Proc Soc Antiq Scot 144 (2014), 205–222 , AND LORDLY RESIDENCES | 205

Crannogs, castles and lordly residences: new research and dating of crannogs in north-east

Michael J Stratigos* and Gordon Noble*

ABSTRACT This article outlines new research into the crannogs of north-east Scotland and dating of two crannogs in , Upper Deeside, . The dating of the crannogs in Loch .LQRUGUHSUHVHQWVWKHÀUVWGLUHFWGDWLQJHYLGHQFHIRUFUDQQRJVLQWKHQRUWKHDVWRI6FRWODQGDQG LQGLFDWHVFRQVWUXFWLRQHSLVRGHVDWWKHVHFUDQQRJVLQWKHODVWFHQWXULHVRIWKHÀUVWPLOOHQQLXP AD. 7KHUDGLRFDUERQGDWHVDORQJVLGHYDULRXVKLVWRULFUHFRUGVVXJJHVWWKDWFUDQQRJVLQFOXGLQJ&DVWOH ,VODQGLQ/RFK.LQRUGPD\KDYHEHHQVLJQLÀFDQWQRGHVZLWKLQHDUO\PHGLHYDOODQGVFDSHVRISRZHU in eastern Scotland.

INTRODUCTION from the crannogs on Loch Kinord represent the ÀUVW UDGLRFDUERQ GDWHV IURP FUDQQRJV LQ QRUWK research in Scotland has traditionally east Scotland and are the beginning of a new focused on the south-west and central highlands regional dataset that can address new aspects of (see Munro 1882; Piggot 1953; Barber & Crone crannogs studies in Scotland. In particular, the 1993; Henderson 1998a, 2009; Dixon 2004; Cavers research provides important evidence for late & Henderson 2005; Cavers et al 2011; Cavers & ÀUVW PLOOHQQLXP ad construction of crannogs in Crone 2013). Consequently, our understanding eastern Scotland. of the basic characteristics of crannogs outside RIWKHVHVSHFLÀFUHJLRQVUHPDLQVSRRU7KHODFN RI LQIRUPDWLRQ LV SDUWLFXODUO\ ODFNLQJ LQ HDVWHUQ THE HISTORY OF CRANNOG RESEARCH regions of Scotland. Until now, the north- east of Scotland (considered here as , Crannogs in Scotland date to as early as 800 bc Aberdeenshire, City and Angus) as well and in some cases were inhabited as late as the DV'XQGHH&LW\)LIH&ODFNPDQQDQVKLUH)DONLUN 17th and 18th centuries (Crone 2012: 141–6). West , Edinburgh City, Midlothian, 2ZLQJ WR WKH GLIÀFXOW\ RI GHÀQLQJ WKH WHUP East Lothian and the Scottish Borders have crannog as an archaeological site-type, there seen no modern investigation of a crannog site. are wide estimates of the number of surviving Encompassing the entire eastern half of Scotland, examples – the National Monuments Record this represents a notable gap in our understanding has around 400, while a recent compilation of of crannogs as a site-type. This paper represents sites lists 571 (Lenfert 2012: 356–75). Crannogs an attempt to redress the geographical focus of have repeatedly been argued to be a western crannog studies through the presentation of the or Atlantic phenomenon (Henderson 2009: 39; results of a programme of dating of two crannogs Cavers 2010: 26–8), however, there are many in Loch Kinord, Aberdeenshire, a region that has recorded crannogs in other, less well-studied, VHHQQRPRGHUQZRUNDQGRQO\OLPLWHGUHFRJQLWLRQ regions, and there has been very limited research of its crannog resource in the past. The dates RQ WKHVH VLWHV RXWVLGH RI WKH VSHFLÀF UHJLRQV

* Archaeology, Geosciences, St Mary’s Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF

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mentioned below. Research on Scottish crannogs dating and dendrochronological studies. began in the 19th century with early antiquarian Consequently, there is now a body of over 150 LQWHUHVWDQGJUHDWO\EHQHÀWHGIURPWKHVHPLQDO radiocarbon dates from 52 crannogs in Scotland ZRUN FRQGXFWHG E\ 5REHUW 0XQUR   (Crone 2012). Munro excavated a number of crannogs in the Interpretations of crannogs have also advanced south-west of Scotland, most notably at Buiston in recent years. Traditional interpretations and Lochlee (Munro 1882: 68–151). Munro tended to focus upon functional concerns – their made a major contribution to crannog studies use as defensive or strategic dwellings – or DQGVRPHRIKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVDQGÀQGLQJVRQ simply on developing structural typologies and FUDQQRJVVWLOOLQÁXHQFHDVLJQLÀFDQWSURSRUWLRQ chronologies based on geographical distribution of contemporary crannog research (Dixon 2004: and radiocarbon dates (see Henderson 1998b).  'HVSLWH0XQUR·VHDUO\IRXQGDWLRQDOZRUN However, other perspectives have emerged in crannog studies subsequently faltered, with recent years and have begun to provide a broader few investigations of crannogs in the following understanding of crannogs with the discussion of decades (for exceptions see Monteith & Robb the social and symbolic dimensions of crannogs 1937; Ritchie 1942; Piggot 1953). (eg Fredengren 2002), the contemporary A resurgence of interest in crannogs began landscape contexts of crannogs (eg Cavers 2010) to gather pace from the 1970s onwards, with and the place of crannogs in the wider settlement two survey programmes being instigated in this patterns of Iron Age Scotland (eg Henderson decade (eg McArdle et al 1973; Dixon 1982). 2009). The most intensive programme of research on Crannog research in Scotland has repeatedly a crannog in Scotland has been the excavations focused most intensely in the south-west of the DW2DNEDQNFUDQQRJ/RFK7D\EHJXQE\'L[RQ country and the modern administrative area of in the 1980s and continuing intermittently over . This geographical focus of crannog the past 30 years (Dixon 2004). Also part of the VWXGLHVSDUWO\GDWHVEDFNWR5REHUW0XQURZKR resurgence in crannog archaeology was the re- claimed that the south-west of Scotland was the excavation of Buiston crannog by Anne Crone only place that crannogs were to be found in LQ² &URQH 6LQFHWKHVHVLJQLÀFDQW any great number (Munro 1882: 287). Indeed, excavations, a number of other research projects the south-west region of Scotland does have KDYHDOVRDGYDQFHGRXUNQRZOHGJHRIFUDQQRJV considerable numbers of crannogs, and along particularly in the south-west (eg Cavers & with Perthshire, these regions now have a good Henderson 2005; Crone & Campbell 2005; range of dated sites. In contrast, other regions Cavers 2010; Cavers et al 2011). Recent research ZLWKVLJQLÀFDQWQXPEHUVRIVLWHVVXFKDV$UJ\OO has also included important regional surveys and much of the rest of northern and western of crannogs, including the Perthshire Crannog Scotland, remain little more than entries in the Survey (Dixon & Shelly 2006; Dixon 2007), National Monuments Record of Scotland or the South-West Crannog Survey (Henderson et regional council Sites and Monuments Records. al 2003; Henderson et al 2006) and the ongoing However, it has become apparent that whenever Scottish Archaeology Programme suitable loch conditions exist, crannog sites are (SWAP), which also focused on crannogs in found across Scotland (see Hale 2007; Stratigos VRXWKZHVW 6FRWODQG &URQH  &ODUNH  forthcoming a). This is the case even without Cavers & Crone 2010; Cavers et al 2011). FRQFHGLQJWKDWPDQ\FUDQQRJVDUHOLNHO\WRKDYH In each case, as a result of these surveys, the been completely lost from the archaeological QXPEHURIFUDQQRJVNQRZQKDVEHHQLQFUHDVHG record in the more intensively farmed and in the respective study area (eg McArdle et al improved lowlands due to loch drainage that 1973; Dixon 1982; Henderson 1998a; Lenfert began in the post-medieval period and continued 2012). Vital dating projects and analysis have through the 19th and 20th centuries (Stratigos DOVR EHHQ XQGHUWDNHQ LQFOXGLQJ UDGLRFDUERQ forthcoming b).

