FURTHER NOTES ON . 137

III. FURTHER NOTE HUNTLN SO Y CASTLE . DOUGLAW Y B . S SIMPSON, M.A., D.LiTT., F.S.A.SCOT. The works of repair, begun in 1923 after Huntly Castle had been hande de lat th ovee y Dukb r f Richmono e Gordod custode dan th o nt y e Ancienoth f t Monuments Departmen s Majesty'Hi f o t s Officf o e Works, havbeew no ne completed e entirth d e an ,castl e ares beeaha n

Fig. 1. Huntly Castle : General Plan. cleare e groun f debrith o d d dan s lowere s originait o dt l contourse Th . result has been the discovery of a large amount of additional informa- tion about the development of the fabric and the successive alterations that it has undergone between the thirteenth and the eighteenth centuries. My former account1 thus requires amplification and correction in some important particulars: and I gratefully acknowledge the courteous permission accorded to me by the authorities of H.M. Office of Works to in touch with their operations during the past nine years, and discuso t resulte e presensth th n i s t paper.2 1 Proceedings, vol. Ivi. 134-63.pp . I 2hav acknowledgo et e much assistance fro r JamemM s Gregor acteo s wh forema,d a n i n charge during the work, and from Mr Alexander McWilliam, custodian of the castle. The plans 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1933. THE NORMAN EARTHWORKS (see General Plan, fig. 1). Trial cuts in the surface and sides of the motte showed its substance to be a natural fluvio-glacial gravel. Probably the mount was originally s bee t higherdowha cu n d n connexioi nan , n wit e lateth h r stone building pleasaunced san . No excavation has taken place in the semicircular earthwork at the opposite end of the , described as a in my former account. Between this eastern mount and the bailey there has clearly been a , corresponding to that which isolates the western mount. The sinking is still apparent, and the later stone buildings have settled forward into ditche innee th Th moune .r th fac f eo s i t much disturbed by an old gravel pit. The question of the relationship of this eastern mount with the bailey is an

interesting one barbicaA . n e existth t sa motte castl f Grimbosqo e n Normandy,i , 1 but it is much more crescentic in shape (see plan, figQuit2). . e possibl easterythe n moun remaine th t Huntle a a t b f so y yma second motte. Norman with double V, mottes are very uncommon, but two well- known examples exist at Lincoln and Lewes significanc e motteso Th tw . e th f eo at Lewes (Plan, fig. 2) has been well explaine r HamiltoD y b d n Thompson.2 Fig. 2. Plans of Mottes at Grimbosq " The natural tendency," he writes, " would and Lewes (not to uniform scale). be to throw up the mount at first on the side neare e valleyth r , wher e e sloplabous steepeth eth wa ed ran r require construction di n woul attacklessn e db A . , however towe th 1 n 01 , castld an e would come most naturally fro e highemth r groune th o dt west, which commande defences s mouncastle it w dth d ne ean tA woul. d procesn i f timso constructee eb mound ol thin do e st th side would ,an d become of secondary importance." If the eastern mount at Huntly be accepted as an additional motte, the situation here, mutatis mutandis, is seen to have been very similar to that at Lewes. The first mount would be constructed on the steep bank, commanding the passage of the have been draw . FentoJ n r byM n Wyness, A.R.I.B.A., A.I,Archts.Scot., F.S.A'.Scot., froe mth survey prepared by H.M. Office of Works. Those of the "palace" show its condition before the conservation wor startedd kha . 1 A. de Caumont, Abecedaire ou Rudiment d'Archeologie, Architectures Civile et Militaire, 3rd ed.. 399-400pp , . 1 Military Architecture in during the , p. 49. FURTHER NOTE HUNTLN O S 9 Y13 CASTLE, Deveron. Later, when the " Raws of Strathbogie " had sprung up under

the shadow of the Norman castle, an additional moun1 t would be thrown up on the opposite side, to dominate the village.

THE "GREATE OLDE ." e mosth r Bt yfa interestin g feature discovere e excavationth n di s has been the foundations of a large and very massive tower-house of e L-plane north-westerth th n o , ne courtyar th sid f eo d (see Plan, fig. 3) . The unearthing of this tower restores a lost chapter in the architec- tural histor f Strathbogio y e Castle d clarifiean , s certain statements hitherto obscurr literarou n i ey evidence. Thus Robert Gordof o n Straloch, in his Latin tract on the " Origin and Progress of the Illustrious Family of Gordon," written about 1655, says of George, fourth Earl of Huntly (1524-62), that he had "magnificently extended castls hi f Strathbogieeo , addin structurew gne anciene th o st t fortalice, and sparing no expense."2 Clearly the " ancient fortalice " refers to the tower-house, while the " new structures" would include the great building on the south side. Straloch, however, was wrong in giving e fourtth h Earl exclusive credi r thifo ts latter building e merelH . y reconstructed it, for we know from other sources that the work was begun by the first Earl, post 1455, and completed by the second Earl (1470-1501); moreover basements it , t survivei s a , s to-day intact beneath

e lateth r reconstruction3 s evidentli , e fifteentya worth f o k h century. This new building was of the type known technically in Scotland as a "palace" (palatium = hall)—i.e. a house designed on the plan of an elongated hall, raised abov etiea r tiero r f cellarageso distincs a , t from e tower-housth e e worplan.Th d "palace" first emerge n connexioi s n

with awareHuntlm a I 1544n i s ,y a , r Castlewhe4 fa e fourto nth s , h Earl "caused the palace of Strathbogie to be called Huntlie, by act of Parlament."5 These two buildings, the ancient tower-house and the later "palace," are distinguished as the "auld werk" and the "new werk" in connexion with the events of October 1594.6 And the tower- house is undoubtedly the structure referred to in Randolph's account medievae Th l townshi neares pwa castle rth e tha moders nit n successor t occupieI . d more or les1 s the ground of the present Gordon Schools, extending eastward to the little old bridge that crosses the burn in the golf course. 2 Strathbogia arx, comitatus caput, amoeno situ confluentesad Bogii Duuerniet fluminum posita, quam. Huntlceus, adjectis veteri arci novis structuris, nulli sumptui parcens, magnifice extruxerat—" Origo Progressust e Families Illustrissimce Gordoniorum Scotian i " (se . RoberteJ - son, Inventories of Mary Queen of Scots, . xxvp , not. e1)

3 Proceedings, vol. Ivi. 151-5pp . .

4 See W. Mackay Mackenzie, The Medieval Castle in Scotland, chap. v. 5 Sir Robert Gordon, Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland, p. 110. 6 Register of the Privy Council, vol. v. p. 186. 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1933.

