throughout the subsoil. The Red Bay soils are not tank absorption fields, dwellings, small commercial subject to ponding. Also included are small areas of buildings, sanitary landfills, and sewage lagoons. The soils that are similar to the Emory soil but have a dark main limitation is ponding. Land grading and shaping colored surface layer that is more than 10 inches and installing a system of shallow ditches help to thick. Included soils make up less than 10 percent of remove excess surface water. Septic tank absorption mapped areas. Individual areas commonly are less fields may not function during rainy periods because of than 2 acres in size. the ponding. Installing a drainage system and diverting This map unit is moderately well suited to cultivated water away from the absorption field help to overcome crops. The main management concern is ponding. In this limitation. most years, planting and tilling are delayed and crops This map unit has severe limitations affecting camp may be damaged because of ponding. Field ditches areas and playgrounds. The main limitation is ponding. and vegetated outlets are needed to remove the Land grading and shaping and installing a system of excess surface water. Land grading and smoothing shallow ditches help to remove excess surface water. can also help to remove the excess water. Minimizing The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland tillage and returning all crop residue to the soil or ordination symbol is 11W for slash pine. This map unit regularly adding other organic matter improve fertility is in the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological and help to maintain tilth and the content of organic community. 87

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of The three essential characteristics of wetlands are the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural hydrology (Cowardin and others, 1979; Environmental resources and the environment. Also, it can help to Laboratory, 1987; National Research Council, 1995; prevent soil-related failures in land uses. Tiner, 1985). Criteria for each of the characteristics In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, must be met for areas to be identified as wetlands. conservationists, engineers, and others collect Undrained hydric soils that have natural vegetation extensive field data about the nature and behavioral should support a dominant population of wetland plant characteristics of the soils. They collect data on species. Hydric soils that have been converted to erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that other uses should be capable of being restored to affect various soil uses and management. Field wetlands. experience and collected data on soil properties and Hydric soils are defined by the National Technical performance are used as a basis in predicting soil Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) as soils that behavior. formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or Information in this section can be used to plan the ponding long enough during the growing season to use and management of soils for crops and pasture; develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, (Federal Register, 1994). These soils are either highways and other transportation systems, and parks saturated or inundated long enough during the and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat. growing season to support the growth and It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations reproduction of hydrophytic vegetation. of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent The NTCHS definition identifies general soil construction failures caused by unfavorable soil properties that are associated with wetness. In order properties. to determine whether a specific soil is a hydric soil or Planners and others using soil survey information nonhydric soil, however, more specific information, can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on such as information about the depth and duration of productivity and on the environment in all or part of the the water table, is needed. Thus, criteria that identify survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain those estimated soil properties unique to hydric soils or create a land use pattern in harmony with the have been established (Federal Register, 1995). natural soil. These criteria are used to identify a phase of a soil Contractors can use this survey to locate sources series that normally is associated with wetlands. The of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use criteria used are selected estimated soil properties it to identify areas where wetness or very firm soil that are described in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA–SCS, layers can cause difficulty in excavation. 1975) and “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (Soil Survey Staff, Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and 1996) and in the “Soil Survey Manual” (Soil Survey others may also find this survey useful. The survey Division Staff, 1993). can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and If soils are wet enough for a long enough period to locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, be considered hydric, they should exhibit certain playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. properties that can be easily observed in the field. These visible properties are indicators of hydric soils. The indicators used to make onsite determinations of Hydric Soils hydric soils in this survey area are specified in “Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States” In this section, hydric soils are defined and (USDA–NRCS, n.d.) described and the hydric soils in the survey area Hydric soils are identified by examining and are listed. describing the soil to a depth of about 20 inches. This 88 Soil Survey

depth may be greater if determination of an Ecological Communities appropriate indicator so requires. It is always recommended that soils be excavated and described John F. Vance, Jr., biologist, Natural Resources Conservation to the depth necessary for an understanding of the Service, helped prepare this section. redoximorphic processes. Then, using the completed The ecological community concept is based on the soil descriptions, soil scientists can compare the soil knowledge that a soil type commonly supports a features required by each indicator and specify which specific vegetative community, which in turn provides indicators have been matched with the conditions the habitat needed by specific wildlife species. observed in the soil. The soil can be identified as a These vegetative communities form recognizable hydric soil if at least one of the approved indicators is units on the landscape, most of which are apparent to present. the casual observer after only a little training. Even The following map units meet the definition of hydric without prior botanical training, an observer can soils and, in addition, have at least one of the hydric quickly learn to distinguish between pine flatwoods soil indicators. This list can help in planning land uses; and pine-turkey oak sandhills, between hardwood however, onsite investigation is recommended to hammocks and cypress swamps, and between determine the hydric soils on a specific site (National mangrove swamps and salt marsh. Once a community Research Council, 1995; USDA–NRCS, Field is recognized, information can be found concerning indicators). the general characteristics of the soil on which it occurs and the types of plants and animals it supports. 2 Duckston sand, frequently flooded Although some plants are found only within a very 4 Pickney sand narrow range of habitat conditions, many plants thrive 5 Croatan and Pickney soils, depressional throughout a wide range of conditions. Individual 6 Dirego muck, tidal plants that have a wide tolerance can occur in many 10 Beaches different communities and on a variety of soils. When 12 Croatan muck, depressional describing ecological communities, plant scientists 28 Grady loam study the patterns in which vegetation occurs. They 49 Dorovan muck and Fluvaquents, frequently study what species occur, the relative abundance of flooded each species, the stage of plant succession, the 51 Pelham loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes dominance of species, the position of species on the 73 Grady loam, drained landscape, and the soil or soils on which the patterns 75 Weston fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes occur. Recognizable patterns of vegetation are usually found in a small group of soil types that have common Map units that are made up of hydric soils may characteristics. During many years of field observation have small areas, or inclusions, of nonhydric soils while conducting soil surveys, the Natural Resources in the higher positions on the landform, and map Conservation Service determined which vegetative units made up of nonhydric soils may have communities commonly occur on which soils inclusions of hydric soils in the lower positions on throughout Florida. This information is summarized in the landform. a booklet named “26 Ecological Communities of The following map units have one or more named Florida” (USDA–SCS, 1985a). components that do not meet the definition of hydric In the following paragraphs, the vegetative soils. A part of these map units, however, does include community occurring on the individual map unit during hydric soils. Onsite investigation is recommended to the climax state of plant succession is described. The determine whether hydric soils occur and the location plant community described is based on relatively of the hydric soils. natural conditions. Human activities, such as 3 Duckston part; Corolla-Duckston sands, gently commercial production of pine, agriculture, undulating, flooded urbanization, and fire suppression, can alter the 14 Allanton part; Allanton-Pottsburg complex community on a specific site. 48 Pelham part; Pelham-Yemassee complex, North Florida Coastal Strand occasionally flooded 50 Fluvaquents part; Bigbee-Garcon-Fluvaquents The North Florida Coastal Strand ecological complex, flooded community has an overstory of cabbage palm, sand 76 Fluvaquents part; Mantachie-Fluvaquents- pine, and sand live oak. Common shrubs include Bigbee complex, frequently flooded marshelder, saw palmetto, Spanish bayonet, yaupon, Escambia County, Florida 89

and redbay. Common herbaceous plants and vines Mixed Hardwood and Pine include blanket flower, rosemary, fiddleleaf, morning The Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological glory, large leaf pennywort, seapurslane, greenbrier, community commonly has an overstory of eastern and wild grape. Common grasses include bitter hophornbeam, flowering dogwood, hawthorns, panicum, Gulf bluestem, marshhay cordgrass, longleaf pine, loblolly pine, slash pine, mockernut sandbur, seaoats, seashore paspalum, seashore hickory, pignut hickory, post oak, southern red oak, panicum, low panicum, and seashore saltgrass. The southern magnolia, sweetgum, white oak, laurel oak, map units that support the North Florida Coastal and water oak. Common shrubs include shining Strand ecological community in Escambia County sumac, sparkleberry, yaupon, gallberry, and saw include: palmetto. The common grasses are broomsedge 3 Corolla part of Corolla-Duckston sands, gently bluestem, longleaf uniola, low panicum, wiregrass, undulating, flooded and spike uniola. Other common herbaceous plants 8 Newhan-Corolla complex, rolling, rarely flooded and vines include aster, common ragweed, partridgeberry, partridge pea, poison ivy, violet, Sand Pine Scrub Virginia creeper, and wild grape. The map units that support the Mixed Hardwood and Pine ecological The Sand Pine Scrub ecological community community in Escambia County include: commonly has an overstory of bluejack oak, turkey oak, Chapman oak, myrtle oak, sand live oak, running 11 Hurricane sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes oak, and sand pine. Common shrubs include dwarf 24 Poarch sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes huckleberry, gopher apple, pricklypear cactus, and 25 Poarch sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes saw palmetto. Common herbaceous plants and vines 26 Poarch sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes include rosemary, grassleaf goldaster, raindeer moss, 27 Escambia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent and greenbrier. Common grasses are yellow slopes Indiangrass, wiregrass, and low panicum. The map 29 Perdido sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes units that support the Sand Pine Scrub ecological 30 Perdido sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes community in Escambia County include: 31 Perdido sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes 35 Lucy loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes 7 Kureb sand, 0 to 8 percent slopes 36 Lucy loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes 15 Resota sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes 40 Eunola fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 17 Kureb sand, 8 to 12 percent slopes occasionally flooded Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 41 Malbis sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes 42 Malbis sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes The Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ecological 43 Albany sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes community commonly has an overstory of longleaf 45 Troup and Perdido soils, 8 to 35 percent pine, turkey oak, live oak, bluejack oak, and sand post slopes, severely eroded oak. Common shrubs include Adam’s needle, coontie, 47 Hurricane and Albany soils, 0 to 5 percent coral bean, shining sumac, and yaupon. Common slopes, occasionally flooded herbaceous plants include pricklypear cactus, 48 Pelham-Yemassee complex, occasionally partridge pea, brackenfern, blazingstar, elephantsfoot, flooded and grassleaf goldaster. The most common grasses 52 Robertsdale sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes include wiregrass, yellow Indiangrass, and dropseed. 54 Troup-Poarch complex, 8 to 12 percent slopes The map units that support the Longleaf Pine-Turkey 55 Troup-Poarch complex, 2 to 5 percent slopes Oak Hills ecological community in Escambia County 56 Troup-Poarch complex, 5 to 8 percent slopes include: 57 Cowarts-Troup complex, 12 to 18 percent 13 Lakeland sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes slopes 19 Foxworth sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes 58 Eunola fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, 20 Lakeland sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes occasionally flooded 21 Lakeland sand, 8 to 12 percent slopes 59 Notcher fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes 32 Troup sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes 60 Notcher fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes 33 Troup sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes 61 Notcher fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes 34 Troup sand, 8 to 12 percent slopes 62 Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes 38 Bonifay loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes 63 Bama fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes 39 Bonifay loamy sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes 64 Red Bay fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes 90 Soil Survey

65 Red Bay fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes cordgrass, smooth cordgrass, saltmarsh cordgrass, 66 Red Bay fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes sand cordgrass, olney bulrush, and seashore 67 Notcher-Maubila complex, 2 to 5 percent dropseed. Herbaceous plants and vines include slopes seablite and seapurslane. The map units that support 68 Notcher-Maubila complex, 5 to 8 percent the Salt Marsh ecological community in Escambia slopes County include: 69 Notcher-Maubila complex, 8 to 12 percent 2 Duckston sand, frequently flooded slopes 3 Duckston part of Corolla-Duckston sands, 70 Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, gently undulating, flooded occasionally flooded 6 Dirego muck, tidal 72 Yemassee fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded Bottomland Hardwoods 74 Lucy loamy sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes The Bottomland Hardwoods ecological community 78 Emory fine sandy loam, ponded has an overstory of American elm, loblolly pine, American hornbeam, black willow, green ash, overcup North Florida Flatwoods oak, river birch, swamp chestnut oak, Shumard’s oak, The North Florida Flatwoods ecological sweetgum, American sycamore, water hickory, water community commonly has an overstory of slash oak, and willow oak. The main understory plants pine, longleaf pine, pond pine, live oak, sand live include crossvine, greenbriers, peppervine, poison ivy, oak, water oak, laurel oak, and sweetgum. Common trumpet creeper, and wild grape. The map units that shrubs include saw palmetto, gallberry, blueberry, support the Bottomland Hardwoods ecological and wax-myrtle. Common grasses include chalky community in Escambia County include: bluestem, broomsedge bluestem, lopsided 46 Garcon-Bigbee-Yemassee complex, 0 to 5 Indiangrass, low panicums, switchgrass, and percent slopes, occasionally flooded wiregrass. Other herbaceous plants include 50 Bigbee-Garcon-Fluvaquents complex, flooded grassleaf goldaster, blackberry, brackenfern, 71 Iuka fine sandy loam, frequently flooded deertongue, gayfeather, milkwort, and a variety of 76 Mantachie-Fluvaquents-Bigbee complex, seed producing legumes. The map unit that frequently flooded supports the North Florida Flatwoods ecological community in Escambia County is: Swamp Hardwoods 9 Leon sand The Swamp Hardwoods ecological community has an overstory of blackgum, red maple, black willow, Cypress Swamp Ogeechee lime, bald cypress, sweetbay, and redbay. The Cypress Swamp ecological community Common shrubs include fetterbush, white cedar, commonly has an overstory of bald cypress, gallberry, Virginia willow, titi, buttonbush, river birch, blackgum, Coastal Plain willow, pond cypress, and red redbay, dahoon holly, and wax-myrtle. Common maple. Understory shrubs include cotton buttonbush herbaceous plants and vines include wild grape, and southern wax-myrtle. The most common grasses greenbriers, poison ivy, maidencane, cinnamon fern, are maidencane and narrowleaf sawgrass. Other and sphagnum moss. The map units that support the common herbaceous plants and vines include Swamp Hardwoods ecological community in cinnamon fern, fall-flowering ixia, laurel greenbrier, Escambia County include: pickerel weed, royal fern, Spanish moss, stiff-leaved 5 Croatan and Pickney soils, depressional wild pine, and sphagnum moss. The map units that 12 Croatan muck, depressional support the Cypress Swamp ecological community in 49 Dorovan muck and Fluvaquents, frequently Escambia County include: flooded 28 Grady loam 75 Weston fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes 73 Grady loam, drained Pitcher Plant Bogs Salt Marsh The Pitcher Plant Bogs ecological community has a The Salt Marsh ecological community consists of sparse overstory of slash pine or longleaf pine. grasses and grasslike plants, such as big cordgrass, Common shrubs include wax-myrtle, myrtleleaved black needlerush, Gulf cordgrass, marshhay holly, and titi. Herbaceous plants and vines include Escambia County, Florida 91

Figure 8.—Pitcher plants (Sarracenia sp.) and other forbs in an area of Pickney sand. This map unit is in the Pitcher Plant Bogs ecological community.

hatpin sedge, pitcher plants, rush feathering, and supports the Flats ecological community in sundews (fig. 8). Common grasses include blue Escambia County is: maidencane, Florida threeawn, pineland threeawn, 14 Allanton-Pottsburg complex toothache grass, and warty panicum. The map units that support the Pitcher Plant Bogs ecological community in Escambia County include: Crops and Pasture

4 Pickney sand Randy English, resource conservationist, helped prepare this 51 Pelham loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes section. Flats General management needed for crops and The Flats ecological community has an overstory pasture is suggested in this section. The estimated of slash pine, red maple, bald cypress, sweetbay, yields of the main crops and pasture plants are listed sweetgum, and scattered pond pine. Understory for each soil, the system of land capability shrubs include gallberry, wax-myrtle, titi, and saw classification used by the Natural Resources palmetto. The most common grasses are low Conservation Service is explained, and prime panicums and wiregrass. The map unit that farmland is described. 92 Soil Survey

Planners of management systems for individual erosion, or soil blowing, is seldom so serious that it is fields or farms should consider the detailed as damaging to the soil as water erosion; however, information given in the description of each soil under soil blowing can damage or destroy young crops. the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific Leaving crop residue on the soil surface, planting information can be obtained from the local office of the permanent windbreaks of trees and shrubs, or planting Natural Resources Conservation Service or the annual windbreaks of small grain effectively reduce Cooperative Extension Service. the hazard of wind erosion. In 1992, Escambia County had 27,701 acres that Soil fertility is naturally low in most of the soils used was used for crops (USDC–ESA, 1992). Of this total, as cropland in the county. Most of the soils range from about 9,083 acres was used for soybeans, 8,722 moderately acid to strongly acid and require acres for cotton, 3,703 acres for small grain (wheat applications of agricultural limestone to raise the pH and oats), and 6,193 acres for corn. About 4,247 sufficiently for successful crop production. Nitrogen, acres was used for hay. Sorghum, vegetables, and phosphorus, and potassium must also be applied for specialty crops were also grown. optimum yields. Applications of lime and fertilizer The acreage of cropland has been decreasing should be based on the results of soil tests, the needs slightly because of the changing economics of crop of the crop, and the planned levels of yields. The production and the growing pressure from urban Cooperative Extension Service can help in development as the population of the county has been determining the kinds and amounts of fertilizer and increasing. lime to apply. Erosion caused by water is a major management Most of the soils used for agriculture in Escambia concern in Escambia County, especially in areas of County have good tilth. Tilth is an important factor cropland that have slopes of more than 2 percent. affecting the germination of seeds and the infiltration The loss of the surface layer because of erosion of water into the soil. Soils that have good tilth are reduces the productivity of soil. Also, water is granular, porous, and easily tilled. polluted as sediment leaves the site and enters Most of the soils used as cropland in the county streams and ponds. Some soils, such as Notcher, have a surface layer of fine sandy loam and a Poarch, Perdido, and Red Bay soils, are very relatively low content of organic matter. A thin crust susceptible to water erosion where slopes are more can form on the surface of these soils after intense, than 2 percent. heavy rainfall. This crust reduces infiltration of Properly installed and maintained terraces and subsequent rainfall and slows seedling emergence. diversions can greatly reduce the hazard of erosion Returning crop residue to the soil, spreading animal and the amount of sediment entering streams and waste on the soil, and planting cover crops increase ponds. Terraces and diversions control erosion by the content of organic matter in the surface layer, reducing the length of the slope and by intercepting thereby improving soil structure, increasing the runoff. Contour farming can be used in conjunction available water capacity, and reducing the hazard of with terraces and diversions. Crops can be planted further crusting. along the contour using the terrace as a guide. Drainage is a management concern in some areas Leaving crop residue on the surface helps to control used for agriculture in the county. A subsurface erosion until field preparation begins for the next drainage system can help to control the water table in crop. This residue helps to prevent the dislodging of fields where somewhat poorly drained soils, such as soil particles by rainfall and runoff. Conservation Robertsdale and Escambia soils, are cultivated. In the tillage is a practice in which residue from harvested past, areas of the poorly drained Grady soils were crops is left standing or lying on the surface, drained using both surface and subsurface drainage thereby providing a protective cover. The next crop systems. As long as the drainage systems are is planted directly into this cover. A conservation properly maintained, these areas can continue to be cropping sequence, or crop rotation, provides year- successfully cropped. Surface drainage systems are round soil protection by maintaining a continuous used to remove excess surface water, thereby cover of crops or crop residue on the surface. allowing pasture production in areas of poorly drained Conservation practices can hold soil losses to soils, such as Leon and Pottsburg soils. The design of amounts that do not reduce the productivity of the surface and subsurface drainage systems varies with soils. the soil series. Erosion caused by wind is sometimes a problem in Information regarding the planning, design, Escambia County, especially on sandy soils, such as installation, and maintenance of erosion-control Bonifay, Lakeland, Lucy, and Troup soils. Wind practices and drainage systems can be obtained from Escambia County, Florida 93

the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation developed. The productivity of a given soil compared Service. with that of other soils, however, is not likely to In Escambia County, pastures provide forage for change. beef cattle, dairy cattle, and horses. Beef cattle and Crops other than those shown in the table are cow-calf operations are the most common cattle grown in the survey area, but estimated yields are not systems. Bahiagrass and hybrid bermudagrass are listed because the acreage of such crops is small. The the dominant pasture plants. Some producers seed local office of the Natural Resources Conservation cool-season grazing crops to provide seasonal Service or of the Cooperative Extension Service can grazing. Examples include clover, oats, winter rye, and provide information about the management and ryegrass. Excess seasonal and permanent grasses productivity of the soils for those crops. are harvested as hay and utilized as feed when grazing is limited. Pasture production can be improved Land Capability Classification by adjusting stocking rates, implementing a rotational grazing plan, and applying fertilizer. Land capability classification shows, in a general Additional information regarding pasture way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops management, including the selection and planting of (USDA–SCS, 1961). Crops that require special appropriate grass species, can be obtained from the management are excluded. The soils are grouped local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation according to their limitations for field crops, the risk of Service and the Cooperative Extension Service. damage if they are used for crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used in grouping Yields per Acre the soils do not include major and generally expensive landforming that would change slope, depth, or other The average yields per acre that can be expected characteristics of the soils, nor do they include of the principal crops under a high level of possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. management are shown in table 4. In any given year, Capability classification is not a substitute for yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in interpretations designed to show suitability and the table because of variations in rainfall and other limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for climatic factors. The land capability classification of woodland, and for engineering purposes. each map unit also is shown in the table. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped The yields are based mainly on the experience and at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit. records of farmers, conservationists, and extension Only class and subclass are used in this survey. agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and Capability classes, the broadest groups, are results of field trials and demonstrations are also designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals considered. indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower The management needed to obtain the indicated choices for practical use. The classes are defined as yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil follows: and the crop. Management can include drainage, Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their erosion control, and protection from flooding; the use. proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; the choice of plants or that require moderate control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; conservation practices. favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each the choice of plants or that require special crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, conservation practices, or both. and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures Class IV soils have very severe limitations that the smallest possible loss. reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the management, or both. irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to Class VI soils have severe limitations that make a minimum. them generally unsuitable for cultivation. The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity Class VII soils have very severe limitations that of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are make them unsuitable for cultivation. likely to increase as new production technology is Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have 94 Soil Survey

limitations that nearly preclude their use for not frequently flooded during the growing season or is commercial crop production. protected from flooding. Slope ranges mainly from 0 to Capability subclasses are soil groups within one 6 percent. More detailed information about the criteria class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, for prime farmland is available at the local office of the w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The Natural Resources Conservation Service. letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of About 93,475 acres in the survey area, or nearly 20 erosion unless close-growing plant cover is percent of the total acreage, meets the soil maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some this land are throughout the county, but most are in the soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial northern part, mainly in associations 1, 3, 4, and 5, drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly which are described under the heading “General Soil because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used Map Units.” in only some parts of the United States, shows that the A recent trend in land use in some parts of the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland In class I there are no subclasses because the soils to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime of this class have few limitations. Class V contains farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, the soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. They have other limitations that restrict their use to The map units in the survey area that are pasture, woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. considered prime farmland are listed below. This list The capability classification of each map unit is does not constitute a recommendation for a particular given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in land use. On some soils included in the list, measures the yields table. that overcome a hazard or limitation, such as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. Onsite Prime Farmland evaluation is needed to determine whether or not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by corrective Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important measures. The extent of each listed map unit is shown farmland defined by the U.S. Department of in table 3. The location is shown on the detailed soil Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the maps. The soil qualities that affect use and Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and management are described under the heading fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is “Detailed Soil Map Units.” limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes that responsible levels of government, as well as 24 Poarch sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise 25 Poarch sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes use of our Nation’s prime farmland. 26 Poarch sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department 27 Escambia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of slopes physical and chemical characteristics for producing 29 Perdido sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is 30 Perdido sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, 31 Perdido sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not 40 Eunola fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil occasionally flooded qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are 41 Malbis sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes those needed for the soil to economically produce 42 Malbis sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes sustained high yields of crops when proper 52 Robertsdale sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes management, including water management, and 58 Eunola fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, acceptable farming methods are applied. In general, occasionally flooded prime farmland has an adequate and dependable 59 Notcher fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a 60 Notcher fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes favorable temperature and growing season, 61 Notcher fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and 62 Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes sodium content, and few or no rocks. It is permeable 63 Bama fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or 64 Red Bay fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes saturated with water for long periods, and it either is 65 Red Bay fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes Escambia County, Florida 95

66 Red Bay fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes management and have about the same potential 70 Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, productivity. occasionally flooded The first part of the ordination symbol, a number, 72 Yemassee fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an slopes, occasionally flooded (where drained) indicator tree species (USDA–NRCS, National forestry 78 Emory fine sandy loam, ponded manual). The number indicates the volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which the indicator species can produce in a pure stand under natural Woodland Management and conditions. The number 1 indicates low potential Productivity productivity; 2 or 3, moderate; 4 or 5, moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and 12 to 39, extremely Tom Serviss, county forester, Florida Department of Agriculture high. The second part of the symbol, a letter, indicates and Consumer Services, helped prepare this section. the major kind of soil limitation. The letter R indicates steep slopes; W, excess water in or on the soil; C, clay Escambia County has about 250,800 acres on in the upper part of the soil; and S, sandy texture. The which wood is grown and harvested for pulp, lumber, letter A indicates that limitations or restrictions are and other uses (USDA–FS, 1993). About 102,300 insignificant. If a soil has more than one limitation, the acres is owned by the forest industry, 8,300 acres by priority is as follows: R, W, C, and S. units of government, and 140,200 acres by private In the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicate individuals. the degree of the major soil limitations to be About 157,500 acres, or 63 percent of the considered in management. productive woodland, is managed for pines. Slash Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will pine, longleaf pine, and loblolly pine are the main occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where species, but shortleaf pine and sand pine are also the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire grown. Slash pine has been planted extensively lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have throughout the county on poorly drained to moderately been burned or overgrazed are also subject to well drained soils and on well drained soils that have a erosion. Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on loamy subsoil layer within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. the percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates Examples include Albany, Escambia, Hurricane, Leon, that no particular prevention measures are needed Lucy, Notcher, Pelham, Robertsdale, and Yemassee under ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate soils. Loblolly pine is recommended for planting on indicates that erosion-control measures are needed in soils in which the subsoil is close to the surface and certain silvicultural activities. A rating of severe has a relatively high content of clay. Examples include indicates that special precautions are needed to Bama, Eunola, Izagora, Notcher, Maubila, Malbis, Red control erosion in most silvicultural activities. Bay, and Poarch soils. Longleaf pine can be grown on Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and most soils. Sand pine is adapted to sandy, droughty conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment soils, such as Foxworth, Kureb, Lakeland, and Resota generally needed in woodland management or soils. harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions Hardwood trees, such as sweetgum, blackgum, considered in the ratings are slope, soil wetness, and sweetbay, and black willow, and conifers, such as bald texture of the surface layer. A rating of slight indicates cypress, are dominant in wetland depressions and on that under normal conditions the kind of equipment flood plains. Soils in these areas include Fluvaquents and season of use are not significantly restricted by and Iuka, Mantachie, Croatan, Grady, Pickney, and soil factors. Soil wetness can restrict equipment use, Weston soils. but the wet period does not exceed 1 month. A rating In the section “Detailed Soil Map Units,” each map of moderate indicates that equipment use is unit description provides information on potential moderately restricted because of one or more soil productivity, limitations for planting and harvesting factors. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts timber, and management concerns. equipment use for a period of 1 to 3 months. A rating Table 5 can be used by woodland owners or forest of severe indicates that equipment use is severely managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops. restricted either as to the kind of equipment that can Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. be used or the season of use. If the soil is wet, the The table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. wetness restricts equipment use for more than 3 Soils assigned the same ordination symbol for the months. same tree species require the same general Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally 96 Soil Survey

occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by The first species listed under common trees for a the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for the most common species on the soil and is the one seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, that determines the ordination class. depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of Trees to plant are those that are suitable for the period when the water table is high, rock commercial wood production. fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under Recreation normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some A variety of recreational activities are available in problems from seedling mortality can be expected. Escambia County, including fishing, swimming, Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is boating, canoeing, camping, hunting, hiking, and 25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that visiting historical sites (Pensacola Area Chamber of seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra Commerce, 1993). The Gulf of Mexico, the Escambia precautions are important. Replanting may be and Perdido Rivers, Lake Stone, and numerous necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50 percent. smaller creeks, streams, and ponds provide Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to recreational opportunities for water enthusiasts. Both which undesirable species are expected to invade and fresh- and salt-water fishing are popular and readily grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The available. Boating, canoeing, swimming, fishing, and main factors that affect plant competition are depth to camping are popular on the Escambia and Perdido the water table and the available water capacity. A Rivers (fig. 9). Gulf Islands National Seashore and Big rating of slight indicates that competition from Lagoon State Recreation Area help preserve the undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural unique Coastal Strand ecological community while regeneration or suppress the more desirable species. providing opportunities for picnicking, hiking, and Planted seedlings can become established without camping. Pensacola Beach and Perdido Bay provide undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that public access to the Gulf Coast beaches for competition may delay the establishment of desirable sunbathing, swimming, surfing, fishing, and diving. species. Competition may hamper stand development, The large tracts of forestland in the county are but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully popular with hunters, hikers, campers, and stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that birdwatchers. State and private wildlife management competition can be expected to prevent regeneration areas provide hunters with controlled public access to unless precautionary measures are applied. deer, quail, squirrel, dove, wild hogs, and other game. The potential productivity of merchantable or The county has many historical sites. Fort Pickins, common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index Fort McRee, and Fort Barrancas are part of the long and as a volume number. The site index is the military history of the area. The Seville Historic District average height, in feet, that dominant and codominant in downtown Pensacola is one of the oldest trees of a given species attain in a specified number of settlements in the United States and is listed on the years (Broadfoot, 1964; Schumaker and Coile, 1960; National Register of Historic Places. The Pensacola USDA–FS, 1976; USDA–NRCS, National forestry Historical Museum, Historic Pensacola Village, the manual; USDA–SCS, 1985b). The site index applies Museum of Naval Aviation, and the T.T. Wentworth, to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands. Jr., Florida State Museum are popular places to visit Commonly grown trees are those that woodland and learn about the rich history of Pensacola and managers generally favor in intermediate or Escambia County. improvement cuttings. They are selected on the basis Escambia County has a number of private and of growth rate, quality, value, and marketability. public golf courses. Other available recreational The volume, a number, is the yield likely to be facilities include parks, athletic fields, tennis courts, produced by the most important trees. This number, and community centers. expressed as cubic meters per hectare per year, The soils of the survey area are rated in table 6 indicates the amount of fiber produced in a fully according to limitations that affect their suitability for stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand. Cubic meters recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil per hectare can be converted to cubic feet per acre by features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the multiplying by a factor of 14.3. Cubic feet can be surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. converted to board feet by multiplying by a factor of 5. Not considered in the ratings, but important in Escambia County, Florida 97

Figure 9.—Sand bars, such as this one in a bend of the Escambia River, provide picnicking and camping areas for fishermen and canoeists.

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic alleviated by planning, design, or special quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water maintenance. Severe means that soil properties are impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. unfavorable and that limitations can be offset only by The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent costly soil reclamation, special design, intensive and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also maintenance, limited use, or a combination of these important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for measures. recreational uses by the duration and intensity of The information in the table can be supplemented flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In by other information in this survey, for example, planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of 9 and interpretations for dwellings without basements flooding is essential. and for local roads and streets in table 8. In the table, the degree of soil limitation is Camp areas require site preparation, such as expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, means that soil properties are generally favorable and stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and that limitations are minor and easily overcome. installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp 98 Soil Survey

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of that are suitable for establishing, improving, or use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not determining the intensity of management needed for dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders each element of the habitat. can greatly increase the cost of constructing The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or campsites. very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be flooding during the period of use, and do not have established, improved, or maintained in most places. slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of Moderately intensive management is required for shaping sites or of building access roads and parking satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that areas. limitations are severe for the designated element or Playgrounds require soils that can withstand kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level maintained in most places, but management is difficult and are not wet or subject to flooding during the and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates season of use. The surface is free of stones and that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over a expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat hardpan should be considered. is impractical or impossible. Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the should require little or no cutting and filling. The best following paragraphs. soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties once a year during the period of use. They have and features that affect the growth of grain and seed moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface the surface. layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, and Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and flooding. Soil temperature and soil moisture are also some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be considerations. Examples of grain and seed crops are required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are corn, wheat, oats, and millet. firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and They have moderate slopes and no stones or features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes boulders on the surface. The suitability of the soil for are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, tees or greens is not considered in rating the soils. available water capacity, wetness, flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of grasses and legumes are Wildlife Habitat fescue, bahiagrass, dallisgrass, clover, and lespedeza. Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil affect the construction of water impoundments. The properties and features that affect the growth of these kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, and Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting flooding. Soil temperature and soil moisture are also appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing considerations. Examples of wild herbaceous plants plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment are bluestem, goldenrod, partridge pea, yellow of desirable plants. Indiangrass, and wiregrass. In table 7, the soils in the survey area are rated Hardwood trees and woody understory produce according to their potential for providing habitat for nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the Escambia County, Florida 99

growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given Examples of these plants are oak, black cherry, for building site development, sanitary facilities, sweetgum, cabbage palm, hawthorn, dogwood, construction materials, and water management. The hickory, blackberry, and persimmon. Examples of fruit- ratings are based on observed performance of the producing shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils soils and on the estimated data and test data in the rated good are blueberry, autumn-olive, and “Soil Properties” section. crabapple. Information in this section is intended for land use Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for properties and features that affect the growth of planning site investigations prior to design and coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth construction. The information, however, has of the root zone, available water capacity, and limitations. For example, estimates and other data wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, generally apply only to that part of the soil within a cedar, and bald cypress. depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because of the map scale, small Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild areas of different soils may be included within the herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. mapped areas of a specific soil. Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. The information is not site specific and does not Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in salinity, and slope. Examples of wetland plants are the design and construction of engineering works. smartweed, wild millet, pickerelweed, saltgrass, cattail, Government ordinances and regulations that cordgrass, rushes, sedges, and reeds. restrict certain land uses or impose specific design Shallow water areas have an average depth of less criteria were not considered in preparing the than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are information in this section. Local ordinances and created by dams, levees, or other water-control regulations should be considered in planning, in site structures. Soil properties and features affecting selection, and in design. shallow water areas are wetness, slope, and Soil properties, site features, and observed permeability. Examples of shallow water areas are performance were considered in determining the marshes, depressions, and ponds. ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described survey, determinations were made about grain-size in the following paragraphs. distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water table, pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations. areas include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, field Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability, sparrow, cottontail, and red fox. corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and engineering uses. associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous This information can be used to evaluate the plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild potential of areas for residential, commercial, turkey, woodcock, thrushes, owls, woodpeckers, wild industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary hog, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, deer, and bear. estimates of construction conditions; evaluate Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate attracted to such areas are ducks, egrets, herons, alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank shore birds, alligator, muskrat, mink, otter, and beaver. absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; Engineering plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces, and other structures for soil and water This section provides information for planning land conservation; and predict performance of proposed uses related to urban development and to water small structures and pavements by comparing the 100 Soil Survey

performance of existing similar structures on the same pan, large stones, slope, and flooding affect the or similar soils. ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping The information in the tables, along with the soil and grading that require cuts and fills of more than maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in 5 or 6 feet are not considered. this survey, can be used to make additional Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface interpretations. and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a special meaning in soil science and are defined in the base of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil Glossary. material; and a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings Building Site Development are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Depth to a Table 8 shows the degree and kind of soil cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, and slope limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings affect the ease of excavating and grading. Soil with and without basements, small commercial strength (as inferred from the engineering buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, and landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if depth to a high water table affect the traffic-supporting soil properties and site features are generally capacity. favorable for the indicated use and limitations are Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established or site features are somewhat restrictive for the and maintained. The ratings are based on soil indicated use and special planning, design, or properties, site features, and observed performance of maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to a limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features cemented pan, the available water capacity in the are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that upper 40 inches, and the content of salts, sodium, and special design, significant increases in construction sulfidic materials affect plant growth. Flooding, costs, and possibly increased maintenance are wetness, slope, and the amount of sand, clay, or required. Special feasibility studies may be required organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficability where the soil limitations are severe. after vegetation is established. Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, Sanitary Facilities utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and Table 9 shows the degree and kind of soil observed performance of the soils. The ease of limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations depth to a cemented pan or a very firm dense layer; are considered slight if soil properties and site features stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time of the are generally favorable for the indicated use and year that excavations can be made is affected by the limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if depth to a seasonal high water table and the soil properties or site features are not favorable for the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of indicated use and special planning, design, or the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the affected by soil texture and depth to the water table. limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features Dwellings and small commercial buildings are are unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special structures built on shallow foundations on design, significant increases in construction costs, and undisturbed soil. The load limit is the same as that possibly increased maintenance are required. for single-family dwellings no higher than three The table also shows the suitability of the soils stories. Ratings are made for small commercial for use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good buildings without basements, for dwellings with indicates that soil properties and site features are basements, and for dwellings without basements. favorable for the use and good performance and The ratings are based on soil properties, site low maintenance can be expected; fair indicates features, and observed performance of the soils. A that soil properties and site features are moderately high water table, flooding, shrinking and swelling, favorable for the use and one or more soil and organic layers can cause the movement of properties or site features make the soil less footings. A high water table, depth to a cemented desirable than the soils rated good; and poor Escambia County, Florida 101

indicates that one or more soil properties or site large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon features are unfavorable for the use and floor. overcoming the unfavorable properties requires Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is special design, extra maintenance, or costly disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of alteration. landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is successive layers on the surface of the soil. The evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a site features, and observed performance of the soils. thin layer of soil from a source away from the site. Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation interfere with installation. should be considered. Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank The ratings in the table are based on soil absorption fields, including excessively slow properties, site features, and observed performance of absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside the soils. Permeability, depth to a cemented pan, a seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or of landfill. Texture, highly organic layers, soil reaction, fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of and content of salts and sodium affect trench landfills. the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that water table is near the surface. There must be part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. require that this material be of a certain thickness. Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to used to cover compacted solid waste in an area hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to affect the ease of removing and spreading the material hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides are free of excess gravel are the best cover for a is required to minimize seepage and contamination of landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy and are ground water. difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to wind The table gives ratings for the natural soil that erosion. makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, After soil material has been removed, the soil generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface material remaining in the borrow area must be thick layer are excavated to provide material for the enough over a cemented pan or the water table to embankments. The ratings are based on soil permit revegetation. The soil material used as the final properties, site features, and observed performance of cover for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, surface layer generally has the best workability, more permeability, a high water table, depth to a cemented organic matter, and the best potential for plants. pan, flooding, large stones, and content of organic Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled matter. for use as the final cover. Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability in the soil or a water table that is high Construction Materials enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution Table 10 gives information about the soils as a results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope and source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on cemented pans can cause construction problems, and soil properties and site features that affect the removal 102 Soil Survey

of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal the thickness of suitable material, and the content of compaction, minor processing, and other standard rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification construction practices are assumed. Each soil is are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one properties. place and used in road embankments in another A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at feet high and less exacting in design than higher least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, embankments. large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable The ratings are for the soil material below the source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and gravel. spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation suitability within their profile. The table showing can be established and maintained. The upper 40 engineering index properties provides detailed inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also information about each soil layer. This information can evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow help to determine the suitability of each layer for use area. as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. such properties as soil reaction, available water The ratings are based on soil properties, site capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, features, and observed performance of the soils. The and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable The ease of excavation is affected by a high water material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected table and slope. How well the soil performs in place by slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and after it has been compacted and drained is determined toxic material. by its strength (as inferred from the engineering Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a classification of the soil) and shrink-swell potential. depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones Soils rated good contain significant amounts of and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, difficult. many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes the material is less than 3 feet thick. of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for water table at or near the surface. commercial use with a minimum of processing. They The surface layer of most soils is generally are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter for each use vary widely. In the table, only the content. Organic matter greatly increases the probability of finding material in suitable quantity is absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific plant growth. purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect excavation of the material. Water Management The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as Table 11 gives information on the soil properties indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), and site features that affect water management. The Escambia County, Florida 103

degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the considered slight if soil properties and site features are aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the generally favorable for the indicated use and salinity of the soil. limitations are minor and are easily overcome; Drainage is the removal of excess surface and moderate if soil properties or site features are not subsurface water from the soil. How easily and favorable for the indicated use and special planning, effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to to a high water table or depth of standing water if the overcome that special design, significant increase in soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to construction costs, and possibly increased flooding; and subsidence of organic layers. Excavating maintenance are required. and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are This table also gives for each soil the restrictive affected by depth to a cemented pan, slope, and the features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil diversions, and grassed waterways. after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is not seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The considered in the ratings. seepage potential is determined by the permeability of Irrigation is the controlled application of water to the soil and the depth to permeable material. supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The Excessive slope can affect the storage capacity of the design and management of an irrigation system are reservoir area. affected by depth to the water table, the need for Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The high, constructed to impound water or to protect land construction of a system is affected by large stones against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a and depth to a cemented pan. The performance of a source of material for embankment fill. The ratings system is affected by the depth of the root zone, the apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a amount of salts or sodium, and soil reaction. depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will Terraces and diversions are embankments or a be uniformly mixed and compacted during combination of channels and ridges constructed construction. across a slope to control erosion and conserve The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan depth even greater than the height of the embankment affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A can affect performance and safety of the restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse needed to determine these properties. texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect Soil material in embankments must be resistant to maintenance. seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable Grassed waterways are natural or constructed compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large content of organic matter or salts. A high water table stones, wetness, slope, and depth to a cemented pan affects the amount of usable material. It also affects affect the construction of grassed waterways. A trafficability. hazard of wind erosion, low available water capacity, Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts restricted rooting depth, toxic substances such as that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth salts, and restricted permeability adversely affect the below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds growth and maintenance of the grass after that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment construction.

