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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2015 | 7(6): 7253–7268 Review On the molluscan fauna of Lakshadweep included in various schedules of Wildlife (Protection) Act of India A. Bijukumar 1, R. Ravinesh 2, A.R. Arathi 3 & K.K. Idreesbabu 4 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 1,2,3 Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India 4 Department of Science and Technology, Kavaratti, U.T. of Lakshadweep 682555, India OPEN ACCESS 1 [email protected] (corresponding author),2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected] Abstract: Out of the 24 species of marine molluscs included in Schedule I and IV of the Wildlife (Protection) Act (WPA) of India, 19 species were recorded from the coastal waters of Lakshadweep. A recent survey conducted by the authors recorded the presence of 14 scheduled molluscs in Lakshadweep. Scheduled species such as Placuna placenta (recorded from Kavaratti) and Tudicla spirillus (recorded from Kalpeni) are new records from Lakshadweep. The paper provides details for taxonomic identification of scheduled molluscs and discusses strategies for conservation of scheduled molluscs of Lakshadweep. Keywords: Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, conservation, Gastropoda, Mollusca, Nautilus, Wildlife (Protection) Act. Malayalam Abstract: ഇn#യിൽ വന#ജീവി (സംരkണ) നിയമtിൽ പ"ിക I, IV എnിവയിൽ ഉൾെp! െമാtം 24 ൈജവജാതി കടൽ െമാള%കുകളിൽ 19 എ"ം ലkദ$ീപിെn തീരkടലിൽ നിn് കെ'tി. Placuna placenta (കവറtിയിൽ നിn് കെ'tിയ*), Tudicla spirillus (കൽേpനിയിൽ നിn് കെ'tിയ*) എnിവെയ ലkദ$ീപിൽ നിn് ആദ#മായാ' കെ*tുn.. പ0ികയിൽ െപ# ലkദ$ീപിെല െമാള"കുകെള തിരിcറിയാൻ സഹായിkുn വിശദവിവരŋള/ം അവയുെട സംരkണtിനുll ത:nŋള/ം ഈ േലഖനtിൽ വി#തരിc' !പതിപാദിkുnു. Tridacna maxima NOT DATA NEAR CRITICALLY EXTINCT LEAST VULNERABLE ENDANGERED EXTINCT EVALUATED DEFICIENT CONCERN THREATENED ENDANGERED IN THE WILD NE DD LC NT VU EN CR EW EX DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4140.7253-68 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:46141C50-3DFF-408E-A6B5-0963AF23AA7F Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 May 2015 (online & print) Manuscript details: Ms # o4140 | Received 02 September 2014 | Final received 30 April 2015 | Finally accepted 02 May 2015 Citation: Bijukumar, A., R. Ravinesh, A.R. Arathi & K.K. Idreesbabu (2015). On the molluscan fauna of Lakshadweep included in various schedules of Wildlife (Protection) Act of India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(6): 7253–7268; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4140.7253-68 Copyright: © Bijukumar et al. 2015. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduc- tion and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. Funding: Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (BT/PR13602/AAQ/03/508/2010). Competing interests:The authors declare no competing interests. For Author Details and Author Contributionsee end of this article. Acknowledgements: The authors thank the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India for the financial support of the project (BT/PR13602/ AAQ/03/508/2010). The authors also thank the Department of Science and Technology (Permission F No. 42/4/2011-S&T dated 28.1.2014; F No. 42/4/2011- S&T (Vol.1)/210 dated 09.03.2015) and the Department of Environment and Forests, Union Territory of Lakshadweep (Permission F. No. 16/8/2008-E&F dated 7.5.2012 and 23.3.2013; F.No. 19/5/2012- E&F dated 19.3.2015) for the official permission to study marine molluscs of the islands. Arathi thanks the taxonomy fellowship offered by the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment for the PhD programme. IdentificationTridacna of spp. was confirmed by Dr. Jan Johan ter Poorten, Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. Good quality photographs of Lambis indomaris were given by Mr. Ulrich Wieneke, Murnau, Germany. Thanks are due to M/s Sandy Beach (Kavaratti) for their help in field work. 7253 Molluscan fauna of Lakshadweep Bijukumar et al. INTRODUCTION 2012; Susan et al. 2012; Venkataraman et al. 2012; Aditi & Apte 2013; Ravinesh et al. 2013; Vishal & Apte 2013; Considered as biological hotspots and the legacy of Apte & Vishal 2014). a distinctive evolutionary history, island biodiversity is Considering the increasing threats to marine unique owing to taxonomic distinctness, endemism and biodiversity, the Government of India has included specific habitat requirements (da Fonseca et al. 2006). many marine species under the four schedules of Conversely, the risk of extinction of species is much Wildlife (Protection) Act (WPA), 1972 (http://envfor.nic. more pronounced in islands as the populations are in/division/wildlife). Under Indian WPA the species to rather restricted, small and specific to certain habitats. be protected are listed under Schedules I to VI. While Anthropogenic interventions have catastrophic effects Schedule I and II (Part