Fig. 3. Huntly Castle: Plan. (Those parts of the buildings which are hatched are now reduced to absolute foundations.) FURTHER NOTE HUNTLN O S 1 Y14 CASTLE. of the demolition by James VI. in that year: " nothing was left unbooked saving e greateth e olde tower which shal blowe b l witp nu h powder." Blown up it clearly was, no doubt with some of the "twenty

stone weigh1 f powdero t e Tow e th Kin" th y lenn b g o t Councit f o l . When the castle was restored in 1601-7 there would of

course hav2 e bee poino n n n rebuildini t e tower-houseth g t i repre: - sente n obsoleta d e typ f fortaliced lono e ha g d beean , n superseded statele byth y "palace" whic onld hha y partially been involvee th n di destruction. No doubt the shattered ruins of the old tower would be use r materialdfo s toward e reconstructioth s e otheth f ro n buildings —a circumstance which will accoune facth t r tha fo tmassivo s t a e structure has perished right down to the foundations. e tower-housTh e measure fee2 5 inche 6 feet8 y 5 sb to s tw ove s it r long sides, with wall fee9 s inche6 t s thick s north-easterIt . n angls i e rounded. The main portion contains a single long cellar, of which the north wall remains partly to the haunch of the vault. In the " jam " or limb of the tower-house is a chamber measuring 11 feet 9 inches by 9 feet 10 inches; it does not communicate with the long cellar, and was perhap e " pitth s r prisono " masonre e tower-housTh th . f yo - ex s i e tremely massive, wit n outea h r facin f boulders o ge interior th d an ,s grouted. No moulded fragments were found withi e tower e th are nth f o a- house, such as might have given a clue to its date. Having regard to e thicknesth e walls th e stylf th o s,f masonry eo e simplicitth , e th f yo plan, the absence of party walls in the main cellar vault, and the apparent lacground-flooa f ko r entrance, t seem3i s possible tha towere tth - house may have been built in the latter part of the fourteenth century— probably after 1376, in which year the claim of the old Earls of Atholl o Strathbogit s extinguishewa e e failurth y f theidb o e e rth lined an , Gordons, with their interests now transferred conclusively from Ber- wickshire to the north, could settle down in unchallenged occupation of the lordship. It is similar in general dimensions to David's Tower at Castle, erected between 1368 and 1379, and to the tower at Craigmillar Castle, which is believed to date from about the same period. The tower-house would doubtles firse th te sstone-and-limb e buildino gt be erected within the of the Norman castle. So massive a structure as the tower-house would suffer little, save fos woodworkit r burnine th n i , f Strathbogigo e Castle handth t f ea so 1 Records of , . 521p . 2 Register Privye oth f Council, . 183-4 volpp . .v . 3 It is right, however, to say that the walls of the "jam" are reduced to a mere foundation that may be below the threshold level of a door which might have existed here ; in which case the "jam" would doubtless have contained the main stair. 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1933. the Douglas raiders in 1452. In Lesley's Historic1 this event is thus described: "Imeane nth e fyeld"—e tymth e f e timth eo th f i.eo et a . battl f Brechino e , y 1452—18tMa h " Archebald Douglas than Brif o e Murraye, brodeErie th f Douglas eo o t r , brin peile th tf Strathboggie o l , pertening to the Erie of Huntley, and heriet the lands thairabout." I conceive the word "peill" here to be used in its strict medieval sense (palum = ) as referring to the stockaded Norman earthwork by which the newer stone, tower continued to be shielded.

THE COURTYARD BUILDINGS (see Plan, fig. 3). These havbeew enno completely excavated e e resultb th y d sma an , described, taking each range separately. (1) West Range.—The oblique north-west face of the wall that retain terrac e soute sth th n hcastle o fron beeth s f eha o t n exposed junctios it uo pt n wit greae hth t round e "palace,toweth f o r " against which it abuts without bond. From this revetment wall another wall runs concentrically roun e towe a distancth d t a r e ofee7 f t fro. mit secondara s i t I y construction, havin bono gn d wit revetmene hth t wall, and is built with clay instead of mortar. This wall forms a enclosin ga foss r ditco e h roun tower,e dth int d fosse an oth e vented e garderobth e e "palace,shaftth f e surface-drainago s th s well a "s a e culvert from the courtyard. The south end of the of the rnotte ditch is retained by another revetment wall connected with a stair of access from the southern e courtyardterrac mottee th uppee th o t th o e t o n s ditchrI .pard an ,t of this revetment wall occur a benchs e onlth , y probable explanation of which is that it supplied abutment for a timber staging to a high door slappe t fro e first-flooou dm th r e rounrooth n mdi tower. This doo s evidentli r n afterthoughta y t i cut s sa , throug n offseta hd an , s one-hala a wide-mouthe f o f d gun-loo s beepha n re-use lowee th n rdi hal f eaco f h jamb. Doubtles n e a doo s beeth f st o dowha r ncu t ou n older window with a gun-loop in its breast, like those which may still be seen elsewher e "palace.th n ei " The lowe e wesr th par e f "palace,t o th twal f o l " belo e quoinwth , is carried northward continuously for a distance of some 9 feet beyond the quoin, at which point it has been worked into the foundation of the outer wall of the latest \vest range, which is set obliquely to the " palace." This wall is itself carried in across the older rectilinear wall below, so as to abut upon the " palace," into which it is bonded, truncatin e uppegth r string-course. 1 Ed. Bannatyne Club, p. 23. FURTHER NOTES ON HUNTLY CASTLE. 143