105

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles the course of the soil survey. The data and the coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” are explained on the following pages. Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. Soil properties are determined by field examination Classification of the soils is determined according to of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some the Unified soil classification system (ASTM, 1993) benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are and the system adopted by the American Association followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are of State Highway and Transportation Officials made and examined to identify and classify the soils (AASHTO, 1986). and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are The Unified system classifies soils according to taken from some typical profiles and tested in the properties that affect their use as construction laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, material. Soils are classified according to grain-size plasticity, and compaction characteristics. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 12 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A- soils have layers of contrasting properties within the 7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, upper 5 or 6 feet. A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade layer is indicated. The range in depth and information material can be indicated by a group index number. on other properties of each layer are given for each Group index numbers range from 0 for the best soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. Morphology.” Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated Texture is given in the standard terms used by the sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area 106 Soil Survey

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the downward movement of water when the soil is field. saturated. They are based on soil characteristics Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The and texture. Permeability is considered in the design estimates are based on test data from the survey area of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption or from nearby areas and on field examination. fields. The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, Available water capacity refers to the quantity of and plasticity index are generally rounded to the water that the soil is capable of storing for use by nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and plants. The capacity for water storage is given in Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil percentage points) across classification boundaries, layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the properties that affect the retention of water and the table. depth of the root zone. The most important properties are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk Physical and Chemical Properties density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to Table 13 shows estimates of some characteristics be grown and in the design and management of and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an are given for the major layers of each soil in the estimate of the quantity of water actually available to survey area. The estimates are based on field plants at any given time. observations and on test data for these and similar Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and soils. is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil of each major horizon is based on many field tests. particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in For many soils, values have been verified by diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in millimeters in diameter. determining the risk of corrosion. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the Salinity is a measure of soluble salts in the soil at fertility and physical condition of the soil. They saturation. It is expressed as the electrical conductivity determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and of the saturation extract, in millimhos per centimeter at to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell 25 degrees C. Estimates are based on field and potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil laboratory measurements at representative sites of dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and nonirrigated soils. The salinity of irrigated soils is kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving affected by the quality of the irrigation water and by operations. the frequency of water application. Hence, the salinity Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per of soils in individual fields can differ greatly from the unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at value given in the table. Salinity affects the suitability field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at of a soil for crop production, the stability of soil if used 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after as construction material, and the potential of the soil to drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the corrode metal and concrete. estimated moist bulk density of each major soil Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Volume change occurs mainly because of the Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell interaction of clay minerals with water and varies with potential, available water capacity, total pore space, the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. The and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a size of the load on the soil and the magnitude of the soil indicates the pore space available for water and change in soil moisture content influence the amount roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict of swelling of soils in place. Laboratory measurements water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density of swelling of undisturbed clods were made for many is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of soils. For others, swelling was estimated on the basis organic matter, and soil structure. of the kind and amount of clay minerals in the soil and Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit on measurements of similar soils. water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to Escambia County, Florida 107

very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special the soil at various stages of decomposition. In the design is often needed. table, the estimated content of organic matter is Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The The content of organic matter in a soil can be classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; maintained or increased by returning crop residue to moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, 6 to 9 percent; and the soil. Organic matter affects the available water very high, greater than 9 percent. capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation Soil and Water Features (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The Table 14 gives estimates of various soil and water estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, features. The estimates are used in land use planning sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil that involves engineering considerations. structure and permeability. Values of K range from Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of 0.02 to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill groups according to the rate of water infiltration when erosion by water. the soils are not protected by vegetation, are Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water that duration storms. can occur without affecting crop productivity over a The four hydrologic soil groups are: sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year. Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist have similar properties affecting their resistance to mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. The soils of water transmission. assigned to group 1 are the most susceptible to wind Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate erosion, and those assigned to group 8 are the least when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of susceptible. The groups are as follows: moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to sands. moderately coarse texture. These soils have a 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine moderate rate of water transmission. sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when soil material. thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a 3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy layer that impedes the downward movement of water loams, and very fine sandy loams. or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. 4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. silty clay loams. Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell clay. potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that 5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious sandy clays, and hemic soil material. material. These soils have a very slow rate of water 6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are transmission. more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in the loams that are less than 35 percent clay. table, the first letter is for drained areas and the 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are second is for undrained areas. less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is 8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from because of coarse fragments on the surface or adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short because of surface wetness. periods after rainfall is not considered flooding, and 108

water standing in swamps and marshes is considered water stands in an uncased borehole after adequate ponding rather than flooding. time is allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. The table gives the frequency and duration of A perched water table is water standing above an flooding and the time of year when flooding is most unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, likely. water table is separated from a lower one by a dry Frequency, duration, and probable dates of zone. occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as Two numbers in the column showing depth to the none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that water table indicate the normal range in depth to a flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. possible under unusual weather conditions (the The first numeral in the range indicates the highest chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average, indicates that the water table is above the surface of once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table 50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of 6 feet for less than a month. flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of Common is used when the occasional and frequent saturated mineral soils of very low density. classes are grouped for certain purposes. Duration is Subsidence generally results from either desiccation expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to and shrinkage or oxidation of organic material, or both, 7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if following drainage. Subsidence takes place gradually, more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in usually over a period of several years. The table months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all shows the expected initial subsidence, which usually flooding occurs during the stated period. is a result of drainage, and total subsidence, which The information is based on evidence in the soil results from a combination of factors. profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or matter content with increasing depth; and little or no weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of horizon development. corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors Also considered are local information about the as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium the extent of flooding based on soil data is less content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the specific than that provided by detailed engineering soil. Special site examination and design may be surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific needed if the combination of factors results in a flood frequency levels. severe hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that are based mainly on observations of the water table at are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated layer. zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are the as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage depth to the seasonal high water table; the kind of class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field water table—that is, perched or apparent; and the capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation months of the year that the water table commonly is extract. high. A water table that is seasonally high for less than For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed 1 month is not indicated in the table. as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, An apparent water table is a thick zone of free acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation water in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which extract. 109

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories on the basis of physical and chemical properties and (USDA-SCS, 1975; Soil Survey Staff, 1996). Beginning other characteristics that affect management. with the broadest, these categories are the order, Generally, the properties are those of horizons below suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. plow depth where there is much biological activity. Classification is based on soil properties observed in Among the properties and characteristics considered the field or inferred from those observations or from are particle size, mineral content, cation exchange laboratory measurements. Table 15 shows the capacity, soil temperature regime, soil depth, and classification of the soils in the survey area. The reaction. A family name consists of the name of a categories are defined in the following paragraphs. subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The properties. An example is fine-loamy, siliceous, differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults. forming processes and the degree of soil formation. SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, example is Ultisol. reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders composition, and arrangement in the profile. The soils primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil in the Bama series are fine-loamy, siliceous, genesis and are important to plant growth or subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults. properties that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, Soil Series and Their Morphology meaning humid, plus ult, from Ultisol). In this section, each soil series recognized in the GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, and the material in which it formed are identified for arrangement, and degree of development of each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each described. The detailed description of each soil great group is identified by the name of a suborder horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993). Many of the example is Paleudults (Pale, meaning excessive technical terms used in the descriptions are defined in development, plus udult, the suborder of the Ultisols “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA-SCS, 1975) and in “Keys to that has a udic moisture regime). Soil Taxonomy” (Soil Survey Staff, 1996). Unless SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions are for subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or moist soil. Following the pedon description is the range extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept of important characteristics of the soils in the series. of the great group; it is not necessarily the most The map units of each soil series are described in extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some properties that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate transitions to any other Albany Series taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives preceding the name of the great The Albany series consists of very deep, somewhat group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that poorly drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy typifies the great group. An example is Typic marine sediments. These soils are in positions that are Paleudults. depressed relative to surrounding landforms on low 110 Soil Survey

terraces and on broad ridges and knolls, on toeslopes, that have sharp boundaries throughout the matrix; and on the lower parts of footslopes. They are in the strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. uplands. The seasonal high water table is at a depth of Btg2—72 to 80 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay 1 1 to 2 /2 feet from December through April in most loam; moderate medium subangular blocky years. The areas on low terraces are subject to structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of occasional flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. peds; common medium prominent strong brown These soils are loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation that Grossarenic Paleudults. have sharp boundaries throughout the matrix; Albany soils are geographically associated with strongly acid. Bonifay, Eunola, Lakeland, Pelham, Troup, and The solum is more than 70 inches thick. The sandy Weston soils. The Bonifay, Lakeland, and Troup soils epipedon ranges from 40 to 80 inches in thickness. are on summits and shoulder slopes in higher Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately positions than the Albany soils. The well drained acid in the A and E horizons, except in areas where Bonifay soils have a significant accumulation of lime has been applied, and from very strongly acid to plinthite in the subsoil. The excessively drained moderately acid in the Btg horizon. Lakeland soils are sandy throughout. The somewhat The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and excessively drained Troup soils have a reddish argillic chroma of 1 or 2. horizon. The moderately well drained Eunola soils are The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 on stream terraces and do not have a thick, sandy to 7, and chroma of 3 or 4. In many pedons, it has thin epipedon. The poorly drained Pelham and Weston streaks and pockets of white or light gray uncoated soils are in lower positions than the Albany soils. The sand. It has few to many redoximorphic depletions in Pelham soils have a loamy argillic horizon at a depth shades of gray or brown and redoximorphic of 20 to 40 inches. The Weston soils do not have a accumulations in shades of red, yellow, and brown. It thick, sandy epipedon. is sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand. Typical pedon of Albany sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes The Eg horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 6 to 8, (fig. 10); about 100 feet north of Langley Avenue and and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many 3,750 feet east of Ninth Avenue in Pensacola; about redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, 3,700 feet east and 100 feet north of the southwest olive, brown, and red. It is sand, fine sand, loamy corner of sec. 10, T. 1 S., R. 29 W. sand, or loamy fine sand. A—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) The Bt horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or sand; weak medium granular structure; very 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It has friable; common medium and fine roots; strongly common or many redoximorphic depletions in shades acid; clear smooth boundary. of brown and gray and redoximorphic accumulations E1—7 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sand; single in shades of red, brown, and yellow. It is sandy loam, grained; loose; few fine roots; strongly acid; clear fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. wavy boundary. The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of E2—22 to 42 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it does not have a sand; single grained; loose; common medium dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron red, yellow, brown and gray. It has common or many accumulation that have clear boundaries redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow, throughout the matrix; common fine faint pale and brown. It is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions that have clear clay loam. boundaries throughout the matrix; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Eg—42 to 57 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sand; Allanton Series single grained; loose; common fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions The Allanton series consists of very deep, very throughout the matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy poorly drained soils that formed in sandy marine boundary. sediments. These soils are on broad flats and in Btg1—57 to 72 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) shallow depressions. They are on the coastal sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky lowlands. The seasonal high water table is within a 1 structure; friable; sand grains bridged and coated depth of /2 foot from December through April in most with clay; common medium prominent strong years. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation are sandy, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Alaquods. Escambia County, Florida 111

Allanton soils are geographically associated with The Bh1 horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value Hurricane, Leon, Pelham, Pickney, and Pottsburg of 2 to 5, and chroma of 2 or less. It is sand, fine sand, soils. The somewhat poorly drained Hurricane soils or loamy sand. are on knolls in slightly higher positions than the The Bh2 horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of Allanton soils. The poorly drained Leon soils are in 2 to 3, and chroma of 2 or less. It is sand, fine sand, or areas of flatwoods, are at slightly higher elevations loamy sand. than the Allanton soils, and have a spodic horizon within a depth of 30 inches. The poorly drained Pelham soils are in positions similar to those of the Bama Series Allanton soils on flats and have a loamy argillic The Bama series consists of very deep, well horizon at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. The Pickney drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These soils are in positions similar to those of the Allanton soils are on summits and shoulder slopes in the soils and do not have a spodic horizon. The poorly uplands. In most years, the seasonal high water table drained Pottsburg soils are in slightly higher positions is below a depth of 6 feet throughout the year. Slopes than the Allanton soils on flats and do not have an range from 0 to 5 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, umbric epipedon. siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults. Typical pedon of Allanton sand, in an area of Bama soils are geographically associated with Allanton-Pottsburg complex; about 250 feet south and Emory, Malbis, Notcher, and Red Bay soils. The 875 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 2 Emory soils are in shallow depressions and have a S., R. 31 W. dark red argillic horizon. The Malbis and Notcher A1—0 to 10 inches; black (10YR 2/1) sand; weak fine soils are in slightly lower positions than the Bama granular structure; very friable; many medium and soils, have a brownish argillic horizon, and have a fine roots; common uncoated sand grains; very significant accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Red Bay soils are in positions similar to those A2—10 to 17 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sand; of the Bama soils and have a dark red argillic single grained; loose; few medium and fine roots; horizon. common uncoated sand grains; very strongly acid; Typical pedon of Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 clear wavy boundary. percent slopes; about 300 feet north and 500 feet east Eg1—17 to 28 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) of the intersection of County Highways 97 and 4 in the sand; single grained; loose; few fine roots; very northern part of the county; 1,300 feet south and 350 strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 5 N., R. Eg2—28 to 53 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sand; 33 W. single grained; loose; very strongly acid; gradual Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; wavy boundary. weak medium granular structure; friable; common Bh1—53 to 65 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sand; medium, fine, and very fine roots; moderately massive; friable; about 70 percent of the sand acid; clear smooth boundary. grains are coated with organic matter; very Bt1—6 to 20 inches; reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) sandy strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Bh2—65 to 80 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) structure; friable; common fine roots; few faint clay sand; massive; friable; about 90 percent of the films on faces of peds; few pebbles of ironstone; sand grains are coated with organic matter; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. strongly acid. Bt2—20 to 32 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy The solum is more than 80 inches thick. Reaction is clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky very strongly acid or strongly acid in the A and Eg structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films horizons and ranges from extremely acid to strongly on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy acid in the Bh horizon. Depth to the spodic horizon boundary. ranges from 50 to 80 inches. The umbric epipedon Bt3—32 to 56 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy clay ranges from 16 to 30 inches in thickness. loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of or 3, and chroma of 2 or less. peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Eg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 Bt4—56 to 80 inches; red (10R 5/8) sandy clay loam; to 7, and chroma of 2 or less. It is sand, fine sand, or weak medium subangular block structure; firm; loamy sand. few faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid. 112 Soil Survey

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. The C2—18 to 25 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) content of ironstone concretions, quartz gravel, or fine sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid; both ranges from 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the gradual wavy boundary. solum. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to C3—25 to 35 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) slightly acid in the A and E horizons, except in areas fine sand; single grained; loose; few faint streaks where lime has been applied, and from very strongly of clean sand; common medium prominent acid to moderately acid in the Bt horizon. reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) masses of iron The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value accumulation with sharp boundaries throughout of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. the matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The E horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR or C4—35 to 63 inches; white (10YR 8/1) fine sand; 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is fine single grained; loose; common medium faint very sandy loam or sandy loam. pale brown (10YR 7/4) masses of iron The Bt horizon dominantly has hue of 10R to 5YR, accumulation with clear boundaries; strongly acid; value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. In some pedons, gradual wavy boundary. however, below a depth of about 40 inches the Bt C5—63 to 80 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) fine sand; horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 3, and single grained; loose; common medium faint gray chroma of 4 to 6. In the lower part of some pedons, (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; strongly acid. the Bt horizon has redoximorphic accumulations in The combined thickness of the sandy sediments is shades of brown. These accumulations are assumed more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from very to be relict features. The texture is loam, sandy clay strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, loam, or clay loam. except in areas where lime has been applied. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and Bigbee Series chroma of 2 to 4. The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR or The Bigbee series consists of very deep, 7.5YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 or 5. excessively drained soils that formed in sandy fluvial Redoximorphic features, if present, are in shades of sediments. These soils are on high parts of natural brown. The texture is sand or fine sand. The lower levees on flood plains. The seasonal high water table part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 6 to 8, 1 is within a depth of 3 /2 to 6 feet from December and chroma of 1 to 6. It has few to many through April in most years. These soils are subject to redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and occasional flooding for brief periods. Slopes range yellow. It has few or common redoximorphic from 0 to 5 percent. These soils are thermic, coated depletions in shades of brown and gray below a depth Typic Quartzipsamments. of 40 inches. In many pedons, the C horizon has few Bigbee soils are geographically associated with or common streaks or pockets of uncoated sand. Fluvaquents and Garcon, Mantachie, and Yemassee soils. The very poorly drained Fluvaquents are in depressions on the lower parts of the flood plains. The Bonifay Series somewhat poorly drained Garcon and Yemassee soils The Bonifay series consists of very deep, well are on low terraces and have loamy subsoil layers. drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy marine The somewhat poorly drained, loamy Mantachie soils sediments. These soils are on broad summits, are on the lower parts of the flood plains. shoulder slopes, and side slopes in the uplands. The Typical pedon of Bigbee fine sand, in an area of 1 seasonal high water table is at a depth of 3 /2 to 5 feet Garcon-Bigbee-Yemassee complex, 0 to 5 percent from December through April in most years. Slopes slopes, occasionally flooded; in the Bristol Park range from 0 to 8 percent. These soils are loamy, subdivision, about 3,165 feet north and 3,170 feet east siliceous, subactive, thermic Grossarenic Plinthic of the southwest corner of sec. 3, T. 1 S., R. 31 W. Paleudults. A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine Bonifay soils are geographically associated with sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Albany, Lakeland, and Troup soils. The somewhat common medium and fine roots; strongly acid; poorly drained Albany soils are in lower positions than clear wavy boundary. the Bonifay soils and do not have a significant C1—7 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. The sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid; gradual excessively drained Lakeland and somewhat wavy boundary. excessively drained Troup soils are in slightly higher Escambia County, Florida 113

positions than the Bonifay soils and do not have a yellow, and gray. In some pedons, however, it has hue significant accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to Typical pedon of Bonifay loamy sand, 0 to 5 8. It has few to many masses of iron accumulation in percent slopes; about 1,000 feet south and 3,170 shades of yellow, brown, or red and iron depletions in feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 13, T. 3 N., shades of brown and gray. It is sandy loam, fine sandy R. 33 W. loam, or sandy clay loam. A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very Corolla Series friable; common medium, fine, and very fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The Corolla series consists of very deep, somewhat E1—3 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loamy poorly drained soils that formed in thick deposits of sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; marine sands that have been reworked by wind and very friable; few medium and fine roots; strongly wave action. These soils are on the lower parts of acid; gradual wavy boundary. dunes and in shallow swales between dunes on the E2—16 to 34 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) barrier islands and near the coastal beaches on the loamy sand; weak coarse subangular blocky mainland. The seasonal high water table is influenced structure; very friable; strongly acid; gradual wavy by daily tidal fluctuations. In most years, it is at a depth 1 boundary. of 1 /2 to 3 feet throughout the year. These soils are E3—34 to 54 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) subject to rare flooding. Slopes range from 2 to 6 loamy sand; weak coarse subangular blocky percent. These soils are thermic, uncoated Aquic structure; very friable; common medium faint very Quartzipsamments. pale brown (10YR 7/3) iron depletions; common Corolla soils are geographically associated with medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses Dirego, Duckston, Kureb, Newhan, and Resota soils. of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy The very poorly drained Dirego soils are in tidal boundary. marshes and have a thick, histic epipedon. The poorly Btv—54 to 80 inches; 25 percent yellow (10YR 7/6), drained Duckston soils are in lower positions than the 25 percent light gray (10YR 7/2), 20 percent Corolla soils on flats and in swales between dunes. strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), 15 percent pale yellow The excessively drained Kureb and moderately well (2.5Y 7/4), and 15 percent red (10R 4/6) sandy drained Resota soils are in the higher positions and clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky have spodic materials in the subsoil. The excessively structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of drained Newhan soils are in the higher positions on peds; about 12 percent, by volume, firm and brittle the dunes. masses of plinthite; about 4 percent, by volume, Typical pedon of Corolla sand, in an area of rounded quartzite pebbles; areas of yellow, strong Newhan-Corolla complex, rolling, rarely flooded; in Big brown, and red are masses of iron accumulation; Lagoon State Recreation Area, about 2,640 feet south areas of light gray are iron depletions; strongly and 675 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. acid. 3 S., R. 32 W. The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand; very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the single grained; loose; few fine roots; moderately profile, except in areas where lime has been applied. acid; clear wavy boundary. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to C1—5 to 28 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) sand; 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. single grained; loose; common medium distinct The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 to 7, brown (10YR 4/3) streaks of organic stains; and chroma of 3 to 8. In many pedons, it has few to moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. common, fine to coarse streaks or pockets of whitish C2—28 to 40 inches; white (N 8/0) sand; single or grayish uncoated sand. It has few or common grained; loose; common fine prominent strong redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation olive, brown, and red in the lower part. The quantity of with sharp boundaries throughout the matrix; redoximorphic depletions in shades of brown and gray common medium prominent brown (10YR 4/3) ranges from none to common below a depth of 40 streaks of organic stains; moderately acid; gradual inches. The texture is loamy sand. wavy boundary. The Btv horizon commonly has no dominant matrix C3—40 to 48 inches; white (10YR 8/1) sand; single color and is multicolored in shades of brown, red, grained; loose; common fine prominent yellowish 114 Soil Survey

red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation with friable; common medium and fine roots; strongly sharp boundaries throughout the matrix; acid; clear wavy boundary. moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt1—9 to 22 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy C4—48 to 80 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) sand; clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky single grained; loose; common black sand grains; structure; friable; few medium and fine roots; few moderately acid. faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The combined thickness of the sandy sediments is Bt2—22 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky moderately acid to slightly alkaline throughout the structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of profile. In many pedons, the profile contains dark sand peds; common medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/8) grains of ilmenite or other dark colored minerals. masses of iron accumulation; common medium The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron to 7, and chroma of 1 to 3; or it is neutral in hue and depletions; the redoximorphic features are has value of 3 to 7. assumed to be relict features; strongly acid; The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR or gradual wavy boundary. 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 or 4. It has few BC—32 to 40 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy or common masses of iron accumulation in shades of loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; red, yellow, and brown. The lower part has hue of friable; common medium distinct yellowish red 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 1 or 2; or (5YR 5/8) and red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron it is neutral in hue and has value of 7 or 8. accumulation; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and grayish brown Cowarts Series (10YR 5/2) iron depletions with gradual boundaries throughout the matrix; strongly acid; The Cowarts series consists of very deep, well gradual wavy boundary. drained soils that formed in loamy marine sediments. C—40 to 80 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy These soils are on side slopes of ridges in the loam; massive; very friable; common thin strata of uplands. In most years, the seasonal high water table loamy sand; common medium distinct brownish is below a depth of 6 feet throughout the year. Slopes yellow (10YR 6/6), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and are short and complex and range from 12 to 18 red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation; percent. These soils are fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic common medium distinct light brownish gray Typic Kanhapludults. (10YR 6/2) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron Cowarts soils are geographically associated with depletions with gradual boundaries throughout the Lakeland, Maubila, Notcher, Poarch, and Troup soils. matrix; strongly acid. The Lakeland soils are on summits and are sandy The solum ranges from 18 to 40 inches in throughout. The Maubila soils are in positions similar thickness. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly to those of the Cowarts soils and have a clayey argillic acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer horizon. The Notcher and Poarch soils are on summits in areas where lime has been applied. and shoulder slopes and have significant The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, accumulations of plinthite in the lower part of the value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. subsoil. Also, Poarch soils are coarse-loamy. The The BE horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR Troup soils are on summits or in positions similar to or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is those of the Cowarts soils on side slopes and have a sandy loam or fine sandy loam. thick, sandy epipedon. The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 7.5YR or Typical pedon of Cowarts sandy loam, in an area of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. In some Cowarts-Troup complex, 12 to 18 percent slopes; pedons, however, it has hue of 5YR, value of 5 or 6, about 1,670 feet south and 2,085 feet east of the and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, fine sandy northwest corner of sec. 15, T. 4 N., R. 32 W. loam, or sandy clay loam. Redoximorphic A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) accumulations, if present, are in shades of yellow, sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very olive, brown, and red and are assumed to be relict friable; many medium and fine roots; strongly acid; features. clear wavy boundary. The BC horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to BE—4 to 9 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy 5YR, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it does loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very not have a dominant matrix color and is multicolored in Escambia County, Florida 115

shades of red, brown, yellow, and gray. The texture and 40 percent dark gray (10YR 4/1) sand; ranges from sandy loam to sandy clay. massive; very friable; extremely acid. The C horizon, or the Cd horizon where present, The combined thickness of the organic layers has the same range in hue, value, and chroma as the ranges from 16 to 51 inches. The O horizon is ultra BC horizon. The C horizon is commonly layered and acid or extremely acid. The 2A and 2C horizons range pocketed with finer- and coarser-textured sediments. from extremely acid to slightly acid. Woody materials The texture ranges from loamy sand to sandy clay make up less than 10 percent of the O horizon. The loam. content of fiber in the O horizon ranges from 3 to 30 percent unrubbed and is less than 10 percent rubbed. Croatan Series The Oa horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. The 2Ag horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of The Croatan Series consists of very deep, very 2 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is loam, fine sandy poorly drained soils that formed in highly decomposed loam, sandy loam, or mucky sandy loam. plant materials and the underlying loamy and sandy The 2Cg horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, 5GY, or sediments. These soils are in depressions in the 5G; value of 2 to 7; and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture coastal lowlands. The seasonal high water table 1 ranges from sand to clay loam. ranges from 1 foot above the surface to a depth of /2 foot from December through July in most years. Slopes are less than 1 percent. These soils are loamy, Dirego Series siliceous, dysic, thermic Terric Medisaprists. Croatan soils are geographically associated with The Dirego series consists of very deep, very Dorovan, Hurricane, Leon, and Pickney soils in the poorly drained organic soils that formed in highly southwestern part of the county and with Escambia decomposed plant materials and the underlying sandy and Robertsdale soils in the central and northern sediments. These soils are in tidal marshes on the parts. All of the associated soils, except the Dorovan barrier islands and adjacent to the coastline. Dirego 1 soils, are in higher positions than the Croatan soils soils have a high water table within a depth of /2 foot and are mineral soils. The Dorovan soils are in lower throughout the year and are subject to daily flooding positions than the Croatan soils and have a histic by the tides. Slopes are less than 1 percent. These epipedon that is more than 51 inches thick. soils are sandy or sandy-skeletal, siliceous, euic, Typical pedon of Croatan muck, depressional; thermic Terric Sulfisaprists. about 665 feet west and 1,985 feet south of the Dirego soils are geographically associated with northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 1 S., R. 31 W. Corolla, Duckston, Leon, Newhan, and Pickney soils. All of the associated soils are in higher positions than Oa1—0 to 15 inches; black (10YR 2/1) muck, rubbed the Dirego soils and are mineral soils. and unrubbed; less than 5 percent fiber rubbed Typical Pedon of Dirego muck, in an area of Dirego and unrubbed; common medium, fine, and very muck, tidal; on Santa Rosa Island, about 2.0 miles fine roots; about 95 percent organic matter; east of Big Sabine Point and 0.7 mile north of County extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary. Road 399; lat. 30 degrees 21 minutes 32 seconds N. Oa2—15 to 25 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) muck, and long. 87 degrees 00 minutes 51 seconds W. rubbed and unrubbed; less than 5 percent fiber rubbed and unrubbed; few medium, fine, and very Oa1—0 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine roots; about 95 percent organic matter; muck; less than 10 percent fiber rubbed and extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary. unrubbed; many medium and fine roots; strong 2Ag—25 to 33 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) odor of hydrogen sulfide; slightly acid when wet, loam; massive; very friable; estimated 10 percent extremely acid when dry; gradual smooth organic matter; extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary. boundary. Oa2—8 to 35 inches; black (10YR 2/1) muck; less 2Cg1—33 to 50 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; than 5 percent fiber rubbed and unrubbed; slightly massive; very friable; extremely acid; gradual acid when wet, extremely acid when dry; clear wavy boundary. smooth boundary. 2Cg2—50 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) loamy sand; 2Cg1—35 to 43 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR massive; very friable; extremely acid; gradual 4/2) fine sand; single grained; loose; slightly acid wavy boundary. when wet, extremely acid when dry; gradual wavy 2Cg3—60 to 80 inches; 60 percent gray (10YR 6/1) boundary. 116 Soil Survey