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Illus 1 Crannogs in north-east Scotland

Stratigos, M.indd 207 22/11/2015 13:37 208 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 2014 radiocarbon date; ad ad Reputed to be 13th-century residence of Bishop Burnett residence before shift to Crathes in 16th century none later medieval references to 9th century radiocarbon date none References/dating 10th century PKHLJKW)RUPHGE\RDN × 14m × date very wet . Some stone content evident near edge, and possible causeway extending to NE at end of 18th century and again in 1850 on crannog made of layers clay, brushwood and stone. A ‘millstone’, bronze vessels of medieval date, two dugout canoes (one 100m NNE of the FUDQQRJ FRLQVDQGSDUWRIDUHGGHHUVNHOHWRQ were also recovered from the bed of loch during draining. Residence of the Wauchope and Burnetts till 16th century Crannog 20 *URXSRIRDNSLOHVRIDERXWPLQGLDPHWHULQ an area approximately 7m in diameter, some 30m from the N shore of Corby Loch SLOHVKRUL]RQWDOEHDPVDQGVWRQHLQÀOOLQJ /DUJHFUDQQRJDURXQGPKLJK/LQNHGWRVKRUH by timber causeway still partly in place 18th FHQWXU\/DUJHQXPEHUVRIRDNWLPEHUVUHPRYHGLQ 19th century. Recorded as castle in 14th Castle slighted in 17th century. Bronze jug and cup, iron axe and spearheads recovered from site. At least four logboats from loch NMRS No Details Aberdeenshire NJ91SW 2 Remains of a manor complex later medieval 1 Sunnybrae Farm Loch of Leys Aberdeenshire NJ86SE 21 Raised, level, sub-circular platform on edge of Aberdeenshire NO79NW 3 Ruins of structures, and an ‘oven’ recorded Prison Island, Loch Kinord Aberdeenshire NO49NW 17 Loch Davan Corby Loch Bishop’s Palace Aberdeenshire(NJ91SW 2) (not listed as NJ40SW 26 Aberdeenshirecrannog in NMR) Possible submerged crannog NJ91SW 15 none &UDQQRJQDPH &RXQFLO Castle Island, Loch Kinord Aberdeenshire NO49NW 16 Table List of crannog sites in the north-east Scotland

Stratigos, M.indd 208 22/11/2015 13:37 CRANNOGS, CASTLES AND LORDLY RESIDENCES | 209 origins? 12th origins? ad ad References/dating First millennium century church none 11th century? First millennium 0HGLHYDOÀQGV none 90m from the c DUWLÀFLDOLVOHWVHWRQHGJHRIQRZGUDLQHG0LUHRI Dunnichen. Separated by and said to have been approached by a bridge. approached by ruinous causeway ([FDYDWHGLQ&RPSRVHGRIRDNSXOHVORJV and large stones overlaid by midden soil. On promontory projecting into Loch of Forfar. 'HÀQHGE\ODUJHGLWFK0HGLHYDOÀQGVLQFOXGLQJ bronze vessels and playing-pieces shore of the Loch Kinordy when part loch drained in the 18th century. Based on a stone IRXQGDWLRQDQGVHFXUHGE\RDNSLOHV8SWRP LQGLDPHWHUDQGPLQKHLJKW$ÀQHO\FDUYHG logboat with a possible ‘animal-head’ prow was also recovered from the loch in 1820. It has been dated to the early medieval period, probably 8th or 9th century. Now in Dundee Museum NMRS No Details Angus NO54NW 4 Site of St Causnan’s Chapel, possibly on an Angus NO55SW 10 Possible castle site in Rescobie loch King Donald III imprisoned here in Angus NO45SW 12 &UDQQRJQDPH &RXQFLO Loch Builg Moray NJ10SE 1 Possible crannog lying 12m from NE shore St Causnan’s Chapel, Dunnichen Barnsdale/Rescobie Castle, Rescobie Loch Loch of Kinnordy Angus NO35SE 7 A probable crannog discovered St Margaret’s Inch, Loch Forfar