On the inner side of this later wall a door opens into the west range fro ma mura l e north-wesrecesth n i s t e "palace.anglth f o e " When foun dbeew thino n s opene dooha s blocked. t i wa rup d t bu , Evidently it was made to open, not into the present oblique west range but into its rectilinear predecessor, and was blocked when the present west range was built. Wthue ear s enable disentanglo dt rathea e r complex architectural histor f thesyo e building e westh tn cleao s fronti t I r .tha t whee nth " palac firss e "wa t lattee builtth fifteente n ri , th hal f o f h centurye th , west range, or at all events the west barmkin wall of the courtyard, was set at right angles to the "palace." The later, oblique west range, the whole west gable of the "palace" above the upper string-course, s nortadjoinine it th f ho d r eastwar wald fa an toothinge gs en a lth s da s wese o dateth fe t outeron ,f ano l d wallal indicat e ,ar ecomprehensiva e reconstructio e wholth f eo n wes e tcastle th frondoubo f N o e .t th t oblique alignmen choses wa t orden n i wes w enablo t rne t e rangeth o et be prolonged northward past the old tower-house. It is evident that, as stated above, the west gable of the "palace" was involved in the rebuildin e westh f t go e quoirange th r n fo e ,fro th bottoe mth o t p mu lower string-course at the north wall-head (see infra, p. 151) is of one uniform work; and the coat-of-arms on this string-course fixes the period reconstructione oth f , namely, durin fourt e time th g th f eo h Earl (1524-62): this coat-of-arm takee b connexioo n t i s si southero n tw wit e hth n spur stones of the main gables, both of which are dated 1553.1 The older masonry to the eastward in the north front of the " palace," into which e rebuilth t gabl workeds ei doubtless i , fifteente th f so h century. This

older masonry forms a solid mass o2 r enclave between the two lateral rangee wall th extendind f so ,an eavee f higs o th ga t s sha ou level s i t i : alignmen tnorte wit th rese f hth o t " palace " wall unded roofan ,e th r - lines of the west range it is worked back in masonry of a different texture into the general wall plane (see fig. 4). Above this the masonry of the " palace " is uniform in character right across the whole north front, and coat-of-arme dates i th y db s already mentioned correspondinA . g joint occurs inside the building, both in the side walls and in the vault of e murath l passag e dungeonth o t e , affordin e clearesth g t proof that e wholth e gabl s beeha e n rebuilt, even from thilevel w l thilo sAl s. is confirmed by the character of the basal string-course along the north front, which is at a higher level and is different in section from the corresponding string-cours e otheth e n wesre o th sid f t o erange ; this

1 Proceedings, vol. Ivi. p. 139. It should there have been stated that the south-east spur stone also is dated ANO 1553. Cf. Proceedings, ut supra, pp. 155-6. 2 144 PROCEEDING SE SOCIETYOTH F , JANUAR , 1933Y9 .

latter strin s continuegi d acros rebuile th s t west gable and roune th d tower. On the north front of the " palace," at the first-floor level, a door, now blocked (see first-floor pla "f n o palace, provides "wa fig, 5) . givo dt e access to the oblique west range, with which the door is aligned. The inner wall of the later west range (like the outer one) is bonded into the " palace."

[Photo. H.M. Office Works.of Fig. i. Huntly Castle : Abutment of west range on north wall of the. " Palace." Two successive roof raggle e westh f t so range uppee th later,e on r , seee b ny upo ma e " palacnth e " wall (fig. Midwa4) . range a th s n yei wa door from the courtyard, the worn threshold of which remains. Beside thi shalf-rounnorta e doos th o hwa rt d stair tower splayee ,th d freestone base-cours whicf eo stils h i foregroun e situ: n sees li th i t n i i figf . do 4 . At the north end of this range in a westward projection was a bakehouse, of which some remains still exist of a large circular salient oven. The soil dug out here showed evident marks of fire, and consider- able portion f charcoao s l were recovered. These were submitter fo d FURTHER NOTES ON HUNTLY CASTLE. 145 examination to Mr A. S. Watt, M.A., D.Sc., of the Forestry Department, Aberdeen University, and found by him to consist of the following woods k (Quercusoa : robur), Scots pine (Pinus silvestris), alder (Alnus glutinosa), willow (Salix sp.), and birch (Betula sp.). (2) North Range.— o cellare bloc tw e th wesTof th f o sk o tstil l standing, e remainth 1 f anotheo s r cellar have been exposed, abutting "greate againsth f o ease d tth old ten e tower." barres Parit f o t l vault

Fig. 5. Huntly Castl e: Plan"Palace,e th f so " before conservation.

is still extant. A door connects this cellar with its neighbour to the east. The vault abuts without bond against the back wall, which is older—although its middle portion has been rebuilt. The rebuilt part, as also the partition wall and the vault, are of one texture with the two cellars eastward, and exhibit the usual sixteenth- or seventeenth- century masonry, with frequent pinnings. In the older work in the back wall pinnings are sparingly used: this wall, however, is in its turn less massive in texture than that of the " greate olde tower," against whose rounded north-east angle it abuts. 1 Proceedings, vol. Ivi. p. 147. 0 1 VOL. LXVII. 146 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , JANUAR , 1933Y9 . Two stage f majoo s r reconstructio y be nma identifie e nortth n ho d front, as on the west front. First were built the two eastmost cellars, their outer wal n olde la e lin beinf th reo n barmkigo n wall a smal, l portion of which was left, linking these cellars up with the "greate olde tower." In this fragment of the barmkin wall was an arched , probabl "e backyth e gate ove lowra e wall stonf eo e " mentioned in 1562. The inner face of the wall with the postern was, then or