2Cg2—43 to 80 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine Oa3—45 to 80 inches; black (N 2/0) muck; about 10 sand; single grained; loose; slightly acid when wet, percent fiber unrubbed, 2 percent rubbed; very extremely acid when dry. strongly acid. The organic material is dominantly sapric. When The combined thickness of the organic material the Oa horizon is in its natural wet condition, reaction ranges from 51 to more than 80 inches. Reaction is is slightly acid or neutral. When it is dry, reaction is extremely acid or very strongly acid throughout the extremely acid or ultra acid. The 2Cg horizon is profile. moderately acid or slightly acid when wet. The Oa horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 The Oa horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3; or it is neutral in hue and or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it is neutral in hue and has value of 2 or 3. The content of fiber is generally has value of 2 or 3. less than 30 percent unrubbed and less than 15 The 2Cg horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 2 percent rubbed. to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it is neutral in hue and The 2Cg horizon, where present, is neutral in hue has value of 2 to 8. It is loamy fine sand, fine sand, and has value of 2.5 to 6; or it has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, sand, mucky fine sand, or mucky sand. In some or 5Y, value of 2 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is sand, pedons, the horizon has thin subhorizons of fine sandy fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, loam; but the average texture of the mineral part of the fine sandy loam, clay, or their mucky analogues. control section is loamy fine sand or fine sand. Duckston Series Dorovan Series The Duckston series consists of very deep, poorly The Dorovan series consists of very deep, very drained soils that formed in sandy marine sediments. poorly drained organic soils that formed in highly These soils are on flats and in swales between dunes. decomposed remains of woody and herbaceous They are on the barrier islands and adjacent to the plants. These soils are in depressions on nearly level coastal beaches on the mainland. The seasonal high flood plains along streams and rivers. The seasonal water table is influenced by daily tidal fluctuations. In 1 high water table ranges from 2 feet above the surface most years, it is within a depth of /2 foot throughout 1 to a depth of /2 foot from December through July in the year. Duckston soils are subject to occasional or most years. Slopes are less than 1 percent. These frequent flooding for brief periods throughout the year. soils are dysic, thermic Typic Medisaprists. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are Dorovan soils are geographically associated with siliceous, thermic Typic Psammaquents. Fluvaquents and Croatan, Mantachie, Pelham, and Duckston soils are geographically associated with Yemassee soils. The Croatan soils are in positions Corolla, Dirego, and Newhan soils. The somewhat similar to those of the Dorovan soils and have loamy poorly drained Corolla and excessively drained or sandy sediments within a depth of 51 inches. The Newhan soils are in higher positions than the Fluvaquents and Mantachie soils are in slightly higher Duckston soils on dunes adjacent to the Duckston positions than the Dorovan soils on flood plains and soils. The very poorly drained Dirego soils are in tidal are mineral soils. The Pelham and Yemassee soils are marshes and are organic soils. in higher positions than the Dorovan soils on terraces Typical pedon of Duckston sand, frequently flooded; and are mineral soils. in Big Lagoon State Recreation Area, about 2,670 feet Typical pedon of Dorovan muck, in an area of south and 670 feet west of the northeast corner of Dorovan muck and Fluvaquents, frequently flooded; sec. 13, T. 3 S., R. 32 W. on the flood plains along the Escambia River, about Oa—0 to 1 inch; black (10YR 2/1) muck; less than 5 1,500 feet south and 1,170 feet east of the northwest percent fiber rubbed and unrubbed; common fine corner of sec. 19, T. 2 N., R. 30 W. roots; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Oa1—0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) A—1 to 4 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sand; muck; about 25 percent fiber unrubbed, 5 percent weak medium granular structure; very friable; rubbed; many medium and fine roots; very common fine roots; common medium faint very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) streaks of organic Oa2—8 to 45 inches; black (5YR 2/1) muck; about 10 stains; common thin streaks and pockets of light percent fiber unrubbed, 2 percent rubbed; gray (10YR 7/1) clean sand; slightly acid; clear common medium and fine roots; very strongly wavy boundary. acid; gradual wavy boundary. Cg1—4 to 12 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sand; Escambia County, Florida 117

single grained; loose; many coarse faint pale significant accumulation of plinthite in the lower part of brown (10YR 6/3) masses of iron accumulation; the subsoil. strong odor of hydrogen sulfide; slightly acid; Typical pedon of Emory fine sandy loam, ponded; gradual wavy boundary. about 200 feet east and 600 feet north of the Cg2—12 to 50 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sand; southwest corner of sec. 14, T. 5 N., R. 32 W. single grained; loose; slightly acid; gradual wavy Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy boundary. loam; moderate fine granular structure; very Cg3—50 to 80 inches; white (10YR 8/2) sand; single friable; common medium roots and many fine and grained; loose; common black sand grains; slightly very fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy acid. boundary. The combined thickness of the sandy sediments is Bt1—10 to 15 inches; dusky red (10R 3/4) sandy clay more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; acid to moderately alkaline throughout the profile. friable; common medium roots and many fine and Small fragments of mollusk shells are in some pedons. very fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of The Oa horizon, or the Oe horizon where present, peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or Bt2—15 to 24 inches; dark red (10R 3/6) sandy clay 2. It is less than 8 inches thick. loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films 5, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it is neutral in hue and has on faces of peds; extremely acid; gradual wavy value of 2.5 to 5. boundary. The Cg horizon commonly has hue of 10YR to 5Y, Bt3—24 to 80 inches; dark red (10R 3/6) sandy clay value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 or 2. In some pedons, loam; moderate medium subangular blocky however, it has hue of 5GY, value of 5 or 6, and structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films chroma of 1. In some pedons, it has redoximorphic on faces of peds; extremely acid. accumulations in shades of yellow, olive, brown, and The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction red and redoximorphic depletions in shades of brown ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid in the and gray. Ap horizon, except in areas where lime has been applied, and from extremely acid to strongly acid in the Emory Series Bt horizon. The Ap horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The Emory series consists of very deep, well The BA horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These to 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is soils are in shallow depressions on broad, nearly level sandy loam or sandy clay loam. summits in the uplands. The seasonal high water table The Bt horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 3, is below a depth of 6 feet. Most areas, however, are and chroma of 4 to 6. It is commonly sandy clay loam; subject to ponding for 2 to 7 days following periods of in some pedons, however, it is sandy clay in the lower heavy rainfall. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. part. Also, in some pedons, it has a thin subhorizon of The Emory soils in this survey area are taxadjuncts sandy loam in the upper part. to the Emory series because they do not have the high content of silt and dark surface colors that are definitive for the series. These differences, however, Escambia Series do not significantly affect the use, management, or interpretations of the soils. The soils of the Emory The Escambia series consists of very deep, series are classified as fine-silty, siliceous, active, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in loamy thermic Fluventic Umbric Dystrochrepts. In this survey sediments. These soils are in slightly convex positions area, the Emory soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, on broad, nearly level flats and summits. The seasonal 1 1 subactive, thermic Rhodic Paleudults. high water table is at a depth of 1 /2 to 2 /2 feet from Emory soils are geographically associated with December through April in most years. Slopes range Bama, Perdido, Poarch, and Red Bay soils. The Bama from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are coarse-loamy, and Red Bay soils are in slightly higher, more convex siliceous, semiactive, thermic Plinthaquic Paleudults. positions than the Emory soils and are not subject to Escambia soils are geographically associated with ponding. The Perdido and Poarch soils are in higher, Grady, Notcher, Poarch, and Robertsdale soils. The more convex positions, are coarse-loamy, and have a poorly drained Grady soils are in depressions and 118 Soil Survey

have a clayey argillic horizon. The moderately well red (2.5YR 5/8) fine sandy loam; weak coarse drained Notcher and well drained Poarch soils are in subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay slightly higher positions than the Escambia soils. films on faces of peds; about 12 percent firm and Robertsdale soils are in positions similar to those of brittle masses of dark red (2.5YR 3/6) plinthite; the Escambia soils and are fine-loamy. areas of brownish yellow, strong brown, and red Typical pedon of Escambia fine sandy loam, 0 to are masses of iron accumulation; areas of light 2 percent slopes; about 415 feet north and 2,085 gray are iron depletions; very strongly acid. feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 25, T. 1 S., The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Depth to R. 31 W. horizons that have more than 5 percent plinthite A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) ranges from 20 to 48 inches. Reaction ranges from fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile, very friable; common medium and fine roots; very except for surface layer in areas where lime has been strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. applied. E—5 to 10 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) fine sandy The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value loam; weak medium granular structure; very of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. friable; common medium and fine roots; common The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 medium distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is sandy loam, fine sandy masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; loam, or loam. clear smooth boundary. The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR Bt—10 to 24 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It has fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky few to many redoximorphic accumulations in shades structure; very friable; common fine roots; few of yellow, olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium depletions in shades of brown and gray. It is fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. depletions; few medium prominent strong brown The lower part of the Bt horizon commonly has no (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation with dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of sharp boundaries throughout the matrix; very brown, gray, olive, and red; or it has hue of 10YR to strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It has Btv1—24 to 48 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR common or many redoximorphic accumulations in 6/4) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular shades of brown, yellow, and olive and redoximorphic blocky structure; very friable; few faint clay films depletions in shades of brown and gray. It is fine on faces of peds; about 3 percent firm and brittle sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam. The content of masses of dark red (2.5YR 3/6) plinthite; common plinthite ranges from 5 to about 25 percent, by volume. medium faint very pale brown (10YR 7/4), common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and common medium faint brownish yellow Eunola Series (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation; common medium faint light gray (10YR 7/2) irregularly The Eunola series consists of very deep, shaped iron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy and wavy boundary. sandy fluvial sediments. These soils are on low Btv2—48 to 60 inches; 35 percent light gray (10YR terraces adjacent to major streams and rivers. The 1 1 7/2), 35 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), and seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1 /2 to 2 /2 30 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine sandy feet from December through April in most years. loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; These soils are subject to occasional flooding. Slopes very friable; common faint clay films on faces of range from 0 to 5 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, peds; about 7 percent firm and brittle masses of siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults. dark red (2.5YR 3/6) plinthite; areas of brownish Eunola soils are geographically associated with yellow and strong brown are masses of iron Albany, Izagora, Weston, and Yemassee soils. The accumulation; areas of light gray are iron Albany, Izagora, and Yemassee soils are in positions depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy similar to those of the Eunola soils on low terraces. boundary. The Albany soils are somewhat poorly drained and Btv3—60 to 80 inches; 30 percent light gray (10YR have a thick, sandy epipedon. The Izagora soils do not 7/2), 25 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), 25 have a significant decrease in clay content within a percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and 20 percent depth of 60 inches. The Yemassee soils are somewhat Escambia County, Florida 119

poorly drained. The poorly drained Weston soils are in 2C2—58 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) shallow drainageways. sand; single grained; loose; common medium Typical pedon of Eunola fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron percent slopes, occasionally flooded; about 625 feet accumulation; common medium faint pale brown south of Fletcher Creek and 935 feet east of the (10YR 6/3) irregularly shaped iron depletions with railroad tracks, in a wooded area near Cotton Lake sharp boundaries throughout the matrix; strongly Road; about 1.25 miles east and 1.8 miles south of the acid. northwest corner of Spanish Land Grant 2, T. 3 N., R. The solum is more than 40 inches thick. Reaction is 31 W. very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in areas where A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy lime has been applied. loam; moderate medium granular structure; very The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value friable; common medium and fine roots; strongly of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. acid; clear smooth boundary. The BE horizon, which is present in most pedons, BE—5 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam or fine sandy loam. structure; very friable; common medium and fine The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The Bt1—10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky yellow, olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic structure; friable; common fine roots; few faint clay depletions in shades of brown and gray ranges from films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear smooth none to common. The texture is sandy loam, sandy boundary. clay loam, or clay loam. Bt2—18 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) The lower part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has no blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of clay films on faces of peds; common coarse brown, yellow, gray, and red. It has few to many distinct very pale brown (10YR 7/3) and common redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) areas of iron yellow, or red and redoximorphic depletions in shades depletion with sharp boundaries throughout the of brown or gray. It is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. sandy clay. Bt3—28 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) The 2C horizon has a range in color similar to that sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular of the lower part of the Bt horizon. The texture is sand, blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on loamy sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. In many faces of peds; common medium distinct very pale pedons, the 2C horizon has strata of finer- and brown (10YR 7/3) and common medium distinct coarser-textured sediments. light gray (10YR 7/2) areas of iron depletion with sharp boundaries throughout the matrix; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Foxworth Series Bt4—38 to 50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular The Foxworth series consists of very deep, blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on moderately well drained soils that formed in sandy faces of peds; common medium distinct strong sediments. These soils are on low ridges and on brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; knolls. They are in the coastal lowlands. The seasonal 1 common medium distinct very pale brown (10YR high water table is at a depth of 3 /2 to 6 feet from 7/3) and light gray (10YR 7/2) irregularly shaped December through April in most years. Slopes range iron depletions with sharp boundaries throughout from 0 to 5 percent. These soils are thermic, coated the matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Typic Quartzipsamments. 2C1—50 to 58 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Foxworth soils are geographically associated with loamy sand; massive; very friable; common Albany, Hurricane, and Lakeland soils. The somewhat medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses poorly drained Albany and Hurricane soils are in of iron accumulation with sharp boundaries slightly lower positions than the Foxworth soils. The throughout the matrix; strongly acid; gradual wavy Albany soils have a loamy argillic horizon within a boundary. depth of 40 to 80 inches. The Hurricane soils have a 120 Soil Survey

spodic horizon below a depth of 50 inches. The commonly are less than 2 percent but range from 0 to excessively drained Lakeland soils are in slightly 5 percent. These soils are loamy, siliceous, higher positions than the Foxworth soils. semiactive, thermic Aquic Arenic Hapludults. Typical pedon of Foxworth sand, 0 to 5 percent Garcon soils are geographically associated with slopes; about 50 feet north and 50 feet west of the Fluvaquents and Bigbee, Mantachie, and Yemassee southeast corner of sec. 7, T. 3 S., R. 32 W. soils. Bigbee soils are on high parts of natural levees and are sandy throughout the profile. The very poorly A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sand; weak drained Fluvaquents and the loamy Mantachie soils fine granular structure; very friable; common are on flood plains adjacent to the Garcon soils. The medium and fine roots; very strongly acid; clear Yemassee soils are in positions similar to those of the smooth boundary. Garcon soils and do not have a thick, sandy epipedon. C1—6 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand; Typical pedon of Garcon loamy fine sand, in an single grained; loose; common medium and fine area of Garcon-Bigbee-Yemassee complex, 0 to 5 roots; few thin streaks and fine pockets of percent slopes, occasionally flooded; about 2,100 feet uncoated sand; very strongly acid; clear smooth north and 2,700 feet east of the southwest corner of boundary. sec. 3, T. 1 S., R. 31 W. C2—15 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand; single grained; loose; few thin streaks and A—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loamy fine pockets of uncoated sand; very strongly acid; fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very gradual wavy boundary. friable; common medium and fine roots; strongly C3—45 to 55 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) acid; abrupt wavy boundary. sand; single grained; loose; common medium E1—5 to 14 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron loamy fine sand; weak coarse subangular blocky accumulation; few medium faint light brownish structure; very friable; common fine roots; few fine gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions with gradual prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of boundaries throughout the matrix; very strongly iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear smooth acid; gradual wavy boundary. boundary. C4—55 to 80 inches; white (10YR 8/2) sand; single E2—14 to 27 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) grained; loose; common medium prominent loamy fine sand; weak coarse subangular blocky yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron structure; very friable; few fine roots; common accumulation; very strongly acid. medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; common medium Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) irregularly shaped acid throughout the profile, except in areas where lime iron depletions with sharp boundaries throughout has been applied. the matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, Bt—27 to 38 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) fine value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 7.5YR structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is peds; common medium prominent strong brown sand or fine sand. The lower part has hue of 7.5YR or (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; 10YR, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 6 and has common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) few or common redoximorphic accumulations in irregularly shaped iron depletions with diffuse shades of yellow, olive, brown, and red and boundaries throughout the matrix; strongly acid; redoximorphic depletions in shades of brown and gray. clear wavy boundary. It is sand or fine sand. Btg1—38 to 47 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular Garcon Series blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many medium faint light gray The Garcon series consists of very deep, (10YR 7/2) and gray (10YR 5/1) irregularly shaped somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in sandy iron depletions with diffuse boundaries; common and loamy fluvial sediments. These soils are on low medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) terraces adjacent to major streams and rivers. The and common medium prominent strong brown 1 seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1 /2 to 3 feet (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation with from December through April in most years. These diffuse boundaries; strongly acid; gradual wavy soils are subject to occasional flooding. Slopes boundary. Escambia County, Florida 121

Btg2—47 to 57 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) foot from December through July in most years, fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky except in areas that have been drained. Slopes are 0 structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of to 1 percent. These soils are fine, kaolinitic, thermic peds; many medium faint light gray (10YR 7/2) Typic Paleaquults. and gray (10YR 5/1) irregularly shaped iron Grady soils are geographically associated with depletions with diffuse boundaries; common Bama, Escambia, Malbis, and Red Bay soils. The well medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) drained Bama, Malbis, and Red Bay soils are on and common medium prominent strong brown convex summits at slightly higher elevations than the (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation with Grady soils. The somewhat poorly drained Escambia diffuse boundaries; strongly acid; clear wavy soils are in slightly higher, more convex positions than boundary. the Grady soils and are coarse-loamy. Cg—57 to 80 inches; white (10YR 8/1) fine sand; Typical pedon of Grady loam; about 2,700 feet single grained; loose; common medium prominent south and 2,580 feet west of the northeast corner of brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron Spanish Land Grant 38, T. 1 S., R. 31 W. accumulation with diffuse boundaries throughout A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) the matrix; strongly acid. loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; The solum ranges from 45 to 60 inches in common medium and fine roots; very strongly thickness. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. acid throughout the profile, except in areas where lime BE—5 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) has been applied. clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and friable; few fine roots; common fine prominent chroma of 1 or 2. reddish brown (5YR 4/4) masses of iron The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 accumulation with gradual boundaries; very to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It has few or common strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, Btg1—11 to 26 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay; yellow, and red and redoximorphic depletions in moderate medium subangular blocky structure; shades of brown and gray. It is fine sand, loamy fine firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few sand, or loamy sand. fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 masses of iron accumulation with sharp or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It has few or common boundaries; very strongly acid; clear wavy redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, boundary. yellow, and red and redoximorphic depletions in Btg2—26 to 47 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) shades of brown and gray. It is sandy loam, fine sandy clay; moderate medium subangular blocky loam, or sandy clay loam. structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of peds; common fine prominent strong brown 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation with redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, sharp boundaries; many medium faint light yellow, and red and redoximorphic depletions in brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions with shades of brown and gray. It is sandy loam, fine sandy diffuse boundaries throughout the matrix; very loam, or sandy clay loam. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 6 Btg3—47 to 54 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) to 8, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many clay; moderate medium subangular blocky redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of yellow, and red and redoximorphic depletions in peds; common medium faint light gray (5Y 7/2) shades of brown and gray. It is sand or fine sand. irregularly shaped iron depletions with clear boundaries throughout the matrix; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Grady Series Btg4—54 to 80 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; The Grady series consists of very deep, poorly firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many drained soils that formed in clayey sediments. These medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and soils are in depressions on broad, nearly level common medium prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) summits in the uplands. The seasonal high water table masses of iron accumulation with sharp ranges from 2 feet above the surface to a depth of 1 boundaries; very strongly acid. 122 Soil Survey

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction E1—5 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand; ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout single grained; loose; very friable; few fine roots; the profile, except for the surface layer in areas where strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. lime has been applied. E2—24 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value sand; single grained; loose; common medium of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it is neutral in hue distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and has value of 2 to 4. accumulation; common medium distinct light The Eg horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions with 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is sandy clear boundaries throughout the matrix; strongly loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. acid; clear wavy boundary. The BE horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to Eg1—38 to 45 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sand; 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it is single grained; loose; common medium faint pale neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 6. It is sandy clay brown (10YR 6/3) and common medium distinct loam or clay loam. yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 accumulation with clear boundaries throughout the to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it is neutral in hue and matrix; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. has value of 4 to 7. It has few to many redoximorphic Eg2—45 to 58 inches; white (10YR 8/2) sand; single accumulations in shades of brown, yellow, or red and grained; loose; strongly acid; clear smooth redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. It is clay boundary. or sandy clay. Bh1—58 to 68 inches; dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) sand; massive; very friable; about 80 percent of the sand grains are coated with organic matter; Hurricane Series very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bh2—68 to 80 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) The Hurricane series consists of very deep, sand; massive; very friable; about 95 percent of somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in sandy the sand grains are coated with organic matter; sediments. These soils are on broad ridges and knolls very strongly acid. in the coastal lowlands and on low terraces adjacent to major streams and rivers. The seasonal high water The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction 1 1 table is at a depth of 1 /2 to 3 /2 feet from December ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid through April in most years. The areas on the low throughout the profile, except in areas where lime has terraces are subject to occasional flooding. Slopes been applied. range from 0 to 5 percent. These soils are sandy, The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 siliceous, thermic Oxyaquic Alorthods. to 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. Hurricane soils are geographically associated The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 with Albany, Allanton, Foxworth, Leon, and to 8, and chroma of 2 to 6. In some pedons, it has Pottsburg soils. The Albany soils are in positions redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, similar to those of the Hurricane soils on terraces olive, brown, and red below a depth of 24 inches. It is and do not have a spodic horizon. The very poorly sand or fine sand. drained Allanton and poorly drained Pottsburg soils The Eg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 are on flats in slightly lower positions than the to 8, and chroma of 1 or 2. The quantity of Hurricane soils. The moderately well drained redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, Foxworth soils are on higher, more convex knolls olive, brown, and red ranges from none to common. than the Hurricane soils and do not have a spodic The texture is sand or fine sand. horizon. The poorly drained Leon soils are in areas The Bh horizon has hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of 2 of flatwoods and have a spodic horizon within a to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is sand, fine sand, or depth of 30 inches. loamy sand. In some pedons, it is weakly cemented. Typical pedon of Hurricane sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes; about 750 feet west and 2,375 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 3 S., R. 31 W. Iuka Series A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) The Iuka series consists of very deep, moderately sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; well drained soils that formed in stratified loamy and common fine and very fine roots; strongly acid; sandy alluvium. These soils are on the high and clear smooth boundary. intermediate parts of natural levees along flood plains. Escambia County, Florida 123

The seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1 to 3 Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly feet from December through April in most years. acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer These soils are subject to frequent flooding of brief in areas where lime has been applied. duration. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Aquic Udifluvents. The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR or Iuka soils are geographically associated with 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It has few Fluvaquents and Bigbee, Eunola, and Mantachie soils. or common redoximorphic accumulations in shades of The Bigbee soils are on the higher parts of the natural yellow, olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic levees and are sandy throughout the profile. The depletions in shades of brown and gray. It is fine Eunola soils are on low terraces adjacent to the Iuka sandy loam or sandy loam. The quantity of thin strata soils and have a loamy argillic horizon. The very of finer- or coarser-textured sediments ranges from poorly drained Fluvaquents and the somewhat poorly none to common. drained Mantachie soils are on the lower parts of the The lower part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR or flood plain. 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it does Typical pedon of Iuka fine sandy loam, frequently not have a dominant matrix color and is multicolored in flooded; about 2,670 feet east and 1,585 feet north of shades of brown, yellow, and red. It is fine sandy the southwest corner of sec. 34, T. 2 N., R. 31 W. loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand. It has few or common thin strata of finer- or coarser-textured A—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sediments. fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very The Cg horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; clear 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is fine wavy boundary. sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand. It has few or C1—9 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) common thin strata of finer- or coarser-textured sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine sediments. roots; common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Izagora Series C2—20 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; massive; very friable; few thin The Izagora series consists of very deep, strata of loamy fine sand; common fine distinct moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and pale brown clayey sediments. These soils are on low terraces (10YR 6/3) iron depletions with clear adjacent to major streams and rivers. The seasonal boundaries throughout the matrix; very strongly 1 1 high water table is at a depth of 1 /2 to 2 /2 feet from acid; gradual wavy boundary. December through April. These soils are subject to C3—32 to 58 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) occasional flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. sandy loam; massive; very friable; few thin These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, strata of sand and loamy sand; common thermic Aquic Paleudults. medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Izagora soils are geographically associated with iron depletions; common medium prominent Dorovan, Eunola, Yemassee, and Weston soils. The yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron very poorly drained Dorovan soils are in deep sloughs accumulation with clear boundaries throughout or other depressions and are organic soils. The the matrix; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Eunola soils are in positions similar those of the boundary. Izagora soils and have sandy substrata within a depth C4—58 to 80 inches; 20 percent light gray (10YR 7/1), of 60 inches. The poorly drained Weston and 20 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), 20 somewhat poorly drained Yemassee soils are in the percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), 20 percent slightly lower, less convex positions on the terraces. yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and 20 percent red Typical pedon of Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 (2.5YR 4/8) sandy loam; massive; very friable; percent slopes, occasionally flooded; about 500 feet common thin strata of sand and loamy sand; east and 170 feet south of the northwest corner of areas of light gray and light brownish gray are iron sec. 3, T. 5 N., R. 30 W. depletions; areas of brownish yellow, yellowish red, and red are masses of iron accumulation; Ap1—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) fine very strongly acid. sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very 124 Soil Survey

friable; common medium, fine, and very fine roots; Kureb series very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Ap2—4 to 8 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) fine The Kureb series consists of very deep, sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; excessively drained soils that formed in sandy marine very friable; common medium, fine, and very fine sediments. These soils are on low ridges and knolls roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. and on old dunes. They are in the coastal lowlands. E—8 to 10 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) fine The seasonal high water table is below a depth of 6 sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky feet throughout the year. Slopes range from 0 to 12 structure; very friable; common fine and very fine percent. These soils are thermic, uncoated Spodic roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Quartzipsamments. Bt1—10 to 18 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Kureb soils are geographically associated with loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Corolla, Duckston, Lakeland, Newhan, and Resota structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films soils. The somewhat poorly drained Corolla and poorly on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy drained Duckston soils are in lower positions than the boundary. Kureb soils. The Lakeland soils are in positions similar Bt2—18 to 28 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) to those of the Kureb soils and do not have spodic loam; moderate medium subangular blocky materials within the profile. The Newhan soils are on structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of the less stable dunes that are affected by salt spray peds; few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and do not have spodic materials within the profile. masses of iron accumulation; few fine faint light The moderately well drained Resota soils are in lower gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions with clear positions than the Kureb soils. boundaries throughout the matrix; very strongly Typical pedon of Kureb sand, 0 to 8 percent slopes; acid; clear wavy boundary. about 1,600 feet south and 2,900 feet east of the Bt3—28 to 80 inches; 30 percent light gray (10YR northwest corner of sec. 23, T. 3 S., R. 31 W. 7/1), 30 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), 20 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and 20 percent A—0 to 3 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sand; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; weak coarse prisms single grained; loose; common medium and fine that part to moderate coarse subangular blocky roots; many uncoated sand grains; very strongly structure; firm; common thin clay films on faces of acid; clear wavy boundary. peds; areas of brownish yellow, strong brown, and E—3 to 19 inches; white (N 8/0) sand; single grained; red are masses of iron accumulation; areas of loose; common medium and fine roots; strongly light gray are iron depletions; very strongly acid. acid; clear irregular boundary. C/Bh—19 to 36 inches; 70 percent brownish yellow The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction (10YR 6/8) sand (C); single grained; loose; few ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid streaks of white (N 8/0) sand; 30 percent dark throughout the profile, except for the surface layer in brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand (Bh) in thin bands at the areas where lime has been applied. horizon contact and bordering the streaks of white The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid; clear of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. wavy boundary. The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or C1—36 to 50 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid; gradual sandy loam or loam. wavy boundary. The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR C2—50 to 80 inches; yellow (10YR 7/8) sand; single or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The grained; loose; strongly acid. quantity of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and red and redoximorphic depletions in Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly shades of brown and gray ranges from none to acid throughout the profile. common. The texture is loam or clay loam. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and The lower part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or chroma of 1 or 2. 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it does The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 not have a dominant matrix color and is multicolored in to 8, and chroma of 1 to 3; or it is neutral in hue and shades of brown, yellow, and red. It has common or has value of 8. It is fine sand or sand. many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of The Bh part of the C/Bh horizon has hue of 5YR to brown and red and redoximorphic depletions in 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine shades of brown and gray. It is clay loam or clay. sand or sand. Escambia County, Florida 125

Figure 10.—Profile of Albany sand. A loamy argillic horizon is Figure 11.—Profile of Lakeland sand. The shovel is 42 inches at a depth of about 54 inches. The shovel is 42 inches long. long. 126 Soil Survey

Figure 12.—Profile of Leon sand. A dark-colored spodic Figure 13.—Profile of Lucy loamy sand. A loamy kandic horizon is at a depth of about 24 inches. The shovel is 42 horizon begins at a depth of about 33 inches. Depth is inches long. marked in feet. Escambia County, Florida 127

Figure 14.—Profile of Pelham loamy sand. A loamy argillic Figure 15.—Profile of a Pottsburg soil. A spodic horizon is at a horizon begins at a depth of about 30 inches. Depth is depth of about 52 inches. Depth is marked in meters and marked in meters and feet. feet. 128 Soil Survey

Figure 16.—Profile of Resota sand. The shovel is 42 inches Figure 17.—Profile of Troup sand. A loamy kandic horizon long. begins at a depth of about 60 inches. The shovel is 42 inches long. Escambia County, Florida 129

The C horizon and the C part of the C/Bh horizon The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 7, have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma and chroma of 3 to 8; or it has hue of 7.5YR, value of of 1 to 8. The quantity of redoximorphic accumulations 5 or 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. In most pedons, it has in shades of yellow, olive, brown, and red ranges from streaks and pockets of clean sand. none to common. The texture is fine sand or sand. In many pedons, the C horizon and the C part of the C/ Bh horizon have streaks of clean or uncoated sand. Leon Series

The Leon series consists of very deep, poorly Lakeland Series drained soils that formed in sandy marine sediments. These soils are in convex or concave positions in The Lakeland series consists of very deep, areas of flatwoods in the coastal lowlands. The excessively drained soils that formed in sandy marine 1 1 seasonal high water table is at a depth of /2 to 1 /2 feet sediments. These soils are on the summits and side from December through April in most years. Slopes slopes of ridges in the uplands and on low ridges and range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are sandy, knolls in the coastal lowlands. The seasonal high siliceous, thermic Aeric Alaquods. water table is below a depth of 6 feet throughout the Leon soils are geographically associated with year. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. These soils Allanton, Croatan, Hurricane, Pickney, and Pottsburg are thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments. soils. The very poorly drained Allanton, Croatan, and Lakeland soils are geographically associated with Pickney soils are in flats and depressions at slightly Albany, Bonifay, Foxworth, Poarch, and Troup soils. lower elevations than the Leon soils. The Allanton soils The somewhat poorly drained Albany soils are on do not have a spodic horizon within a depth of 30 toeslopes and terraces and have a loamy argillic inches. The Croatan soils are organic soils. The horizon within a depth of 40 to 80 inches. The Bonifay Pickney soils have an umbric epipedon. The and Troup soils are in positions similar to those of the somewhat poorly drained Hurricane soils are in slightly Lakeland soils and have a loamy argillic horizon within higher positions than the Leon soils and do not have a a depth of 40 to 80 inches. The moderately well spodic horizon within a depth of 30 inches. The drained Foxworth soils are in positions similar to those Pottsburg soils are in positions similar to those of the of the Lakeland soils but are at lower elevations. The Leon soils and do not have a spodic horizon within a Poarch soils are on summits or side slopes at slightly depth of 30 inches. higher elevations than the Lakeland soils and are fine- Typical pedon of Leon sand (fig. 12); about 500 feet loamy. south and 170 feet east of the northwest corner of Typical pedon of Lakeland sand, 0 to 5 percent Spanish Land Grant 17, T. 3 S., R. 31 W. slopes (fig. 11); about 1,100 feet south and 80 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 13, T. 2 S., R. A—0 to 5 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sand; weak 30 W. fine granular structure; very friable; many medium and fine roots; many clean sand grains; very A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Eg1—5 to 12 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sand; single common medium and fine roots; strongly acid; grained; loose; common medium and fine roots; clear wavy boundary. very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. C1—5 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sand; Eg2—12 to 18 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sand; single single grained; loose; common medium and fine grained; loose; few fine roots; common medium roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses C2—15 to 58 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) of iron accumulation; common faint streaks of gray sand; single grained; loose; few streaks of clean (10YR 5/1) clean sand; very strongly acid; abrupt sand; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. smooth boundary. C3—58 to 80 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Bh1—18 to 22 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) sand; single grained; loose; common streaks and sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; pockets of clean sand; strongly acid. very friable; more than 95 percent of the sand Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to grains are coated with organic matter; very moderately acid throughout the profile, except in areas strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. where lime has been applied. Bh2—22 to 26 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) sand; The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. friable; more than 90 percent of the sand grains 130 Soil Survey

are coated with organic matter; very strongly acid; slopes (fig. 13); about 2,335 feet north and 2,670 clear wavy boundary. feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 21, T. 2 N., E´g1—26 to 38 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) R. 31 W. sand; single grained; loose; common medium A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand; weak distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) organic stains in medium granular structure; very friable; many root channels; very strongly acid; gradual wavy medium, fine, and very fine roots; strongly acid; boundary. clear smooth boundary. E´g2—38 to 65 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/2) E1—6 to 20 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loamy sand; sand; single grained; loose; common coarse faint weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very pale brown (10YR 6/3) masses of iron friable; common medium and fine roots; strongly accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy acid; gradual wavy boundary. boundary. E2—20 to 26 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand; B´h—65 to 80 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few medium and fine roots; strongly acid; very friable; more than 90 percent of the sand clear wavy boundary. grains are coated with organic matter; common Bt1—26 to 38 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy loam; medium faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; depletions; very strongly acid. few medium and fine roots; few faint clay films on Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy throughout the profile. boundary. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and Bt2—38 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay chroma of 1 or 2; or it is neutral in hue and has value loam; moderate medium subangular structure; of 2 to 4. friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; The Eg and E´g horizons have hue of 10YR or strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 or 2. They are Bt3—65 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy loam; sand or fine sand. weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; The Bh and B´h horizons have hue of 5YR to few faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid. 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. They are The solum is more than 60 inches thick. The sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand. combined thickness of the sandy layers ranges from The C horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 20 to 40 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 6. It is sand acid to moderately acid in the A and E horizons, or fine sand. except where lime has been applied, and is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the Bt horizon. The Lucy Series content of rounded quartz pebbles, ironstone nodules, or both ranges from 0 to 10 percent, by volume. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, The Lucy series consists of very deep, well drained value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. soils that formed in sandy and loamy sediments. The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of These soils are on summits, shoulder slopes, and side 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand, loamy sand, or slopes of ridges in the uplands. The seasonal high loamy fine sand. water table is below a depth of 6 feet throughout the The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 year. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. These soils or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. In some pedons, it has are loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Kandiudults. redoximorphic features in shades of brown and gray in Lucy soils are geographically associated with the lower part. These features are assumed to be Bama, Bonifay, Cowarts, Perdido, and Troup soils. relict and are not reflective of current hydrology. The The Bama soils are on summits at slightly higher texture is sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. elevations than the Lucy soils and do not have a thick, sandy epipedon. The Bonifay and Troup soils are in positions similar to those of the Lucy soils and have Malbis Series sandy epipedons that range from 40 to 80 inches in thickness. The Cowarts and Perdido soils commonly The Malbis series consists of very deep, are in the lower positions on side slopes and do not moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy have a thick, sandy epipedon. sediments. These soils are on summits and shoulder Typical pedon of Lucy loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes in the uplands. The seasonal high water table Escambia County, Florida 131