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CRANNOGS IN THE NORTH-EAST OF The Muir of is a National Nature Reserve SCOTLAND in upper Deeside (illus 2), which includes two lochs – Loch Kinord and Loch Davan. The new research outlined here focuses on an area 7KUHH FUDQQRJV KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLÀHG WZR LQ that has seen little modern research on crannogs Loch Kinord with a third possible site in Loch – north-east Scotland, considered here as the area Davan. The two crannogs in Loch Kinord are made up of the modern administrative councils Prison Island (NO49NW 17) and Castle Island of Aberdeenshire, Aberdeen City, Angus and (NO49NW 16) (illus 2). Prison Island (illus Moray (Table 1) (illus 1). The crannogs of this 3) is located approximately 170m from the region have been treated as anomalies (Cavers north shore of the loch and its area above the 2010: 26–7) or considered to represent a later water is approximately 20m × 14m. The islet adoption of the building tradition (Lenfert 2013: stands about 1m proud of the waterline. Castle 133). The density of crannogs in the north-east Island (illus 4) is located farther to the west appears to be less than other areas of Scotland, and is approximately 80m from the north shore. ZLWKWKHEDVLFJHRJUDSK\RIWKHQRUWKHDVWOLNHO\ It is much larger, measuring approximately to be one limiting factor in crannog occurrence 100m × 60m (the areas of both sites above – wide, fertile river valleys are common in the waterline are exaggerated by 19th century this region with fewer areas of open water lowering of the level of the loch). The islands compared to more central or western parts of are ringed with trees at the waterline with grass Scotland. As Hale (2007: 278) notes, there is a in the centre of each. The possible crannog in general, ‘thinning’ of crannogs as one proceeds /RFK 'DYDQ 1-6:   ZDV LGHQWLÀHG E\ eastwards in Scotland. However, Hale (2007: aerial photography in 1996, and lies submerged 275) and Morrison (1985: 2) have noted the role near the western shore of the loch. Prior to the drainage may have played in crannog survival, FXUUHQWZRUNQRQHRIWKHVHFUDQQRJVKDGEHHQ DQG WKLV LPSDFW KDV UHFHQWO\ EHHQ TXDQWLÀHG directly dated and only antiquarian observations (Stratigos forthcoming a). An analysis of the and Ordnance Survey measurements existed. Roy Military Survey of Scotland (1747–55) The archaeological landscape of Loch Kinord has shown that areas of eastern Scotland have saw antiquarian interest through the 19th and early witnessed considerably more loch drainage than 20th centuries. The most detailed descriptions of other regions of Scotland. Furthermore, there are Prison Island and Castle Island were compiled recorded archaeological features located within by Rev J G Michie, who drew upon his own former lochs depicted on the Roy Military observations and previous antiquarian and local Survey of Scotland that in their description NQRZOHGJH RI WKH FUDQQRJV DQG VXUURXQGLQJ DQG DSSHDUDQFH EHDU VWULNLQJ UHVHPEODQFHV archaeology (Michie 1910: 83–96, 171–88). A WR SRVLWLYHO\ LGHQWLÀHG FUDQQRJV 6WUDWLJRV notable commonality between all the antiquarian forthcoming b). Whether crannogs in north-east records of the islands in Loch Kinord is the great Scotland are anomalies or are the few surviving quantity of archaeological material, particularly examples of more widely observed building in the form of substantial structural timbers, tradition is yet to be resolved, but regardless, and which were found submerged around Castle as this paper hopes to demonstrate, the sites that Island and from other areas of the loch (Old GR VXUYLYH DUH VLJQLÀFDQW DQG GHVHUYH IXUWKHU Statistical Account of Scotland, 12: 225–6; Stuart attention. 1866: 167–72; Michie 1910: 83–96, 171–88). Regarding the timbers, Michie records that some were over 7m long, squared and notched, being RESEARCH IN THE REYLRXVO\ ZRUNHG E\ LURQ WRROV DQG DOO KDG been split, but some were more roughly shaped. Rich in treasures of science and relics of long Michie states that Castle Island in particular was a forgotten ages locally famous site, due to the number and quality (Michie 1910: 2) of timbers discovered and was visited as both a

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Illus 2 Location of Muir of Dinnet and main sites mentioned in text (above) and Loch Kinord (below)

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Illus 3 Prison Island © Aberdeenshire Council Archaeology Service

curiosity and as a supply of timber for building RYHUODSSLQJ RDN SODQNV VHFXUHG E\ LURQ ULYHWV DQGFUDIWZRUN 0LFKLH :KLOH0LFKLH A logboat recovered from the loch in 1859 was FRQVLGHUHG &DVWOH ,VODQG DV SRVVLEO\ DUWLÀFLDO WDNHQWR$ER\QH&DVWOHDQGZDVNQRZQORFDOO\DV in nature, he found unambiguous proof for the the ‘royal yacht’ (ibid 87). Only a small fragment DUWLÀFLDO QDWXUH RI WKH QHDUE\ 3ULVRQ ,VODQG of this boat now survives (held at Marischal FUDQQRJ ,Q  0LFKLH UHFRUGV RDN SLOLQJ Museum, Aberdeen). Two other logboats, both arranged in three concentric rows with roughly around 9m in length, were found c 180m to the hewn interlacing horizontal beams between. The west of Castle Island in 1875, and in the same timbers, Michie suggests, were supported by a \HDU D ÀQDO ORJERDW ÀOOHG ZLWK VWRQHV ZDV substantial platform and mound of stones. Many found near Prison Island. This latter logboat was of these timbers, even in Michie’s time, had rediscovered in 1962 by recreational divers in 6m already been washed away and few remained in of water, 20m to the south-east of Prison Island. situ (1910: 93–4, Fig 7). It was brought to shore and measured and then Michie and others recorded the many artefacts SXW EDFN LQ LWV RULJLQDO ORFDWLRQ $ VXEVHTXHQW that have been found in the waters of Loch Kinord survey in 1992 was unable to locate the boat. over the course of the past two centuries. These In the University Museums’ collections at the LQFOXGHDWOHDVWÀYHZDWHUFUDIWIRXURIZKLFKZHUH , there is also a paddle logboats or ‘canoes’ (NO49NW 30, NO49NW 31, said to be from one of the crannogs on the loch NO49NW 32, NO49NW 33; Michie 1910: 83–9). $%'8$ 7KHSDGGOHLVÀQHO\FDUYHGDQG The boats were all originally found in the 19th survives to 0.52m in length, but is clearly missing FHQWXU\EXWQRQHVXUYLYHLQWDFWWRGD\7KHÀUVW its shaft. The paddle was analysed and dated as boat, discovered during a drought in 1826, was SDUWRIWKLVZRUN VHHEHORZ $GGLWLRQDOO\IRXQG GHVFULEHGDVKDYLQJDFOLQNHUFRQVWUXFWLRQZLWK IURPZLWKLQWKHZDWHUVRI/RFK.LQRUGDÀQHO\

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made Roman blue-green glass perfume bottle 3), New Kinord (NJ40SW 13) and Little Ord has been recovered (Curtis & Hunter 2006: 211), (NJ40SW 16); and farther to the west there is a along with a medieval carpenter’s axe (Beaton group of hut circles on Culblean Hill (NJ40SW 1950) and two bronze vessels (PSAS 1901: 280; 8) – all of which are undated. Two Hiberno- PSAS 1912: 10). Norse bronze pins of 9th to 10th century ad date, In the landscape around the loch there is from the hut circles at Culblean, are also in the D ULFK DUFKDHRORJLFDO UHFRUG $ UHPDUNDEOH University Museums’ collections (NJ40SW 8; cross-slab is located on the north shore of Loch ABDUA: 15549 and ABDUA: 15550). Kinord, directly opposite Castle Island. It is an There are further historical references intricately carved Christian interlaced cross-slab and local information regarding Castle Island DQGPRVWOLNHO\GDWHVWRWKHODVWFHQWXULHVRIWKH and Loch Kinord that suggest the area held ÀUVW PLOOHQQLXP ad (Allen & Anderson 1903: importance throughout the medieval period. It 3–4; illus 2). On the other shore of Loch Kinord, is recorded that the castle was used as a refuge opposite the crannogs, is located the Gardiebane for the earl of after the battle of Culblean peninsula (NO49NW 11) (illus 2). A substantial Hill in 1335, during the Second War of Scottish earthen and ditch has been recorded Independence. The island habitation is also DFURVVWKHQHFNRIWKHSURPRQWRU\ 0LFKLH said to have been visited by King James IV on 28–9) and is still clearly visible. There is also his way to a holy shrine in Tain, in 1505, and the suggestion that there are the remains of a in 1511, the castle is referred to in a charter of extending across the ditch, and it is Alexander, the earl of Huntly, as a ‘mansion’. possible that the site may be related to the later Following a re-garrisoning of Castle Island in castle on Castle Island (Stuart 1866: 169–70). In 1646 by the Marquis of Huntly, the castle and the wider environs there are well-preserved hut its defences were razed on the order of an act of FLUFOHVDQGÀHOGV\VWHPVDW2OG.LQRUG 1-6: Parliament in 1648 (Simpson 1929: 130–1 and