subsequently1 , refaced, the jambs being withdrawn and all traces of inside e th doo th n eo r thus being obliterated outsidee th n O !, however, the jambs still remained, and in the recent conservation work the postern has been reopened. It was low and well secured, having in addition to the door an outer gate opening outwards. The ground outside along this front has been cobbled. West of the postern the cobbling slopes outwar guttea o dt r running parallel with walle th . Alon e eastergth n cellar e cobblinth s g slope , wito in s tw h gutters runnin towardn gi stoppebuildinge w . th s no it Thi y d db s an , clearly shows tha e cobblinth t g her s oldei e r tha e cellarsth n , dating fro ma tim e whe e buildingth n thin o st exten s no fron d ddi t further east than the tower-house. Excavatio eastero tw e interior th e nf th o n cellarf o ss showha s n brewhousea s t beinwa tha wese va e th seatine t e gon tth ,th stil f go l well preserved; whil eastere bakehousea eth s nwa , havin circularo gtw , domed s ovennorth-easterit n i s n e eastercornerth t A n. end f thio - s a projectinrang s wa e g square building, apparently divided into tw o compartme. nts (3) East Range.—Below the present east range, of which only the outer wall remains, appea e foundationth r n oldea f ro s rangee Th . present range is set at right angles to the south front of the castle, but the older range follows an oblique alignment parallel to that of the later range on the west side. Thus the architectural history of laterao tw e l th rangecourtyare th f o sreverse a s di dwese oneth tn o : side the rectangular alignment is original, and the oblique alignment secondary ; while on the east side an oblique range underlies a later rectilinear one doubo N .e oldeth t r obliqu ee easrangth t n frono e t is coeval with the secondary oblique range on the west front, both dating from the general reorganisation 'of the castle carried out by the fourth Earl in the middle years of the sixteenth century. Both from the absence of vaulting and from the thin walls and character of the masonry, it would seem that the reconstructed east range must be almos latese th t t buildin identifiablw gno castle—representine th n ei g 1 Calendar Statee oth f Papers relating Scotlando t Maryd an Queen of Scots. 1547-1603, vol. i., No. 1144. FURTHER NOTE HUNTLN O S 7 Y14 CASTLE. probably I suggeste s a forme,y m n di r account e worth , k upon which e seconth d Marquio busils s ywa sengage e datn 1643.i d Th e thus

suggeste s confirmedi sucy b d h architectural l detai s available—foi s a l r example e finelth n yi , moulded bases that excavatio s revealenha t a d e windowsth n e porchi th d , an ,whic h hav a eplai n raised margil nal round, a common moulding in the seventeenth century: the quoins e alsar o treated wit ha simila r raised ban eacn o d h face, meetino s g as to encase the angle. The external walls of these buildings have very small sharp stones thumbed int pointinge oth , probabl obtaio yt na rough surface for the harling. : n datlarga i Latess l i e al e f walleo t d area built against the inner outee facth f reaso e walth tf rangeo l . This rang clearls ewa y designed to provide a series of living-rooms, as appears from the windows e wallsi th nt thes bu ; e rooms were never completed e outeth d r an , wall remain a mers e screen, against whica subsequen t a h t period the enclosure referred to was built. It blocks the entrance, which never seem o havt s e com ee tota y judgth int ma y lob ee use w f ,i y absencworan nf o eappearanc s thresholdit n o eo doub N e .th t trouble e Civith e f disasterl o sWarth d ,an s that therein befell alike the noble family of Huntly and their stately castle, are the explanation e non-fulfilmenoth f f wha o s clearlt wa t n ambitiouya s design—com- , wit e contemporarbe parable th hy ma t i , y Renaissance win t Caerga - laverock. In the centre of the enclosure is a smaller walled space, cobbled s difficuli t I o .suggest t y probablan t e explanatio f thio n s curious double enclosure, the west or courtyard wall of which has been continued to meet the south wing. ease th tf winsoute o A th d t camberega hen cobbled dan d roadway (see Plan , fee0 fig 1 inche 6 , t . 1) t righa s t broadse t anglee d th an , o t s older, oblique alignmen f thio t s wing, approache e castl th sd run an e s under the later work. This road has been traced outward from the castle, partly by uncovering sections of it and partly by probing, right poine th o tt wher t ejoini anciene sth t mai nDeveroe roath o dt n Bridge, e junctioth n taking place jus e bridgd a littlt th ol n ee o ewes th f o t golf course, already mentioned. (4) South Range—(A) The Terrace.—The revetment wall, running out in a south-westerly direction from the great round tower (see supra, p. 142), is built upon an older and thicker wall -which is continued out beyon e north-wesdth t terrace anglth formf d eo e an retainina s g wall to the base of the motte. Pits sunk at the base of the round tower d alone "palace an e th fron th gf o t " revealed finished walling faces to a depth of 8 or 9 feet. It is thus evident that the terrace is wholly . ' Proceedings, vol. Ivi 161. p . . 148 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , JANUAR , 1938Y9 .

"made up, d tha "s originallan a t y buil e cellar th td dungeo an s n i n e basemen th e "palaceth f o t " wer t souterrains,no e l evental t s a a s fas theia r r south fac concerneds i e f theso e e On s sunpit. swa k just in the south re-entrant between the round tower and the revetment wall, and the lower wall upon which the latter is imposed was found in the whole depth of the pit. It was therefore decided to cut the ground down to a depth of about 5 feet, exposing the bases of the cellarage loopholes, which hav oilettn ea e below loweA . r string-course, differen section i t n fro e upperm th s thu wa ,s exposed, continued along e soutth h fronround an e towert dth . The south front of the revetment was cleared for a length of 72 feet eastward from the south-west angle. In its eastern portion it had been somewha a slippint e made-uy bulgeb th t f go dou p e eartth f ho terrace, which cause whole dth e south revetment wal movo t l e forward, fracturing the west revetment near the angle. Beyond this length a catastroph d takeha e n place. Abou furthe2 3 t e walrd th feeha lf o t toppled right forward, and when excavated was found lying on its face about 8 feet in advance of the remainder. The whole wall has bee f eleveno replacedd showjackew w an n ro no p weeperssa u d an , , of which Nos. 1, 3, 5, and 8, reckoning from the west, are ancient. The original bulge in the wall, as shown by the foundations, has every- where faithfully been preserved. As now restored, the terrace gives exceedingln a y fine effect addd an ,s greatl imposine th o yt g appearance e castloth f s approacheea d alon e drivth g e fro e Gordomth n Schools (fig. 6: contrast Proceedings, vol. Ivi . 139p . , fig. .4) (B) The Arcade.1—The bases and sub-bases of this have been uncovered, and indicate six arches of about 10 feet span. The piers at either end were engaged with the quoins upon which they abut: the bonding contemporarys i ease d e th westhen d tth t f ea o en t a pies t ha r bu , course been inset into the older masonry of the "palace." Fragments of one pier found indicate a square plan, measuring 1 foot 10 inches either way, with chamfered angles and a sunk strip on each face. One loose stone shows the springing of the arch. A long socket for a beam exists in the wall on the outside of the south front of the " palace " at the east corner, just above the upper string- course. From this socke putloo ttw g hole bacn sru k int e bode th o th f yo same th wall t e A leve. dooa l r opens southward fro rooe mth m easf o t the kitchen, and has three grille holes on the outer face of each jamb, indicatin s gsubsequentl ha tha t i t y been converted int a owindow . Originally this door must have given access to some kind of gangway, resting in the socket and putlog holes, and leading along to the lower 1 See Proceedings, vol. Ivi. p. 146. FURTHER NOTE HUNTLN O S Y CASTLE. 149 storey of the arcade (evidenced by the lower set of joist holes in its back wall—see Proceedings, vol. Ivi. p. 148, fig. 10). (5) Courtyard Area.—Apart from nondescript or unrelated foundations, only one free-standing building has been discovered in the courtyard a narrow s areai t I ., oblong structure, measurin fee6 g3 inche4 t y b s 12 feet, within wall fee2 s inche6 t s thicke interioTh . s closeli r y cobbled, the floor being divided by pitchings into ten stalls of equal size wit hcorridoa r running alon soute gth f themho , clearly showing that this building was a stable. There are two doors in the south