1 is at a depth of 2 /2 to 4 feet from December through iron accumulation; many medium distinct light April in most years. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions with sharp These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, boundaries throughout the matrix; very strongly thermic Plinthic Paleudults. acid; gradual wavy boundary. Malbis soils are geographically associated with BC—62 to 80 inches; 25 percent yellowish brown Bama, Escambia, Grady, Notcher, and Poarch soils. (10YR 5/4), 25 percent light gray (10YR 7/2), 20 The Bama, Notcher, and Poarch soils are in positions percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), 15 percent red similar to those of the Malbis soils. The Bama soils (2.5YR 4/8), and 15 percent pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) have a reddish argillic horizon and do not have a clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky significant accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. The structure; firm; areas of yellowish brown, strong Notcher soils have more than 5 percent ironstone brown, and red are masses of iron accumulation; nodules throughout. The Poarch soils are coarse- areas of light gray are iron depletions; very loamy. The somewhat poorly drained Escambia soils strongly acid. are in slightly lower positions than the Malbis soils and The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction are coarse-loamy. The poorly drained Grady soils are ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in in depressions. the surface layer, except in areas where lime has Typical pedon of Malbis sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent been applied, and is very strongly acid or strongly acid slopes; about 1,875 feet east and 50 feet south of the in the subsoil. northwest corner of sec. 2, T. 2 S., R. 31 W. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. loam; moderate medium granular structure; very The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 friable; many medium, fine, and very fine roots; or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The quantity of strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown or Bt—7 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; red is none or few. The texture is loam, sandy clay weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; loam, or clay loam. few medium and common fine roots; few faint clay The upper part of the Btv horizon has hue of 10YR films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has boundary. few or common redoximorphic accumulations in Btv1—22 to 37 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) shades of yellow, olive, brown, and red. It has few to clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky many redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces below a depth of 30 inches. It is sandy clay loam or of peds; about 8 percent firm and brittle masses of clay loam. plinthite; common medium prominent yellowish The lower part of the Btv horizon has a range in red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; color similar to that of the upper part; or it has no common medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3) iron dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of depletions with sharp boundaries throughout the brown, yellow, red, and gray. It is loam, clay loam, or matrix; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. sandy clay loam. The content of plinthite ranges from Btv2—37 to 50 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) 5 to 15 percent, by volume, in the Btv horizon. clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The BC horizon, where present, has no dominant structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces matrix color and is multicolored in shades of brown, of peds; about 12 percent firm and brittle masses yellow, red, and gray. It is clay loam, sandy clay loam, of plinthite; common medium prominent yellowish or clay. red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; common medium distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/2) and brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions with sharp Mantachie Series boundaries throughout the matrix; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Mantachie series consists of very deep, Btv3—50 to 62 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in loamy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky alluvium. These soils are on the lower parts of natural structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces levees and the higher parts of backswamps on flood of peds; about 10 percent firm and brittle plains along major streams and rivers. The seasonal 1 masses of plinthite; many medium prominent high water table is at a depth of 1 to 1 /2 feet from yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and many medium December through April in most years. These soils are distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of subject to frequent flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 2 132 Soil Survey

percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, active, The solum ranges from 30 to 65 inches in acid, thermic Aeric Endoaquepts. thickness. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly Mantachie soils are geographically associated acid throughout the profile, except for the surface layer with Fluvaquents and Bigbee, Dorovan, Eunola, and in areas where lime has been applied. Iuka soils. The Bigbee soils are on the highest parts The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of the natural levees and are sandy throughout. The of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. very poorly drained Dorovan soils and Fluvaquents The Bw horizon commonly has hue of 10YR or are in depressions on the flood plains. The 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. In some moderately well drained Eunola soils are on low pedons, however, it does not have a dominant matrix terraces and have a loamy argillic horizon. The color and is multicolored in shades of brown, yellow, moderately well drained Iuka soils are on the gray, and red. It has few to many redoximorphic slightly higher parts of the natural levees and are accumulations in shades of yellow, olive, brown, and coarse-loamy. red and redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. It Typical pedon of Mantachie loam, in an area of is loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam. Mantachie-Fluvaquents-Bigbee complex, frequently The Bg horizon commonly has hue of 10YR or flooded; on the flood plains along the Escambia River, 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2 and has about 670 feet north and 1,670 feet east of the few to many masses of iron accumulation in shades of southwest corner of sec. 35, T. 6 N., R. 30 W. yellow, olive, brown, and red. In some pedons, however, it does not have a dominant matrix color and A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak is multicolored in shades of brown, yellow, gray, and medium granular structure; friable; common red. It is loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam. medium roots and many fine roots; few medium The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 and fine concretions of iron and manganese to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2 and has few to many oxides; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, Bw—6 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine olive, brown, and red. It is clay loam, sandy clay loam, subangular blocky structure; friable; common loam, or sandy loam. medium and fine roots; few medium and fine concretions of iron and manganese oxides; few fine faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses Maubila Series of iron accumulation; few fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; clear The Maubila series consists of very deep, wavy boundary. moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey Bg1—11 to 26 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay marine sediments. These soils are on summits, loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; shoulder slopes, and side slopes in the uplands. The friable; few fine roots; common medium and fine 1 seasonal high water table is at a depth of 2 to 3 /2 feet concretions of iron and manganese oxides; from December through April in most years. Slopes common fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; range from 2 to 12 percent. These soils are fine, common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR mixed, subactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults. 5/6) masses of iron accumulation with gradual Maubila soils are geographically associated with boundaries throughout the matrix; strongly acid; Cowarts, Notcher, Perdido, Poarch, and Troup soils. gradual wavy boundary. The Cowarts, Notcher, Perdido, and Troup soils are in Bg2—26 to 55 inches; 50 percent gray (10YR 6/1), 20 positions similar to those of the Maubila soils. The percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), 20 percent Cowarts soils are fine-loamy. The Notcher soils are strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and 10 percent reddish fine-loamy and have a significant accumulation of brown (5YR 5/4) sandy clay loam; weak medium plinthite in the subsoil. The Perdido soils are coarse- subangular blocky structure; friable; areas of gray loamy. The Troup soils have a thick, sandy epipedon. are iron depletions; areas of brownish yellow, The Poarch soils are on higher summits than the strong brown, and reddish brown are masses of Maubila soils and are coarse-loamy. iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy Typical pedon of Maubila gravelly fine sandy loam, boundary. in an area of Notcher-Maubila complex, 2 to 5 percent Cg—55 to 80 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam; massive; slopes; about 170 feet south and 1,835 feet east of the friable; many fine and medium prominent brownish northwest corner of sec. 27, T. 4 N., R. 31 W. yellow (10YR 6/8), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and reddish brown (5YR 5/4) masses of iron Ap—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR accumulation; strongly acid. 3/2) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine granular Escambia County, Florida 133

structure; very friable; many medium, fine, and The upper part of the Bt horizon commonly has hue very fine roots; 20 percent, by volume, fine and of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 6 to medium nodules of ironstone; strongly acid; clear 8. It has few or common redoximorphic accumulations smooth boundary. in shades of yellow, olive, brown, and red and E—4 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine redoximorphic depletions in shades of brown and gray. sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; The texture commonly is clay loam or clay. In some common medium and fine roots; 8 percent, by pedons, however, it is sandy clay loam. volume, fine and medium nodules of ironstone; The lower part of the Bt horizon has a range in strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. color similar to that of the upper part, or it does not Bt1—9 to 16 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) clay have a dominant matrix color and is multicolored in loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; shades of brown, yellow, gray, and red. It has common few medium and fine roots; few faint clay films on or many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy yellow, olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic boundary. depletions in shades of brown and gray. It is clay Bt2—16 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay loam, clay, or silty clay. loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The BC horizon, where present, typically does not structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint clay have a dominant matrix color and is multicolored in films on faces of peds; common fine and medium shades of brown, yellow, gray, and red. It is sandy clay reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) and red (2.5YR 4/8) loam, clay loam, or clay. The quantity of thin strata or masses of iron accumulation; few medium distinct pockets of finer- or coarser-textured sediments ranges grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; very from none to common. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The C horizon, where present, has the same range Bt3—32 to 54 inches; 30 percent reddish yellow in color as the BC horizon. It is firm or very firm and is (7.5YR 6/8), 30 percent yellowish red (5YR 5/8), massive. It is clay loam, clay, silty clay, or sandy clay 20 percent red (2.5YR 4/8), and 20 percent light loam. Most pedons have one or more thin, gray (10YR 7/1) clay loam; moderate medium discontinuous strata of ironstone and thin strata or subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint pockets of finer- or coarser-textured sediments. clay films on faces of peds; areas of reddish yellow, yellowish red, and red are masses of iron accumulation; areas of light gray are iron Newhan Series depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy The Newhan series consists of very deep, boundary. excessively drained soils that formed in thick deposits BC—54 to 80 inches; 25 percent brownish yellow of marine sands that have been reworked by wind and (10YR 6/8), 25 percent reddish yellow (7.5YR wave action. These soils are on dunes on the barrier 6/8), 25 percent yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and 25 islands and adjacent to the coastal beaches on the percent light gray (10YR 7/1) sandy clay loam; mainland. The seasonal high water table is below a massive; firm; areas of brownish yellow, reddish depth of 6 feet throughout the year. Slopes range from yellow, and yellowish red are masses of iron 2 to 12 percent. These soils are thermic, uncoated accumulation; areas of light gray are iron Typic Quartzipsamments. depletions; very strongly acid. Newhan soils are geographically associated with The solum ranges from 40 to 60 inches in Corolla, Dirego, Duckston, Kureb, and Resota soils. thickness. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to The somewhat poorly drained Corolla soils are on the strongly acid throughout the profile, except for the lower parts of dunes and in shallow swales between surface layer in areas where lime has been applied. dunes. The very poorly drained Dirego soils are in tidal The content of coarse fragments, mainly nodules or marshes and have a thick histic horizon. The poorly channers of ironstone, ranges from 5 to 25 percent, by drained Duckston soils are on flats and in swales volume, in the A and E horizons and is less than 15 between dunes. The Kureb and Resota soils are on percent, by volume, in the Bt, BC, and C horizons. dunes and knolls that are not subject to salt spray. The The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, Kureb soils have discontinuous spodic horizons. The value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Resota soils are moderately well drained. The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, Typical pedon of Newhan sand, in an area of value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy sand, Newhan-Corolla complex, rolling, rarely flooded; about loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam, loam, or their 2,500 feet south and 4,850 feet west of the northeast gravelly analogues. corner of sec. 34, T. 3 S., R. 32 W. 134 Soil Survey

A—0 to 3 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sand; single sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky grained; loose; few fine roots; slightly acid; clear structure; very friable; common medium and fine wavy boundary. roots; about 7 percent, by volume, medium C1—3 to 22 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) sand; single nodules of ironstone; very strongly acid; clear grained; loose; few fine roots; common black sand wavy boundary. grains; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Btc1—12 to 20 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) C2—22 to 80 inches; white (10YR 8/1) sand; single sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky grained; loose; common black sand grains; slightly structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of acid. peds; about 10 percent, by volume, fine and medium nodules of ironstone; very strongly acid; The combined thickness of the sandy sediments is gradual wavy boundary. more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely Btc2—20 to 34 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) acid to slightly alkaline. Up to 35 percent, by volume, gravelly sandy clay loam; moderate medium of the soil is fragments of mollusk shell, mostly of sand subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay size. In most pedons, dark sand grains of ilmenite are films on faces of peds; about 20 percent, by throughout the profile. volume, fine and medium nodules of ironstone; The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 few medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) to 7, and chroma of 1 to 3. masses of iron accumulation; few fine distinct The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; very to 8, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is sand or fine sand. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Btv1—34 to 48 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) Notcher Series gravelly sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay The Notcher series consists of very deep, films on faces of peds; about 20 percent, by moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy volume, fine and medium nodules of ironstone; sediments. These soils are on summits, shoulder about 5 percent, by volume, firm and brittle slopes, and side slopes in the uplands. The seasonal masses of plinthite; few medium prominent high water table is at a depth of 3 to 4 feet from yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and red (2.5YR 5/8) December through April in most years. Slopes range masses of iron accumulation with clear from 0 to 12 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, boundaries throughout the matrix; few fine distinct siliceous, subactive, thermic Plinthic Paleudults. grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; very Notcher soils are geographically associated with strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bama, Grady, Malbis, Maubila, and Robertsdale soils. Btv2—48 to 80 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) The Bama and Malbis soils are in positions similar to sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular those of the Notcher soils. The Bama soils have a blocky structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces reddish argillic horizon and do not have a significant of peds; about 10 percent, by volume, fine and accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. The Malbis medium nodules of ironstone; about 7 percent, by soils have less than 5 percent, by volume, nodules of volume, firm and brittle masses of plinthite; ironstone throughout. The poorly drained Grady soils common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) are in depressions. The Maubila soils are on side iron depletions with sharp boundaries throughout slopes and have a clayey argillic horizon. The the matrix; common medium prominent reddish somewhat poorly drained Robertsdale soils are in yellow (5YR 6/8) and red (2.5YR 5/8) masses of slightly lower positions than the Notcher soils. iron accumulation with clear boundaries Typical pedon of Notcher fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 throughout the matrix; very strongly acid. percent slopes; about 1,670 feet east and 2,250 The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 33, T. 3 ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in N., R. 31 W. the surface layer, except where lime has been applied, Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine and is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the sandy loam; moderate fine granular structure; very subsoil. The content of nodules of ironstone, ranging friable; common medium, fine, and very fine roots; from 0.25 to 2 inches in diameter, is 5 to 25 percent, about 5 percent, by volume, fine and medium by volume, in the A, E, EB, and Btc horizons. nodules of ironstone; very strongly acid; clear The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value smooth boundary. of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. EB—5 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) fine The EB or BE horizon, where present, has hue of Escambia County, Florida 135

10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is sandy yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or their gravelly with clear boundaries throughout the matrix; very analogues. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Btc horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value Eg2—20 to 35 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loamy sand; of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few or common weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, friable; common fine prominent strong brown olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic depletions in (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation with shades of brown and gray. It is sandy clay loam, clay sharp boundaries throughout the matrix; very loam, loam, or their gravelly analogues. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Btv horizon dominantly has a range in color Btg1—35 to 58 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; similar to that of the Btc horizon or has hue of 2.5YR weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. In some few faint clay films on faces of peds; common pedons, however, the lower part of the horizon has no medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron red, brown, yellow, and gray. The texture is sandy clay accumulation with gradual boundaries throughout loam, clay loam, loam, or their gravelly analogues. the matrix; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Btg2—58 to 80 inches; 55 percent gray (10YR 6/1) Pelham Series and 45 percent light gray (10YR 7/1) sandy clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; The Pelham series consists of very deep, poorly friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy common coarse prominent yellow (10YR 7/6) and sediments. These soils are on flats in the coastal strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron lowlands and in slightly depressional positions on low accumulation with sharp boundaries throughout stream terraces. The seasonal high water table is 1 the matrix; very strongly acid. within a depth of /2 foot from December through April in most years. Areas on low terraces are subject to The solum is more than 60 inches thick. The occasional flooding. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. combined thickness of the sandy layers ranges from These soils are loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic 20 to 40 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid Arenic Paleaquults. to strongly acid throughout the profile, except in areas Pelham soils are geographically associated with where lime has been applied. Albany, Dorovan, Escambia, and Yemassee soils. The The A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 2 to somewhat poorly drained Albany and Escambia soils 5, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it is neutral in hue and has are in slightly higher positions than the Pelham soils. value of 2 to 4. The Albany soils have a sandy epipedon that is 40 to The Eg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 80 inches thick. The Escambia soils do not have a to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. The quantity of thick, sandy epipedon. The very poorly drained redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, Dorovan soils are in depressions and have a thick olive, brown, and red ranges from none to common. histic epipedon. The somewhat poorly drained The texture is loamy sand, sand, or fine sand. Yemassee soils are in positions similar to those of the The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 Pelham soils on low terraces and do not have a thick, to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it is neutral in hue and sandy epipedon. has value of 5 to 7. It has few to many redoximorphic Typical pedon of Pelham loamy sand, 0 to 2 accumulations in shades of yellow, olive, brown, and percent slopes (fig. 14); about 2,500 feet north and red and redoximorphic depletions in shades of brown 2,500 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 29, T. 3 and gray. It is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy N., R. 32 W. clay loam. A—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Perdido Series many medium and fine roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Perdido series consists of very deep, well Eg1—5 to 20 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loamy sand; drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very soils are on summits, shoulder slopes, and side friable; few medium and fine roots; common fine slopes in the uplands. The seasonal high water table distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and brownish is at a depth of 4 to 6 feet from December through 136 Soil Survey

April in most years. Slopes range from 0 to 35 The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, percent. These soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. subactive, thermic Plinthic Paleudults. The E horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR or Perdido soils are geographically associated with 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is fine Lucy, Maubila, Notcher, Poarch, and Troup soils. The sandy loam or sandy loam. Lucy soils are in higher positions than the Perdido The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or soils and have a thick, sandy epipedon. The Maubila 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is soils are in lower positions than the Perdido soils and sandy loam or fine sandy loam. The lower part has have a clayey argillic horizon. The Notcher, Poarch, hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of and Troup soils are in positions similar to those of the 6 to 8. It is sandy loam or sandy clay loam. Perdido soils. The Notcher soils are fine-loamy and The Btv horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value have brownish colors in the subsoil. The Poarch soils of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It has few or common have brownish colors in the subsoil. The Troup soils redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, have a thick, sandy epipedon. olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic depletions in Typical pedon of Perdido sandy loam, 0 to 2 shades of brown and gray. The content of nodular percent slopes; about 100 feet north and 100 feet west plinthite ranges from 5 to 15 percent, by volume. The of the intersection of County Highway 4 and Raines texture is sandy loam or sandy clay loam. Road; about 1,420 feet south and 50 feet east of the The B´t horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR northwest corner of sec. 10, T. 5 N., R. 31 W. to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It has few or common redoximorphic accumulations in Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) shades of yellow, olive, brown, and red and sandy loam; moderate medium granular structure; redoximorphic depletions in shades of brown and gray. friable; common medium, fine, and very fine roots; It is sandy loam or sandy clay loam. strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The BC horizon, where present, has the same Bt1—8 to 27 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy range in color as the B´t horizon; or it has no dominant loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; matrix color and is multicolored in shades of red, friable; common medium and fine roots; few faint brown, and gray. It is sandy loam or sandy clay loam. clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2—27 to 45 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy Pickney Series loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; The Pickney series consists of very deep, very friable; few fine roots; common faint clay films on poorly drained soils that formed in sandy marine faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. sediments. These soils are on broad flats and in Btv—45 to 57 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy shallow depressions. They are in the coastal lowlands. loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; On the flats, the seasonal high water table is within a friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; about 1 depth of /2 foot from December through April in most 10 percent, by volume, firm and brittle masses of years. The depressional areas are subject to ponding plinthite; common medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) for long periods. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; soils are sandy, siliceous, thermic Cumulic gradual wavy boundary. Humaquepts. B´t1—57 to 72 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay Pickney soils are geographically associated with loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; Allanton, Croatan, Hurricane, Leon, and Pottsburg friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; soils. The very poorly drained Allanton and Croatan strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. soils are in positions similar to those of the Pickney B´t2—72 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy loam; soils. The Allanton soils have a spodic horizon. The weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; Croatan soils have a thick, histic epipedon. The few faint clay films on faces of peds; common somewhat poorly drained Hurricane soils are on knolls medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses and do not have a thick, umbric epipedon. The poorly of iron accumulation; few fine distinct light gray drained Leon and Pottsburg soils are in slightly higher (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; strongly acid. positions than the Pickney soils on flats and in areas The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is of flatwoods and do not have a thick, umbric epipedon. very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the Typical pedon of Pickney sand; about 1,500 feet profile, except for the surface layer in areas where south and 250 feet east of the northwest corner of lime has been applied. sec. 14, T. 3 S., R. 31 W. Escambia County, Florida 137

A1—0 to 10 inches; black (10YR 2/1) sand; weak loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; medium granular structure; very friable; common very friable; common fine roots; few faint clay films medium, fine, and very fine roots; very strongly on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy acid; gradual smooth boundary. boundary. A2—10 to 35 inches; black (10YR 2/1) sand; single Btv1—31 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) grained; loose; common thin streaks of gray sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky (10YR 6/1) uncoated sand; very strongly acid; structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of gradual smooth boundary. peds; about 7 percent, by volume, firm and brittle Cg1—35 to 52 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) masses of plinthite; common medium distinct coarse sand; single grained; loose; very strongly strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common medium acid; clear smooth boundary. prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron Cg2—52 to 80 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR accumulation; few fine distinct light gray (10YR 3/2) sand; single grained; loose; very strongly 7/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual acid. wavy boundary. Btv2—38 to 45 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky acid throughout the profile. structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 peds; about 10 percent, by volume, firm and brittle or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. masses of plinthite; common medium distinct The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common medium to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it is neutral in hue and prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron has value of 3 to 7. It is coarse sand or sand. accumulation; few fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual Poarch Series wavy boundary. Btv3—45 to 63 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) The Poarch series consists of very deep, well sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of sediments. These soils are on summits, shoulder peds; about 10 percent, by volume, firm and brittle slopes, and side slopes in the uplands. The masses of plinthite; common medium distinct 1 seasonal high water table is at a depth of 2 /2 to 4 strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron feet from December through April in most years. accumulation; common coarse distinct light gray Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. These soils are (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Plinthic gradual wavy boundary. Paleudults. Btv4—63 to 80 inches; 40 percent very pale brown Poarch soils are geographically associated with (10YR 7/4), 30 percent brownish yellow (10YR Escambia, Grady, Notcher, Perdido, and Red Bay 6/6), 20 percent light gray (10YR 7/2), and 10 soils. The somewhat poorly drained Escambia soils percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy loam; are in slightly lower, less convex positions than those weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; of the Poarch soils. The poorly drained Grady soils are few faint clay films on faces of peds; about 5 in depressions and have a clayey argillic horizon. The percent, by volume, firm and brittle masses of Notcher, Perdido, and Red Bay soils are in positions plinthite; areas of brownish yellow and strong similar to those of the Poarch soils. The moderately brown are masses of iron accumulation; areas of well drained Notcher soils are fine-loamy. The Perdido very pale brown and light gray are iron depletions; soils have hue of 5YR or redder throughout the very strongly acid. subsoil. The Red Bay soils have a dark red argillic The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is horizon. very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the Typical pedon of Poarch sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent profile, except for the surface layer in areas where slopes; about 250 feet north and 1,850 feet west of the lime has been applied. southeast corner of sec. 1, T. 1 S., R. 31 W. The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or friable; many fine and very fine roots; strongly 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is acid; clear smooth boundary. sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. Bt—5 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 138 Soil Survey

or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is fine sandy loam, sandy iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual loam, or loam. wavy boundary. The Btv horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of Eg2—38 to 53 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it does not have a sand; single grained; loose; very strongly acid; dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of clear wavy boundary. brown, yellow, gray, and red. It has common or many Bh1—53 to 68 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, sand; massive; very friable; about 75 percent of olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic depletions in the sand grains are coated with organic matter; shades of brown and gray. It is commonly fine sandy very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. loam, sandy loam, or loam. In the lower part of some Bh2—68 to 80 inches; black (5YR 2/1) sand; massive; pedons, however, it is sandy clay loam or clay loam. very friable; about 90 percent of the sand grains The content of nodular plinthite ranges from 5 to about are coated with organic matter; very strongly acid. 25 percent, by volume. The solum is more than 80 inches thick. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid Pottsburg Series throughout the profile, except in areas where lime has been applied. The Pottsburg series consists of very deep, poorly The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 5, and drained soils that formed in sandy marine sediments. chroma of 1 or 2; or it is neutral in hue and has value These soils are in areas of flatwoods in the coastal of 2 to 5. lowlands. The seasonal high water table is at a depth The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 1 of /2 to 1 foot from December through April in most to 7, and chroma of 3 or 4. It has few or common years. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, are sandy, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Alaquods. olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic depletions in Pottsburg soils are geographically associated with shades of brown and gray. It is sand or fine sand. Allanton, Hurricane, Leon, and Pickney soils. The very The Eg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 poorly drained Allanton soils are in slightly lower to 8, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few or common positions than the Pottsburg soils. The somewhat redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, poorly drained Hurricane soils are on knolls at slightly olive, brown, and red. It is sand or fine sand. higher elevations than the Pottsburg soils. The Leon The Bh horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 soils are in areas of flatwoods adjacent to the to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is sand, fine sand, loamy Pottsburg soils and have a spodic horizon within a fine sand, or loamy sand. depth of 30 inches. The very poorly drained Pickney soils are in lower, more concave positions than those of the Pottsburg soils and do not have a spodic Red Bay Series horizon. The Red Bay series consists of very deep, well Typical pedon of Pottsburg sand, in an area of drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These Allanton-Pottsburg complex (fig. 15); about 450 feet soils are on summits, shoulder slopes, and side north and 2,300 feet east of the southwest corner of slopes in the uplands. The seasonal high water table sec. 23, T. 2 S., R. 31 W. is below a depth of 6 feet throughout the year. Slopes A—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) range from 0 to 8 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudults. many medium and fine roots; very strongly acid; Red Bay soils are geographically associated with clear wavy boundary. Bama, Emory, Grady, Malbis, and Perdido soils. The E—7 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sand; single Bama, Malbis, and Perdido soils are in positions grained; loose; common medium and fine roots; similar to those of the Red Bay soils. The Bama soils common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR do not have dark red colors throughout the subsoil. 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; common thin The Malbis soils have brownish colors and have a streaks and pockets of light gray (10YR 7/2) significant accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. The uncoated sand; very strongly acid; clear wavy Perdido soils are coarse-loamy and have a significant boundary. accumulation of plinthite in the subsoil. The Emory Eg1—21 to 38 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) soils are in shallow depressions and are subject to sand; single grained; loose; common medium ponding. The poorly drained Grady soils are in prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of depressions and have a clayey argillic horizon. Escambia County, Florida 139

Typical pedon of Red Bay fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 dunes that receive salt spray from the Gulf and do not percent slopes; 2,050 feet east and 1,835 feet north of have spodic materials within the profile. the southwest corner of sec. 13, T. 1 N., R. 30 W. Typical pedon of Resota sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes (fig. 16); about 380 feet east and 1,900 feet Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; south of the northwest corner of sec. 23, T. 3 S., R. moderate fine granular structure; very friable; 31 W. common medium roots and many fine and very fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. A—0 to 3 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) sand; single BA—6 to 12 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy grained; loose; many medium and fine roots; loam; moderate medium granular structure; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. friable; common medium roots and many fine and E—3 to 19 inches; white (10YR 8/1) sand; single very fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy grained; loose; common medium and fine roots; boundary. strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. Bt1—12 to 72 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay B/E—19 to 25 inches; 75 percent brownish yellow loam; moderate medium subangular blocky (10YR 6/8) sand (B); single grained; loose; 25 structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films percent streaks or tongues of white (10YR 8/1) on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy sand (E); single grained; loose; a thin, boundary. discontinuous band of dark reddish brown (5YR Bt2—72 to 80 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy 3/2) spodic material borders the E material; loam; moderate medium subangular blocky strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of Bw1—25 to 44 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) sand; single peds; strongly acid. grained; loose; few streaks of brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) sand bordered by a thin, discontinuous The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction band of dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) sand; ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. the Ap and BA horizons, except in areas where lime Bw2—44 to 65 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) has been applied, and is very strongly acid or strongly sand; single grained; loose; common medium acid in the Bt horizon. distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 accumulation; common medium faint light gray or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual The BA horizon, where present, has hue of 2.5YR wavy boundary. or 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is Cg—65 to 80 inches; white (10YR 8/1) sand; single sandy loam or fine sandy loam. grained; loose; strongly acid. The Bt horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 3, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is sandy loam or sandy clay The solum is more than 50 inches thick. Reaction loam. ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid throughout the profile. Resota Series The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. The Resota series consists of very deep, The E horizon and the E part of the B/E horizon moderately well drained soils that formed in sandy have hue of 10YR, value of 6 to 8, and chroma of 1 or marine sediments. These soils are on low ridges and 2. They are sand or fine sand. knolls in the coastal lowlands. The seasonal high In most pedons, the B/E horizon, where present, 1 water table is at a depth of 3 /2 to 6 feet from has thin, discontinuous bands, streaks, or spots of December through April in most years. Slopes range spodic materials. from 0 to 5 percent. These soils are thermic, uncoated The Bw horizon and B part of the B/E horizon have Spodic Quartzipsamments. hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of Resota soils are geographically associated with 4 to 8. They are sand or fine sand. In most pedons, Corolla, Duckston, Kureb, Lakeland, and Newhan the upper part of the Bw horizon has thin, soils. The somewhat poorly drained Corolla and poorly discontinuous bands, streaks, or spots of spodic drained Duckston soils are on the lower parts of dunes materials. The lower part of the Bw horizon has and in swales. The excessively drained Kureb and common or many redoximorphic accumulations in Lakeland soils are in slightly higher positions than the shades of yellow, olive, brown, and red. Resota soils and do not have a seasonal high water The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 6 to 8, within a depth of 6 feet. The Newhan soils are on and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few or common 140 Soil Survey

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, peds; about 5 percent, by volume, fine and olive, brown, and red. It is sand or fine sand. medium nodules of ironstone; about 5 percent, by volume, firm and brittle masses of plinthite; areas of light gray are iron depletions; areas of brownish Robertsdale Series yellow and strong brown are masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy The Robertsdale series consists of very deep, boundary. somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in loamy Btvg2—48 to 80 inches; 50 percent gray (10YR sediments. These soils are in flat and slightly concave 5/1), 20 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), 15 positions on nearly level summits in the uplands. The percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and 15 seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1 to 2 feet percent red (10R 4/6) sandy clay loam; from December through April in most years. Slopes moderate medium subangular blocky structure; range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; about siliceous, semiactive, thermic Plinthaquic Paleudults. 5 percent, by volume, fine nodules of ironstone; Robertsdale soils are geographically associated about 7 percent, by volume, firm and brittle with Escambia, Grady, Malbis, and Notcher soils. The masses of plinthite; areas of gray are iron Escambia soils are in positions similar to those of the depletions; areas of brownish yellow, strong Robertsdale soils and are coarse-loamy. The poorly brown, and red are masses of iron drained Grady soils are in depressions and have a accumulation; strongly acid. clayey argillic horizon. The well drained Malbis and moderately well drained Notcher soils are in slightly The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is higher, more convex positions than those of the very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the Robertsdale soils. profile, except for surface layer in areas where lime Typical pedon of Robertsdale sandy loam, 0 to 2 has been applied. The content of ironstone nodules percent slopes; about 335 feet north and 2,335 feet ranges from 4 to 12 percent, by volume, in the Ap and east of the southwest corner of sec. 1, T. 5 N., R. EB horizons and from 5 to 25 percent, by volume, in 33 W. the Bt horizons. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to Ap—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. loam; moderate fine granular structure; very The EB or BE horizon, where present, has hue of friable; many medium, fine, and very fine roots; 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It about 4 percent, by volume, fine nodules of is loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. ironstone; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The Btc horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of EB—5 to 12 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) fine 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few or common sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, structure; very friable; many medium and fine olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic depletions in roots; about 4 percent, by volume, fine nodules of shades of brown and gray. It is loam, sandy clay loam, ironstone; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. or clay loam. Btc—12 to 24 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) The Btvg horizon commonly does not have a loam; moderate medium subangular blocky dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films brown, yellow, gray, and red. In some pedons, on faces of peds; about 5 percent, by volume, fine however, it has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and medium nodules of ironstone; common fine and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) iron depletions redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, throughout the matrix; common medium distinct olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic depletions in brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and common medium shades of brown and gray. The content of nodular prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of plinthite ranges from 5 to 20 percent, by volume. iron accumulation with sharp boundaries throughout the matrix; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Troup Series Btvg1—24 to 48 inches; 50 percent light gray (10YR 7/1), 30 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), and The Troup series consists of very deep, somewhat 20 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy clay excessively drained soils that formed in sandy and loam; moderate medium subangular blocky loamy marine sediments. These soils are on summits, structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of shoulder slopes, and side slopes in the uplands. The Escambia County, Florida 141

seasonal high water table is below a depth of 6 feet 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam, fine sandy throughout the year. Slopes range from 0 to 35 loam, or sandy clay loam. percent. These soils are loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults. Troup soils are geographically associated with Weston Series Bonifay, Cowarts, Lakeland, Lucy, and Perdido soils. The Weston series consists of very deep, poorly The Bonifay soils are in positions similar to those of drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These the Troup soils and have a significant accumulation of soils are in flat and slightly concave positions on plinthite in the subsoil. The Cowarts and Perdido soils stream terraces. The seasonal high water table is are on side slopes and do not have a thick, sandy within a depth of 1 foot from December through April in epipedon. The Lakeland soils are in positions similar most years. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These to those of the Troup soils and do not have loamy soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic subhorizons within a depth of 80 inches. The Lucy Typic Endoaquults. soils are in slightly higher positions than the Troup Weston soils are geographically associated with soils and have a sandy epipedon that is 20 to 40 Eunola, Izagora, Mantachie, Pelham, and Yemassee inches thick. soils. The moderately well drained Eunola and Izagora Typical pedon of Troup sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes and somewhat poorly drained Yemassee soils are in (fig. 17); about 50 feet north and 1,500 feet east of the the slightly higher, more convex positions on the southwest corner of Spanish Land Grant 42, T. 1 S., terraces and are fine-loamy. The somewhat poorly R. 30 W. drained Mantachie soils are on flood plains in areas A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) adjacent to the Weston soils. The Pelham soils are in sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; positions similar to those of the Weston soils on common medium and fine roots; very strongly terraces and have a thick, sandy epipedon. acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Weston fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 E1—5 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand; percent slopes; about 1,170 feet south and 500 feet single grained; loose; few medium and fine roots; west of the northeast corner of sec. 34, T. 3 N., R. very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 32 W. E2—21 to 42 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand; A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine single grained; loose; very friable; very strongly sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; acid; gradual wavy boundary. very friable; many medium and fine roots; very E3—42 to 58 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) loamy strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; Btg1—4 to 15 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine very friable; very strongly acid; gradual wavy sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky boundary. structure; friable; common medium and fine roots; Bt1—58 to 68 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy loam; few faint clay films on faces of peds; common weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) few faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly irregularly shaped masses of iron accumulation acid; gradual wavy boundary. with diffuse boundaries throughout; very strongly Bt2—68 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay acid; gradual wavy boundary. loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Btg2—15 to 40 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) fine sandy structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; peds; very strongly acid. friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; The solum is more than 80 inches thick. Reaction common fine faint light gray (10YR 7/1) irregularly ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in shaped iron depletions with clear boundaries in the A and E horizons, except in areas where lime has the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish been applied, and is very strongly acid or strongly acid red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation with in the Bt horizon. sharp boundaries throughout the matrix; very The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Btg3—40 to 68 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; The E horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5 weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand, loamy sand, or few faint clay films on faces of peds; common fine loamy fine sand. faint light gray (10YR 7/2) irregularly shaped iron The Bt horizon has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 or depletions with clear boundaries in the matrix; 142 Soil Survey

common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR positions on the terraces. The Garcon, Pelham, and 5/8) masses of iron accumulation with sharp Weston soils are in the slightly lower positions on the boundaries throughout the matrix; very strongly stream terraces. The Garcon and Pelham soils have a acid; gradual wavy boundary. thick, sandy epipedon. The Weston soils are poorly Cg—68 to 80 inches; 35 percent gray (10YR 6/1), 25 drained and are coarse-loamy. percent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6), 20 percent Typical pedon of Yemassee fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and 20 percent very pale percent slopes, occasionally flooded; about 2,085 feet brown (10YR 8/2) sandy loam; massive, thinly north and 1,335 feet west of the southeast corner of bedded; very friable; areas of gray and very pale sec. 13, T. 1 N., R. 32 W. brown are iron depletions; areas of yellowish red and olive yellow are masses of iron accumulation; A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very strongly acid. fine sandy loam; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; common medium and fine The solum is more than 40 inches thick. Reaction roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in E—5 to 12 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) fine sandy the A and E horizons, except in areas where lime has loam; weak medium granular structure; very been applied, and is very strongly acid or strongly acid friable; common medium and fine roots; very in the Btg and Cg horizons. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and Bt1—12 to 26 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/4) sandy chroma of 1 or 2. clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It has few on faces of peds; common medium prominent or common redoximorphic accumulations in shades of strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron yellow, olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic accumulation; common fine distinct light gray depletions in shades of brown and gray. It is fine (2.5Y 7/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions; very sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy fine sand. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of Bt2—26 to 42 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/4) fine 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of olive, brown, and red. It is sandy loam, fine sandy peds; common fine distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/2) loam, or loam. irregularly shaped iron depletions; few fine distinct The Cg horizon commonly is stratified. It does not brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron have a dominant matrix color and is multicolored in accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy shades of gray, brown, yellow, and red. The texture is boundary. variable, but the range in texture includes sandy clay Bt3—42 to 48 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/4) sandy loam, loam, sandy loam, and loamy sand. clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of Yemassee Series peds; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; The Yemassee series consists of very deep, common medium distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/2) somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in sandy irregularly shaped iron depletions; very strongly and loamy fluvial sediments. These soils are in flat or acid; gradual wavy boundary. slightly concave positions on stream terraces. The Bt4—48 to 62 inches; 25 percent brownish yellow 1 seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1 to 1 /2 feet (10YR 6/6), 20 percent yellowish brown (10YR from December through April in most years. These 5/6), 20 percent light gray (10YR 7/2), 20 percent soils are subject to occasional flooding. Slopes range strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and 15 percent red from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, (2.5YR 5/6) fine sandy loam; moderate medium siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aeric Endoaquults. subangular blocky structure; friable; very strongly Yemassee soils are geographically associated with acid; few faint clay films on faces of peds; areas of Bigbee, Eunola, Garcon, Izagora, Pelham, and brownish yellow, yellowish brown, strong brown, Weston soils. The Bigbee soils are on flood plains and red are masses of iron accumulation; areas of adjacent to the Yemassee soils and are sandy light gray are iron depletions; very strongly acid; throughout. The moderately well drained Eunola and gradual wavy boundary. Izagora soils are in the slightly higher, more convex Btg—62 to 74 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) fine sandy Escambia County, Florida 143

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It has few common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR or common redoximorphic accumulations in shades of 5/6), reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4), and light yellow, olive, brown, and red and redoximorphic yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of iron depletions in shades of brown and gray. The lower part accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy of the horizon does not have a dominant matrix color boundary. and is multicolored in shades of brown, yellow, red, and Cg—74 to 80 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) sand; gray. The Bt horizon is fine sandy loam, sandy clay single grained; loose; common coarse distinct light loam, or clay loam. yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of accumulation; very strongly acid. 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow, The solum is more than 40 inches thick. Reaction olive, brown, and red. It is fine sandy loam, sandy clay ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid in the A loam, or clay loam. and E horizons, except in areas where lime has been The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 applied, and ranges from extremely acid to strongly to 8, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many acid in the Bt, Btg, and Cg horizons. redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value yellow, or red. The texture is variable, but the range in of 2 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. texture includes fine sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or clay loam, clay loam, loamy sand, and sand. In some 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine pedons, the Cg horizon is stratified with contrasting sandy loam or loamy fine sand. textures.