Illus 4 Castle Island © Aberdeenshire Council Archaeology Service

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references therein). It is clear from these historical FIELDWORK IN THE MUIR OF DINNET references that Castle Island was an important lordly residence. However, a possible earlier A series of brief diving surveys in Loch Kinord and grander phase of occupation is suggested were conducted by one of the authors (MJS) in by the Old Statistical Account of Scotland August of 2011, to investigate the two crannogs which records that Castle Island was ‘built, in the loch (illus 5). These surveys were followed and occasionally occupied as a hunting seat by up by a dive in October of the same year, to Malcolm Canmore’ (Old Statistical Account of obtain samples for radiocarbon dating. Initial Scotland, 12: 225; Michie 1910: 38–9). There observations indicated that a detailed survey of are no contemporary historical references to the two crannogs would not be possible given VXSSRUW ZKDW LV OLNHO\ WR EH D ORFDO OHJHQGDU\ the visibility conditions (< 1m) experienced association with Malcolm Canmore, but it is in the loch at that time. In addition to the poor important to note that no historical references YLVLELOLW\WKLFNYHJHWDWLRQFRYHUHGWKHPDMRULW\ refer to the initial construction of Castle Island of the loch bottom. The initial survey was giving a WHUPLQXVDQWHTXHP for its construction conducted over three days, with approximately DWWKHÀUVWKLVWRULFDOUHIHUHQFH²7KHUHDUH 10 hours of dive time logged. The aims of the no historical references to Prison Island prior to survey were to determine the preservation its mention in the Old Statistical Account which conditions of Loch Kinord and to identify refers to it as the ‘Tolbooth’ for Castle Island potential in situ timbers for radiocarbon dating. (Old Statistical Account of Scotland, 12: 225). Dive time was split between the two crannogs,

Illus 5 The survey of Prison Island in progress (Sally Foster)

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Prison Island and Castle Island. A lead weight VXJJHVWVWKDWLWPD\UHODWHWRDQRXWHUZDONZD\ DWWDFKHGWRDEXR\ZDVXVHGWRWDNHSRVLWLRQVRI around the crannog or part of a jetty extending features on the crannogs, which were recorded from the crannog. At Castle Island, a number by hand-held GPS. RI ODUJH WLPEHUV VRPH RI WKHP FOHDUO\ ZRUNHG 'XULQJ WKH VXUYH\ ZRUN D QXPEHU RI DQG VKDSHG ZHUH LGHQWLÀHG 2QH RI WKH ODUJHVW structural timbers and the structural rubble timbers was embedded into the loch bed, just off matrix of the crannogs themselves were the submerged mound on the crannog’s northern LGHQWLÀHG LOOXV ,QLWLDOREVHUYDWLRQFRQÀUPHG VLGH7KHWLPEHUKDGDFOHDUZRRGZRUNLQJQRWFK the status of Castle Island as a crannog, with in manner similar to those recorded by Michie the submerged mound being at least partly (1910: 86–7). This timber measured at least 1.8m DUWLÀFLDO$W3ULVRQ,VODQGDQXPEHURISRWHQWLDO long and was squared, measuring 0.3 × 0.37m – a VWUXFWXUDOWLPEHUVZHUHLGHQWLÀHGDQGRQHYHUWLFDO small section of the outer part of this timber was URXQGZRRGSLOHZKLFKZDVÀUPO\GULYHQLQWRWKH sampled and subsequently dated. The position of loch bed, was chosen for sampling. The pile was the timber suggests that it may have once been located 3m from where the submerged mound of part of a causeway leading to the crannog. Due the crannog meets the natural loch bed. Its location to the visibility conditions, not much further  Kinord Cross

Timber cal AD 880-1020 Pile cal AD 710-940



Gardiebane Peninsula

Earthworks

     

Illus 6 Location of sampled and dated timbers from Loch Kinord crannogs

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sampled for radiocarbon dating. The paddle, at the request of one of the authors (GN), was analysed by the museum curator Nicole Stahl. No evidence of preservative treatments were encountered and WKHVDPSOHWDNHQZDVYLDEOHIRU$06UDGLRFDUERQ dating.

RADIOCARBON DATING RESULTS

The results of the radiocarbon dating are presented in Table 2. The pile at Prison Island dates to cal ad 710–940 (SUERC-29184; 95% SUREDELOLW\ DGDWHPRVWOLNHO\WRIDOOLQWKHWK century ad (cal ad 780–880; 68.2% probability). The roundwood pile extended 35cm from the ORFKEHGDQGZDVFPLQGLDPHWHUZLWKQREDUN present. Whether this particular pile dates from the initial construction of the crannog or from a SHULRG RI UHIXUELVKPHQW LV XQFOHDU 7KH ZRUNHG timber from Castle Island dates to cal ad 880–  68(5&  D GDWH WKDW OLNHO\ IDOOV in the 10th century (cal ad 895–980; 68.2% probability). Given the size of the timber, an ‘old wood’ effect cannot be ruled out here, although WKHVDPSOHZDVWDNHQIURPWKHRXWHUPRVWHGJHRI the surviving material. The chronological context of the timber from Castle Island is also somewhat uncertain, but assuming an old wood effect of no more than approximately 400 years, the timber GDWHV IURP EHIRUH WKH ÀUVW KLVWRULFDO UHIHUHQFH to Castle Island. The radiocarbon date from the paddle from Loch Kinord falls later than either of the two crannogs and was made sometime in the 11th or 12th centuries (cal ad 1020–1190; 95% probability).

DISCUSSION Illus 7 The Loch Kinord paddle © University Museums Service, University of Aberdeen Crone (2012) has recently brought together all of the dating evidence for crannogs in Scotland. The dataset in 2012 comprised 159 radiocarbon dates, detail on the nature of the timbers or their exact dendrochronology from three sites and a wiggle- context was retrievable, other than that they were matched radiocarbon date from another. This elements of the surviving structural elements of dataset has seen more than a six-fold increase the crannogs. In addition to the features sampled over the past two decades (Crone 1993: 2012). as a result of the survey, the paddle (illus 7) from The majority of crannog radiocarbon dates in Loch Kinord, held in the Marischal Museum, was Scotland fall in a period from the Late Bronze

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Age to early Roman Iron Age (c 850 bc–ad 200), and consequently crannogs have been considered a predominantly Iron Age phenomenon in Scotland (Henderson 2009: 39–40; Cavers 2010: ²  $OWKRXJK &URQH KDV LGHQWLÀHG RWKHU phases of crannog building in Scotland, primarily in the 5th to 8th centuries ad and from the 11th to 13th centuries, crannogs dating to the later medieval and modern periods, though attested in documentary sources, are not well dated through radiocarbon or other dating methods (Crone 2012:

cal 710–940 cal 880–1020 cal 1020–1190 147–9). In her study, Crone (ibid) highlights the

ad period from the 9th to the 11th centuries ad as a lacuna in crannog construction – the exact period in which the radiocarbon dates from Prison Island  &DOLEUDWHGGDWHUDQJH FRQÀGHQFH