[Photo. A. B. Bmtlie, Huntly. Fig . Huntl.6 y Castle: vie "f wo Palac e " fro soute mth h after conservation. wall. North-eas e stabl th a roughl f s i eo t y constructed sump about fee3 t deepe courtyarTh l .cobbled al s i de drainag th , e system being arranged in grids of gutters discharging into the culvert that skirts the " palace." The cobbling varies much in different sections, and seems to be the work of different periods, some of the settings following the rectangula somd oblique ran eth e alignmen successive th f o t e courtyard enclosures. A cobbled and cambered roadway, 15 feet broad and set to e obliquth e alignment, crosse e courtyarth s d from sout o northt h , between the stair tower of the "palace" and the postern gate on the opposite side. (6) Outbuildings on the North Front.—Externally to the north range the foundations of a confused assemblage of outbuildings have been 150 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , JANUAR , 19339 Y . uncovered e Normae scarth ,th f extendins po a n r baileyfa s ga . These foundations, whic e e plashowth ar h n n e o evidentln(figar , .3) f o y variouintelligibl y t admian no f so o td dates d e an description, , with e exceptioth a rectangula f no r vaulted cell, measuring abou fee5 1 t t inche3 fee2 1 inches4 t y b s ,e north-weslyinth o e t "greatg th f o t e olde tower." This cel suns li k abou fee4 t inche6 t s belo e terreplein,wth reaches i d a fligh an y f thirteedb o t n rough steps, wit ha lowe r door strongly secured. It may have been a strong room, possibly a prison, or perhaps a well-house, although no trace of a well-head or cistern has been discovered. e wallSomth f thesf o seo e outbuildings were lain di clay instead of lime: in all, the floors consisted of rammed clay above the native gravel. All over this area extensive traces of fire were noted. THE "PALACE" (see measured drawings. 8) d an , , figs7 , 5 . I hav laste eth lef, o t consideratiot e "palace,"th f o n because here excavation has naturally played a minor part. But in the course of

Fig . Huntl.7 y Castle : longitudina l sectio "Palace,e th f no " looking north, before conservation. e conservatioth n wor kgreaa t dea f additionao l l knowledg s beeha e n gained with regard to the architectural history of this noble building, FURTHER NOTES ON HUNTLY CASTLE. 151

revealing very clearl e ceaselesyth s proces f minoo s r alteration leso n , s than destruction and repairs on a major scale, which it had undergone during the two centuries of its stormy history. Perhap e mosth s t interestin n whici e gy th hdiscover wa e th s i y roofing arrangements were altered when the "palace" was finally reconstructed in 1602-7. The original roof was at a lower level, namely, at the offset that crosses the north front above the coat-of-arms noted in my former account.1 It was there stated that this coat-of-arms (which is much weathered) was that of the first Marquis and his wife—i.e. of the building period 1602-7. But when the scaffolding was in position I examined the shield and had a photograph taken (fig. 9), from which it will be seen that e bearingth fourte e thosth ar s f eho Earl and his wife, Elizabeth Keith. Thus the shield is of the same period as their shield and monogram on the two spur stones, with the date 1553- e offse n Th whico t h this shiels i d placed represent e eaves-leveth s f o l e buildinth s a theg n completed.2 Subsequentl n additionaa y fee3 lf o t walling was imposed, with dormer windows whose sills remain. These window e showar s f o n e entiron n ei Nattes' drawings (fig roow . 10)fne A .

s mad wa suio e t highe th t r level s Figa , . a Huntly Castle: transverse section of "e Palace,th e indicate" th e lookinraggle th n i y t gb d west cu s , before con- two chimneys on the north front and servation- e greaoth n t south-wes ts ragglcaphousew toweit ne d n e o an r Th . the tower cuts through the heavy string-course under the corbel cornice. The tall chimney with the mock window on the south front is coeval with the heightened north wall and later roof, as it shows only the lattere chasth f eo , whic s originahi l wrough a roug t t workno h d an , secondary cutting. But as this chimney is contemporary with the 1 Proceedings, vol. Ivi. p. 140. custoe Th 2 placinf mo gshiela wall-heae th t da buildina f t duncommoo no s gi Scotlandn ni . An example is the coat-of-arms of Bishop Tulloch on the great tower of Spynie Castle (see my The Palace Bishops ofthe Morayof Spynie,at wall-heathe 10) p. insid At the . King'deof on s College Chapel, Aberdeen, ove ease rth t window shiela s i , d bearin gvera y flue representatiof no the Scottish Royal Arms. 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1933.

present wall-head arrangements of the round tower, it is clear that the heightenin rooe th ff grepresento afterthoughn sa t whil restoratioe eth n of progressn 1602-i s 7wa . e nortOth n h fron e heighteneth t d walling abuts without bond against the stalks of both chimneys, which rise fro lowee mth r wall-hea thei n i f 1553 do d r ,an original for e theremar - fore of that date. When the roof was heightened, however, the eastern chimney was taken down, and rebuilt at almost double the width, the original quoin still remaining nea westers basee it r Th . n chimnes ywa also rebuilt s e showdetaia ,th y l nb s cope 'oit f , whice samth s s a ei h that of the other chimney. East of the latter the wall-head moulding is very irregular and has clearly been worked into the older gable of