145

Formation of the Soils

In this section, the factors of soil formation are of clay, silt, and shell fragments. Clay and silt are more described and related to the soils of the county and abundant in the soils that formed in the sediment on the processes of horizon differentiation are explained. marine terraces and in lagoons. Clay and silt are Also, the geomorphology, stratigraphy, ground water, virtually absent on shoreline ridges, where most of the and mineral resources of the county are described. deposits are eolian sand. Ocean currents transported the parent material. The ocean covered the area a Factors of Soil Formation number of times during the Pleistocene age. The parent material in the county varies somewhat The kind of soil that develops in an area depends in mineral and chemical composition and in physical on five major factors. These factors are the physical structure. The main physical differences, such as and mineral composition of the parent material; the those between sand, silt, and clay, can be observed in climate under which the soil material has accumulated the field. Other differences, such as mineral and and has existed since accumulation; the plant and chemical composition, are important to soil formation animal life on and in the soil; the relief, or lay of the and affect the present physical and chemical land; and the length of time that these factors have characteristics of the soils. Many differences between acted on the soil material (Jenny, 1941, 1980). All of the soils in the county reflect original differences in the these factors affect the formation of each soil, but the parent material as it was laid down. relative importance of each factor differs from place to Some organic soils are located throughout the place. In some areas, one factor may determine most county. They formed in partly decayed wetland of the soil properties. For example, if the parent vegetation. material is pure quartz sand, which is highly resistant to weathering, the soil generally has weakly expressed Climate horizons. Even where quartz sand is the parent material, however, a distinct profile can be formed Climate, particularly temperature and rainfall, under certain types of vegetation if the relief is low and mainly determines the rate and nature of the physical, flat and the water table is high. chemical, and biological processes that affect the The interrelationship among the five factors is weathering of soil material. Rainfall, changes in complex, and the effects of any one factor cannot be temperature, wind, and sun accelerate the breakdown isolated and completely evaluated. Each factor is of rocks and minerals, the release of chemicals, and described separately, and the probable effects of each other processes that affect the development of the are indicated. soils. The amount of water that percolates through the soil depends on rainfall, relative humidity, soil Parent Material permeability, and physiographic position. Temperature influences the kinds of organisms in the soil, the The parent material of the soils in Escambia County growth of the organisms, and the speed of physical consists mostly of deposits of marine origin. The and chemical reactions in the soil. northern two-thirds of the county is thought to be the Escambia County has a warm, humid climate stream-dissected remnant of an extensive delta plain, characterized by long, hot summers and short, mild known as the Citronelle Formation, that was covered winters. The soils generally have a low content of unconformably by sand and clay deposits from high bases because most of the rainfall percolates standing seas in the Pleistocene Epoch (2 to 3 million downward through the soil. Because the rainfall years ago). The southern third is Pleistocene and generally is well distributed, most of the soils retain Holocene (11,000 years ago to present) marine moisture throughout the year. The climate is uniform deposits that are predominantly sandy. These deposits throughout the county; therefore, the climate has had are mostly quartz sand and contain varying amounts about the same effect on soil development in all parts 146 Soil Survey

of the county. The mineral soils in the county mostly The relief in Escambia County varies considerably. are highly weathered, are leached, are strongly acid, Nearly level to gently sloping areas are dominant in have low natural fertility, and have a low content of the southern, central, and north-central parts of the organic matter. county. Sloping to steep areas are dominant in the northeastern and northwestern parts. Elevation in the Plants and Animals county ranges from sea level, where the Escambia River meets Escambia Bay, to 280 feet above sea level, Plants, animals, and other organisms have a near the Alabama State line north of the town of Bratt. significant role in soil development. Plant and animal Relief has a significant effect on the soils. The soils life can increase the content of organic matter and are sandy and loamy where the parent material nitrogen, increase or decrease plant nutrients, and consists of sandy and loamy marine deposits. change the structure and porosity of the soils. Because sandy soils have low available water Plants recycle nutrients, accumulate organic matter, capacity and easily become droughty, most of the and provide food and cover for animal life. They water available to plants in sandy soils comes from the stabilize the surface layer so that soil-forming water table. Because loamy soils have moderate to processes can continue. Plants also stabilize the high available water capacity, most of the water environment for soil-forming processes by protecting available to plants in loamy soils comes from the soil. the soil from extremes in temperature. The depth to the water table and the available water The soils in the county formed under a succession capacity, therefore, affect the type of vegetation that of plants. This succession is still evident in the smooth grows on a particular soil. cordgrass and blackrush in the marshes; the big The depth to the water table also affects internal cordgrass and giant cutgrass in the brackish water drainage. On the sand ridges, where the water table is areas; the hardwood trees and cypress in the very deep and the soils are highly leached, soluble plant poorly drained depressions; the pine trees in the well nutrients and colloidal clays and organic matter are drained to poorly drained upland areas; and the oak, carried rapidly downward through the sandy soils. This pine, holly, and magnolia in the moderately well downward movement of materials occurs at a slower drained to excessively drained positions on uplands rate in loamy soils. and in bottomlands. In areas of the flatwoods, the water table is Animals rearrange soil material by roughening the commonly at or near the surface and rarely drops soil surface, forming and filling channels, and shaping below a depth of 5 feet. Organic matter is translocated the peds and voids. The soil is mixed by the down a short distance and forms a humus-rich spodic channeling of ants, wasps, worms, and spiders and by horizon, or Bh horizon. Locally, this horizon is referred the burrowing of turtles, other reptiles, and crustacea, to as a hardpan. such as crabs and crawfish. Bacteria, fungi, and other In low areas or depressions, where the water table microorganisms hasten decomposition of organic is generally above the surface, muck accumulates matter and increase the release of minerals for under the marsh or swamp vegetation. As the plants additional plant growth. Humans affect the soil-forming die, the residue accumulates and slowly decays in the process by tilling, removing natural vegetation, water where oxygen is excluded. The amount of muck establishing other plants, and changing the fertility of that accumulates depends mainly on the depth and the soil. duration of standing water. In some wet areas, such The net gains and losses caused by plants and as flats, organic matter has accumulated to form a animals in the soil-forming process are important in thick, black topsoil of mineral soil instead of a surface the county. Plant residue provides most of the organic layer of muck. matter for the formation of the umbric epipedon in the Allanton and Pickney soils. Time Relief Time is an important factor affecting soil formation. The physical and chemical changes brought about by Relief, or lay of the land, affects soil formation by climate, plants and animals, and relief are low. The influencing runoff, erosion, and water relationships. As length of time needed to convert raw, geologic slope increases, runoff increases in intensity, less material into soil varies according to the nature of the water is absorbed by the soil, and erosion accelerates. geologic material and the interaction of the other Relief also affects drainage, soil fertility, and factors. Some of the basic minerals from which soils vegetation. are formed weather fairly rapidly, while other minerals Escambia County, Florida 147

are chemically inert and show little change over long where the water table fluctuates is mottled in shades periods. The translocation of fine particles to form of yellow, olive, brown, and gray. These colors are horizons in the soil varies under different conditions, indicative of reduced and oxidized forms of iron and but the processes always take a relatively long time. manganese. In Escambia County, the dominant geologic materials are inert. The sand is almost pure quartz and is highly resistant to weathering. The finer Geology textured silt and clay are the products of earlier Frank R. Rupert, geologist, Florida Geological Survey, prepared weathering. this section. Relatively little geologic time has elapsed since the material in which the soils in the county developed Geomorphology was laid down or emerged from the sea. The loamy and clayey horizons formed in place through Escambia County is at the western end of the processes of clay translocation. If the degree of Northern or proximal geomorphic zone described by development is considered, the soils range from fairly White (1970). This zone includes the northernmost old (well developed horizonation) to very young (little part of the Florida peninsula and all of the panhandle. or no horizonation). Locally, the Northern Zone is subdivided into two geomorphic provinces: the Western Highlands and the Gulf Coastal Lowlands (fig. 18). Processes of Horizon The Western Highlands comprise the northern Differentiation three-quarters of Escambia County. They are the western extension of a series of topographic highlands The five factors of soil formation result in horizon that span northern Florida. These highlands are differentiation through four general processes. These thought to be the stream-dissected remnants of an processes are additions, losses, translocations, and extensive delta plain that covered southern Alabama, transformations. southern Georgia, and northern Florida. The terrain is In Escambia County, additions are dominated by characteristically comprised of gently rolling, clayey- the accumulation of plant debris on the surface. This sand hills and ridges punctuated by a series of deeply- accumulation contributes to the content of organic incised, dendritic streams. The land surface in matter in the topsoil. Some soils, especially the Escambia County ranges from 280 feet above mean Newhan and Corolla soils near coastal beaches, sea level (MSL) in the northern part of the county near receive additions of windblown sands, which the Alabama State line to about 100 feet above MSL at accumulate on the surface. the southern edge of the highlands. Carbonates and other soluble minerals are lost Large bodies of surface water are rare in the from the soils in the county as rainwater percolates Western Highlands. A number of small ponds are down through and out of the soils. Erosion is the loss perched on layers of low-permeability materials within of soil material from the surface layer because of the the clayey-sand sediments that comprise the force of water and wind. It is most prominent where highlands. surface-stabilizing natural vegetation has been removed As with most of Florida, the Western Highlands or destroyed by human activities. It results in a thin A have been modified by marine erosion. Healy (1975) horizon and the exposure of the subsoil at the surface. identified three marine terrace elevation zones in the The common types of translocations in the county Western Highlands: the Sunderland/Okeefenokee are the downward movement of clay particles and Terrace, which extends from the southern edge of the organic matter and their subsequent accumulation in zone (about 100 to 170 feet above MSL); the Coharie the subsoil. The argillic horizon in the Bama soil is an Terrace (170 to 215 feet above MSL); and the example of the effect of the translocation of clay. The Hazelhurst Terrace (215 to 320 feet above MSL). The spodic horizon in the Leon soil is an example of the highest elevations in Escambia County are on the effect of the translocation of organic matter. Animals, Hazelhurst Terrace. especially ants and other insects, translocate soil The Gulf Coastal Lowlands cover the southern material from the lower horizons to the surface layer. quarter of Escambia County. They extend from the This type of activity commonly results in an indistinct base of the Western Highlands southward to the boundary between the surface and subsurface layers. present coastline. They include the Escambia River The reduction and oxidation of iron are common Valley and the modern coastal barrier islands. The transformations in the county. The zone in the soil boundary between the Gulf Coastal Lowlands in the 148 Soil Survey

Figure 18.—Geomorphology of Escambia County and location of cross sections. Escambia County, Florida 149

south and the uplands in the north is marked by a County. The youngest sediments are Pleistocene relict marine escarpment at an elevation of about 100 and Holocene undifferentiated sands, clayey sands, to 120 feet above MSL. and alluvium. Figure 18 shows the locations of the The terrain in the Gulf Coastal Lowlands is shallow geologic cross sections illustrated in figures generally flat and sandy, reflecting erosion and 19 and 20. subsequent deposition by high-standing Pleistocene The rock strata underlying Escambia County dip seas. Healy (1975) recognized five marine terrace and thicken gently to the southwest in a homoclinal elevation zones comprising portions of the Gulf structure. This structure is produced by the thickening Coastal Lowlands. They are the Silver Bluff Terrace (0 and downwarping of sediments as they dip into the to 10 feet above MSL), the Pamlico Terrace (10 to 25 large sedimentary basins of the Gulf of Mexico and the feet above MSL), the Talbot Terrace (25 to 42 feet Mississippi Embayment, which are situated south and above MSL), the Penholoway Terrace (42 to 70 feet west of the county, respectively (Marsh, 1966). The above MSL), and the Wicomico Terrace (70 to 100 majority of the vast thickness of Tertiary sediments feet above MSL). underlying the county is continental siliciclastics and The land surface in the Gulf Coastal Lowlands marginal marine units. slopes gently from an elevation of about 100 feet Locally, the thick sequence of Miocene and younger above MSL at the northern edge to sea level near the siliciclastic rock units function as freshwater aquifer coast. Much of the land adjacent to Perdido Bay and systems and are a source of nonpetroleum economic landward of the Gulf coastal barrier islands is swampy mineral commodities. The following description of the and is drained by small, sluggish creeks. Relict geology of Escambia County is therefore restricted to Pleistocene sand beach ridges and dunes are situated strata of the Middle Miocene age and younger. All on the mainland and the landward edge of Perdido stratigraphic nomenclature follows Braunstein et al. Key, just west of Big Lagoon. (1988), and the areal extent of units is taken from Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island are Holocene Scott (1963). barrier islands, are comprised of quartz sand and shell Middle and Upper Miocene Series beds, and support a series of sand dune and beach ridge systems that parallel the coast. The largest of The Pensacola Clay (Marsh, 1966) is a dark or light these dunes have elevations of up to 45 feet above gray to brownish-gray, silty, variably sandy clay and MSL but are continually vulnerable to erosion by storm quartz sand unit underlying central and southern surges. Low swales positioned between the dunes Escambia County. This formation characteristically may contain standing fresh water and commonly contains a prolific benthic foraminifera assemblage as accumulate organic matter. well as marine mollusks and ostracods. The The valley of the Escambia River forms a broad Pensacola Clay consists of three members in this extension of the Gulf Coastal Lowlands. The extension area: a lower clay member, a thin sand member straddles the river northward to the Alabama State line named the Escambia Sand, and an upper clay (White, Puri, and Vernon, 1964). It begins at sea level member. The formation ranges from about 380 feet where the river enters the northwestern edge of thick in the east-central part of the county to over Escambia Bay through a 4-mile-wide swampy delta. 1,000 feet thick just north of Pensacola and under From the delta, the extension stretches northward to Perdido Bay. It unconformably overlies Oligocene the Alabama State line, following the flood plain of the carbonates of the Chickasawhay Formation. 1 river. The flood plain is 1 /2 to 2 miles wide. The The Pensacola Clay is generally absent in the elevation in the valley gradually rises to about 50 feet northern portion of the county where it grades into the above MSL at the point where it enters Alabama. Coarse Clastics or is truncated by the overlying Citronelle Formation. The top of the formation varies in Stratigraphy depth from about 250 feet below land surface (BLS) near Cantonment to nearly 800 feet BLS under Escambia County is underlain by thousands of Perdido Bay in the southwestern part of the county. feet of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. Miocene-Pliocene Series The oldest known sediments encountered by drilling were penetrated at a depth of 17,950 feet in an oil Marsh (1966) coined the name “Miocene Coarse test well in the north-central part of the county. They Clastics” for the extensive beds of light-brown to light- consist of Jurassic quartzite sandstone and gray gray, poorly sorted, fine to very coarse sand, granules, shale and are part of the Smackover Formation, and small quartz pebbles and mollusk shells which yields petroleum in wells in Santa Rosa underlying the western-most part of the Florida 150 Soil Survey

panhandle. These beds most likely transgress the Miocene-Pliocene age boundary, and the general name “Coarse Clastics” has been adopted (Braunstein, Huddlestun, and Biel, 1988). The mineral muscovite is common as an accessory throughout the unit. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the Coarse Clastics is the presence of abundant small marine mollusks. This feature differentiates the Coarse Clastics from the overlying Citronelle Formation. In some well samples, these fossils comprise 5 to 50 percent of the sample. The Coarse Clastics vary in thickness. They are about 70 feet thick in the north-central part of the county. They generally thicken to the southeast and southwest, attaining a maximum thickness of nearly 500 feet directly southeast of Cantonment. The depth to the top of the unit varies from about 280 feet BLS beneath Pensacola Bay to nearly 650 feet BLS in the northwestern part of the county near the Alabama State line. The Coarse Clastics interfinger with the Pensacola Clay in the south-central part of the county and are in turn unconformably overlain by the Pleistocene-age Citronelle Formation and undifferentiated terrace deposits.

Pleistocene Series The Citronelle Formation (Matson, 1916) is predominantly a light yellowish-brown, reddish-brown, light gray, and white, quartz sand unit containing lenses and beds of clay and chert and quartz gravel. It forms the stream-incised hills of the Western Highlands Zone and forms a distinct bluff at Bay Bluff, along the western shore of Escambia Bay. Analyses by Coe (1979) suggest that the Citronelle Formation sediments are largely deltaic in origin. Clay beds within the Citronelle Formation may reach 60 feet in thickness. A few of the beds, such as one at Molino, are of suitable economic grade for brick making (Marsh, 1966). Fossils are generally rare, but scattered mollusks, foraminifera, shrimp burrows, fossil pollen, and remnants of wood have been reported from Citronelle sediments in various parts of Escambia County (Marsh, 1966). The abundant iron oxide in the Citronelle Formation provides a reddish color to many of the sediments. The iron oxide may concentrate in sand beds, forming iron-cemented (hardpan) layers. These hardpan layers vary from less than an inch to several feet in thickness. Because of the resistant nature and very slow permeability of the hardpan layers, small ponds Figure 19.—Cross section of geologic materials from east to may form over the hardpan layers as well as over clay west through Escambia County, Florida. beds. Ground water percolating downward through the Escambia County, Florida 151

Figure 20.—Cross section of geologic materials from north to south through Escambia County, Florida. sediments commonly reaches a hardpan layer and is Citronelle sediments from the overlying terrace diverted laterally. Where this lateral flow intersects a deposits, the overall range in thickness is somewhat surface stream, gully, bluff, or hillside, the exiting flow uncertain. However, the Citronelle Formation generally may undermine the overlying sediments, causing a varies from about 200 feet thick at the southern edge semicircular collapse feature named a “steephead.” As of the county to almost 800 feet thick in the erosion continues, the steephead migrates away from northwestern corner of the county (Marsh, 1966). the seepage point, forming a gully as it progresses. Pleistocene and Holocene Series Steepheads are most common in the deeply incised terrain of the Western Highlands. A series of undifferentiated, commonly The thickness of the Citronelle Formation varies unconsolidated, quartz sands and clays overlie the considerably. Because of the difficulty in differentiating Citronelle Formation in much of Escambia County. 152 Soil Survey

These sediments are deposited in a series of predominantly insoluble quartz sand and gravel. The elevational marine terraces. The younger terraces Sand and Gravel Aquifer, therefore, makes an near the modern coast contain still-discernable relict economical source of industrial water for shoreline features, such as sand dunes and beach manufacturing processes that require water with a low ridges consisting of clean, quartz sand. In many content of minerals. areas, particularly in the central and northern parts of Locally, the Sand and Gravel Aquifer is separated the county, these sediments are difficult to differentiate from the underlying Floridan aquifer system by an from the underlying Citronelle Formation. They cap intermediate confining unit comprised of the the hills of the Western Highlands, and they Pensacola Clay. This low-permeability unit varies in accumulate as alluvium in stream channels. These thickness, generally ranging from 380 to 1,000 feet. It sediments consist primarily of clean to slightly acts as an aquiclude and effectively isolates the two clayey, quartz sands, generally containing less clay aquifer systems. The Escambia Sand member, which and fewer quartz pebbles than the older Citronelle is situated within the Pensacola Clay, may contain sediments. freshwater but is not utilized as a water source in The unconsolidated sediments, along with Escambia County. Holocene alluvium and shoreline sands, are grouped The Floridan aquifer system is composed of porous into the undifferentiated sand and clay unit. Because carbonate rocks of Miocene and Eocene age. Under of the difficulty in differentiating them from the Escambia County, the top of the unit generally lies at underlying Citronelle Formation sediments, the depths in excess of 600 feet. Water within the Floridan undifferentiated sediments are not depicted on the aquifer system is harder, with a higher dissolved geologic cross sections in figures 19 and 20. mineral content, than water within the overlying Sand and Gravel Aquifer. The content of chloride increases Ground Water substantially downdip under the Perdido Bay area in the southwestern part of the county. Ground water, or water that fills the pore spaces in Although the Floridan aquifer system is the primary subsurface rocks and sediments, is the principal freshwater source in much of Florida, it is not used source of potable water in Escambia County. It is extensively in the western panhandle. The availability derived primarily from precipitation within the county of high-quality water at shallower depths in the Sand and neighboring counties. and Gravel Aquifer precludes the need to drill deeper The primary aquifer systems under Escambia wells to reach the Floridan aquifer system. County are the surficial aquifer, also called the Sand and Gravel Aquifer, and the Floridan aquifer system, Mineral Resources which is deeper. These units are separated by an aquiclude, commonly containing water-bearing units, The principal near-surface, non-energy mineral named the intermediate aquifer/confining unit. Data on resources in Escambia County are quartz sand, the extent and thickness of each aquifer system are gravel, and clay. These commodities are mined from from Musgrove, Marsh, and Scott (Marsh, 1966; open pits in the shallow undifferentiated sediments Musgrove, Barraclough, and Marsh, 1961; Musgrove, and the Citronelle Formation. The following Barraclough, and Grantham, 1965; Florida Geological paragraphs summarize the current mining status and Survey, 1991). potential for each commodity in the county. The majority of the water wells in Escambia County Three companies mine quartz sand and gravel in draw from the Sand and Gravel Aquifer. This aquifer is the county. One company operates a mine in formed in the porous siliciclastic sediments of the section 4 of Township 5 North, Range 30 West, Coarse Clastics, the Citronelle Formation, and the near Century. Sand and gravel in a range of sizes surficial undifferentiated sand and clay units. It are the primary products from this operation. They extends under the entire county, overlying Oligocene are used for masonry and concrete mixes. Another carbonates in the northern part of the county and the company produces masonry sand from a mine in Pensacola Clay in the southern part of the county. It multiple sections of Township 2 South, Range 30 varies in thickness, ranging from the surface down to West. A third company operates a pit in section 39 200 to 500 feet BLS. Unlike the water from the of Township 1 South, Range 30 West. It provides carbonate aquifer system in much of Florida, water local fill material. from the Sand and Gravel Aquifer has a low content of Several other small commercial operations and minerals. The water has a low content of minerals numerous private pits are worked for various mixtures because the water-bearing sediments are of sand and clay. This material is used locally for fill. Escambia County, Florida 153

Sand is an abundant resource throughout the county. Citronelle Formation contains clay beds ranging from Future exploitation will be largely dependent upon a few inches to tens of feet in thickness. These beds local demand. extend from a few feet to several miles in length Refractory clay, which is used for making brick (Musgrove, Barraclough, and Marsh, 1961). The products, has been mined in the county for many presence of these deposits suggests that economic years. Three large pits are located between the towns quantities of clay are readily available in the county. of Molino and Barth. Although currently inactive, these Resumption of the mining at Molino or development of pits were mined for brick clay from a 50-foot thick bed other clay mines within the county, however, will be in the Citronelle Formation. largely dependent upon local demand for clay In the central and northern parts of the county, the products.

155

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Glossary

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. Moderate ...... 0.10 to 0.15 AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. High ...... 0.15 to 0.20 Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or Very high ...... more than 0.20 on steep, rocky slopes. Backslope. The position that forms the steepest and Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air generally linear, middle portion of a hillslope. In from the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil profile, backslopes are commonly bounded by a is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a convex shoulder above and a concave footslope poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in below. carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. Base saturation. The degree to which material having Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single cation-exchange properties is saturated with mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods expressed as a percentage of the total cation- are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. exchange capacity. Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, Base slope. A geomorphic component of hills deposited on land by streams. consisting of the concave to linear (perpendicular Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in to the contour) slope that, regardless of the lateral 1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the shape, forms an apron or wedge at the bottom of presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A a hillside dominated by colluvium and slope-wash positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic sediments (for example, slope alluvium). feature. Bedding system. A drainage system made by Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface required by one mature cow of approximately of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows. month. Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized which consists of an illuvial horizon and the by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic overlying eluvial horizons. features. Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim subject to flooding. after the removal of soil for construction and other Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 uses. Revegetation and erosion control are centimeters) in diameter. extremely difficult. Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by the ground surface; the point on a tree where an accumulation of illuvial clay. diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. California bearing ratio (CBR). The load-supporting Available water capacity (available moisture capacity of a soil as compared to that of standard capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water crushed limestone, expressed as a ratio. This ratio available for use by most plants. It is commonly was first standardized in California. A soil having a defined as the difference between the amount of soil CBR of 16 supports 16 percent of the load that water at field moisture capacity and the amount at would be supported by standard crushed limestone, wilting point. It is commonly expressed as inches per unit area, with the same degree of distortion. of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in inches, in a Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See 40-inch profile or to a limiting layer is expressed as: Crown.) Very low ...... 0 to 0.5 Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil Low ...... 0.05 to 0.10 particles and in tiny spaces between particles. 160 Soil Survey

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds them separately at the selected scale of mapping. capillary water in the soil. The pattern and proportion of the soils or Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, areas. magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, plane. They typically take the form of concentric expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some carbonate, iron oxide, and manganese oxide are other stated pH value. The term, as applied to common compounds making up concretions. If soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity formed in place, concretions of iron oxide or but is more precise in meaning. manganese oxide are generally considered a type Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by of redoximorphic concentration. volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as combination with needed cultural and much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the management practices. In a good conservation longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. cropping system, the soil-improving crops and Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation practices more than offset the effects of the soil- through the use of chemicals. depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen practices in a conservation cropping system hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal include the use of rotations that contain grasses plow depth. and legumes and the return of crop residue to the Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less soil. Other practices include the use of green than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 control. percent silt. Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount content of iron, manganese, and clay because of of crop residue on the surface throughout the the chemical reduction of iron and manganese year. and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion type of redoximorphic depletion. and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root resistance of soil material to rupture and to channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that of puddled soil material; and the manner in which contains much more clay than the horizons above the soil material behaves when subject to it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and compression. Terms describing consistence are plastic or stiff when wet. defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” Climax plant community. The stabilized plant Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that community on a particular site. The plant cover follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing reproduces itself and does not change so long as crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled the environment remains the same. crops or summer fallow. Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. Control section. The part of the soil on which COLE (coefficient of linear extensibility). See classification is based. The thickness varies Linear extensibility. among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches or establishing terraces, diversions, and other and 40 or 80 inches. water-control structures on a complex slope is Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical difficult. action that dissolves or weakens concrete or Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil uncoated steel. or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to or so small in area that it is not practical to map improve and protect the soil between periods of Escambia County, Florida 161

regular crop production, or a crop grown between duration of wet periods under conditions similar to trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. those under which the soil formed. Alterations of Cropping system. Growing crops according to a the water regime by human activities, either planned system of rotation and management through drainage or irrigation, are not a practices. consideration unless they have significantly Crop residue management. Returning crop residue changed the morphology of the soil. Seven to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— organic matter content, and fertility and helps to excessively drained, somewhat excessively control erosion. drained, well drained, moderately well drained, Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and farming operations on sloping farmland in such a very poorly drained. These classes are defined in way that tillage is across the general slope. the “Soil Survey Manual.” Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, the living branches and their foliage. from an area. Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). Ecological site. An area where climate, soil, and relief The average annual increase per acre in the are sufficiently uniform to produce a distinct volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total natural plant community. An ecological site is the volume of the stand by its age. As the stand product of all the environmental factors increases in age, the mean annual increment responsible for its development. It is typified by an continues to increase until mortality begins to association of species that differ from those on reduce the rate of increase. The point where the other ecological sites in kind and/or proportion of stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth species or in total production. is called the culmination of the mean annual Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution increment. or colloidal suspension from one place to another Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material tend to cave in or slough. through eluviation are eluvial; those that have Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range received material are illuvial. plants. Because they are the most palatable, they Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. which all horizons between the upper boundary of Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. grazing land for a prescribed period. Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over accumulated through wind action; commonly bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; blankets on the surface. moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. that flows only in direct response to precipitation. Depressions. Landforms that are typically sunken, It receives no long-continued supply from melting lower parts of the earth’s surface, have concave snow or other source, and its channel is above the relief, and do not have natural outlets for surface water table at all times. drainage. Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, perched water table in a soil in which saturated generally a terrace, built to protect downslope layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. layers within 2 meters of the surface. Divided-slope farming. A form of field stripcropping Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by in which crops are grown in a systematic water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the such processes as gravitational creep. slope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. One Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic strip is in a close-growing crop that provides processes acting over long geologic periods and protection from erosion, and the other strip is in a resulting in the wearing away of mountains and crop that provides less protection from erosion. the building up of such landscape features as This practice is used where slopes are not long flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural enough to permit a full stripcropping pattern to be erosion. used. Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human 162 Soil Survey

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, equipment. Designated roads also serve as such as a fire, that exposes the surface. firebreaks. Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, or cliff breaking the general continuity of more subject to frequent or occasional flooding. gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from Flats. Nearly level landforms that are smooth and lack erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. any significant curvature, slope, and little change Evapotranspiration. The combined loss of water in elevation. from a given area, and during a specific period of Flatwoods (colloquial). Broad linear relief landforms time, by evaporation from the soil surface and with slightly convex relief bordering flats, transpiration from plants. depressions, and flood plains. Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel stream and is subject to flooding unless protected or sand for construction purposes. artificially. Excess salt (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river the soil that restrict the growth of most plants. action, as a fluvial plain. Excess sulfur (in tables). Excessive amount of sulfur Footslope. The position that forms the inner, gently in the soil. The sulfur causes extreme acidity if the inclined surface at the base of a hillslope. In soil is drained, and the growth of most plants is profile, footslopes are commonly concave. A restricted. footslope is a transition zone between upslope Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore sites of erosion and transport (shoulders and productivity through accumulation of moisture. backslopes) and downslope sites of deposition Summer fallow is common in regions of limited (toeslopes). rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. tilled for at least one growing season for weed Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants control and decomposition of plant residue. (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition into the soil. and development because of given physical and Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to biological factors by which it may be differentiated provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and from other stands. in proper balance, for the growth of specified Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. plants when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and Refers especially to the processes or soil- other growth factors are favorable. forming factors responsible for the formation of Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed the solum, or true soil, from the unconsolidated of all organic soil material. Peat contains a large parent material. amount of well preserved fiber that is readily Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat resulting in the reduction of iron and other has the lowest bulk density and the highest elements in the profile and in gray colors. water content at saturation of all organic soil Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that material. grade toward a protected waterway. Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has grass as protection against erosion. Conducts drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 surface water away from cropland. days after a soaking rain; also called normal field Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 capacity. centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated pebble. soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the Gravelly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35 downhill side of the road. percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. or help control creeping or running fires. It also Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving serves as a line from which to work and to crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage facilitate the movement of firefighters and of maturity or soon after maturity. Escambia County, Florida 163

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A the material below the water table. horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by running transition from the overlying A to the underlying C water and through which water ordinarily runs only horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive after rainfall. The distinction between a gully and a characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, rill is one of depth. A gully generally is an obstacle to sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; farm machinery and is too deep to be obliterated by (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser depth and can be browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) smoothed over by ordinary tillage. a combination of these. Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium by soil-forming processes and does not have the carbonate, or other substance. properties typical of the overlying soil material. Head slope. A geomorphic component of hills The material of a C horizon may be either like or consisting of a laterally concave area of a hillside, unlike that in which the solum formed. If the especially at the head of a drainageway. The material is known to differ from that in the solum, overland waterflow is converging. an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil letter C. material intermediate in degree of decomposition Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable between the less decomposed fibric material and part of the organic matter in mineral soils. the more decomposed sapric material. Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and according to their runoff potential. The soil corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue properties that influence this potential are those from these crops can be used to control erosion that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on until the next crop in the rotation is established. a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting These crops return large amounts of organic when the soil is not frozen. These properties are matter to the soil. depth to a seasonal high water table, the Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable commonly of limited summit area and having a layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are well defined outline; hillsides generally have not considered but are separate factors in slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction predicting runoff. between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one dependent on local usage. horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel material is removed from an upper horizon and to the surface, having distinct characteristics deposited in a lower horizon. produced by soil-forming processes. In the Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or identification of soil horizons, an uppercase roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is letter represents the major horizons. Numbers absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. or lowercase letters that follow represent Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that subdivisions of the major horizons. An increase in amount as the more desirable plants explanation of the subdivisions is given in the are reduced by close grazing. Increasers “Soil Survey Manual.” The major horizons of commonly are the shorter plants and the less mineral soil are as follows: palatable to livestock. O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the decaying plant residue. immediate surface of soil or other material, as A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the contrasted with percolation, which is movement of surface in which an accumulation of humified water through soil layers or material. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of originally part of a B horizon. conditions. E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually some combination of these. expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be 164 Soil Survey

limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface rate at which water is applied at the surface. through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial tile lines until the water table is raised enough to rate; the rate decreases with application time. wet the soil. Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent constant but is a variable depending on the net landforms.