BP DQG&DVWOH,VODQGIDOO,WLVVWULNLQJWKDWLQ&URQH·V list there is not a single radiocarbon date from a site in eastern Scotland, an area encompassing the entirety of the modern councils of Aberdeenshire, ad ad Aberdeen City, Angus, Dundee City, Moray,  )LIH &ODFNPDQQDQVKLUH )DONLUN :HVW /RWKLDQ Edinburgh City, Midlothian, East Lothian and the Scottish Borders. As such, the Loch Kinord dates PDNH D VLJQLÀFDQW FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKH GDWLQJ RI crannogs in Scotland. The new radiocarbon dating from Loch Kinord remains provisional, and further direct dating of the Kinord crannogs and other crannogs in eastern Scotland needs to form a priority for crannog research. Based on the radiocarbon dating, building activity on Loch Kinord of some NLQGDSSHDUVWRKDYHWDNHQSODFHLQWKHODWHÀUVW millennium ad. The historic records suggest activity from at least the 14th century onwards, but whether occupation was continuous from WKHODWHÀUVWPLOOHQQLXPRUQRWUHPDLQVXQFOHDU 7KH HYLGHQFH IRU ODWH ÀUVW PLOOHQQLXP ad activity at Loch Kinord is, however, reinforced by the presence of the Kinord Cross, which also OLNHO\GDWHVWRWKHODWHUÀUVWPLOOHQQLXP ad. The SUHFLVHORFDWLRQRIWKHFURVVVODELQWKHODWHÀUVW millennium ad is uncertain, as it was moved to Castle in the 19th century, but in 1959 LW ZDV PRYHG EDFN WR LWV DSSUR[LPDWH RULJLQDO position, close to the ruins of a supposed chapel. Its current position and the position of the

2 supposed chapel are directly across from Castle Island, where the causeway recorded by Michie SUERC-29184 Quercus species Prison Island pile 30 ± 1195 68(5&68(5& 4XHUFXVVSHFLHV :RRGXQNQRZQ &DVWOH,VODQGZRUNHGWLPEHU /RFK.LQRUGSDGGOH “  “ Table Radiocarbon dates for Loch Kinord /DE1R 0DWHULDO &RQWH[WVDPSOHwould have met 5DGLRFDUERQRQDJH land.

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THE WIDER CONTEXT In Scotland more generally, both early medieval and later medieval occupation of All of the other crannogs in the north-east (Table FUDQQRJV LV QRW XQNQRZQ 6KHOOH\   KDV 1) have yet to be studied or radiocarbon dated. recently brought together the evidence for late However, there are historical references or medieval and early modern use of crannogs in WUDGLWLRQVWKDWVXJJHVWPDQ\OLNH&DVWOH,VODQG central Scotland. Shelly has shown how later may have been important nodes in the early medieval period crannogs were predominantly and later medieval landscape. For example, the high status sites of both a secular and religious crannog in the Loch of Leys in Aberdeenshire nature (Shelley 2009: 8). Whether many of LV NQRZQ WR KDYH EHHQ WKH UHVLGHQFH RI WKH these later medieval sites had earlier origins is Burnett family, prior to their move to Crathes uncertain. As noted above, construction dating Castle in the 16th century ( 2000). The to the period from the 9th to 11th centuries is a site, partially excavated by James H Burnett Esq major lacuna in radiocarbon dates from crannogs in 1850, revealed a range of artefacts from the in Scotland, hence there is little evidence, so far, FUDQQRJ LQFOXGLQJ EURQ]H FRRNLQJ YHVVHOV WKDW in Scotland for continuity between early medieval DUHOLNHO\WRGDWHWRWKHSHULRGIURPWKHWKWR and later medieval construction and occupation 13th century (Burnett 1851). St Margaret’s Inch RI DUWLÀFLDO LVODQG VHWWOHPHQWV 2QH IXUWKHU VLWH in Forfar Loch, Angus, was excavated by Stuart in eastern Scotland, however, has recently been LQ  ZKR XQFRYHUHG RDN SLOHV ORJV DQG shown to have both important medieval remains ODUJH VWRQHV RYHUO\LQJ SRVVLEOH ÁRRU OHYHOV D DQG VWUXFWXUDO SKDVHV GDWHG WR WKH ODWH ÀUVW midden and a causeway. This site also produced millennium ad. This is Edinample in Perthshire, probable medieval objects including silver which lies near the southern shore of , ornaments, gaming pieces and bronze vessels and was examined as part of the Perthshire (Stuart 1872). A small cross-incised stone, Crannog Survey (Dixon & Shelly 2006: 74–5). SUREDEO\ RI ÀUVW PLOOHQQLXP ad date, was also Shelly suggests Edinample was the commital recovered from the loch and is now held in the residence of mormaership of Strathearn (Shelley 0HIIDQ,QVWLWXWH)RUIDU7KHVHÀQGVVXJJHVWWKH 2009: 43) (Eilean nam Breaban, a crannog in crannog at St Margaret’s Inch may have even Loch Tay, is also said to have been a residence earlier origins. The Forfar Loch crannog also has of the ), and now radiocarbon a royal association – its name, St Margaret’s Inch, dating has shown a constructional phase dating to UHÁHFWVORFDOWUDGLWLRQWKDW4XHHQ0DUJDUHWKDGD the 9th century ad at Edinample (Dixon & Shelly residence on the island (Jamieson 1822: 18–21). 2006: 74; Shelley 2009: 39–42). %DUQVGDOH &DVWOH D FDVWOH VLWH RQ DQ DUWLÀFLDO While there are no other radiocarbon-dated island in Loch Rescobie, in Angus, also has a FUDQQRJVLQWKLVODWHÀUVWPLOOHQQLXPHDUO\VHFRQG loose royal connection, said to have been the site millennium ad FRQWH[W NQRZQ LQ 6FRWODQG RQH where King Donald VII, Malcolm Canmore’s further parallel may be relevant. Loch brother, was imprisoned in the 11th century, Island bears many similarities to Castle Island in E\ KLV QHSKHZ .LQJ (GJDU 6QRUNHOOLQJ VXUYH\ Loch Kinord (including the other name of Loch of Barnsdale Castle in the late 1990s revealed Clunie Island being Castle Island). Loch Clunie SRVVLEOHGUHVVHGVWRQHZRUNEXWGXHWRYHJHWDWLRQ ,VODQGLVDODUJHPRVWO\RUZKROO\DUWLÀFLDOLVODQG cover, the survey was not comprehensive enough on which still stands a 16th-century house. to identify or rule out a possible crannog (Dixon Within Loch Clunie there is another smaller 1999). Finally, in Dunnichen Moss, a 12th- crannog with no obvious medieval occupation century church dedicated to St Causnan is located 'L[RQ   VLPLODU LQ PRUSKRORJ\ D URFN\ RQZKDWKDVEHHQLQWHUSUHWHGDVDQDUWLÀFLDOLVODQG mound) to Prison Island. Directly opposite Loch Clearly, these examples show that a number of &OXQLH ,VODQG WKHUH LV D VLJQLÀFDQW UR\DO FDVWOH other north-east crannogs were also important Castle Hill (MacGibbon & Ross 1889: 589–90; high status secular and ecclesiastical sites in the :RROI    /HVOLH $OFRFN    medieval landscape. suggests that Castle Hill may have been a 9th