Fig . Huntl9 . y Castl e: Armfourte th f so h Ear Huntlf o l d yan s wifehi , Elizabeth Keith nortn o , h wal "Palace.f o l "

1553, which has been heightened, the old corbie-steps and inscribed skew- putts having been re-used. The pitch of the original gable is still clearly visible. The same heightening, and re-using of the crow-steps, has doubtless taken place on the eastern gable, though here the evidence is less distinct r . ragglw fo Whe t ne s raisede rooa ecu th nwa d f an , e caphouseth n o t i a littl, e crow-stepped gabling, wit a hroof-chas e properly wrought constructes wa , north-wese th n di t re-entrane th f o t o supplt d yan roo, w abutmen caphousin ne fo clos t e s th a er fo o tes the stair from the wall-walk of the tower to the caphouse. Oaveragn na founs wa dt ei necessar cleao yt r dow feetn3 botn i , h tiers of vaults in the " palace," in order to reach the old floors, which are of hard beaten clay. In the long basement corridor the steps shown formey inm r plan were modernfoune b o t de origina th : l steps "were lower, and the bases of the jambs of a door, opening upon them from

154 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , JANUAR , 1933Y9 . e passageth , were exposed. These steps have been restoree th t a d ancient level. A second gunloop (as shown on plan) was discovered in the dungeon, and both have been opened. The pieces fired through them must have been mounted on a , but evidently the arrangemen t finno d d permanendi t t favour s bota , h gunloops were latterly closed with grilles. Passing up to the ground-floor level, a slop drain has been discovered e kitcheninth . , opening besid e fireplaceth e blockeA . e d th voi n o d opposit r courtyareo d sids beeeha n opened t formi ; doubla s e vente ,th a water-conduiuppe e on r t sloping lowee inth , slora p drain discharging out. On the first floor it was dis- covered e roune rooth th n mdi n i , tower, thae presenth t t fireplacs i e insertionn a jambe olden th a , f ro s and wider fireplace being found below. In the state-room on the second floor tamping operations dis- closed a mural chamber east of the great fireplace. It had been blocked when the fireplace was inserted, and is now evidenced only by an elliptic relievine th y parg b f o arctd an h threshold stone. During treatment the chamber was partly opened, and was found to be lined with white e withdrawing-rooplasterth n I . m on this e leffloo f e dooth o t th rn o r Fig. 11. Fireplace on second floor of "Palace." the fireplace with medallion por- trait lata s i el ) (figslap-throug11 . givo ht e accese garree th th f o t so t 'west range of the quadrangle when the roof of this was raised (see supra, . 151) p e sla Th p. e lowetaketh n si r parformea f o t r aumbry, correspondin position gi similaa o nt e rth aumbrf o e othe d th t en rya room. Over the fireplace lintel was a moulded for. a light, whic s beehha n cloured away. At the south-east corner of the lower corbelled room above the main stair tower (see ther ) fig bees 10 . eha nfireplacea f whico , e fluhth e remains. Part of the lintel was found during treatment. This fireplace was subsequently turned into a mural press. e parapeOth n tgreae oth f t round towe e crowneth r d female bust, 1 Proceedings, vol. Ivi . 145p . . FURTHER NOTES ON HUNTLY CASTLE. 155 mentioned in my former account,1 has the name IVSTECIA incised beside it. cleaninn I e interiogth r "palacee wallth f o slase "th t mouldering traces were laid bare of the painted decorations for which Huntly Castle was once renowned.2 As far as possible these have been con- served. In the south window on the second floor of the great round towe fragmena r f stucco t o show e loweth s figurere o parth tw f f o to s greyhounds rampant, actin supporters ga shielda o st scrole th , l below which partly remains. The painting is in brown and black on a yellow ground with a red border below. Similar painting exists in the three window recesse rooe th mf so e soutbelow th hn I windo. e letterwth s e traceablear . GM . , wit hgeometricaa l pattern overhead. More interesting than these poor remnant a onc f o es far-famed " tinctured pomp" of heraldry, because more intimately revealing the homespun life of the old inhabitants of the castle, are the graffiti that have been discovered in considerable numbers on the plastered walls. The majorit e lonth g n f thesi ybasemeno e ear t corridor. They include such diverse subject a cruisi s a s e lamp a e clockdia f th ,o l , pavilion tents, a bull, men and women in sixteenth-century costume, and a fragmentary motto incised in large, not ill-formed, ligatured letters as follows: ..... SCO .... ME THAT ..... NOT SCHAME SWPPOIS e easth e withdrawing-rootn th walO f . o l a spirite s mi d sketc huntsmaa f ho houndd nan s bringing dow a ndeer . Some interesting details abou e arrangementth t e "palaceth f o s " prior to its partial destruction in 1594 are preserved in the curious tract entitled "The Maner of the Erie of Huntlies Death," describing e apoplectith c stroke that carriede fiftth hf of Ear' 20tn o l h October 1576.8 In it the " palace," as in other references of the same period (see supra, p. 139), is referred to as the " New Warke." We read of the " vter yeat, that is narrist the greine," where the Earl was playing "futball" whe e fatanth l seizure struce neighbour downth m khi n I . - e greee peit-stake,s "th hoodan f wa no " against whic e trieh ho t d support himsels distresshi s attendantn i f Hi . s carrie intm e hi th do : d owis hi be ns o castle t chalmerhi "n d i n buiri an ,lai m d m ehi dhi an , quhilk chalmer was ane round within the grit chalmer of the Ne.w wai'k o understanf t Strabogie.o e e ar e y thiW b d" s thae Earl'th t s bedroo chambea s e greamth wa n ti r round south-western towerd an , y "within"—la tha t i t i.e. beyond (being entered through)—the great chamber greae Th .t chambe s alsi r oe " chalmeth referre s a f o o t rd o doors tw e "chalme th d , ha daice, d r an "durre, " leading into Lord

1 Proceedings, vol. Ivi. p. 139. 2 Ibid., pp. 144-5. 3 Richard Bannatyne's Memoriales, 333-8. pp . 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 9, 1933.