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in Ksat. Saturated hydraulic conductivity. (See inches per hour, is expressed as follows: Permeability.) Less than 0.2 ...... very low Landform. Any recognizable physical feature on the 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low Earth’s surface, having a characteristic shape and 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low range in composition and is produced by natural 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate causes. 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high Landscape. Collection of related natural landforms, 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high usually the land surface, which the eye can More than 2.5 ...... very high comprehend in a single view. Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or Interfluve. An elevated area between two other material by percolating water. drainageways that sheds water to those Linear extensibility. Refers to the change in length of drainageways. an unconfined clod as moisture content is Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, decreased from a moist to a dry state. Linear that flows for prolonged periods only when it extensibility is used to determine the shrink-swell receives ground-water discharge or long, potential of soils. It is an expression of the volume continued contributions from melting snow or change between the water content of the clod at 1 1 other surface and shallow subsurface sources. /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area and oven dryness. Volume change is influenced and grow after the climax vegetation has been by the amount and type of clay minerals in the reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade soil. The volume change is the percent change for following disturbance of the surface. the whole soil. If it is expressed as a fraction, the Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low resulting value is COLE, coefficient of linear content of iron and manganese oxide because of extensibility. chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A passes from a plastic to a liquid state. type of redoximorphic depletion. Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: than 52 percent sand particles. Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from by small earth ridges called border dikes, or these crops is not adequate to control erosion until borders. the next crop in the rotation is established. These Controlled flooding.—Water is released at crops return little organic matter to the soil. intervals from closely spaced field ditches and Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to distributed uniformly over the field. support loads. Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- matrix that do not have a clearly defined growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in boundary with the surrounding soil material and only one direction. cannot be removed as a discrete unit. Common Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and compounds making up masses are calcium under low pressure to the surface of the soil or carbonate, gypsum or other soluble salts, iron into the soil through such applicators as emitters, oxide, and manganese oxide. Masses porous tubing, or perforated pipe. consisting of iron oxide or manganese oxide Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made generally are considered a type of by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for redoximorphic concentration. tree and row crops. Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment Escambia County, Florida 165

for seeding, brush management, and other Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal management practices. structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, manganese oxide are common compounds silt loam, or silt. making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered low in organic material. Its bulk density is more types of redoximorphic concentrations. than that of organic soil. Nose slope. A geomorphic component of hills Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop consisting of the projecting end (laterally convex production and prevention of soil damage. area) of a hillside. The overland waterflow is Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no predominantly divergent. natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, loam, or silty clay loam. boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation water. and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in upper part of the subsoil. various stages of decomposition. The content of Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, organic matter in the surface layer is described as including the texture, structure, porosity, follows: consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent and biological properties of the various horizons, Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent and the thickness and arrangement of those Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent horizons in the soil profile. Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent follows: abundance—few, common, and many; size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the faint, distinct, and prominent. The size movement of water and the growth of roots. For measurements are of the diameter along the example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 and traffic pan. millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, mineral material in which soil forms. more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, organic matter, that has accumulated under rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep granule, a prism, or a block. sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated Pedisediment. A thin layer of alluvial material that mass or in a group forming a chain or range. mantles an erosion surface and has been Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic transported to its present position from higher soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) lying areas of the erosion surface. Munsell notation. A designation of color by Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a degrees of three simple variables—hue, value, soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large and chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area 6/4 is a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square chroma of 4. meter to 10 square meters), depending on the Natric horizon. A special kind of argillic horizon that variability of the soil. contains enough exchangeable sodium to have an Percolation. The movement of water through the soil. adverse effect on the physical condition of the Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water subsoil. through the soil adversely affects the specified Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. use. (See Reaction, soil.) Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables 166 Soil Survey

water or air to move downward through the profile. of the particles, density can be increased only The rate at which a saturated soil transmits water slightly by compaction. is accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil Potential native plant community. See Climax plant physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated community. hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). “Soil Survey Manual.” In line with conventional Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content usage in the engineering profession and with of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has traditional usage in published soil surveys, this no properties restricting the penetration of roots to rate of flow continues to be expressed as this depth. “permeability.” Terms describing permeability, Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for measured in inches per hour, are as follows: specific management purposes, under the Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch appropriate conditions of weather and soil Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch moisture and at the proper time of day. Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch producing a specified plant or sequence of plants Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches under specific management. Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches through all its horizons and into the parent Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches material. Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on maintains enough cover to protect the soil and features that affect its use and management, such maintain or improve the quantity and quality of as slope, stoniness, and flooding. the desirable vegetation. This practice pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and increases the vigor and reproduction capacity of alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) the key plants and promotes the accumulation Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or of litter and mulch necessary to conserve soil pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. and water. Plasticity index. The numerical difference between Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH moisture content within which the soil remains 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction plastic. because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH changes from semisolid to plastic. values, are: Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles, Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns. Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite. Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 directly below the plowed layer. Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed depressions. Unless the soils are artificially Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, drained, the water can be removed only by concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other percolation or evapotranspiration. features resulting from the accumulation of iron or Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid manganese oxide. An indication of chemical permeability, the soil may not adequately filter reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. effluent from a waste disposal system. Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil which iron and manganese oxide or a combination material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been same size. Because there is little difference in size removed. These zones are indications of the Escambia County, Florida 167

chemical reduction of iron resulting from Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive saturation. pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix concentrations and accumulations, redoximorphic into an unlined auger hole. depletions, reduced matrices, a positive reaction Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal to alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features flood plain (or first bottom) of a river. indicating the chemical reduction and oxidation of Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles iron and manganese compounds resulting from deposited from suspension in water. The chief saturation. kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed The chemical reduction results from nearly from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after sand is consolidated into sandstone. exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through type of redoximorphic feature. the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, use. considered collectively. Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) weathered or partly weathered mineral material Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are that accumulated as consolidated rock almost alike, except for differences in texture of disintegrated in place. the surface layer. All the soils of a series have Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and and arrangement. not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer machinery. of soil material from the land surface by the action Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical of rainfall and surface runoff. means during road construction. It is commonly on Shoulder. The position that forms the uppermost the uphill side of the road. inclined surface near the top of a hillslope. It is a Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a transition from backslope to summit. The surface diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, is dominantly convex in profile and erosional in pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. origin. Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated swelling can damage roads, dams, building by plant roots. foundations, and other structures. It can also Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream damage plant roots. channels from an area. The water that flows off Side slope. The slope bounding a drainageway and the surface of the land without sinking into the soil lying between the drainageway and the is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil adjacent interfluve. It is generally linear along before reaching surface streams is called ground- the slope width and overland flow is parallel water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. down the slope. Salty water (in tables). Water that is too salty for Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The consumption by livestock. mineral form is called quartz. Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in molecules of silica to the number of molecules of diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a alumina and iron oxide. The more highly soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more weathered soils or their clay fractions in warm- sand and not more than 10 percent clay. temperate, humid regions, and especially those in Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly the tropics, generally have a low ratio. decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay density, and the lowest water content at saturation (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine of all organic soil material. sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil 168 Soil Survey

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 properties resulting from the integrated effect of percent clay. climate and living matter acting on earthy parent Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic material, as conditioned by relief over periods of criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, time. and have similar conservation needs or Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 management requirements for the major land millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging uses in the survey area. between specified size limits. The names and Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in limestone has been dissolved. the United States are as follows: Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 based on the height of the dominant stand at an Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 height attained by dominant and codominant trees Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 75 feet, the site index is 75. Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces Clay ...... less than 0.002 produced by one mass sliding past another. In soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of horizon, in which the processes of soil formation blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, clayey soils, where there is marked change in and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of moisture content. the material in these horizons are unlike those of Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the the material below the solum. The living roots and horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical plant and animal activities are largely confined to distance divided by horizontal distance, then the solum. multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. arrangement of strips or bands that provide In this survey, classes for simple slopes are as vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water follows: erosion. Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil Gently sloping ...... 2 to 5 percent particles into compound particles or aggregates. Moderately sloping ...... 5 to 8 percent The principal forms of soil structure are—platy Strongly sloping ...... 8 to 12 percent (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates Moderately steep ...... 12 to 20 percent longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Steep ...... 20 to 35 percent rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), and granular. Structureless soils are either single Classes for complex slopes are as follows: grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent massive (the particles adhering without any Gently undulating ...... 0 to 5 percent regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). Undulating ...... 2 to 8 percent Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part Rolling ...... 8 to 12 percent of the solum below plow depth. Hilly ...... 12 to 35 percent Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. special practices are required to ensure Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon. satisfactory performance of the soil for a Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in specific use. color and lower in content of organic matter than Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, the overlying surface layer. resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. Summit. The topographically highest position of a Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 hillslope. It has a nearly level (planar or only inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones slightly convex) surface. adversely affect the specified use of the soil. Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Escambia County, Florida 169

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the surface at the base of a hillslope. Toeslopes in “Ap horizon.” profile are commonly gentle and linear and are Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, constructional surfaces forming the lower part of a considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions hillslope continuum that grades to valley or of these horizons. closed-depression floors. Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most series recognized in the classification system. favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily Such soils are named for a series they strongly rich in organic matter and is used to topdress resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. that series because they differ in ways too small to Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, be of consequence in interpreting their use and zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only in extremely small amounts. They are essential to when one or more of their characteristics are plant growth. slightly outside the range defined for the family of Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than the series for which the soils are named. the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed lowlands along streams. across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts assumed to be inherited from the parent material surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or rather than to be the result of poor drainage. flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional field generally is built so that the field can be areas that are excavated at an angle across a farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage sloping road. They are used to reduce the has a deep channel that is maintained in downward velocity of water and divert it off and permanent sod. away from the road surface. Water bars can easily Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat be driven over if constructed properly. or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. Weathering. All physical and chemical changes Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These textural classes, in order of increasing proportion changes result in disintegration and of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy decomposition of the material. loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and coarse grained particles that are well distributed clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil classes may be further divided by specifying normally can be easily increased in density and “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material poorly graded soil. that is too thin for the specified use. Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so emergence, and root penetration. much that it does not recover when placed in a Toeslope. The position that forms the gently inclined humid, dark chamber.

171

Tables 172 Soil Survey

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961-1990 at Pensacola, Florida)

______| | | Temperature | Precipitation |______| | | | | | 30% chance | | | | | | |______to have-- | Average | Month |Average|Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average | daily | daily | daily | | Less | More |days with|snowfall |maximum|minimum| | |than--|than--|0.10 inch| | | | | | | | or more | ______| | | | | | | | | ºF_ | ºF_ | ºF_ | __In | __In | __In | | __In | | | | | | | | January-----| 59.7 | 41.4 | 50.6 | 4.65 | 2.89 | 5.62 | 6 | 0.1 | | | | | | | | February----| 63.1 | 44.3 | 53.7 | 5.36 | 3.59 | 6.41 | 6 | .1 | | | | | | | | March------| 69.4 | 51.4 | 60.4 | 5.66 | 3.65 | 6.82 | 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | April------| 76.4 | 58.1 | 67.3 | 3.41 | 1.99 | 4.14 | 4 | .0 | | | | | | | | May------| 83.2 | 65.7 | 74.5 | 4.20 | 2.09 | 5.13 | 4 | .0 | | | | | | | | June------| 88.7 | 71.9 | 80.3 | 6.40 | 3.83 | 7.76 | 7 | .0 | | | | | | | | July------| 89.9 | 74.2 | 82.0 | 7.42 | 4.75 | 8.94 | 9 | .0 | | | | | | | | August------| 89.2 | 73.8 | 81.5 | 7.33 | 5.27 | 8.65 | 9 | .0 | | | | | | | | September---| 86.4 | 70.3 | 78.3 | 5.42 | 2.99 | 6.61 | 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | October-----| 79.2 | 59.6 | 69.4 | 4.14 | 2.19 | 5.64 | 3 | .0 | | | | | | | | November----| 70.1 | 51.0 | 60.5 | 3.54 | 2.08 | 4.30 | 5 | .0 | | | | | | | | December----| 62.9 | 44.4 | 53.7 | 4.30 | 2.89 | 5.14 | 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average----| 76.5 | 58.8 | 67.7 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | Total------| --- | --- | --- | 61.81 |53.14 |66.92 | 71 | .2 ______| | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 173

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-1990 at the Milton Experiment Station)

______|______Temperature ______Probability |24 ºF or lower|28 ºF or lower|32 ºF or lower | | | Last freezing temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 later than-- | February 29 | March 16 | March 30 | | | 2 years in 10 later than-- | February 20 | March 9 | March 23 | | | 5 years in 10 later than-- | February 3 | February 25 | March 10 | | | First freezing temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 earlier than-- | November 20 | November 10 | October 31 | | | 2 years in 10 earlier than-- | December 2 | November 18 | November 6 | | | 5 years in 10 earlier than-- | December 24 | December 2 | November 17 ______| | | 174 Soil Survey

Table 3.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | | | | 2 |Duckston sand, frequently flooded------| 91 | * 3 |Corolla-Duckston sands, gently undulating, flooded------| 3,171 | 0.7 4 |Pickney sand------| 7,392 | 1.5 5 |Croatan and Pickney soils, depressional------| 8,437 | 1.8 6 |Dirego muck, tidal------| 1,493 | 0.3 7 |Kureb sand, 0 to 8 percent slopes------| 723 | 0.2 8 |Newhan-Corolla complex, rolling, rarely flooded------| 3,433 | 0.7 9 |Leon sand------| 4,452 | 0.9 10 |Beaches------| 766 | 0.2 11 |Hurricane sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 5,850 | 1.2 12 |Croatan muck, depressional------| 1,138 | 0.2 13 |Lakeland sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 16,808 | 3.5 14 |Allanton-Pottsburg complex------| 912 | 0.2 15 |Resota sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,152 | 0.2 16 |Arents-Urban land complex------| 5,247 | 1.1 17 |Kureb sand, 8 to 12 percent slopes------| 68 | * 18 |Pits------| 1,634 | 0.3 19 |Foxworth sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 2,424 | 0.5 20 |Lakeland sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,189 | 0.2 21 |Lakeland sand, 8 to 12 percent slopes------| 1,466 | 0.3 22 |Urban land------| 3,332 | 0.7 24 |Poarch sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 7,092 | 1.5 25 |Poarch sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 11,231 | 2.3 26 |Poarch sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,817 | 0.4 27 |Escambia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 4,224 | 0.9 28 |Grady loam------| 764 | 0.2 29 |Perdido sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 2,551 | 0.5 30 |Perdido sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 7,857 | 1.6 31 |Perdido sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 948 | 0.2 32 |Troup sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 43,693 | 9.1 33 |Troup sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 8,370 | 1.7 34 |Troup sand, 8 to 12 percent slopes------| 4,383 | 0.9 35 |Lucy loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 934 | 0.2 36 |Lucy loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 2,508 | 0.5 38 |Bonifay loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 27,172 | 5.6 39 |Bonifay loamy sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 4,253 | 0.9 40 |Eunola fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 988 | 0.2 41 |Malbis sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,475 | 0.3 42 |Malbis sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 490 | 0.1 43 |Albany sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,353 | 0.3 44 |Corolla-Urban land complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 530 | 0.1 45 |Troup and Perdido soils, 8 to 35 percent slopes, severely eroded------| 1,448 | 0.3 46 |Garcon-Bigbee-Yemassee complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes, occasionally flooded--| 976 | 0.2 47 |Hurricane and Albany soils, 0 to 5 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 4,528 | 0.9 48 |Pelham-Yemassee complex, occasionally flooded------| 8,170 | 1.7 49 |Dorovan muck and Fluvaquents, frequently flooded------| 48,176 | 10.0 50 |Bigbee-Garcon-Fluvaquents complex, flooded------| 10,145 | 2.1 51 |Pelham loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 5,527 | 1.1 52 |Robertsdale sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,924 | 0.4 54 |Troup-Poarch complex, 8 to 12 percent slopes------| 48,471 | 10.1 55 |Troup-Poarch complex, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 2,958 | 0.6 56 |Troup-Poarch complex, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 7,321 | 1.5 57 |Cowarts-Troup complex, 12 to 18 percent slopes------| 1,445 | 0.3 58 |Eunola fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 1,110 | 0.2 59 |Notcher fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 18,143 | 3.8 60 |Notcher fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 17,384 | 3.6 61 |Notcher fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 2,232 | 0.5 62 |Bama fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,465 | 0.3 63 |Bama fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 636 | 0.1 64 |Red Bay fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 7,710 | 1.6 | | |

* Less than 0.1 percent. Escambia County, Florida 175

Table 3.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils--Continued ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | | | | 65 |Red Bay fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 2,286 | 0.5 66 |Red Bay fine sandy loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 275 | * 67 |Notcher-Maubila complex, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,153 | 0.2 68 |Notcher-Maubila complex, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 894 | 0.2 69 |Notcher-Maubila complex, 8 to 12 percent slopes------| 5,961 | 1.2 70 |Izagora fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 1,015 | 0.2 71 |Iuka fine sandy loam, frequently flooded------| 898 | 0.2 72 |Yemassee fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 437 | * 73 |Grady loam, drained------| 1,783 | 0.4 74 |Lucy loamy sand, 5 to 8 percent slopes------| 889 | 0.2 75 |Weston fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 2,947 | 0.6 76 |Mantachie-Fluvaquents-Bigbee complex, frequently flooded------| 8,889 | 1.8 77 |Arents-Water complex, undulating------| 1,068 | 0.2 78 |Emory fine sandy loam, ponded------| 622 | 0.1 | Areas of water more than 40 acres in size------| 58,900 | 12.2 | |------|------| Total------| 481,600 | 100.0 ______| | |

* Less than 0.1 percent. 176 Soil Survey

Table 4.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil.) ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | Improved | | Winter map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Corn |Bahiagrass | bermuda- | Soybeans | Wheat ______| | | | | grass | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | | 2------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Duckston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3------| | | | | | | Corolla- | VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Duckston | VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | 4------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pickney | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Croatan and | | | | | | | Pickney | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6------| VIIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Dirego | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Kureb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Newhan- | | | | | | | Corolla | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9------| IVw | --- | 50 | 7.5 | 9.0 | --- | 25 Leon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10------| VIIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Beaches | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11------| IIIw | 400 | 80 | 7.0 | 8.0 | --- | 28 Hurricane | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Croatan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13------| IVs | 450 | --- | 7.0 | 7.0 | --- | 25 Lakeland | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14------| | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Allanton- | VIw | | | | | | Pottsburg | IVw | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15------| VIs | --- | --- | 5.0 | 5.0 | --- | --- Resota | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16. | | | | | | | Arents- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Kureb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 18------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table Escambia County, Florida 177

Table 4.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | Improved | | Winter map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Corn |Bahiagrass | bermuda- | Soybeans | Wheat ______| | | | | grass | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | | 19------| IIIs | 450 | --- | 7.5 | 7.5 | 25 | 25 Foxworth | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 20, 21------| VIs | --- | --- | 6.5 | 6.5 | --- | --- Lakeland | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 22------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 24------| I | 900 | 120 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 40 | 50 Poarch | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 25------| IIe | 900 | 120 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 40 | 50 Poarch | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26------| IIIe | 800 | 100 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 37 | 45 Poarch | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 27------| IIw | 750 | 100 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 30 | 35 Escambia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 28------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Grady | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 29------| I | 900 | 120 | 9.0 | 10.5 | 40 | 50 Perdido | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30------| IIe | 900 | 120 | 8.5 | 10.5 | 40 | 50 Perdido | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 31------| IIIe | 800 | 100 | 8.0 | 9.5 | 37 | 45 Perdido | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 32------| IIIs | 450 | 80 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 28 | 30 Troup | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 33------| IVs | 450 | --- | 7.0 | 7.3 | 25 | 25 Troup | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 34------| VIs | --- | --- | 5.0 | 6.5 | --- | --- Troup | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 35, 36------| IIs | 800 | 80 | 8.5 | 8.0 | 38 | 50 Lucy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 38------| IIIs | 650 | 75 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 34 | 40 Bonifay | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 39------| IVs | 450 | --- | 7.2 | 7.5 | 25 | 25 Bonifay | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 40------| IIw | 750 | 100 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 30 | 35 Eunola | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 41------| I | 900 | 120 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 40 | 50 Malbis | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 178 Soil Survey

Table 4.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | Improved | | Winter map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Corn |Bahiagrass | bermuda- | Soybeans | Wheat ______| | | | | grass | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | | 42------| IIe | 900 | 120 | 8.5 | 9.5 | 40 | 50 Malbis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 43------| IIIw | 800 | 100 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 37 | 45 Albany | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 44. | | | | | | | Corolla- | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 45------| VIIe | --- | --- | 5.9 | 7.1 | --- | --- Troup and | | | | | | | Perdido | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 46------| | | | | | | Garcon- | IIw | 750 | 100 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 30 | 35 Bigbee- | IIIs | 450 | 70 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 28 | 32 Yemmassee | IIw | 750 | 100 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 30 | 35 | | | | | | | 47------| IIIw | 600 | 80 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 30 | 35 Hurricane and | | | | | | | Albany | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 48------| | | | | | | Pelham- | IIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Yemassee | IIw | 750 | 100 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 30 | 35 | | | | | | | 49------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Dorovan and | | | | | | | Fluvaquents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 50------| | | | | | | Bigbee- | IIIs | 450 | 70 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 30 | 32 Garcon- | IIIw | 750 | 100 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 30 | 35 Fluvaquents | VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | 51------| IIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pelham | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 52------| IIIw | 400 | 80 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 28 | 30 Robertsdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 54------| | | | | | | Troup- | VIs | --- | --- | 5.0 | 5.7 | --- | --- Poarch | IVe | 450 | --- | 9.5 | 4.5 | 25 | 25 | | | | | | | 55------| | | | | | | Troup- | IIIs | 450 | 70 | 8.2 | 6.6 | 30 | 32 Poarch | IIe | 900 | 120 | 9.5 | 5.5 | 40 | 40 | | | | | | | 56------| | | | | | | Troup- | IVs | --- | --- | --- | 6.3 | --- | --- Poarch | IIIe | 800 | 100 | 8.5 | 4.5 | 37 | 45 | | | | | | | 57------| | | | | | | Cowarts- | VIe | --- | --- | 4.8 | 6.2 | --- | --- Troup | VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Escambia County, Florida 179

Table 4.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | Improved | | Winter map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Corn |Bahiagrass | bermuda- | Soybeans | Wheat ______| | | | | grass | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | | 58------| IIe | 900 | 120 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 40 | 50 Eunola | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 59------| I | 900 | 120 | 8.5 | 10.0 | 40 | 50 Notcher | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60------| IIe | 900 | 120 | 8.5 | 10.0 | 40 | 50 Notcher | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 61------| IIIe | 800 | 100 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 37 | 45 Notcher | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 62------| I | 900 | 120 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 40 | 50 Bama | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 63------| IIe | 900 | 120 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 40 | 50 Bama | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 64------| I | 900 | 120 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 40 | 50 Red Bay | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 65------| IIe | 900 | 120 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 40 | 50 Red Bay | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 66------| IIIe | 800 | 100 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 37 | 45 Red Bay | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 67------| | | | | | | Notcher- | IIe | 900 | 120 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 40 | 50 Maubila | IIIe | 800 | 100 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 37 | 45 | | | | | | | 68------| | | | | | | Notcher- | IIIe | 800 | 100 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 37 | 45 Maubila | IVe | 450 | 80 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 25 | 25 | | | | | | | 69------| | | | | | | Notcher- | IVe | 450 | --- | 8.0 | 8.0 | 25 | 25 Maubila | VIe | --- | --- | 6.0 | 5.2 | --- | --- | | | | | | | 70------| IIw | 750 | 100 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 30 | 35 Izagora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 71------| Vw | --- | --- | 7.0 | 8.0 | --- | --- Iuka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 72------| IIw | 750 | 100 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 30 | 35 Yemassee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 73------| IVw | 450 | 65 | 6.0 | --- | 30 | 25 Grady | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 74------| IIIs | 450 | 70 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 30 | 20 Lucy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 75------| IVw | --- | --- | 7.5 | 8.0 | --- | --- Weston | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 180 Soil Survey

Table 4.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | Improved | | Winter map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Corn |Bahiagrass | bermuda- | Soybeans | Wheat ______| | | | | grass | | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | | 76------| | | | | | | Mantachie- | Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Fluvaquents- | VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Bigbee | Vw | --- | --- | 7.5 | 7.5 | 28 | 30 | | | | | | | 77------| | | | | | | Arents- | VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Water | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | 78------| IIw | 700 | 100 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 30 | 35 Emory | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | |

* Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. Escambia County, Florida 181 Table 5.--Woodland Management and Productivity (Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence an entry indicates that information was not available.) ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Soil name and |Ordi- | Equip- map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to plant |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | tion ity ______| | 7------| 4S |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slash pine------| 45 | 4.1 |Sand pine, Kureb | |Sand pine------| 60 2.9 slash pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 55 2.9 longleaf pine. | 9------| 8W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 70 | 8.4 |Slash pine, Leon | |Loblolly pine---| 70 8.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 65 4.7 longleaf pine. | 11------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, Hurricane | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 75 6.3 longleaf pine. | 13------| 5S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slash pine------| 55 | 4.7 pine, Lakeland | |Longleaf pine---| 55 3.1 longleaf pine, | |Sand pine------| 80 4.9 sand pine. | 14: | Allanton------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Slash pine------| 80 | 10.0 pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 80 10.0 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | Pottsburg------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 80 | 10.0 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 80 10.0 loblolly pine | |Longleaf pine---| 65 4.7 longleaf pine. | 15------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Slash pine------| 65 | 7.5 |Slash pine, Resota | |Longleaf pine---| 55 3.1 longleaf pine, | |Sand pine------| 60 2.5 sand pine. | 17------| 4S |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slash pine------| 45 | 4.1 pine, Kureb | |Sand pine------| 60 2.9 sand pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 50 2.5 longleaf pine. | 19------| 10S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 80 | 10.0 |Slash pine, Foxworth | |Longleaf pine---| 65 4.7 longleaf pine. | 20, 21------| 5S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slash pine------| 55 | 4.7 pine, Lakeland | |Longleaf pine---| 55 3.1 longleaf pine, | |Sand pine------| 80 4.9 sand pine. | See footnote at end of table. 182 Soil Survey Table 5.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Soil name and |Ordi- | Equip- map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to plant |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | tion ity ______| | 24, 25, 26------| 11A |Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, Poarch | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 75 6.0 longleaf pine. | 27------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 pine, Escambia | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 longleaf pine. | 29, 30, 31------| 11A |Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, Perdido | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 longleaf pine. | 32, 33, 34------| 11S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 80 | 10.0 |Slash pine, Troup | |Loblolly pine---| 80 10.0 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | 35, 36------| 11S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 85 | 10.7 |Slash pine, Lucy | |Loblolly pine---| 80 10.0 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | 38, 39------| 10S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 80 | 10.0 |Slash pine, Bonifay | |Loblolly pine---| 80 10.0 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | 40------| 12W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 95 | 12.0 |Slash pine, Eunola | |Loblolly pine---| 95 12.0 loblolly pine. | 41, 42------| 11A |Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, Malbis | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine. | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 | 43------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 85 | 10.7 |Slash pine, Albany | |Loblolly pine---| 85 10.7 loblolly pine. | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 | 45: | Troup------| 11R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 80 | 10.0 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 80 10.0 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | Perdido------| 11R |Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 longleaf pine. | See footnote at end of table. Escambia County, Florida 183 Table 5.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Soil name and |Ordi- | Equip- map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to plant |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | tion ity ______| 46: | Garcon------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 80 | 10.0 |Slash pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | Bigbee------| 11S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slash pine------| 85 | 10.7 pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 85 10.7 loblolly pine. | Yemassee------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine. | 47: | Hurricane------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 85 10.7 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | | Albany------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 85 10.7 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 longleaf pine. | 48: | Pelham------| 11W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 longleaf pine. | Yemassee------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine. | 50: | Bigbee------| 11S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slash pine------| 85 | 10.7 pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 80 10.0 loblolly pine. | Garcon------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 80 | 10.0 |Slash pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | Fluvaquents. | | 51------| 11W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, Pelham | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 longleaf pine. | 52------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 pine, Robertsdale | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine. | See footnote at end of table. 184 Soil Survey Table 5.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Soil name and |Ordi- | Equip- map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to plant |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | tion ity ______| | 54, 55, 56: | Troup------| 11S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 85 | 10.7 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 80 10.6 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | Poarch------| 11A |Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 73 6.0 longleaf pine. | 57: | Cowarts------| 11R |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 85 | 10.8 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 85 10.8 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 65 5.0 longleaf pine. | Troup------| 10R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 80 | 10.0 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 80 10.0 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | 58------| 12W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 95 | 12.0 |Loblolly pine, Eunola | |Loblolly pine---| 95 12.0 slash pine. | |Sweetgum------| --- | 59, 60, 61------| 11A |Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, Notcher | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 longleaf pine. | 62, 63------| 11A |Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, Bama | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 75 6.6 longleaf pine. | 64, 65, 66------| 11A |Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, Red Bay | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 75 6.6 longleaf pine. 67, 68, 69: | Notcher------| 11A |Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 longleaf pine. | Maubila------| 10C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 85 | 10.7 |Slash pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 85 10.7 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | See footnote at end of table. Escambia County, Florida 185 Table 5.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Soil name and |Ordi- | Equip- map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to plant |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | tion ity ______| | 70------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 pine, Izagora | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine. | | 71------| 13W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slash pine------| 100 | 12.8 pine, Iuka | |Loblolly pine---| 100 12.8 loblolly pine. | | 72------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, Yemassee | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine. | |Longleaf pine---| 80 7.0 | 73------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 |Slash pine, Grady | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine. | 74------| 11S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slash pine------| 85 | 10.7 |Slash pine, Lucy | |Loblolly pine---| 80 10.0 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 70 5.5 longleaf pine. | 75------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Slash pine------| 90 | 11.4 pine Weston | |Loblolly pine---| 90 11.4 loblolly pine. | 76: | Mantachie------| 13W |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Slash pine------| 100 | 12.8 pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 100 12.8 loblolly pine. | Fluvaquents. | | Bigbee------| 11S |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slash pine------| 85 | 10.7 pine, | |Loblolly pine---| 85 10.7 loblolly pine. | 78------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Slash pine------| 85 | 10.7 |Slash pine, Emory | |Loblolly pine---| 85 10.7 loblolly pine, | |Longleaf pine---| 75 6.3 longleaf pine. | ______* Volume is the yield in cubic meters per hectare year calculated at age of culmination mean annual increment for fully stocked natural stands. 186 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Recreational Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated.)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Duckston | flooding, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | excess salt, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy. | excess salt. | flooding. | | | | | | | 3: | | | | | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | too sandy. | | | | | | | | | Duckston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | excess salt, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy. | excess salt. | | | | | | | | 4------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pickney | ponding, | ponding, | too sandy, | too sandy, | ponding. | too sandy. | too sandy. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | | 5: | | | | | Croatan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus. | | | | | | | | | Pickney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | ponding, | ponding, | too sandy, | too sandy, | ponding. | too sandy. | too sandy. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | | 6------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Dirego | flooding, | wetness, | excess humus, | wetness, | excess salt, | wetness, | excess humus, | wetness, | excess humus. | excess sulfur, | excess humus. | excess salt. | flooding. | | wetness. | | | | | 7------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Kureb | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | 8: | | | | | Newhan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | too sandy, | too sandy, | too sandy. | excess salt, | too sandy. | excess salt. | excess salt. | | droughty. | | | | | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | too sandy. | | | | | | | | | 9------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Leon | wetness, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy. | | | | | | 10------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Beaches | flooding, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | excess salt, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness. | too sandy. | wetness, | too sandy. | excess salt. | | | droughty. | | | | | 11------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Hurricane | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 187

Table 6.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Croatan | flooding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding. | excess humus. | excess humus. | excess humus. | | | | | | | | | 13------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Lakeland | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | 14: | | | | | Allanton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | wetness, | too sandy. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | Pottsburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | wetness, | too sandy. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | 15------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Resota | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | 16: | | | | | Arents------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | too sandy. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | 17------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Kureb | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | 18------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | 19------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Foxworth | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | 20------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Lakeland | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | 21------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Lakeland | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty, | | | too sandy. | | slope, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | 22------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | 24------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Poarch | | | | | | | | | | 25------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Poarch | | | slope. | | | | | | | 26------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Poarch | | | slope. | | | | | | | 188 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 27------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Escambia | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | 28------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Grady | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | 29------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Perdido | | | | | | | | | | 30------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Perdido | | | slope. | | | | | | | 31------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Perdido | | | slope. | | | | | | | 32------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Troup | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | 33------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Troup | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | 34------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Troup | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty, | | | too sandy. | | slope. | | | | | 35------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Lucy | | | | | droughty. | | | | | 36------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Lucy | | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | 38------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Bonifay | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | 39------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Bonifay | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | 40------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Eunola | flooding. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | 41------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Malbis | | | | | | | | | | 42------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Malbis | | | slope. | | | | | | | 43------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Albany | wetness, | too sandy. | too sandy, | too sandy. | droughty. | too sandy. | | wetness. | | | | | | | 44: | | | | | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | too sandy. | | | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 189

Table 6.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | 45: | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | too sandy. | slope. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | | | | Perdido------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | 46: | | | | | Garcon------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding. | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | wetness, | | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy. | droughty, | | | | | flooding. | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding, | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty, | too sandy. | | | | flooding, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | Yemassee------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | droughty, | | | | | flooding. | | | | | 47: | | | | | Hurricane------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | too sandy. | | | | | | | | | Albany------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | too sandy. | too sandy, | too sandy. | droughty. | wetness, | | wetness. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | | | 48: | | | | | Pelham------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | | | | | Yemassee------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | droughty, | | | | | flooding. | | | | | 49: | | | | | Dorovan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | ponding, | excess humus, | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | excess humus. | ponding, | excess humus. | flooding, | excess humus. | | flooding. | | excess humus. | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | percs slowly. | flooding. | | flooding. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 50: | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding, | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty, | too sandy. | | | | flooding, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | 190 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | 50: | | | | | Garcon------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding. | wetness, | too sandy, | wetness, | wetness, | | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy. | droughty, | | | | | flooding. | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | percs slowly. | flooding. | | flooding. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 51------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pelham | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | 52------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Robertsdale | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | 54: | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty, | | | too sandy. | | slope. | | | | | Poarch------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | 55: | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | Poarch------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | | | 56: | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | Poarch------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | | | 57: | | | | | Cowarts------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | too sandy. | slope. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | | | | 58------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Eunola | flooding. | wetness. | slope, | wetness. | wetness, | | | wetness, | | flooding. | | | flooding. | | | | | | | 59------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Notcher | | | small stones. | | | | | | | 60------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Notcher | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 191

Table 6.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 61------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Notcher | | | slope. | | | | | | | 62------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Bama | | | | | | | | | | 63------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Bama | | | slope. | | | | | | | 64------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Red Bay | | | | | | | | | | 65------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Red Bay | | | slope. | | | | | | | 66------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Red Bay | | | slope. | | | | | | | 67: | | | | | Notcher------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Maubila------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | small stones, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | 68: | | | | | Notcher------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | | | Maubila------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Slight. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope. | | | | | | | 69: | | | | | Notcher------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | | | Maubila------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | 70------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Izagora | flooding. | wetness. | wetness, | | flooding. | | | flooding. | | | | | | | 71------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Iuka | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | 72------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Yemassee | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | flooding. | | | | | 73------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Grady | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 74------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Lucy | | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | 192 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 75------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Weston | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 76: | | | | | Mantachie------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | percs slowly. | flooding. | | flooding. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | 77: | | | | | Arents------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Water. | | | | | | | | | | 78------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Emory | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | ______| | | | | Escambia County, Florida 193

Table 7.--Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated.)

______|______Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and |Grain | |Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Hard- |Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land |Wetland |seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild- ______|crops |legumes|plants|trees |plants| | areas | life | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor Duckston | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | 3: | | | | | | | | | | Corolla------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Duckston------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | 4------|Very |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Poor |Good Pickney | poor.| poor. | poor.| | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | 5: | | | | | | | | | | Croatan------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good | poor.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pickney------|Very |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very |Poor |Good | poor.| poor. | poor.| | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | 6------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very |Very |Fair Dirego | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | 7------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very Kureb | poor.| | | poor.| | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 8: | | | | | | | | | | Newhan------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| | | poor.| poor.| poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Corolla------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 9------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor Leon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very Beaches | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 11------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Hurricane | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 12------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good Croatan | poor.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very Lakeland | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | | | | | Allanton------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Good | | | | | | | | | | Pottsburg------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor | | | | | | | | | | 15------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very Resota | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 194 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and |Grain | |Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Hard- |Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land |Wetland |seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild- ______|crops |legumes|plants|trees |plants| | areas | life | life | life | | | | | | | | | | 16: | | | | | | | | | | Arents------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| | | poor.| | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very Kureb | poor.| | | poor.| | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 18------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very Pits | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 19------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very Foxworth | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 20, 21------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very Lakeland | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 22. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 24, 25, 26------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor Poarch | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 27------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair Escambia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 28------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good Grady | poor.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 29, 30------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Perdido | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 31------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Perdido | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 32, 33, 34------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very Troup | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 35, 36------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very Lucy | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 38, 39------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Bonifay | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 40------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Eunola | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 41------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Malbis | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 42------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Malbis | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 43------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor Albany | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 44: | | | | | | | | | | Corolla------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 195

Table 7.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and |Grain | |Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Hard- |Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land |Wetland |seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild- ______|crops |legumes|plants|trees |plants| | areas | life | life | life | | | | | | | | | | 44: | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 45: | | | | | | | | | | Troup------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Perdido------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 46: | | | | | | | | | | Garcon------|Poor |Fair |Good |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Yemassee------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair | | | | | | | | | | 47: | | | | | | | | | | Hurricane------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Albany------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor | | | | | | | | | | 48: | | | | | | | | | | Pelham------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair | | | | | | | | | | Yemassee------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair | | | | | | | | | | 49: | | | | | | | | | | Dorovan------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair | | | | | | | | | | 50: | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Garcon------|Poor |Fair |Good |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair | | | | | | | | | | 51------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair Pelham | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 52------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair Robertsdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 54, 55, 56: | | | | | | | | | | Troup------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Poarch------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor | | | | | | | | | | 57: | | | | | | | | | | Cowarts------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 196 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and |Grain | |Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Hard- |Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land |Wetland |seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild- ______|crops |legumes|plants|trees |plants| | areas | life | life | life | | | | | | | | | | 57: | | | | | | | | | | Troup------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 58------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Eunola | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 59------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Notcher | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 60------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Notcher | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 61------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Notcher | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 62------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Bama | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 63------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Bama | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 64------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Red Bay | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 65------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Red Bay | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 66------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Red Bay | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 67: | | | | | | | | | | Notcher------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Maubila------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 68, 69: | | | | | | | | | | Notcher------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Maubila------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 70------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor Izagora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 71------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor Iuka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 72------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair Yemassee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 73------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good Grady | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 74------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very Lucy | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 197

Table 7.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements | Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and |Grain | |Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Hard- |Conif-|Wetland|Shallow| land | land |Wetland |seed | and | ceous| wood | erous|plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild- ______|crops |legumes|plants|trees |plants| | areas | life | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 75------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair Weston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 76: | | | | | | | | | | Mantachie------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 77: | | | | | | | | | | Arents------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| | | poor.| | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Water. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 78------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Poor Emory | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | 198 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Building Site Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation.)