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to 12th-century royal centre. This is based on VRFLDOUDQN VHH*RQGHN ,QDODWHUPHGLHYDO the appearance of Clunie in 7KH &KURQLFOH RI context, the use of a wide range of residences the Kings of Alba which states that Clunie was was part of the peripatetic lifestyle of medieval ‘wasted’ by the Danari in ad 849 (Anderson NLQJVDQGORUGV 6KHOO\ DQGFUDQQRJV 1973: 250). There are further historical references may have been one node where the authority of including the island’s depiction on the Pont Maps, WKHVH ÀJXUHV ZDV PDWHULDOLVHG LQ WKH ODQGVFDSH a 15th-century dispute over ownership of the loch 7KHODWHÀUVWPLOOHQQLXP ad was also a time when and surrounding lands and a record of the erection another type of settlement, the , began to of a by Bishop George Brown of fall out of use in north-east Scotland, with the 'XQNHOGWREHKLVUHVLGHQFHLQWKHWKFHQWXU\ latest dates from these sites extending only to (Dixon & Shelly 2006: 71–2; Woolf 2007: 94: the 9th century ad (Noble et al 2013). Crannogs Shelly 2011: 110). The historic references for may well be one avenue for assessing the ways the character and timing of occupation at Loch in which early medieval high status architecture Clunie Island, Edinample and Castle Island are and power structures were transformed in the supported by the limited archaeological evidence second millennium ad into the lordly residences which has been uncovered at these three sites, and estates that underpinned the transformation of however, the process of transition from crannog 6FRWODQGLQWRDPHGLHYDONLQJGRP to early medieval and later high-status settlement UHTXLUHVPRUHWDUJHWHGSURJUDPPHVRIÀHOGZRUN The status of the crannogs in Loch Kinord in the 9th to 11th century, and crannogs more CONCLUSIONS generally in Scotland in this period, remains to EH PRUH ÀUPO\ HVWDEOLVKHG &HUWDLQO\ LQ RWKHU The radiocarbon evidence from Loch Kinord regions there is clear evidence that crannogs UHSUHVHQWVWKHÀUVWVFLHQWLÀFGDWHVIRUFUDQQRJVLQ were high status residences in an early to later the north-east of Scotland, and begins to address medieval context. The best excavated examples a gap in the coverage of radiocarbon dating for of high status crannogs with documented crannogs in Scotland. Castle Island and Prison royal associations are those from (see Island were clearly very elaborate structures +HQFNHQ  %UDGOH\  :DUQHU  PDGHRIFRPSOH[ZRUNHGRDNEHDPVSLOLQJDQG O’Sullivan & Sands 2007) and the lone example stone . The historical records for Castle RIDFUDQQRJIURP:DOHV VHH5HGNQDS /DQH Island extend from the 14th to 17th centuries, but 1994). Although not all early medieval crannogs WKH QHZ ÀHOGZRUN LQGLFDWHV WKDW FRQVWUXFWLRQ in Ireland display characteristics of high-status and use of the crannogs on Loch Kinord extend occupation or royal association (see Fredengren EDFNLQWRWKHÀUVWPLOOHQQLXP ad, and begins to et al 2004: 176–7), there is clear evidence for the ÀOODODFXQDLQGDWHGFUDQQRJVLWHVLQ6FRWODQGLQ importance of crannog occupation in the 9th–10th the 9th to 11th centuries (Crone 2012: 149). The centuries ad. In Scotland, this period is a crucial Castle and Prison Island radiocarbon dates brings area for further study. For example, the nature of WKHWRWDOQXPEHURIODWHÀUVWPLOOHQQLXPGDWHVWR high status settlement in this period is uncertain, three. Future crannog excavations should target yet this was the period that the nation-state of VLWHVZLWKVLJQLÀFDQWPHGLHYDORFFXSDWLRQLQRUGHU Scotland began to form, with the amalgamation to begin to chart the possible transition(s) from RI WKH 3LFWLVK DQG 6FRWWLVK NLQJGRPV LQWR WKH Iron Age crannog to medieval lordly residence. Kingdom of Alba (Woolf 2007: 312–50). It Loch Kinord represents an excellent chance to seems that crannogs, as a very visible display and do just that, with well-preserved archaeological command of resources and social separation, may material evident on two crannogs, in addition have been an ideal means of communicating and to a rich archaeological landscape surrounding. maintaining social status at this time. Indeed, the More radiocarbon dates from Loch Kinord and commissioning of the cross-slab at Loch Kinord is the crannogs of eastern Scotland more generally RQO\OLNHO\WRKDYHEHHQGRQHE\VRPHRQHRIKLJK will establish a chronology for this important,