Huntly's bedroome " vtteth d r an chalme, r durre," enterin e greagth t chamber, presumably fro halle mth . From thi t wouli s d appear that the division into hall and great chamber, otherwise dining- and with- drawing-room, already existed in 1576, although the present partition dates from subsequentl e finath l o t yreconstructio f 1602-7s o nit s a , impingemen n oriea n lo twindo f thawo t period clearly shows.1 Else- e narrativwherth n i e e hal eth s describei l s immediatelda y abutting on the " chalmer," so that a person passed directly from the one to the other. These ancient designations have been inserted in the plan at , figalthoug5 . e roomhth s themselves wer f courseo e reconstructey b d the first Marquis thirty years afterwards. We further read of "ane chalmer, callid the laich chalmer, vnder the turne graice [spiral stair], quhilk quarte direcs i r t foranen tole e aular th d td e thaw hall" d t an ; this "laich chalmer" could accommodate fourtee r sixteeo n n mend ,an had a fireplace. At this point the narrative is not very clear, but the descriptio seeme referrinw b e tower-houseno no th t s o t g e comTh . - mencemen spirae th f "laice lo t stairth d h an ,chalmer lower "(o r private room) at its foot, were probably on the first floor of the " jam " or wing towere oth f thud an , s might correctl describee yb s "direcda t f oranent" the hall, which would occupy its main portion at this level. We have also an allusion to the " gallerie of the New warke," to which the Earl's servitor " was gone vp ... to bring doun spicerie or some other geir for the kitchlne." The gallery, which had windows, was evidently used as a store, and contained "ane coffer." Doubtless it was situated immediately xmder the roof, as at Earlshall and Crathes. e finath l n I restoratio s absorbewa t i n d into bed-chamberse Th . "chaipell" is also referred to, but without any indication of its whereabouts. It is mentioned frequently in other records, and was an important apartment, richly painted. There does not seem to be any

room for it in the " palace," at all event2 s as last reconstructed: and the conjecture migh hazardee b t havy d thama e t beei t e oblonnth g room firse onth rangte flooth f eo r adjoinin e "palacegth eastward e th o "t . This room is more or less oriented, measures 32 feet by 17 feet, and is separated from the " palace" by an ante-room. That it was an apart- ment of some importance is shown from the fact that a chase is provide vaulte th s wallwoodea it f r so n d i fo s p n to lai e floon b d o o t r underneath.3 1 Cf. Proceedings, vol. Ivi. p. 137, and fig. 3. . CordinerC 2 , Antiquities d Sceneryan North e oth f of Scotland, . 9-10pp . 3 Mr James S. Richardson, F.S.A.Scot., H.M. Inspector of Ancient Monuments for Scotland, to whom lam indebte r mucdfo h helpful criticism s suggesteha , d tha buildine th tcentre th n gi e courtyare oth ft firsa y t havdma e bee e chapel s afterwardnth thad wa t an ,i t s desecrated dan turned int ostablea . FURTHER NOTES ON HUNTLY CASTLE. 157 purposy parm o n f o s tdescribo i et t I technicae eth l operations that have been conducted, with so much skill and insight, by H.M. Office of Works for the consolidation of the "New Warke of Strabogie"— e grandesassuredlth f o d mos e an t yon t interesting piece f baroniao s l architecture that Scotland refery boastsma , 1 however. recone th o t -, struction, as far as the first-floor level, of the main newel stair, so that the "palace" is now again entered, in all beseeming dignity, throug e statelhth y " frontispiece" whic firse hth t Marquis designes a d a portal befitting such a "full fayre house."1