______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Duckston | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | excess salt, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | wetness. | | | | | | 3: | | | | | | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | droughty. | wetness. | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | Duckston-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | excess salt, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | wetness. | | | | | | 4------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pickney | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | | | | | | | 5: | | | | | | Croatan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding, | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding. | excess | | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | humus. | | | | | | Pickney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | | | | | | | 6------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Dirego | cutbanks cave,| subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | excess salt, | excess humus, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | excess | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | sulfur, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | 7------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Severe: Kureb | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | | 8: | | | | | | Newhan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | excess salt, | | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | droughty. | wetness. | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | 9------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Leon | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | 10------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Beaches | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | excess salt, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | wetness, | | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 199

Table 8.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Hurricane | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | droughty. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | 12------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Croatan | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding, | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding. | excess | | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | humus. | | | | | | 13------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Lakeland | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty, | | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | Allanton-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | Pottsburg----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | 15------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Severe: Resota | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty. | | | | | | 16: | | | | | | Arents------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | droughty. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land---|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | 17------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Kureb | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty. | | | | | | 18------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | 19------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Foxworth | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty, | | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | | 20------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Lakeland | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty, | | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | | 21------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Lakeland | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty, | | | | | | slope, | | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | | 22------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | 24, 25------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Poarch | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | 26------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Poarch | wetness. | | wetness. | slope. | | | | | | | | 200 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 27------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Escambia | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | 28------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Grady | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | | 29, 30------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Perdido | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | 31------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Perdido | wetness. | | wetness. | slope. | | | | | | | | 32------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Troup | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty. | | | | | | 33------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Troup | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | | 34------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Troup | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | 35, 36------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Lucy | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty. | | | | | | 38------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Bonifay | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty. | | | | | | 39------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Bonifay | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | | 40------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Eunola | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | wetness, | wetness. | | wetness. | | | flooding. | | | | | | 41, 42------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Malbis | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | 43------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Albany | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | droughty. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | 44: | | | | | | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | droughty. | wetness. | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | Urban land---|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | | 45: | | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Perdido------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 201

Table 8.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | 46: | | | | | | Garcon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | wetness, | wetness. | | wetness. | | | droughty, | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty, | | | | | | flooding, | | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | | Yemassee-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | droughty, | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | 47: | | | | | | Hurricane----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | droughty. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | Albany------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | droughty. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | | | | | | | 48: | | | | | | Pelham------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | | | | | | | Yemassee-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | droughty, | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | 49: | | | | | | Dorovan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | excess humus, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | subsides, | ponding, | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | flooding, | | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | flooding. | excess | | | | | | humus. | | | | | | Fluvaquents--|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | 50: | | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty, | | | | | | flooding, | | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | | Garcon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | wetness, | wetness. | | wetness. | | | droughty, | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | Fluvaquents--|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | 202 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 51------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pelham | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | 52------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Robertsdale | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | 54: | | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | droughty, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | Poarch------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | 55: | | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty. | | | | | | Poarch------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | 56: | | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | | Poarch------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | slope. | | | | | | | | 57: | | | | | | Cowarts------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | 58------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Eunola | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | wetness, | wetness. | | wetness. | | | flooding. | | | | | | 59, 60------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Notcher | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | 61------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Notcher | wetness. | | wetness. | slope. | | | | | | | | 62, 63------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Bama | | | | | | | | | | | | 64, 65------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Red Bay | | | | | | | | | | | | 66------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Red Bay | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | 67: | | | | | | Notcher------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 203

Table 8.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | 67: | | | | | | Maubila------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | too clayey. | shrink-swell.| shrink-swell.| shrink-swell.| low strength.| | | | | | | 68: | | | | | | Notcher------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | slope. | | | | | | | | Maubila------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | too clayey. | shrink-swell.| shrink-swell.| shrink-swell,| low strength.| | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | 69: | | | | | | Notcher------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | slope. | | | | | | | | Maubila------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | too clayey, | shrink-swell,| shrink-swell,| slope. | low strength.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | 70------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Izagora | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength,| flooding. | | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | 71------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Iuka | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | 72------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Yemassee | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | 73------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Grady | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | 74------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Lucy | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | | 75------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Weston | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | 76: | | | | | | Mantachie----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents--|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty. | | | | | | 204 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | 77: | | | | | | Arents------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | droughty. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | Water. | | | | | | | | | | | | 78------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Emory | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | low strength,| ponding. | | | | | ponding. | ______| | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 205

Table 9.--Sanitary Facilities

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation.)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | 2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Duckston | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 3: | | | | | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | Duckston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 4------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Pickney | ponding, | ponding, | seepage, | ponding, | seepage, | poor filter. | seepage. | ponding, | seepage. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | ponding. | | | | | 5: | | | | | Croatan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | ponding, | seepage, | ponding. | seepage, | ponding. | percs slowly. | excess humus, | | ponding. | | | ponding. | | | | | | | | Pickney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | ponding, | ponding, | seepage, | ponding, | seepage, | poor filter. | seepage. | ponding, | seepage. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | ponding. | | | | | 6------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Dirego | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | poor filter. | excess humus. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 7------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Kureb | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | 8: | | | | | Newhan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | flooding. | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | 9------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Leon | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | wetness. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | 206 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | 10------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Beaches | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding. | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | poor filter. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 11------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Hurricane | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | 12------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Croatan | ponding, | seepage, | ponding. | seepage, | ponding. | percs slowly. | excess humus, | | ponding. | | | ponding. | | | | | | | | 13------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Lakeland | | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | 14: | | | | | Allanton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | wetness. | | | | | Pottsburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | wetness. | too sandy. | wetness. | too sandy, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | 15------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Resota | wetness. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | wetness. | | too sandy. | | | | | 16: | | | | | Arents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | 17------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Kureb | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | 18------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Pits | | | | | | | | | | 19------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Foxworth | wetness. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | wetness. | | too sandy. | | | | | 20------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Lakeland | | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | 21------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Lakeland | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 207

Table 9.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | 22------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | | | 24------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Poarch | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 25, 26------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Poarch | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | seepage. | | | | | | | | 27------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Escambia | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 28------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Grady | ponding, | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 29------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Poor: Perdido | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | thin layer. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | 30, 31------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Poor: Perdido | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | thin layer. | | slope, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | 32, 33------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Troup | | seepage. | too sandy. | seepage. | seepage, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | 34------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Troup | slope. | seepage, | too sandy. | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | | | too sandy. | | | | | 35, 36------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Fair: Lucy | | seepage. | | seepage. | too clayey. | | | | | 38, 39------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Fair: Bonifay | wetness, | seepage. | too sandy. | seepage. | too sandy. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 40------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Eunola | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | | thin layer. | | | | | 41------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Malbis | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 42------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Malbis | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | slope. | | | | | | | | 43------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Albany | wetness. | seepage, | wetness, | seepage, | too sandy, | | wetness. | too sandy. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 208 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | 44: | | | | | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | | 45: | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | slope, | seepage, | seepage, | | slope. | too sandy. | slope. | too sandy, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Perdido------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope. | slope. | thin layer. | | | | | 46: | | | | | Garcon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer. | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding. | seepage, | seepage. | too sandy. | poor filter. | | wetness. | | | | | | | Yemassee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | seepage, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | 47: | | | | | Hurricane------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy. | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Albany------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness. | seepage, | wetness, | seepage, | too sandy, | | wetness. | too sandy. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 48: | | | | | Pelham------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | wetness. | seepage, | | | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | Yemassee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | seepage, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | 49: | | | | | Dorovan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | subsides, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | flooding, | excess humus, | seepage, | ponding. | excess humus. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 209

Table 9.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | 49: | | | | | Fluvaquents-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 50: | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding. | seepage, | seepage. | too sandy. | poor filter. | | wetness. | | | | | | | Garcon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer. | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Fluvaquents-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 51------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Pelham | wetness. | seepage, | wetness. | seepage, | wetness. | | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | 52------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Robertsdale | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 54: | | | | | Troup------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | too sandy. | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | | | too sandy. | | | | | Poarch------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | wetness, | slope. | wetness. | wetness, | slope, | percs slowly. | | | slope. | wetness. | | | | | 55, 56: | | | | | Troup------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | | seepage. | too sandy. | seepage. | seepage, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | Poarch------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | seepage. | | | | | | | | 57: | | | | | Cowarts------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | slope, | seepage, | seepage, | | slope. | too sandy. | slope. | too sandy, | | | | | slope. | | | | | 58------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Eunola | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | | thin layer. | | | | | 210 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | 59, 60, 61------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Notcher | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | small stones, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | 62------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. Bama | | seepage. | | | | | | | | 63------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. Bama | | seepage, | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | 64------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. Red Bay | | seepage. | | | | | | | | 65, 66------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. Red Bay | | seepage, | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | 67, 68: | | | | | Notcher------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | small stones, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | Maubila------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | 69: | | | | | Notcher------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | small stones, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | Maubila------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | 70------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Izagora | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | percs slowly. | | | | thin layer. | | | | | 71------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Iuka | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | 72------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Yemassee | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | seepage, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | 73------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Grady | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 74------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Fair: Lucy | | seepage. | | seepage. | too clayey. | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 211

Table 9.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | 75------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Weston | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness, | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | | thin layer. | | | | | 76: | | | | | Mantachie------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Fluvaquents-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | poor filter. | | wetness. | | too sandy. | | | | | 77: | | | | | Arents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | Water. | | | | | | | | | | 78------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Emory | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. ______| | | | | 212 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Construction Materials

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation.)

______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | 2------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Duckston | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | wetness. | | | | 3: | | | | Corolla------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | Duckston------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | wetness. | | | | 4------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Pickney | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | wetness. | | | | 5: | | | | Croatan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | excess humus, | | | | wetness. | | | | Pickney------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | wetness. | | | | 6------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Dirego | wetness. | | too sandy. | excess humus, | | | | excess salt, | | | | wetness. | | | | 7------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Kureb | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 8: | | | | Newhan------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | excess salt. | | | | Corolla------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 9------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Leon | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | wetness. | | | | 10------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Beaches | wetness. | | too sandy. | area reclaim, | | | | too sandy, | | | | excess salt. | | | | 11------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Hurricane | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 12------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Croatan | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | excess humus, | | | | wetness. | | | | Escambia County, Florida 213

Table 10.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | 13------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Lakeland | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 14: | | | | Allanton------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | wetness. | | | | Pottsburg------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | wetness. | | | | 15------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Resota | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 16: | | | | Arents------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | 17------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Kureb | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 18------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable Pits | | | | | | | | 19------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Foxworth | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 20, 21------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Lakeland | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 22------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Urban land | | | | | | | | 24, 25, 26------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Poarch | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | 27------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Escambia | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | 28------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Grady | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | wetness. | | | | 29, 30, 31------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Perdido | thin layer. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer. | | | | 32, 33, 34------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Troup | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 35, 36------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Lucy | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy. | | | | 38, 39------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Bonifay | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 40------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Eunola | wetness. | | too sandy. | too clayey, | | | | thin layer. | | | | 214 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | 41, 42------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Malbis | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | wetness. | | | | | | | 43------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: Albany | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 44: | | | | Corolla------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. | | | | 45: | | | | Troup------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | slope. | | | | Perdido------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | thin layer. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer. | | | | 46: | | | | Garcon------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | | | | | Bigbee------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | Yemassee------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy. | | | | 47: | | | | Hurricane------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | Albany------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 48: | | | | Pelham------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy, | | | | wetness. | | | | Yemassee------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy. | | | | 49: | | | | Dorovan------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | excess humus, | | | | wetness. | | | | Fluvaquents------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | wetness. | | | | 50: | | | | Bigbee------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | Escambia County, Florida 215

Table 10.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | 50: | | | | Garcon------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | Fluvaquents------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | wetness. | | | | 51------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Pelham | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | 52------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Robertsdale | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | 54: | | | | Troup------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | Poarch------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | 55, 56: | | | | Troup------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | Poarch------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | 57: | | | | Cowarts------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer, | | | | slope. | | | | Troup------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | slope. | | | | 58------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Eunola | wetness. | | too sandy. | too clayey, | | | | thin layer. | | | | 59, 60, 61------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Notcher | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | 62, 63------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Bama | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | 64, 65, 66------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Red Bay | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | 67, 68, 69: | | | | Notcher------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Maubila------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer. | | | | 70------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Izagora | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | 71------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Iuka | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | 216 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | 72------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Yemassee | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | 73------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Grady | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | wetness. | | | | 74------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Lucy | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy. | | | | 75------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Weston | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | 76: | | | | Mantachie------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Fluvaquents------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | wetness. | | | | Bigbee------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | 77: | | | | Arents------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | Water. | | | | | | | | 78------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Emory | | excess fines. | excess fines. | ______| | | | Escambia County, Florida 217 Table 11.--Water Management (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate need for onsite investigation.) ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds |diversions waterways ______| | 2------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, Duckston | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| cave,| droughty, too sandy,| excess | piping, excess salt. fast intake. soil salt, | wetness. blowing. droughty. | 3: | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope, |Wetness, |Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| wetness, too sandy.| | piping, droughty. | wetness. | Duckston------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| cave,| droughty, too sandy,| excess | piping, excess salt. fast intake. soil salt, | wetness. blowing. droughty. | 4------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave, |Droughty, |Ponding, |Wetness, Pickney | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| ponding. fast intake, too sandy,| droughty. | piping, ponding. soil | ponding. blowing. | 5: | Croatan------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Wetness, | seepage. piping, slow refill. percs slowly, soil blowing, | ponding. subsides. percs slowly. blowing. | Pickney------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave, |Droughty, |Ponding, |Wetness, | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| ponding. fast intake, too sandy,| droughty. | piping, ponding. soil | ponding. blowing. | 6------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, Dirego | seepage. seepage, salty water, subsides, droughty, too sandy,| excess | piping, cutbanks cave.| soil blowing. salt, | wetness. blowing. droughty. | 7------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Kureb | seepage. seepage, no water. fast intake, soil | piping. slope. blowing. | 218 Soil Survey Table 11.--Water Management--Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds |diversions waterways ______| 8: | Newhan------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Droughty. | seepage. seepage, no water. droughty, soil | piping. fast intake. blowing. | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, |Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| droughty, too sandy.| | piping, fast intake. | wetness. | 9------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave, |Wetness, Leon | seepage. seepage, slow refill, too acid. droughty. sandy,| | piping, cutbanks cave.| soil | wetness. blowing. | 10------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Slope, |Wetness, Beaches | seepage. seepage, salty water, slope, wetness, too sandy.| excess | piping, cutbanks cave.| droughty. salt. | wetness. | 11------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, |Droughty. Hurricane | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| droughty. too sandy,| | piping. soil | blowing. | 12------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Wetness, Croatan | seepage. piping, slow refill. percs slowly, soil blowing, | ponding. subsides. percs slowly. blowing. | 13------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Lakeland | seepage. no water. fast intake. soil | blowing. | 14: | Allanton------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| droughty, too sandy,| droughty. | piping, fast intake. soil | wetness. blowing. | Pottsburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| droughty, too sandy,| droughty. | piping, fast intake. soil | wetness. blowing. | Escambia County, Florida 219 Table 11.--Water Management--Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds |diversions waterways ______| | 15------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Resota | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| fast intake. soil | piping. blowing. | 16: | Arents------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, |Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| droughty. too sandy,| | piping, soil | wetness. blowing. | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable---|Variable. | 17------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Slope, Kureb | seepage, no water. fast intake, too sandy,| droughty. | slope. piping. soil | blowing. | 18------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable---|Variable. Pits | | 19------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Foxworth | seepage. cutbanks cave.| fast intake. soil | blowing. | 20------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Lakeland | seepage. no water. droughty, soil | fast intake. blowing. | 21------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, Lakeland | seepage, seepage. no water. droughty, too sandy,| droughty. | slope. fast intake. soil | blowing. | 22------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable---|Variable. Urban land | | 24------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable--|Favorable. Poarch | seepage. piping. slow refill. | 25, 26------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slope------|Slope------|Favorable--|Favorable. Poarch | seepage. piping. slow refill. | 27------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, Escambia | seepage. wetness. slow refill. percs slowly. | slowly. | 220 Soil Survey Table 11.--Water Management--Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds |diversions waterways ______| | 28------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Wetness, Grady | ponding. slow refill. percs slowly. | slowly. | 29------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable--|Favorable. Perdido | seepage. thin layer. no water. | 30, 31------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable--|Favorable. Perdido | seepage, thin layer. no water. | slope. | 32------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Troup | seepage. seepage, no water. fast intake. soil | piping. blowing. | 33------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Troup | seepage. seepage, no water. fast intake, soil | piping. slope. blowing. | 34------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Slope, Troup | seepage, no water. fast intake, too sandy,| droughty. | slope. piping. soil | blowing. | 35------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Lucy | seepage. piping. no water. fast intake. soil | blowing. | 36------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Lucy | seepage. piping. no water. fast intake, soil | slope. blowing. | 38------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Bonifay | seepage. seepage, no water. fast intake. soil | piping. blowing. | 39------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Bonifay | seepage. seepage, no water. droughty, soil | piping. fast intake. blowing. | 40------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness------|Wetness----|Favorable. Eunola | seepage. piping, cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | Escambia County, Florida 221 Table 11.--Water Management--Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds |diversions waterways ______| | 41------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable--|Favorable. Malbis | seepage. piping. no water. | 42------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable--|Favorable. Malbis | seepage, piping. no water. | slope. | 43------|Severe: |Severe: |Wetness, Albany | seepage. seepage, slow refill, droughty. too sandy,| | piping, cutbanks cave.| soil | wetness. blowing. | 44: | Corolla------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, |Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| droughty, too sandy.| | piping, fast intake. | wetness. | Urban land------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable---|Variable. | 45: | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Slope, | seepage, no water. fast intake, too sandy,| droughty. | slope. piping. soil | blowing. | Perdido------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | slope. thin layer. no water. | 46: | Garcon------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| droughty. soil | piping, blowing. | wetness. | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy--|Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| fast intake. | piping. | Yemassee------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness----|Wetness, | seepage. piping, cutbanks cave.| droughty, droughty. | wetness. fast intake. | 222 Soil Survey Table 11.--Water Management--Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds |diversions waterways ______| 47: | Hurricane------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| droughty, too sandy,| | piping. fast intake. soil | blowing. | Albany------|Severe: |Severe: |Wetness, | seepage. seepage, slow refill, droughty. too sandy,| | piping, cutbanks cave.| soil | wetness. blowing. | 48: | Pelham------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness. | seepage. piping, cutbanks cave.| fast intake, soil | wetness. flooding. blowing. | Yemassee------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness----|Wetness, | seepage. piping, cutbanks cave.| droughty, droughty. | wetness. fast intake. | 49: | Dorovan------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Wetness. | seepage. excess humus, cutbanks cave.| flooding, soil blowing, | ponding. subsides. flooding. blowing. | Fluvaquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, | seepage. seepage, slow refill, flooding, droughty, too sandy.| droughty. | piping, cutbanks cave.| fast intake. | wetness. | 50: | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy--|Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| fast intake. | piping. | Garcon------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| droughty. soil | piping, blowing. | wetness. | Fluvaquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, | seepage. seepage, slow refill, flooding, droughty, too sandy.| droughty. | piping, cutbanks cave.| fast intake. | wetness. | Escambia County, Florida 223 Table 11.--Water Management--Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds |diversions waterways ______| | 51------|Severe: |Severe: |Favorable------|Fast intake, |Wetness, |Wetness. Pelham | seepage. piping, cutbanks cave.| wetness. soil | wetness. blowing. | 52------|Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, Robertsdale | piping, no water. percs slowly. | wetness. slowly. | 54: | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Slope, | seepage, no water. fast intake, too sandy,| droughty. | slope. piping. soil | blowing. | Poarch------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slope------|Slope------|Slope----- |Slope. | seepage. piping. slow refill. | 55, 56: | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. | seepage. seepage, no water. fast intake, soil | piping. slope. blowing. | Poarch------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slope------|Slope------|Favorable--|Favorable. | seepage. piping. slow refill. | 57: | Cowarts------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, | slope. piping. no water. droughty. percs droughty, | slowly. rooting | depth. | Troup------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Slope, | seepage, no water. fast intake, too sandy,| droughty. | slope. piping. soil | blowing. | 58------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Slope, |Wetness----|Favorable. Eunola | seepage. piping, cutbanks cave.| slope. wetness. | wetness. | 59------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable--|Favorable. Notcher | seepage. thin layer, slow refill. | piping, | wetness. | 224 Soil Survey Table 11.--Water Management--Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds |diversions waterways ______| | 60, 61------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable--|Favorable. Notcher | seepage, thin layer, slow refill. | slope. piping, | wetness. | 62------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable--|Favorable. Bama | seepage. piping. no water. | 63------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable--|Favorable. Bama | seepage, piping. no water. | slope. | 64------|Moderate: |Slight------|Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable--|Favorable. Red Bay | seepage. no water. | 65, 66------|Moderate: |Slight------|Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable--|Favorable. Red Bay | seepage, no water. | slope. | 67, 68: | Notcher------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable--|Favorable. | seepage, thin layer, slow refill. | slope. piping, | wetness. | Maubila------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly, | slope. hard to pack. no water. slowly. | 69: | Notcher------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable--|Favorable. | seepage, thin layer, slow refill. | slope. piping, | wetness. | Maubila------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly, |Slope, | slope. hard to pack. no water. percs | slowly. | 70------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness------|Wetness----|Favorable. Izagora | seepage. piping, slow refill. | wetness. | 71------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness----|Wetness. Iuka | seepage. piping, slow refill. flooding. | wetness. | Escambia County, Florida 225 Table 11.--Water Management--Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds |diversions waterways ______| | 72------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness------|Wetness, |Wetness. Yemassee | seepage. piping, slow refill. soil | wetness. blowing. | 73------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, Grady | wetness. slow refill. percs slowly. | slowly. | 74------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Lucy | seepage. piping. no water. fast intake, soil | slope. blowing. | 75------|Severe: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Wetness----|Wetness. Weston | seepage. piping, no water. | wetness. | 76: | Mantachie------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness----|Wetness. | seepage. piping, slow refill. flooding. | wetness. | Fluvaquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, | seepage. seepage, slow refill, flooding, droughty, too sandy.| droughty. | piping, cutbanks cave.| fast intake. | wetness. | Bigbee------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy--|Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| droughty, | piping. fast intake. | 77: | Arents------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope, |Wetness, |Droughty. | seepage. seepage, cutbanks cave.| wetness, too sandy,| | piping, droughty. soil | wetness. blowing. | Water. | | 78------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding------|Ponding------|Ponding----|Favorable. Emory | seepage. piping, no water. | ponding. | ______226 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Engineering Index Properties

(Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated.)

______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit |ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | 2------| 0-4 |Sand------|SP-SM, SP |A-2, A-3 | 100 |95-100|60-75 | 3-12| 10-15 | NP Duckston | 4-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP-SM, SP |A-2, A-3 | 100 |95-100|60-75 | 3-12| 10-15 | NP | | | | | | | | | | 3: | | | | | | | | | | Corolla------| 0-5 |Sand------|SW, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3 |80-100|75-100|60-95 | 1-12| 0-14 | NP | | | SP | | | | | | | | 5-80|Sand, fine sand--|SW, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3 |80-100|75-100|60-95 | 1-12| 0-14 | NP | | | SP | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Duckston------| 0-4 |Sand------|SP-SM, SP |A-2, A-3 | 100 |95-100|60-75 | 3-12| 10-15 | NP | 4-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP-SM, SP |A-2, A-3 | 100 |95-100|60-75 | 3-12| 10-15 | NP | | | | | | | | | | 4------| 0-10|Sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 100 | 100 |50-80 | 5-25| 10-14 | NP Pickney |10-80|Sand, coarse sand|SP, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3 | 100 | 100 |50-90 | 3-25| 10-14 | NP | | | | | | | | | | 5: | | | | | | | | | | Croatan------| 0-25|Muck------|PT | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |25-33|Loam, mucky sandy|CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 100 | 100 |75-100|36-95| 18-45 | 4-15 | | loam, sandy | SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |33-80|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Pickney------| 0-10|Sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 100 | 100 |50-80 | 5-25| 10-14 | NP |10-80|Sand, coarse sand|SP, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3 | 100 | 100 |50-90 | 3-25| 10-14 | NP | | | | | | | | | | 6------| 0-35|Muck------|PT |A-8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Dirego |35-80|Fine sand, loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 6-13| 0-14 | NP | | fine sand, mucky| | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7------| 0-3 |Sand------|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |60-100| 0-7 | 10-14 | NP Kureb | 3-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |60-100| 0-7 | 10-14 | NP | | | | | | | | | | 8: | | | | | | | | | | Newhan------| 0-3 |Sand------|SP, SP-SM |A-3 |95-100|95-100|60-75 | 0-5 | 10-14 | NP | 3-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3 |95-100|95-100|60-75 | 0-5 | 10-14 | NP | | | | | | | | | | Corolla------| 0-5 |Sand------|SW, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3 |80-100|75-100|60-95 | 1-12| 0-14 | NP | 5-80|Sand, fine sand | SP | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9------| 0-5 |Sand------|SP, SP-SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 2-12| 0-14 | NP Leon | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | 5-18|Sand, fine sand |SP, SP-SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 2-12| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |18-26|Sand, fine sand, |SM, SP-SM,|A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 3-20| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand. | SP | A-2-4 | | | | | | |26-65|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 2-12| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |65-80|Sand, fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 3-20| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand. | SP | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10------| 0-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP |A-1, A-3 | 100 |75-100| 5-85 | 0-5 | 0-14 | NP Beaches | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 227

Table 12.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit |ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | 11------| 0-5 |Sand------|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |78-100| 4-8 | 0-14 | NP Hurricane | 5-58|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |78-100| 4-8 | 0-14 | NP |58-80|Sand, fine sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 5-15| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12------| 0-25|Muck------|PT | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Croatan |25-33|Loam, mucky sandy|CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 100 | 100 |75-100|36-95| 18-45 | 4-15 | | loam, sandy | SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |33-80|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | 13------| 0-5 |Sand------|SP-SM |A-3, |90-100|90-100|60-100| 5-12| 0-14 | NP Lakeland | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | 5-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3, |90-100|90-100|50-100| 1-12| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | | | | | Allanton------| 0-10|Sand------|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |80-100| 2-5 | 0-14 | NP |10-53|Sand, fine sand, |SP, SP-SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 2-12| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |53-80|Sand, fine sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 5-20| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pottsburg-----| 0-7 |Sand------|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |80-100| 2-10| 0-14 | NP | 7-53|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |80-100| 1-8 | 0-14 | NP |53-80|Sand, fine sand, |SP-SM, |A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 4-18| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand. | SP-SM, | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | SP, SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15------| 0-3 |Sand------|SP, SM, |A-3, | 100 | 100 |85-99 | 1-15| 0-14 | NP Resota | | | SP-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | 3-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SM, |A-3, | 100 | 100 |85-99 | 1-15| 0-14 | NP | | | SP-SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16: | | | | | | | | | | Arents------| 0-80|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17------| 0-3 |Sand------|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |60-100| 0-7 | 0-14 | NP Kureb |3-80 |Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |60-100| 0-7 | 0-14 | NP | | | | | | | | | | 18. | | | | | | | | | | Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 19------| 0-6 |Sand------|SP-SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |60-100| 5-12| 0-14 | NP Foxworth | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | 6-45|Sand, fine sand--|SP-SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |60-100| 5-12| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |45-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |50-100| 1-12| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 20, 21------| 0-5 |Sand------|SP-SM |A-3, |90-100|90-100|60-100| 5-12| 0-14 | NP Lakeland | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | 5-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3, |90-100|90-100|50-100| 1-12| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 228 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit |ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | 22. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 24, 25, 26-----| 0-5 |Sandy loam------|SM, SC-SM |A-4, |95-100|95-100|70-95 |30-50| 15-25 | NP-5 Poarch | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | 5-31|Loam, sandy loam |ML, CL-ML,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|85-95 |51-75| 20-30 | NP-10 | | | CL | | | | | | | |31-80|Loam, sandy loam |ML, CL, |A-4 |85-100|85-100|85-95 |51-75| 20-30 | 2-10 | | |CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 27------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-90 |40-65| <25 | NP-7 Escambia | | | SP, SP-SM| | | | | | | |10-24|Fine sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-6 |95-100|95-100|70-95 |40-75| 16-30 | 4-15 | | loam, sandy | CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |24-80|Fine sandy loam, |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6 |87-95 |87-95 |60-95 |35-80| 20-40 | 4-20 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 28------| 0-5 |Loam------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 100 |99-100|85-100|50-75| <30 | NP-15 Grady | | | CL | | | | | | | | 5-11|Clay loam, sandy |CL |A-6 | 100 | 100 |90-100|51-80| 25-40 | 11-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |11-80|Clay, sandy clay |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|55-90| 30-51 | 12-24 | | | | | | | | | | 29, 30, 31-----| 0-8 |Sandy loam------|SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 |95-100|92-100|65-95 |25-55| <25 | NP-7 Perdido | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 8-48|Sandy loam, fine |SC, CL, |A-2, A-4 |95-100|92-100|65-95 |25-55| 15-30 | 5-15 | | sandy loam. | CL-ML | A-6 | | | | | | |48-57|Sandy loam, sandy|SM, ML |A-4, A-5 | 5-100|92-100|70-98 |45-75| 30-49 | 4-15 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | |57-80|Sandy loam, sandy|SM, ML |A-4, A-5 | 5-100|92-100|70-98 |45-75| 30-49 | 4-15 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 32, 33, 34-----| 0-5 |Sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2 | 5-100|90-100|50-75 |10-30| 0-14 | NP Troup | 5-58|Sand, fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2 | 5-100|90-100|50-75 |10-30| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | | | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | |58-68|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 7-100|95-100|55-95 |15-50| 10-30 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |68-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2,| 5-100|90-100|60-90 |24-55| 19-40 | 4-20 | | sandy loam, fine| CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 35, 36------| 0-6 |Loamy sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4 |89-100|95-100|50-90 |10-40| 0-14 | NP Lucy | 6-26|Loamy sand, sand |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4 |89-100|95-100|50-90 |10-40| 0-14 | NP |26-38|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 7-100|95-100|55-95 |15-50| 10-30 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |38-65|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-6,| 100 |95-100|60-95 |20-50| 20-40 | 3-20 | | clay loam, sandy| SM | A-4 | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | |65-80|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,|97-100|95-100|55-95 |15-50| 10-30 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 229

Table 12.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit |ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | 38, 39------| 0-54|Loamy sand------|SM |A-2-4 |98-100|98-100|65-95 |13-20| 0-14 | NP Bonifay |54-80|Sandy loam, sandy|SC-SM, SC,|A-2-4, |95-100|90-100|63-95 |23-50| <30 | NP-12 | | clay loam, fine | SM | A-4, | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | A-2-6, | | | | | | | | | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 40------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM |A-2, A-4 | 100 |98-100|60-85 |30-50| <30 | NP Eunola |10-28|Sandy clay loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, A-2,| 100 |90-100|75-95 |30-60| <36 | NP-15 | | clay loam, fine | SC-SM, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |28-38|Sandy clay loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6,| 100 |98-100|80-95 |36-60| 22-50 | 3-26 | | sandy clay, clay| ML, CL | A-7 | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |38-55|Sandy loam, sandy|SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 100 |98-100|60-70 |30-40| <30 | NP-10 | | clay loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | |55-80|Sand, loamy sand,|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 100 |98-100|50-75 | 5-30| <20 | NP | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 41, 42------| 0-7 |Sandy loam------|SM, ML |A-4 | 100 |97-100|91-97 |40-62| <30 | NP-5 Malbis | 7-22|Loam, sandy clay |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 |99-100|95-100|80-100|55-70| 21-35 | 5-11 | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |22-72|Sandy clay loam, |ML, CL |A-4, A-6,|98-100|96-100|90-100|56-80| 29-49 | 4-15 | | clay loam, loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | |72-80|Sandy clay loam, |ML, CL |A-4, A-5,|98-100|96-100|90-100|56-80| 30-49 | 4-15 | | clay loam. | | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 43------| 0-5 |Sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2 | 100 | 100 |75-90 |10-20| 0-14 | NP Albany | 5-57|Sand, fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2 | 5-100|90-100|50-75 |10-30| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | | | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | |57-72|Sandy loam------|SM |A-2 | 100 | 100 |75-92 |22-30| <30 | NP |72-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,|97-100|95-100|70-100|20-50| <40 | NP-17 | | sandy loam, fine| SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 44: | | | | | | | | | | Corolla------| 0-80|Sand------|SW, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3 |80-100|75-100|60-95 | 1-12| 0-14 | NP | | | SP | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 45: | | | | | | | | | | Troup------| 0-5 |Sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2 |95-100|90-100|50-75 |10-30| 0-14 | NP | 5-58|Sand, loamy fine |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 8-20| 0-14 | NP | | sand, loamy | | A-3 | | | | | | | | sand, fine sand.| | | | | | | | |58-68|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 7-100|95-100|55-95 |15-50| 10-30 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |68-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2,| 5-100|90-100|60-90 |24-55| 19-40 | 4-20 | | sandy loam, fine| CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 230 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit |ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | 45: | | | | | | | | | | Perdido------| 0-8 |Sandy loam------|SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 |95-100|92-100|65-95 |25-55| <25 | NP-7 | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 8-48|Sandy loam, fine |SC, CL, |A-2, A-4 |95-100|92-100|65-95 |25-55| 15-30 | 5-15 | | sandy loam. | CL-ML | A-6 | | | | | | |48-57|Sandy loam, sandy|SM, ML |A-4, A-5 |95-100|92-100|70-98 |45-75| 30-49 | 4-15 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | |57-80|Sandy loam, sandy|SM, ML |A-4, A-5 |95-100|92-100|70-98 |45-75| 30-49 | 4-15 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 46: | | | | | | | | | | Garcon------| 0-5 |Loamy fine sand--|SP-SM, SM |A-3, | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 8-20| <20 | NP | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | 5-27|Loamy fine sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 8-20| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand, fine| | A-3 | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | |27-57|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4 | 100 |85-100|80-95 |18-35| <25 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |57-80|Fine sand, sand, |SP-SM, SP |A-3 | 100 |95-100|50-75 | 5-30| <20 | NP | | loamy sand. | |A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------| 0-7 |Fine sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, |85-100|85-100|80-95 | 8-20| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | 7-80|Sand, fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2 |85-100|85-100|80-95 | 8-20| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand, | | A-3 | | | | | | | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yemassee------| 0-12|Fine sandy loam--|SM |A-2 | 100 | 100 |75-100|22-55| <30 | NP-7 |12-48|Sandy clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 100 | 100 |75-100|30-70| 16-38 | 4-18 | | clay loam, fine | CL-ML, | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | |48-74|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 100 | 100 |75-100|25-55| <35 | NP-15 | | fine sandy loam,| CL-ML, | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay. | SC-SM | | | | | | | |74-80|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | 47: | | | | | | | | | | Hurricane-----| 0-5 |Sand------|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |78-100| 4-8 | 0-14 | NP | 5-58|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |78-100| 4-8 | 0-14 | NP |58-70|Sand, fine sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-3, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 5-15| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |70-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM,|A-3, | 100 | 100 |90-100| 4-15| 0-14 | NP | | | SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albany------| 0-7 |Sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2 | 100 | 100 |75-90 |10-20| 0-14 | NP | 7-57|Sand, fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2 | 5-100|90-100|50-75 |10-30| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand, | | | | | | | | | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | |57-72|Sandy loam------|SM |A-2 | 100 | 100 |75-92 |22-30| <20 | NP |72-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,|97-100|95-100|70-100|20-50| <40 | NP-17 | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 231

Table 12.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit |ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | 48: | | | | | | | | | | Pelham------| 0-5 |Loamy sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2 | 100 |95-100|75-90 |10-25| 0-14 | NP | 5-35|Loamy fine sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, | 100 |98-100|50-75 | 5-30| <20 | NP | | loamy sand, | | A-3 | | | | | | | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | |35-58|Sandy clay loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 100 |95-100|65-90 |27-50| 15-30 | 2-12 | | sandy loam, fine| SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |58-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 100 |95-100|65-90 |27-65| 20-45 | 3-20 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yemassee------| 0-12|Fine sandy loam--|SM |A-2 | 100 | 100 |75-100|25-50| <30 | NP-7 |12-48|Sandy clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 100 | 100 |75-100|30-70| 16-38 | 4-18 | | clay loam, fine | CL-ML, | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | |48-74|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 100 | 100 |75-100|25-55| <35 | NP-15 | | fine sandy loam,| CL-ML, | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay. | SC-SM | | | | | | | |74-80|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | 49: | | | | | | | | | | Dorovan------| 0-8 |Muck------|PT | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 8-80|Muck------|PT | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents---| 0-4 |Mucky fine sand--|SM, SP, |A-2-4, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 4-15| 10-14 | NP | | | SP-SM | A-3 | | | | | | | 4-25|Loamy sand, sandy|SM |A-2-4 | 100 | 100 |50-70 |15-35| <35 | NP-7 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |25-40|Loamy sand, sandy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2-4, | 100 | 100 |50-70 |15-35| <35 | NP-13 | | loam, sandy clay| SC | A-2-6 | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |40-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 2-6 | 0-14 | NP | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 50: | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------| 0-7 |Fine sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, | 100 |85-100|80-95 | 8-20| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | 7-80|Sand, fine sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, | 100 |85-100|80-95 | 8-30| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Garcon------| 0-5 |Loamy fine sand--|SP-SM, SM |A-3, | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 8-20| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | 5-27|Loamy fine sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 8-20| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand, fine| | A-3 | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | |27-57|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4 | 100 |85-100|80-95 |18-35| <25 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |57-80|Fine sand, sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-3 | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 8-10| 0-14 | NP | | loamy sand. | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents---| 0-4 |Mucky fine sand--|SM, SP, |A-2-4, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 4-15| 10-14 | NP | | | SP-SM | A-3 | | | | | | | 4-25|Loamy sand, sandy|SM |A-2-4 | 100 | 100 |50-70 |15-35| <35 | NP-7 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |25-40|Loamy sand, sandy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2-4, | 100 | 100 |50-70 |15-35| <35 | NP-13 | | loam, sandy clay| SC | A-2-6 | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |40-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 2-6 | 0-14 | NP | | | | | | | | | | 232 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit |ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | 51------| 0-5 |Loamy sand------|SM |A-2 | 100 |95-100|75-100|15-30| 0-14 | NP Pelham | 5-35|Loamy fine sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 8-30| <20 | NP | | loamy sand, fine| | A-3 | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | |35-58|Sandy clay loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 100 |95-100|65-100|27-50| 15-30 | 2-12 | | sandy loam, fine| SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |58-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 100 |95-100|65-100|27-65| 20-45 | 3-20 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 52------| 0-12|Sandy loam------|SC-SM, |A-4 |90-100|75-100|70-100|40-60| <25 | NP-7 Robertsdale | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | SM, ML | | | | | | | |12-24|Clay loam, sandy |CL-ML, CL,|A-4 |80-100|70-100|65-95 |40-60| 20-30 | 4-10 | | clay loam, loam.| SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | |24-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6 |90-100|80-100|70-95 |40-60| 25-35 | 4-12 | | clay loam, loam.| CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 54, 55, 56: | | | | | | | | | | Troup------| 0-5 |Sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2 |95-100|90-100|50-75 |10-30| 0-14 | NP | 5-58|Sand, loamy fine |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 8-20| 0-14 | NP | | sand, loamy | | A-3 | | | | | | | | sand, fine sand.| | | | | | | | |58-68|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 7-100|95-100|55-95 |15-50| 10-30 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |68-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2,| 5-100|90-100|60-90 |24-55| 19-40 | 4-20 | | sandy loam, fine| CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Poarch------| 0-5 |Sandy loam------|SM, SC-SM |A-4, |95-100|95-100|70-95 |30-50| 15-25 | NP-5 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | 5-31|Loam, fine sandy |ML, CL-ML,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|85-95 |51-75| 20-30 | NP-10 | | loam, sandy | CL | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |31-80|Loam, fine sandy |ML, CL, |A-4 |85-100|85-100|85-95 |51-75| 20-30 | 2-10 | | loam, sandy | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 57: | | | | | | | | | | Cowarts------| 0-9 |Sandy loam------|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|75-90 |20-40| <20 | NP-5 | 9-32|Fine sandy loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,|95-100|90-100|60-95 |23-45| 20-40 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |32-80|Sandy loam, sandy|SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,|85-100|80-100|60-95 |25-58| 25-53 | 5-20 | | clay loam. | CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Troup------| 0-5 |Sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2 |95-100|90-100|50-75 |10-30| 0-14 | NP | 5-58|Sand, loamy fine |SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 8-20| 0-14 | NP | | sand, loamy | | A-3 | | | | | | | | sand, fine sand.| | | | | | | | |58-68|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 7-100|95-100|55-95 |15-50| 10-30 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |68-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2,| 5-100|90-100|60-90 |24-55| 19-40 | 4-20 | | sandy loam, fine| CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 233