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but under-researched, area and allow for a better Anderson, M O 1973 .LQJVDQG.LQJVKLSLQ(DUO\ assessment of the alignments of secular and Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. religious power that are suggested at a number of Bailey, E A 2000 ‘The Crannog of Leys’, in crannog sites in eastern Scotland. In particular, Bailey, E (ed) &UDQQRJ WR &DVWOH $ KLVWRU\ we may begin to be able to explore in more RI WKH %XUQHWW IDPLO\ LQ 6FRWODQG, 225–32. detail the ways in which early medieval nodes Banchory: Leys Publishing. of power were transformed into the castles and Barber, J W & Crone, B A 1993 ‘Crannogs; a lordly residences that underpinned the expansion diminishing resource? A survey of the crannogs DQG FRQVROLGDWLRQ RI WKH PHGLHYDO NLQJGRP RI of South-West Scotland and excavations at Scotland. Buiston Crannog’, $QWLTXLW\67: 520–33. Bradley, J 1991 ‘Excavations at Moynagh Lough, County Meath’, 7KH -RXUQDO RI WKH 5R\DO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6RFLHW\RI$QWLTXDULHVRI,UHODQG 121: 5–26. Beaton, G S 1950 ‘Axe from Kinord’, Proc Soc 7KH ZRUN DW /RFK .LQRUG ZDV FRQGXFWHG ZLWK NLQG Antiq Scot 82: 297. permission from the Muir of Dinnet Nature Reserve’s SDUN UDQJHU &DWULRQD 5HLG DQG WKH .LQRUG (VWDWH %XUQHWW-+¶7ZR%URQ]H&RRNLQJ9HVVHOV 7KDQNV WR WKH $EHUGHHQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 6XE$TXD &OXE in the Loch of Leys’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1: IRU PDNLQJ WKH ÀHOGZRUN SRVVLEOH LQ SDUWLFXODU 26–7. those who came along for the dives, Kelsey Padgett, Cavers, G 2010 &UDQQRJV DQG /DWHU 3UHKLVWRULF .HUU\0DFND\9LFWRULD3UHVO\-HUU\6XWWRQ*UDHPH 6HWWOHPHQWLQ:HVWHUQ6FRWODQG. Oxford BAR McQueen, Tom Bedford, Duncan McGregor, Johanna British Series 510. Bowman, Cristian Simonetti, Gordon Stewart and Cavers, G & Crone, A 2010 ‘ crannogs: William Gilbertson. DQ LQWHULP UHSRUW RQ ZRUN DW&XOWV /RFKDQG  )XQGLQJIRU WKH ÀHOGZRUN FDPH LQ SDUW IURP WKH Dorman’s Island by the Scottish Wetland Nautical Archaeology Society’s Joan du Platt Taylor Archaeology Programme’, Transactions of Award, and the radiocarbon dates were funded by 'XPIULHVVKLUHDQG*DOORZD\1DWXUDO+LVWRU\ Aberdeenshire Council Archaeology Service and the DQG$QWLTXDULDQ6RFLHW\84: 11–18. 8QLYHUVLW\RI$EHUGHHQ0DQ\WKDQNVWR%UXFH0DQQ &DYHUV *  &URQH $  ¶*ODVVHUWRQ %ODFN IRU VXSSRUWLQJ WKH ZRUN DQG WR 1LFROH 6WDKO RI WKH Loch of Myrton’, 'LVFRYHU\DQG([FDYDWLRQLQ University Museums, University of Aberdeen, for Scotland. advice and expertise in sampling the Loch Kinord Cavers, G, Crone, A, Engl, R, Fouracre, L, SDGGOH 7KDQNV DOVR WR *RUGRQ &RRN DW 68(5& IRU Hunter, F, Robertson, J & Thoms, J 2011 DGYLFH RQ UDGLRFDUERQ GDWLQJ )LQDOO\ WKDQNV WR ¶5HÀQLQJ &KURQRORJLFDO 5HVROXWLRQ LQ ,URQ Anne Crone and Ewan Campbell for commenting on Age Scotland: Excavations a Dorman’s Island an earlier version of the manuscript. As always, any Crannog, Dumfries and Galloway’, Journal of errors remain our own. :HWODQG$UFKDHRORJ\10: 71–108. Cavers, G & Henderson, J 2005 ‘Underwater REFERENCES Excavation at Ederline Crannog, Loch Awe, , Scotland’, International Journal of $OFRFN /  ¶(DUO\ KLVWRULF IRUWLÀFDWLRQV 1DXWLFDO$UFKDHRORJ\34: 282–98. in Scotland’, in Guilbert, G (ed) Hill-Fort Crone, A 1993 ‘Crannogs and Chronologies’, Proc 6WXGLHV (VVD\V IRU $ + $ +RJJ. Leicester: Soc Antiq Scot 123: 245–54. Leicester University Press. Crone, A 2000 7KH+LVWRU\RID6FRWWLVK/RZODQG Allen, J R & Anderson, J 1903 [1993] 7KH(DUO\ &UDQQRJ ([FDYDWLRQV DW %XLVWRQ $\UVKLUH &KULVWLDQ 0RQXPHQWV RI 6FRWODQG 3DUW ². Edinburgh: Scottish Trust for ,, $UFKDHRORJLFDO 6XUYH\ DQG 'HVFULSWLYH Archaeological Research. /LVW ZLWK ,OOXVWUDWLRQV RI WKH (DUO\ &KULVWLDQ &URQH$¶)RUJLQJDFKURQRORJLFDOIUDPHZRUN 0RQXPHQWV RI 6FRWODQG %UHFKLQ 3LQNIRRW for Scottish crannogs; the radiocarbon and Press. dendrochronological evidence’, in Midgley,

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M S & Sanders, J (eds) 2012. Lake Dwellings Social and Agricultural Issues Relating to Early DIWHU 5REHUW 0XQUR 3URFHHGLQJV IURP WKH Medieval Crannogs in Ireland’, (QYLURQPHQWDO 0XQUR ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6HPLQDU 7KH /DNH $UFKDHRORJ\ 9: 173–8. Dwellings of Europe 22nd and 23rd October Hale, A 2007 ‘Crannogs in the south-east of  8QLYHUVLW\ RI (GLQEXUJK, 139–68. Scotland’, in %DUEHU-&ODUN&&UHVVH\0 Leiden: Sidestone Press. Crone, A, Hale, A, Henderson, J, Housley, R, Crone, A & Campbell, E 2005 $&UDQQRJRIWKH Sands, R & Sheridan, A (eds) $UFKDHRORJ\ )LUVW 0LOOHQQLXP AD. Edinburgh: Society of IURP WKH :HWODQGV 5HFHQW 3HUVSHFWLYHV Antiquaries of Scotland. SURFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK :$53 &RQIHUHQFH &URQH $  &ODUNH &  ¶$ SURJUDPPH IRU Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries wetland archaeology in Scotland in the 21st of Scotland. century’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 135: 5–17. +HQFNHQ+¶/DJRUHFUDQQRJDQ,ULVKUR\DO Curtis, N & Hunter, F 2006 ‘An unusual pair of residence of the 7th to 10th centuries ad’, Roman bronze vessels from Stoneywood, 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH5R\DO,ULVK$FDGHP\53C: $EHUGHHQDQGRWKHU5RPDQÀQGVIURPQRUWK 1–247. east Scotland’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 136: 199– Henderson, J 1998a ‘A survey of crannogs in the 214. /DNH RI 0HQWHLWK 6WLUOLQJVKLUH· Proc Soc Dixon, T N 1982 ‘A survey of crannogs in Loch Antiq Scot 128: 273–92. Tay’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 112: 17–38. Henderson, J 1998b ‘Islets through time: the Dixon, T N 1991 ‘Underwater survey in the Loch GHÀQLWLRQ GDWLQJ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI 6FRWWLVK of Clunie, Perthshire’, 8QLYHUVLW\RI(GLQEXUJK crannogs’, 2[IRUG -RXUQDO RI $UFKDHRORJ\ 'HSDUWPHQWRI$UFKDHRORJ\$QQXDO5HSRUW37: 17(2): 227–44. 23–24. +HQGHUVRQ -  ¶7DNLQJ WKH ZDWHUV 6FRWWLVK Dixon, T N 1999 ‘Barnsdale Castle, Rescobie Loch crannogs and the Atlantic Iron Age’, in – Survey March 1999’, Data Structure Report &RRQH\ * %HFNHU . &ROHV - 5\DQ 0 No 501. & Sievers S (eds) 5HOLFV RI 2OG 'HFHQF\ Dixon, T N 2004 7KH &UDQQRJV RI 6FRWODQG DQ $UFKDHRORJLFDO 6WXGLHV LQ /DWHU 3UHKLVWRU\. 8QGHUZDWHU$UFKDHRORJ\. Stroud: Tempus. : Wordwell. Dixon, T N 2007 ‘Crannog structure and dating in Henderson, J, Crone, A & Cavers, G 2003 ‘A Perthshire with particular reference to Loch condition survey of selected crannogs in Tay’, in %DUEHU - &ODUN & &UHVVH\ 0 south-west Scotland’, Transactions of the Crone, A, Hale, A, Henderson, J, Housley, R, 'XPIULHV DQG *DOORZD\ 1DWXUDO +LVWRU\ DQG Sands, R & Sheridan, A (eds) $UFKDHRORJ\ $QWLTXDULDQ6RFLHW\ 77: 79–102. IURP WKH :HWODQGV 5HFHQW 3HUVSHFWLYHV Henderson, J, Crone, A & Cavers, G. 2006 ‘The 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK :$53 &RQIHUHQFH 6RXWK:HVW&UDQQRJ6XUYH\5HFHQWZRUNRQ Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries WKHODNHGZHOOLQJVRI'XPIULHVDQG*DOORZD\· of Scotland. 7UDQVDFWLRQV RI WKH 'XPIULHV DQG *DOORZD\ Dixon, T N & Shelley, M 2006 ‘Perthshire 1DWXUDO +LVWRU\ DQG $QWLTXDULDQ 6RFLHW\ 80: Crannog Survey 2004’, 7D\VLGH DQG )LIH 29–51. Archaeological Journal 12: 70–80. Jamieson, J 1822 ‘An Account of Some Remains *RQGHN 0  ¶,QYHVWLQJ LQ 6FXOSWXUH of Antiquity in Forfarshire’, Archaeologia Power in Early-historic Scotland’, 0HGLHYDO Scotica 2: 14–30. $UFKDHRORJ\50: 105–42. Lenfert, R 2012 /RQJWHUPFRQWLQXLW\DQGFKDQJH Fredengren, C 2002 &UDQQRJV$VWXG\RISHRSOH·V ZLWKLQ +HEULGHDQ DQG PDLQODQG 6FRWWLVK interaction with lakes, with particular island dwellings. PhD thesis, University of UHIHUHQFHWR/RXJK*DUDLQWKHQRUWKZHVWRI Nottingham. Ireland:LFNORZ:RUGZHOO/WG Lenfert, R 2013 ‘Integrating Crannogs and Fredengren, C, McClatchie, M & Stuijts, I 2004 Hebridean Island : Placing Scottish ‘Connections and Distance: Investigating Island Dwellings Into Context’, The Journal