II) species are covered by the most on island biodiversity and therefore demand urgent stringent regulations in the Act to get the highest level attention of conservationists and policy makers. The of legal protection, species in Schedules II (Part I), III and Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity IV are given progressively narrow levels of protection; (CBD) considered the theme of the International Day Schedule V represents species labelled ‘vermin’ which for Biological Diversity (IDB) on 22 May 2014 as “Island are not afforded protection of any kind and Schedule Biodiversity”. In the case of Lakshadweep, the entire VI includes six plants (Prashanth & Veenakumari 1996; economy of the islands and the great cultural ethos of Kunte 2008). A total of 24 species of marine molluscs of the islanders remain closely interlinked with the rich India have been included under Schedule I and IV of WPA biodiversity. The threats to biodiversity are primarily (Ramakrishna & Dey 2003). This paper documents 19 due to unsustainable developmental activities, increase species of marine molluscs recorded from Lakshadweep, in human population, overexploitation and climate represented under various schedules of WPA, compiled change (KSCSTE 2013). from various databases/publications and also based on Mollusca comprise highly diverse phylum of the primary data collected. invertebrates, with accepted described living species of molluscs varying from 50,000 to a maximum of 1,20,000 species, and form the largest marine phylum, comprising MATERIALS AND METHODS about 23% of all the named marine organisms (Chapman 2009). They form an economically valuable taxon and India’s smallest Union Territory Lakshadweep is are well represented in exports of marine products and an archipelago consisting of 36 islands with an area in domestic trade in the form of various products such of 32km2. It is a uni-district Union Territory and it as crafts, curios and pearls. In tropical seas they occupy comprises 12 atolls, three reefs, five submerged banks every trophic level, ranging from primary producers to and 10 inhabited islands, which include Kavaratti, Agatti, top level carnivores (Mohamed 2012). The diversity of Amini, Androth, Kiltan, Kalpeni, Kadamat, Chetlat, Bitra marine molluscs in India is estimated as 3,370 species by and Minicoy (Fig. 1). It is located between 8–12 0N and Venkataraman & Wafar (2005) and as 2,300 by Tripathy 71–74 0E, 220–440 km away from the coastal city of & Mukhopadhyay (2015). The island ecosystems in Kochi in Kerala. The islands are ring-shaped atolls lying India are highly biodiverse with regard to molluscan along a north-south axis (except Androth) with a lagoon fauna. While the diversity of molluscan fauna of the to the west and open sea to the east. Lakshadweep is Andaman and Nicobar Islands includes 1,282 species the only coral atoll of the country. With a vast lagoon (Ramakrishna & Dey 2010), in Lakshadweep there are of 4,200km2, it has territorial waters of 20,000km2, an about 424 species (Rao & Rao 1991). A recent database Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 4,00,000km2 and a prepared by KSCSTE (2013) shows that the molluscan coast line of about 132km. Lakshadweep, Maldives and diversity in Lakshadweep includes 469 species. Surveys Chagos are three island groups in the Indian Ocean that on molluscan fauna of Lakshadweep by various authors together form a vast submarine mountain range, the in the last few decades are an indication of not having Chagos-Laccadive Plateau. This volcanic range lies just fully explored the molluscan diversity of the island east of the Mid-Indian Ridge and west of the Mid-Indian and therefore the number of molluscan species is Basin, and the chain of islands comprises the most probably underestimated (Namboodiri & Sivadas 1979; extensive coral reef and atoll community in the Indian Appukuttan et al. 1989; Apte 1998, 2009, 2012a,b, 2014; Ocean as well as the largest atoll system in the World Ramakrishna & Dey 2010; Rao 2003; Apte & Sutirtha (Olson & Dinerstein 1998). 2010; Apte et al. 2010, 2012, 2014; Prabhakaran et al. As part of the present study, surveys were carried out 7254 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2015 | 7(6): 7253–7268 Molluscan fauna of Lakshadweep Bijukumar et al. Figure 1. Lakshadweep islands Figure 2. Generalised diagram of a bivalve mollusc in Agatti, Androth, Bangaram (uninhabited island), Bitra, photo documented using methods such as SCUBA diving, Kadamat, Kalpeni, Kavaratti and Minicoy islands for the snorkelling and intertidal handpicking. The photographs documentation of molluscs at multiple intervals from of scheduled molluscs and their life history stages were January 2012 to September 2014. The organisms were prepared based on specimens photographed in the Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2015 | 7(6): 7253–7268 7255 Molluscan fauna of Lakshadweep Bijukumar et al.