Table 12.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit |ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | 58------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam--|SM |A-2, A-4 | 100 |98-100|60-85 |30-50| <20 | NP Eunola |10-28|Sandy loam, sandy|SM, SC, |A-4, A-2,| 100 |90-100|75-95 |30-60| <36 | NP-15 | | clay loam, fine | SC-SM, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |28-50|Sandy clay loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6,| 100 |98-100|80-95 |36-60| 22-50 | 3-26 | | sandy clay, clay| ML, CL | A-7 | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |50-80|Sand, loamy sand,|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 100 |98-100|50-75 | 5-30| 0-14 | NP | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 59, 60, 61-----| 0-12|Fine sandy loam--|SM |A-2, A-4 |80-95 |78-95 |70-90 |20-50| <20 | NP Notcher |12-48|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |75-95 |70-95 |60-80 |36-60| 20-35 | 7-20 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |48-80|Sandy clay loam, |CH, CL, |A-6, A-7 |85-100|85-100|70-98 |36-75| 30-55 | 11-23 | | clay loam. | SC, SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 62, 63------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam--|SM, SC, |A-4 | 0 |85-100|70-95 |40-70| <30 | NP-10 Bama | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | 6-56|Loam, sandy clay |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |85-100|80-95 |36-70| 15-35 | 2-15 | | loam, fine sandy| SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | |56-80|Loam, sandy clay |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |80-100|80-95 |40-70| 20-40 | 8-18 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 64, 65, 66-----| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam--|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|60-85 |15-45| <20 | NP-4 Red Bay | 6-80|Sandy loam, sandy|SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|60-85 |15-50| <35 | NP-10 | | clay loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 67: | | | | | | | | | | Notcher------| 0-12|Fine sandy loam--|SM |A-2, A-4 |80-95 |78-95 |70-90 |20-50| <20 | NP |12-48|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |75-95 |70-95 |60-80 |36-60| 20-35 | 7-20 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |48-80|Sandy clay loam, |CH, CL, |A-6, A-7 |85-100|85-100|70-98 |36-75| 30-55 | 11-23 | | clay loam. | SC, SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maubila------| 0-4 |Gravelly fine |SM, SC-SM,|A-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |10-35| <25 | NP-6 | | sandy loam. | SP-SM | | | | | | | | 4-9 |Loamy fine sand, |SM |A-2 | 0-100|85-100|61-95 |10-35| 15-25 | NP-6 | | fine sandy loam,|SP-SM | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 9-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-6, A-7 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |45-90| 35-50 | 12-25 | | clay loam, clay.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 68: | | | | | | | | | | Notcher------| 0-12|Fine sandy loam--|SM |A-2, A-4 |80-95 |78-95 |70-90 |20-50| <20 | NP |12-48|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |75-95 |70-95 |60-80 |36-60| 20-35 | 7-20 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |48-80|Sandy clay loam, |CH, CL, |A-6, A-7 |85-100|85-100|70-98 |36-75| 30-55 | 11-23 | | clay loam. | SC, SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 234 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit |ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | 68: | | | | | | | | | | Maubila------| 0-4 |Gravelly fine |SM, SC-SM,|A-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |10-35| <25 | NP-6 | | sandy loam. | SP-SM | | | | | | | | 4-9 |Loamy fine sand, |SM |A-2 |90-100|85-100|61-95 |10-35| 15-25 | NP-6 | | fine sandy loam,|SP-SM | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 9-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-6, A-7 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |45-90| 35-50 | 12-25 | | clay loam, clay.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 69: | | | | | | | | | | Notcher------| 0-12|Fine sandy loam--|SM |A-2, A-4 |80-95 |78-95 |70-90 |20-50| <20 | NP |12-48|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 |75-95 |70-95 |60-80 |36-60| 20-35 | 7-20 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |48-80|Sandy clay loam, |CH, CL, |A-6, A-7 |85-100|85-100|70-98 |36-75| 30-55 | 11-23 | | clay loam. | SC, SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maubila------| 0-4 |Gravelly fine |SM, SC-SM,|A-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |10-35| <25 | NP-6 | | sandy loam. | SP-SM | | | | | | | | 4-9 |Loamy fine sand, |SM |A-2 |90-100|85-100|61-95 |10-35| 15-25 | NP-6 | | fine sandy loam,|SP-SM | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | 9-80|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-6, A-7 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |45-90| 35-50 | 12-25 | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 70------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam--|SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|95-100|70-95 |40-65| <25 | NP-5 Izagora | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | |10-28|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|85-100|65-100|36-75| <30 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | |28-80|Clay loam, clay, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 |95-100|95-100|90-100|70-95| 35-60 | 20-40 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 71------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam--|SM, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2 |95-100|90-100|70-100|30-60| <20 | NP-7 Iuka | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | 9-20|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-4 |95-100|85-100|65-100|36-75| <30 | NP-7 | | loam. | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | |20-80|Sandy loam, fine |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 |95-100|90-100|70-100|25-60| <30 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 72------| 0-12|Fine sandy loam--|SM |A-2, A-4 | 100 | 100 |75-100|25-50| <30 | NP-7 Yemassee |12-48|Sandy clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 100 | 100 |75-100|30-70| 16-38 | 4-18 | | clay loam, fine | CL-ML, | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | |48-74|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 100 | 100 |75-100|25-55| <35 | NP-15 | | fine sandy loam,| CL-ML, | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay. | SC-SM | | | | | | | |74-80|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | 73------| 0-5 |Loam------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 100 |99-100|85-100|50-75| <30 | NP-15 Grady | | | CL | | | | | | | | 5-11|Clay loam, sandy |CL |A-6 | 100 | 100 |90-100|51-80| 25-40 | 11-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |11-80|Clay, sandy clay |CL, ML, CH|A-6, A-7 | 100 | 100 |90-100|55-90| 36-51 | 12-25 | | | | | | | | | | Escambia County, Florida 235

Table 12.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |______sieve number-- |Liquid |Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | | | | | limit |ticity ______| | | | | 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | 74------| 0-26|Loamy sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-4 |98-100|95-100|50-90 |10-40| 0-14 | NP Lucy |26-38|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,|97-100|95-100|55-95 |15-50| 10-30 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |38-65|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-6,| 100 |95-100|60-95 |20-50| 20-40 | 3-20 | | clay loam, sandy| SM | A-4 | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | |65-80|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,|97-100|95-100|55-95 |15-50| 10-30 | NP-15 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 75------| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam--|SM, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2,| 100 |98-100|60-85 | 3-50| <20 | NP-5 Weston | | | SP, SP-SM| A-3 | | | | | | | 4-68|Sandy loam, loam,|SM, SC-SM,|A-4, A-2 | 100 |98-100|60-95 |30-70| <25 | NP-7 | | fine sandy loam.| ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | |68-80|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | 76: | | | | | | | | | | Mantachie-----| 0-6 |Loam------|CL-ML, |A-4 |95-100|90-100|60-85 |40-60| <20 | NP-5 | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | SM, ML | | | | | | | | 6-80|Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |45-80| 20-40 | 5-15 | | sandy clay loam.| SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fluvaquents---| 0-4 |Mucky fine sand--|SM, SP, |A-2-4, | 100 | 100 |80-100| 4-15| 0-14 | NP | | | SP-SM | A-3 | | | | | | | 4-25|Loamy sand, sandy|SM |A-2-4 | 100 | 100 |50-70 |15-35| <35 | NP-7 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |25-40|Loamy sand, sandy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2-4, | 100 | 100 |50-70 |15-35| <35 | NP-13 | | loam, sandy clay| SC | A-2-6 | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |40-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP, SP-SM |A-3 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 2-6 | 0-14 | NP | | | | | | | | | | Bigbee------| 0-7 |Fine sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2-4, | 100 |95-100|50-75 | 5-20| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | 7-80|Sand, fine sand--|SP-SM, SM |A-2-4, |85-100|85-100|50-75 | 5-20| 0-14 | NP | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 77: | | | | | | | | | | Arents------| 0-80|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Water. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 78------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam--|SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 100 |95-100|60-85 |15-45| <20 | NP-4 Emory |10-80|Sandy loam, sandy|SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 100 |95-100|60-85 |15-50| <35 | NP-10 | | clay loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | 236 Soil Survey Table 13.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils (Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries "Wind erodibility group" and "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated.) ______| Erosion|Wind Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist Permea- |Available| |Salinity| Shrink- factors|erodi-|Organic ______map symbol | bulk bility water |reaction| swell |bility| matter | density |capacity |potential K T |group ______| In Pct g/cc In/hr In/in pH |mmhos/cm| ______| 2------| 0-4 | |1.60-1.70| >20 |0.35-0.45|3.5-8.4 8-16 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 .5-3 Duckston | 4-80| 0-4 |1.60-1.70| >20 |0.02-0.05|3.5-8.4 4-8 |Low------|0.10| | 3: | Corolla------| 0-80| 0-3 |1.60-1.70| >20 |0.01-0.03|5.6-7.8 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 0-.5 | Duckston------| 0-4 | |1.60-1.70| >20 |0.02-0.08|3.5-8.4 8-16 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 .5-3 | 4-80| 0-4 |1.60-1.70| >20 |0.02-0.05|3.5-8.4 4-8 |Low------|0.10| | 4------| 0-52| 1-10|1.20-1.40| 6.0-20 |0.10-0.15|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 3-15 Pickney |52-80| 1-10|1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.11|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| | 5: | Croatan------| 0-25| --- |0.40-0.65|0.06-6.0 |0.35-0.45| <4.5 | <2 |Low------|----| 2 25-60 |25-33|10-35|1.40-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.5-6.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |33-80| 2-35|1.40-1.60| 2.0-20 |0.12-0.20|3.5-6.5 | <2 |Low------|0.15| | Pickney------| 0-52| 1-10|1.20-1.40| 6.0-20 |0.10-0.15|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 3-15 |52-80| 1-10|1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.11|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| | 6------| 0-35| --- |0.10-0.35| 6.0-20 |0.35-0.45|6.1-6.5 | >16 |Low------|----| 2 25-60 Dirego |35-80| 2-12|1.50-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.01-0.03|5.6-6.5 | 2-16 |Low------|----| | 7------| 0-80| 0-3 |1.60-1.80| 6.0-20 | <0.05 |3.5-6.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 0-2 Kureb | | 8: | Newhan------| 0-80| 0-3 |1.60-1.75| >20 | <0.05 |3.5-7.8 4-16 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 0-.5 | Corolla------| 0-80| 0-3 |1.60-1.70| >20 |0.01-0.03|5.6-7.8 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 0-.5 | 9------| 0-5 | 1-5 |1.30-1.45| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.15|3.5-6.5 0-2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 .5-4 Leon | 5-18| 0-3 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.05|3.5-6.5 0-2 |Low------|0.10| |18-26| 2-8 |1.25-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.15-0.30|3.5-6.5 | 0-2 |Low------|0.15| |26-65| 1-4 |1.50-1.65| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.10|3.5-6.5 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| |65-80| 2-8 |1.25-1.65| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.30|3.5-6.5 | 0-2 |Low------|0.15| | 10------| 0-80| 0-1 |1.35-1.85| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.05|5.1-7.8 | 4-32 |Low------|0.05| 5 1 0-.5 Beaches | | Escambia County, Florida 237 Table 13.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| Erosion|Wind Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist Permea- |Available| |Salinity| Shrink- factors|erodi-|Organic ______map symbol | bulk bility water |reaction| swell |bility| matter | density |capacity |potential K T |group ______| In Pct g/cc In/hr In/in pH |mmhos/cm| ______| 11------| 0-5 | 1-4 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.07|3.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 2 .5-2 Hurricane | 5-58| 1-4 |1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.07|3.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| |58-70| 2-8 |1.55-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.15| |70-80| 1-4 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-20 |0.03-0.10|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| | 12------| 0-25| --- |0.40-0.65|0.06-6.0 |0.35-0.45| <4.5 | <2 |Low------|----| 2 25-60 Croatan |25-33|10-35|1.40-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.5-6.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |33-80| 2-35|1.40-1.60| 2.0-20 |0.12-0.20|3.5-6.5 | <2 |Low------|0.15| | 13------| 0-5 | 2-8 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 .5-1 Lakeland | 5-80| 1-6 |1.50-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.08|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| | 14: | Allanton------| 0-10| 3-8 |1.35-1.45| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.15|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 2-5 |10-53| 3-12|1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.04-0.08|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.10| |53-80| 3-12|1.50-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.15| | Pottsburg------| 0-7 | 1-4 |1.20-1.45| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.15|3.5-6.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 .5-3 | 7-53| 0-4 |1.40-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.10|3.5-6.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| |53-80| 1-6 |1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.25|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.15| | 15------| 0-80| 0-3 |1.30-1.60| >20 |0.02-0.05|3.5-6.5 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 <1 Resota | | 16. | Arents | Urban land | | 17------| 0-80| 0-3 |1.60-1.80| 6.0-20 | <0.05 |3.5-7.3 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 0-2 Kureb | | 18. | Pits | | 19------| 0-6 | 1-8 |1.25-1.45| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 .5-2 Foxworth | 6-45| 1-8 |1.40-1.55| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| |45-80| 1-6 |1.45-1.65| >6.0 |0.02-0.08|4.5-6.5 | <2 |Low------|0.10| | 20, 21------| 0-5 | 2-8 |1.35-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 .5-1 Lakeland | 5-80| 1-6 |1.50-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.08|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| | 22. | Urban land | | 238 Soil Survey Table 13.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| Erosion|Wind Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist Permea- |Available| |Salinity| Shrink- factors|erodi-|Organic ______map symbol | bulk bility water |reaction| swell |bility| matter | density |capacity |potential K T |group ______| In Pct g/cc In/hr In/in pH |mmhos/cm| ______| 24, 25, 26------| 0-5 | 5-15|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.20| 5 3 .5-1 Poarch | 5-30| 8-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.24| |30-80|10-25|1.45-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | 27------| 0-10| 5-14|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.15|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 3 .5-2 Escambia |10-24| 8-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |24-80| 8-35|1.45-1.65|0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.18|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| | 28------| 0-5 |20-30|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 6 1-4 Grady | 5-11|20-35|1.40-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.15|3.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| |11-80|45-65|1.50-1.60|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Moderate |0.10| | 29, 30, 31------| 0-8 | 7-14|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.20| 5 3 Perdido | 8-45|10-18|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.20| |45-57|14-28|1.40-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |57-80|14-28|1.45-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | 32, 33, 34------| 0-58| 1-10|1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 <1 Troup |58-80|15-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.13|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| | 35, 36------| 0-26| 1-12|1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 2 .5-1 Lucy |26-38|10-30|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |38-65|20-45|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.14|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| |65-80|10-30|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | 38, 39------| 0-54| 6-12|1.50-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 2 .5-3 Bonifay |54-80|15-35|1.60-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | 40------| 0-10|10-20|1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| 5 3 .5-2 Eunola |10-28|18-35|1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| |28-38|18-45|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.32| |38-55| 8-25|1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |55-80| 2-11|1.45-1.75| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.06|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| | 41, 42------| 0-7 |10-25|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 3 .5-1 Malbis | 7-22|18-33|1.30-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.28| |22-62|20-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| |62-80|20-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.12|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| | 43------| 0-57| 1-10|1.40-1.55| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.04|3.5-6.5 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 1-2 Albany |57-72| 1-20|1.50-1.70| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.10|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.20| |72-80|13-35|1.55-1.65| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | Escambia County, Florida 239 Table 13.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| Erosion|Wind Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist Permea- |Available| |Salinity| Shrink- factors|erodi-|Organic ______map symbol | bulk bility water |reaction| swell |bility| matter | density |capacity |potential K T |group ______| In Pct g/cc In/hr In/in pH |mmhos/cm| ______| 44: | Corolla------| 0-80| 0-3 |1.60-1.70| >20 |0.01-0.03|5.6-7.8 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 0-.5 | Urban land. | | 45: | Troup------| 0-58| 1-12|1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 <1 |58-80|13-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.13|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| | Perdido------| 0-8 | 7-14|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.20| 5 3 | 8-45|10-18|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.20| |45-57|14-28|1.40-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |57-80|14-28|1.45-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | 46: | Garcon------| 0-5 | 3-8 |1.25-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 2 1-3 | 5-27| 3-8 |1.40-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| |27-57|12-30|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |57-80| 3-6 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.10| | Bigbee------| 0-7 | 1-10|1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 .5-2 | 7-80| 1-10|1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.17| | Yemassee------| 0-12| 5-15|1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.11|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.15| 5 2 .5-4 |12-48|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| |48-74|12-40|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.17|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| |74-80| --- | |------|----| | 47: | Hurricane------| 0-5 | 1-4 |1.40-1.60| >6.0 |0.03-0.07|3.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 2 | 5-58| 1-4 |1.40-1.60| >6.0 |0.03-0.07|3.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| |58-70| 2-8 |1.55-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.15| |70-80| 1-4 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-20 |0.03-0.10|4.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| | Albany------| 0-57| 1-10|1.40-1.55| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.04|3.5-6.5 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 1-2 |57-72| 1-20|1.50-1.70| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.10|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.20| |72-80|13-35|1.55-1.65| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | 48: | Pelham------| 0-5 | 3-10|1.25-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|3.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 1-2 | 5-35| 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.04-0.07|3.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| |35-58|15-30|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.13|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |58-80|15-40|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | 240 Soil Survey Table 13.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| Erosion|Wind Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist Permea- |Available| |Salinity| Shrink- factors|erodi-|Organic ______map symbol | bulk bility water |reaction| swell |bility| matter | density |capacity |potential K T |group ______| In Pct g/cc In/hr In/in pH |mmhos/cm| ______| 48: | Yemassee------| 0-12| 5-15|1.40-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.11|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.15| 5 2 .5-4 |12-48|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| |48-74|12-40|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.17|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| |74-80| --- | |------|----| | 49: | Dorovan------| 0-8 | --- |0.25-0.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.25|3.5-5.0 <2 |------|----| 3 2 20-80 | 8-80| --- |0.35-0.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.25|3.5-5.0 <2 |------|----| | Fluvaquents-----| 0-4 | 2-5 |1.10-1.35| 6.0-20 |0.15-0.20|5.6-7.8 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 1-3 | 4-25| 8-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.14|6.6-7.8 <2 |Low------|0.24| |25-40| 8-30|1.35-1.55| 0.6-0.6 |0.06-0.14|5.6-7.8 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |40-80| 1-4 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.10|5.6-7.8 | <2 |Low------|0.17| | 50: | Bigbee------| 0-7 | 1-10|1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 .5-2 | 7-80| 1-10|1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.17| | Garcon------| 0-5 | 3-8 |1.25-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 2 1-3 | 5-27| 3-8 |1.40-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| |27-57|12-30|1.55-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |57-80| 3-6 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.10| | Fluvaquents-----| 0-4 | 2-5 |1.10-1.35| 6.0-20 |0.15-0.20|5.6-7.8 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 1-3 | 4-25| 8-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.14|6.6-7.8 <2 |Low------|0.24| |25-40| 8-30|1.35-1.55| 0.6-0.6 |0.06-0.14|5.6-7.8 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |40-80| 1-4 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.10|5.6-7.8 | <2 |Low------|0.17| | 51------| 0-5 | 3-10|1.25-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|3.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 1-2 Pelham | 5-35| 1-8 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.04-0.07|3.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| |58-80|15-40|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | 52------| 0-12| 7-20|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 3 <1 Robertsdale |12-24|14-35|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| |24-80|18-35|1.40-1.70|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| | 54, 55, 56: | Troup------| 0-58| 1-12|1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 <1 |58-80|13-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.13|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| | Poarch------| 0-5 | 5-15|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.20| 5 3 .5-1 | 5-31| 8-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.24| |31-80|10-25|1.45-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | Escambia County, Florida 241 Table 13.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| Erosion|Wind Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist Permea- |Available| |Salinity| Shrink- factors|erodi-|Organic ______map symbol | bulk bility water |reaction| swell |bility| matter | density |capacity |potential K T |group ______| In Pct g/cc In/hr In/in pH |mmhos/cm| ______| 57: | Cowarts------| 0-9 | 5-20|1.30-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.13|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.24| 4 3 1-3 | 9-32|10-30|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.28| |32-80|18-35|1.65-1.80|0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.14|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | Troup------| 0-58| 1-12|1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 <1 |58-80|13-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.13|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| | 58------| 0-10|10-20|1.35-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| 5 3 .5-2 Eunola |10-28|18-35|1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| |28-50|18-45|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.32| |50-80| 2-11|1.45-1.75| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.06|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| | 59, 60, 61------| 0-12| 6-16|1.30-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|5.1-7.3 | <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 3 .5-2 Notcher |12-48|18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| |48-80|20-40|1.45-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| | 62, 63------| 0-6 | 7-22|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.5 <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 3 .5-1 Bama | 6-56|18-32|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.5 <2 |Low------|0.32| |56-80|20-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.5 | <2 |Low------|0.32| | 64, 65, 66------| 0-6 | 7-20|1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.14|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.20| 5 3 Red Bay | 6-15|10-25|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.15| |15-72|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.17| |72-80|20-45|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.14|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | 67: | Notcher------| 0-12| 6-16|1.30-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|5.1-7.3 | <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 3 .5-2 |12-48|18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| |48-80|20-40|1.45-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| | Maubila------| 0-9 | 8-18|1.45-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.24| 4 3 .5-1 | 9-16|20-35|1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.15|3.5-5.5 <2 |Moderate |0.28| |16-80|35-55|1.40-1.65|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Moderate |0.32| | 68: | Notcher------| 0-12| 6-16|1.30-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|5.1-7.3 | <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 3 .5-2 |12-48|18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| |48-80|20-40|1.45-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| | Maubila------| 0-9 | 8-18|1.45-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.24| 4 3 .5-1 | 9-16|20-35|1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.15|3.5-5.5 <2 |Moderate |0.28| |16-80|35-55|1.40-1.65|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Moderate |0.32| | 242 Soil Survey Table 13.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| Erosion|Wind Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist Permea- |Available| |Salinity| Shrink- factors|erodi-|Organic ______map symbol | bulk bility water |reaction| swell |bility| matter | density |capacity |potential K T |group ______| In Pct g/cc In/hr In/in pH |mmhos/cm| ______| 69: | Notcher------| 0-12| 6-16|1.30-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|5.1-7.3 | <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 3 .5-2 |12-48|18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.17|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| |48-80|20-40|1.45-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| | Maubila------| 0-9 | 8-18|1.45-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.24| 4 3 .5-1 | 9-16|20-35|1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.15|3.5-5.5 <2 |Moderate |0.28| |16-80|35-55|1.40-1.65|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Moderate |0.32| | 70------| 0-10| 8-20|1.40-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.20|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.28| 5 3 .5-1 Izagora |10-28|18-30|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.32| |28-80|35-55|1.30-1.60|0.06-0.2 |0.16-0.20|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Moderate |0.32| | 71------| 0-9 | 6-15|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 3 .5-2 Iuka | 9-20| 8-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|3.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.28| |20-80| 5-15|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| | 72------| 0-12|10-20|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.20| 5 3 .5-4 Yemassee |12-48|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| |48-74|12-40|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.17|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.20| |74-80| --- | |------|----| | 73------| 0-5 |20-30|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 6 1-3 Grady | 5-11|20-35|1.40-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.15|3.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.10| |11-80|45-65|1.50-1.60|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Moderate |0.10| | 74------| 0-26| 1-12|1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|5.1-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 2 .5-1 Lucy |26-38|10-30|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |38-65|20-45|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.14|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.28| |65-80|10-30|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.12|4.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.24| | 75------| 0-4 | 5-15|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.24| 5 3 1-3 Weston | 4-40| 5-18|1.30-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.20|4.5-5.0 <2 |Low------|0.24| |40-80| 5-45|1.30-1.50|0.06-6.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.0 | <2 |Low------|0.32| | 76: | Mantachie------| 0-6 | 8-20|1.50-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.28| 5 3 1-3 | 6-80|18-34|1.50-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 <2 |Low------|0.28| | Fluvaquents-----| 0-4 | 2-5 |1.10-1.35| 6.0-20 |0.15-0.20|5.6-7.8 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 1-3 | 4-25| 8-18|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.14|6.6-7.8 <2 |Low------|0.24| |25-40| 8-30|1.35-1.55| 0.6-0.6 |0.06-0.14|5.6-7.8 | <2 |Low------|0.24| |40-80| 1-4 |1.45-1.65| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.10|5.6-7.8 | <2 |Low------|0.17| | Escambia County, Florida 243 Table 13.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| Erosion|Wind Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist Permea- |Available| |Salinity| Shrink- factors|erodi-|Organic ______map symbol | bulk bility water |reaction| swell |bility| matter | density |capacity |potential K T |group ______| In Pct g/cc In/hr In/in pH |mmhos/cm| ______| 76: | Bigbee------| 0-7 | 4-10|1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.10| 5 1 .5-2 | 7-80| 1-10|1.40-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.08|4.5-6.0 <2 |Low------|0.17| | 77. | Arents | Water | | 78------| 0-10| 7-20|1.40-1.55| 0.2-6.0 |0.07-0.14|3.5-6.0 | <2 |Low------|0.20| 3 Emory |10-24|10-25|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.15| |24-80|18-45|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|3.5-5.5 | <2 |Low------|0.17| | ______244 Soil Survey Table 14.--Soil and Water Features ("Flooding" and "water table" terms such as "rare," "brief," "apparent," "perched" are explained in the text. The symbol < means less than; > more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated.) ______| Flooding High water table Subsidence| Risk of corrosion ______Soil name and | Hydro- map symbol | logic Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Ini- |Total|Uncoated |Concrete | group tial| steel ______| Ft In __ | 2------| A/D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Jan-Dec| 0-0.5|Apparent|Jan-Dec| --- | |Low------|Low. Duckston | | 3: | Corolla------| D |Rare------| --- | |1.5-3.0|Apparent|Jan-Dec| |Low------|Low. | Duckston------| A/D |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Dec| 0-0.5|Apparent|Jan-Dec| --- | |Low------|Low. | 4------| A/D |None------| --- | 0-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Jul| |High-----|High. Pickney | | 5: | Croatan------| D |None------| --- | +1-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Jul| 4-10|18-24|High-----|High. | Pickney------| A/D |None------| --- | +1-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Jul| |High-----|High. | 6------| D |Very brief|Jan-Dec| 0-0.5|Apparent|Jan-Dec|16-20|16-40|High-----|High. Dirego | frequent. | 7------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|Low. Kureb | | 8: | Newhan------| A |Rare------| --- | >6.0 |High-----|Low. | Corolla------| D |Rare------| --- | |1.5-3.0|Apparent|Jan-Dec| |Low------|Low. | 9------| D |None------| --- | |0.5-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |High-----|High. Leon | | 10------| D |Very brief|Jan-Dec| 0-0.5|Apparent|Jan-Dec| --- | |High-----|High. Beaches | frequent. | 11------| C |None------| --- | |1.5-3.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |Low------|Moderate. Hurricane | | 12------| D |None------| --- | +1-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Jul| 4-10|18-24|High-----|High. Croatan | | Escambia County, Florida 245 Table 14.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Subsidence| Risk of corrosion ______Soil name and | Hydro- map symbol | logic Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Ini- |Total|Uncoated |Concrete | group tial| steel ______| Ft In __ | 13------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|Moderate. Lakeland | | 14: | Allanton------| B/D |None------| --- | 0-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |High-----|High. | Pottsburg------| B/D |None------| --- | |0.5-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |High-----|High. | 15------| A |None------| --- | |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |Low------|High. Resota | | 16: | Arents------| C |None------| --- | Var. |Dec-Apr| |High-----|Moderate. | Urban land------| --- |None------| | >6.0 |Variable-|Variable | 17------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|Low. Kureb | | 18------| --- |None------| | >6.0 |Variable |Variable. Pits | | 19------| A |None------| --- | |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |Low------|Moderate. Foxworth | | 20, 21------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|Moderate. Lakeland | | 22------| --- |None------| | >6.0 |Variable-|Variable. Urban land | | 24, 25, 26------| B |None------| --- | |2.5-5.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| |Low------|High. Poarch | | 27------| C |None------| --- | |1.5-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |Moderate |High. Escambia | | 28------| D |None------| --- | +2-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Jul| |High-----|High. Grady | | 29, 30, 31------| B |None------| --- | |4.0-6.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| |Moderate |High. Perdido | | 246 Soil Survey Table 14.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Subsidence| Risk of corrosion ______Soil name and | Hydro- map symbol | logic Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Ini- |Total|Uncoated |Concrete | group tial| steel ______| Ft In __ | 32, 33, 34------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|Moderate. Troup | | 35, 36------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|High. Lucy | | 38, 39------| A |None------| --- | |3.5-5.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| |Low------|High. Bonifay | | 40------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.5-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |Low------|High. Eunola | | 41, 42------| B |None------| --- | |2.5-4.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| |Moderate-|Moderate. Malbis | | 43------| C |None------| --- | |1.0-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |High-----|High. Albany | | 44: | Corolla------| D |Rare------| --- | |1.5-3.0|Apparent|Jan-Dec| |Low------|Low. | Urban land------| --- |Rare------| | >6.0 |Variable | 45: | Troup------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|Moderate. | Perdido------| B |None------| --- | |4.0-6.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| |Moderate |High. | 46: | Garcon------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |High-----|High. | Bigbee------| A |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|3.5-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |Low------|Moderate. | Yemassee------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.0-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |High-----|High. | 47: | Hurricane------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.5-3.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |Low------|Moderate. | Albany------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.0-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |High-----|High. | 48: | Pelham------| B/D |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep| 0-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |High-----|High. | Yemassee------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.0-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |High-----|High. | Escambia County, Florida 247 Table 14.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Subsidence| Risk of corrosion ______Soil name and | Hydro- map symbol | logic Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Ini- |Total|Uncoated |Concrete | group tial| steel ______| Ft In __ | 49: | Dorovan------| D |Frequent----|Very long |Jan-Sep|+2-0.5 |Apparent|Dec-Jul| 6-12|51-80|High-----|High. | Fluvaquents------| D |Frequent----|Very long |Jan-Sep| 0-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Jul| --- | |High-----|Moderate. | 50: | Bigbee------| A |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|3.5-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |Low------|Moderate. | Garcon------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |High-----|High. | Fluvaquents------| D |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep| +1-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Jul| --- | |High-----|Moderate. | 51------| B/D |None------| --- | 0-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |High-----|High. Pelham | | 52------| C |None------| --- | |1.0-2.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| |High-----|Moderate. Robertsdale | | 54, 55, 56: | Troup------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|Moderate. | Poarch------| B |None------| --- | |2.5-5.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| |Low------|High. | 57: | Cowarts------| C |None------| --- | >6.0 |Moderate-|Moderate. | Troup------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|Moderate. | 58------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.5-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |Low------|High. Eunola | | 59, 60, 61------| B |None------| --- | |3.0-4.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| |Moderate |High. Notcher | | 62, 63------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|Moderate. Bama | | 64, 65, 66------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 |Moderate-|Moderate. Red Bay | | 67, 68, 69: | Notcher------| B |None------| --- | |3.0-4.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| |Moderate |High. | Maubila------| C |None------| --- | |2.0-3.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| |High-----|High. | 248 Soil Survey Table 14.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Subsidence| Risk of corrosion ______Soil name and | Hydro- map symbol | logic Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Ini- |Total|Uncoated |Concrete | group tial| steel ______| Ft In __ | 70------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|2.0-3.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| --- | |Moderate |High. Izagora | | 71------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |Moderate |High. Iuka | | 72------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.0-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |High-----|High. Yemassee | | 73------| D |None------| --- | |1.0-2.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |High-----|High. Grady | | 74------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 |Low------|High. Lucy | | 75------| D |None------| --- | 0-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| |High-----|High. Weston | | 76: | Mantachie------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|1.0-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |High-----|High. | Fluvaquents------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Jan-Sep| 0-0.5|Apparent|Dec-Jul| --- | |High-----|Moderate. | Bigbee------| A |Frequent----|Brief-----|Jan-Sep|3.5-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- | |Low------|Moderate. | 77: | Arents------| C |None------| --- | |Varies |Dec-Apr| |High-----|Moderate. | Water. | | 78------| B |None------| --- | >6 |Moderate-|Moderate. Emory | | ______Escambia County, Florida 249

Table 15.--Classification of the Soils

(An asterisk in the first column indicates that the soil is a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a description of those characteristics of the soil that are outside the range of the series.)

______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | | Albany------| Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults Allanton------| Sandy, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Alaquods Arents------| Arents Bama------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults Bigbee------| Thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments Bonifay------| Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Grossarenic Plinthic Paleudults Corolla------| Thermic, uncoated Aquic Quartzipsamments Cowarts------| Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults Croatan------| Loamy, siliceous, dysic, thermic Terric Medisaprists Dirego------| Sandy or sandy-skeletal, siliceous, euic, thermic Terric Sulfisaprists Dorovan------| Dysic, thermic Typic Medisaprists Duckston------| Siliceous, thermic Typic Psammaquents *Emory------| Fine-silty, siliceous, active, thermic Fluventic Umbric Dystrochrepts Escambia------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Plinthaquic Paleudults Eunola------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults Fluvaquents------| Typic Fluvaquents Foxworth------| Thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments Garcon------| Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Arenic Hapludults Grady------| Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleaquults Hurricane------| Sandy, siliceous, thermic Oxyaquic Alorthods Iuka------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aquic Udifluvents Izagora------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults Kureb------| Thermic, uncoated Spodic Quartzipsamments Lakeland------| Thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments Leon------| Sandy, siliceous, thermic Aeric Alaquods Lucy------| Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Kandiudults Malbis------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Plinthic Paleudults Mantachie------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aeric Endoaquepts Maubila------| Fine, mixed, subactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults Newhan------| Thermic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments Notcher------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Plinthic Paleudults Pelham------| Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleaquults Perdido------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults Pickney------| Sandy, siliceous, thermic Cumulic Humaquepts Poarch------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Plinthic Paleudults Pottsburg------| Sandy, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Alaquods Red Bay------| Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudults Resota------| Thermic, uncoated Spodic Quartzipsamments Robertsdale------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Plinthaquic Paleudults Troup------| Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults Weston------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Endoaquults Yemassee------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aeric Endoaquults ______|

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