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RI,VODQGDQG&RDVWDO$UFKDHRORJ\8(1): 122– PSAS 1912 ‘Purchases for the Museum and 43. Library’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 47: 9–12. MacGibbon, D & Ross, T 1889 7KH &DVWHOODWHG Piggot C M 1953 ‘Milton Loch Crannog 1’, Proc DQG 'RPHVWLF $UFKLWHFWXUH RI 6FRWODQG. Soc Antiq Scot 87: 134–52. Edinburgh: D Douglas. 5HGNQDS0 /DQH$¶7KH(DUO\0HGLHYDO McArdle, C, McArdle, D & Morrison, I 1973 crannog at Llangorse, Powys: an interim ¶6FRWWLVK ODNHGZHOOLQJV VXUYH\ DUFKDHRORJ\ statement on the 1989–1993 seasons’, and geomorphology in loch Awe, Argyllshire’, ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI1DXWLFDO$UFKDHRORJ\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI1DXWLFDO$UFKDHRORJ\ 23(3): 189–205. 2: 381–2. 5LWFKLH-¶7KHODNHGZHOOLQJRUFUDQQRJDW Michie, J G 1910 [2010] Loch Kinnord: Its Eaderloch, Loch Treig: its traditions and its +LVWRU\ DQG $QWLTXLWLHV. : Deeside construction’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 76: 8–78. %RRNV Shelley, M 2009 Freshwater Scottish loch Montieth, J & Robb, J R 1937 ‘The crannog at VHWWOHPHQWV RI WKH /DWH 0HGLHYDO DQG (DUO\ Lochend, Coatbridge, with a report on the 0RGHUQSHULRGVZLWKSDUWLFXODUUHIHUHQFHWR osseous remains’, 7UDQVDFWLRQVRIWKH*ODVJRZ northern Stirlingshire, central and northern $UFKDHRORJLFDO6RFLHW\ 9(1): 26–43. Perthshire, northern Angus, Loch Awe and Morrison, I 1985 Landscape with lake dwellings: /RFK /RPRQG. PhD thesis, University of the crannogs of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. Shelley, M 2011 ‘Timothy Pont and the Freshwater Munro, R 1882 Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings. Loch Settlements of Late Medieval and Edinburgh. Early Modern Mainland Scotland’, Scottish 1REOH * *RQGHN 0 &DPSEHOO (  &RRN 0 *HRJUDSKLFDO-RXUQDO 127(2): 108–16. 2013 ‘Between prehistory and history: the Simpson, W D 1929 ‘The Early Castles of archaeological detection of social change Mar (First Paper)’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 63: among the ’, $QWLTXLW\87: 1136–50. 102–38. [Old] Statistical Account of Scotland (OSA) 1794 Stratigos, M J forthcoming a ‘A reconsideration ¶8QLWHG 3DULVKHV RI *OHQPXLFN 7XOORFK DQG of the distribution of crannogs in Scotland’, in Glengairn (County and Synod of Aberdeen forthcoming Proceedings of the 14th Iron Age Presbytery of Kincardine O’Neil)’, in 5HVHDUFK6WXGHQW6\PSRVLXP. Statistical Account of Scotland. Edinburgh: Stratigos, M J forthcoming b ‘The Lost Lochs of William Creech. 6FRWODQG 7UDFNLQJ ODQGXVH FKDQJH DQG LWV O’Sullivan, A & Sands, R 2007 ‘Impressive, effects on the archaeological record’. well appointed, rich and enigmatic: Coolure 6WXDUW -  ¶1RWLFH RI D *URXS RI $UWLÀFLDO Demesne crannog, Lough Derravaragh, Islands in the Loch of Dowalton, Wigtownshire ’ in %DUEHU - &ODUN & DQG RI RWKHU $UWLÀFLDO ,VODQGV RU ¶&UDQQRJV· Cressey, M, Crone, A, Hale, A, Henderson, J, throughout Scotland’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 6: Housley, R, Sands, R & Sheridan, A (eds) 114–78. $UFKDHRORJ\ IURP WKH :HWODQGV 5HFHQW Stuart, J 1872 ‘Note on Recent excavation of St. 3HUVSHFWLYHV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK:$53 Margaret’s Inch, in the Loch of Forfar’, Proc &RQIHUHQFH(GLQEXUJK. Edinburgh: Society of Soc Antiq Scot 10: 31–4. Antiquaries of Scotland. :DUQHU5¶2QFUDQQRJVDQGNLQJV 3DUW · PSAS 1901 ‘Donations to and purchases for the 8OVWHU-RXUQDORI$UFKDHRORJ\ 57: 61–9. Musuem and Library exhibits’, Proc Soc Antiq Woolf, A 2007 )URP3LFWODQGWR$OED². Scot 35: 276–80. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

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