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    A new family of giant Jurassic–Cretaceous littorinoid gastropods from the northern Tethys shelf MATHIAS HARZHAUSER and SIMON SCHNEIDER Harzhauser, M. and Schneider, S. 2014. A new family of giant Jurassic–Cretaceous littorinoid gastropods from the northern Tethys shelf. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (2): 367–378. The giant, up to 40 cm high littorinoid gastropods from the Middle Tithonian to Berriasian carbonates of the Al- pine-Carpathian northern Tethys margin are assigned to the genus Leviathania. The genus is distributed from Spain to the Caucasus. Some species formed dense populations in the wide-spread, highly productive lagoonal environments situated on the carbonate platforms of Ernstbrunn (Austria), Mikulov, Štramberk (both Czech Republic), and Nyzhniv (Ukraine). The conspicuous morphology, comprising very large shells with strongly angulated whorls and especially the phaneromphalous umbilicus exclude the traditional attributions of this genus to the families Purpurinidae and Purpuroideidae. Therefore, we establish the new family Leviathaniidae for the type genus Leviathania. The family comprises the largest pre-Cenozoic gastropods, represented by a yet unnamed gigantic Leviathania species from the latest Tithonian or early Berriasian of Ukraine. The gastropods are tentatively assumed to have fed omnivorous, i.e., on a mixed detrital-algal diet, based on comparable population densities as the large modern queen conch Lobatus gigas from the Caribbean Sea. Key words: Mollusca, Gastropoda, Leviathania, carbonate platform, body size, Jurassic–Cretaceous, Tethys, Titho- nian, Ernstbrunn Limestone, Austria. Mathias Harzhauser [[email protected]], Geological-Paleontological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, A-1010 Vienna, Austria; Simon Schneider [[email protected]], CASP, University of Cambridge, West Building, 181A Hunting- don Road, Cambridge CB3 0DH, UK.
  • 12 - October 2009 the Note from CONE the Editor

    12 - October 2009 the Note from CONE the Editor

    THE CONE COLLECTOR #12 - October 2009 THE Note from CONE the editor COLLECTOR It is always a renewed pleasure to put together another issue of Th e Cone Collector. Th anks to many contributors, we have managed so far to stick to the set schedule – André’s eff orts are greatly to be Editor praised, because he really does a great graphic job from the raw ma- António Monteiro terial I send him – and, I hope, to present in each issue a wide array of articles that may interest our many readers. Remember we aim Layout to present something for everybody, from beginners in the ways of André Poremski Cone collecting to advanced collectors and even professional mala- cologists! Contributors Randy Allamand In the following pages you will fi nd the most recent news concern- Kathleen Cecala ing new publications, new taxa, rare species, interesting or outstand- Ashley Chadwick ing fi ndings, and many other articles on every aspect of the study Paul Kersten and collection of Cones (and their relationship to Mankind), as well Gavin Malcolm as the ever popular section “Who’s Who in Cones” that helps to get Baldomero Olivera Toto Olivera to know one another better! Alexander Medvedev Donald Moody You will also fi nd a number of comments, additions and corrections Philippe Quiquandon to our previous issue. Keep them coming! Th ese comments are al- Jon Singleton ways extremely useful to everybody. Don’t forget that Th e Cone Col- lector is a good place to ask any questions you may have concerning the identifi cation of any doubtful specimens in your collections, as everybody is always willing to express an opinion.