E ARCHITECTURALTH , HISTORREVEALEDW NO S YA . Wit e knowledgth h availablw no es possibl i t i e o tabulatt e e th e developmen Huntlf to y Castle with greater accurac amplen i d yan r detail than when I wrote my former account nine years ago. Our amended t fortse s follows:a e hversiob y nma — e origina(1Th ) l fortress e thirteentth n i , h century, knowe th s a n "pee f Strathbogie,o l a mount-and-baile s wa " y timbered earthwork, apparently wit hdoubla e motte. (2) Perhape nexth f t o century sd abouen e ,th tafte finae th r l instal- latioe Gordonsth f no , ther bailee builts th ewa f n thi i y,o s early castle, a massive tower-house on the L-plan. (3n 145I ) e castl2 e th s e burneDouglasesth th wa e n y i b d d an , reconstructio t afoonse t thereafter continued an , d throug e lifetimhth e e firsd seconoth fan t d Earls—i.e. unti e beginninth l e sixteentth f go h century—the principal feature was an entirely new and imposing build- ing erected on the south side of the old bailey. This fifteenth-century edifice—known as the "new warke"—was designed on the "palatial" plan then coming into vogue, and consisted of a great hall, raised upon cellars, havin ga larg e round towes south-wesit t a r t e cornerth f O . original wor e basementh k t alone substantively remains. Contempo- raneously wit "e palachth e "courtyara d enclosur barmkir eo n came into being whicf o , wese t righhth a t l eventfrontse al angle s t e a t sth wa o st "palace, d doubtlesan " s linke wa sp wit u e dtower-house th h , known hencefort e "greatth s ha e olde tower." (4) Circa 1553 the castle underwent an extensive reorganisation at the hands of the fourth Earl. At the time of its destruction in 1594 it was stated that the castle had taken fourteen years to build,2 and this probably refers to the fourth Earl's operations. The whole of the 1 A fine measured drawing of this "frontispiece," showing many details scarcely now identifiable, made by Mr Frank W. Troup, F.R.I.B.A., was published in the Edinburgh Architectural Association Sketch Book, New Series, vol. i. plate 50. 2 Records of Aboyne, . 521p . 8 15 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , JANUAR , 1933Y9 . " palace," abov s fifteenth-centureit y basement, date substancn si e from this period, althoug e uppeth h r floor d interioran s s generally were remodelle 1602-7n di thus A .s reconstructed t beforeno f "palacee i , th , " ha dwina tower go r projectin northe positioe th th occupieo gt n w , i nno d stair-towee th y b abour 1602.f o ro t same A th t1 e periodbarmkid ol e ,th n wall was superseded by a courtyard enclosed by consolidated ranges of building, the alignment of which was set obliquely to the "palace." Of this mid-sixteenth-century courtyard there remai e foundatioth n n e wesoth f t range e bakehousth , d brewhouse an e th e eas f th o t o t e "greate olde tower," the older foundations underlying the present east e vaulterangeth d dan , cellarsoute th f ho s front e "palace,, th eas f o t " in so far as these have not been reconstructed.2 In 1562, after the defeat and death of Huntly at Corrichie, the castl s pillagewa e y Quee b ds bee ha nn t i Marysai d dan , thae th t fabric underwent damage on that occasion: but I can find no con- temporary accouny sucan h f mishandlingo t traco t seemi n f d eo san , to be discernible in the building to-day. (5) In 1594 the castle was- dismantled by James VI., gunpowder and fire bein s aid gthahi o s ,calle o t Caren di y could repor o Cecilt t n o , 18th November 1594, that e castl" th d palacan e f Strathbogio e s i e clean cast down and burnt."3 No doubt the extensive traces of burning found over great parts of the castle area during the excavations are a memoria f thio l s catastrophe "e greatTh . e olde towe blows r ; " wa p nu the "palace" was severely handled, the whole of its north-east wing or tower being removed; the courtyard buildings were also "hocked," except the brewhouse and bakehouse on the north side and part of the cellarage prolongin "e palacgth e " eastward. (6n 1602-I ) e castl th 7s restored wa e e wor Th f thi.o k s perion i d e " palaceth " comprise staircase th ) (a s e tower wit s " hit frontispiece " e .thith n d walan l adjoinin t i westwarg e remodellinth ) d ;(6 4s it f go upper floors, includin e buildin gth e grea th f tgo oriel windowse th ) (c ; e raisinroofd otheth an f , o gr alterations connected therewiths a , detailed above; (d) the conversion of the vaulted apartments on its ground floor (excep e kitchenth t ) into living-roomse th ) (e d an ; • decorating of its interiors. (7) Subsequent seventeente worth n ki h century include e presendth t partitio"e palace"halth e th n i l f restoratioe no th ; wese th f t no court - yard range, with heightened roof; the building of the present east range, on a rectangular alignment; and the erection of the piazza 1 See Proceedings, vol. Ivi. p. 159. * Ibid., p. 160. Tytler, History of Scotland, . 1864ed , vol. iv . 225p . . 13 See Proceedings, vol. Ivi. p. 159, and fig. 5. . FURTHER NOTE HUNTLN O S 9 Y15 CASTLE. east of the "palace." These operations may be correlated with the building work tha knoe s w goint1633n i w wa n go , 1639 d 1643.an , 1 RELICS FOUND DURIN EXCAVATIONSE GTH . A large number of carved and moulded fragments were recovered, of which the following are the most important:— Two grotesque gargoyle e for th f demons mo n i s ' heads. Corbel mask in the form of a grotesque dog's head (not a gargoyle). Bod lowed yan r partso limbs a griffintw f o n ,i , , sittinhins hi dn go legs on a pedestal. His forelegs grasp a shield of florid Renaissance design, with scrolled uppe lowed an r r bordersextendes i lefe g le tTh . d down the shield, the right is crossed over the body and grasps the uppe e shielr th par f do t wit s talonsit h e necd wingTh an ke . ar s covered with feathers, and the tail curls over the back. The height of this fine fragment is about 2 feet 7 inches. Fragmen e loweth f re bodo ta simila parth f yo f o t r griffin. Bearded male head helmen i , t with viso. up r Portio a statu f no e showing left shoulder, arm handd ,l an nudeal , . The hand grasps drapery caugh rounp u t d the waist. Par f sideo t , arms necd statuea f an ,k o . Fragment of an armorial shield showing bearings identical with e uppethosth f ro e sinister quartee coat-of-armth f o re firs th tf o s Marquis over the great door. Many architectural details, including stringcourses, finials, mullions, an octagonal shaft and capital, a Corinthian capital, and other pieces of early seventeenth-century carved work. A pavement bloc f whito k e marble f inche5 , s squar d £ eincan h thick. Various piece f thico s k glazed tile f seventeenth-centuro s y date, mostly red with a green glaze. Fragment a plaste f o s r cornice samth f eo epatter s thaa n t still existing in the withdrawing-room. Among the minor relics found may be mentioned the following: cannon balls in stone and iron; numerous shards of pottery, including both native and foreign wares, and ranging from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century; fragments of glass, including bases of bottles, part of a wine glass, and pieces of plain window glazing; a silver coin of penna Charle d an y . I dates d 1797.

No accoun e worth f ko t accomplishe t Huntla d y Castle woule b d complete "withou referenca t e generouth o t e s gift, mad Septemben ei r 1 Proceedings, vol. Ivi. p. 161. 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 13, 1933. 1925 by Mr (now Sir) Leybourne F. W. Davidson of Huntly Lodge, who presente e natioth o t dn eight acre f lano s d surroundin e castleth g , including the fine avenue by which it is approached from the Gordon Schools. Few of our ancient enjoy a more pleasant natural setting, and the munificence of Sir Leybourne Davidson has secure l timedal thir .fo s

MONDAY, I3th February 1933. THOMAS YULE, W.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Before proceeding with the ordinary business of the meeting, the Chairman sai dwits thahwa t deeti p regret that member Societe th f so y learnt last week that Professor Sayc passed eha d away t Baths a , hi n i , eighty-eighth yearr manFo . y years Professor Sayc taked eha closna e interest in all the work of the Society, and since 1904 had served on the Council as one of the Secretaries for Foreign Correspondence. Though for many years his permanent residence was in Oxford, where at one time he was a tutor of Queen's College and Professor of Assyriology, owing to a fortunate acquaintance with an Edinburgh citizen to whom he was attracted and whom he had met in Egypt, he acquired, in 1901, a residence in this city, where he lived during the summer months. He was a man of great versatility and unresting intellectual activity. In Oxford, or rather in Britain, he was one of the pioneers of the new learning, and, s sucha s lonwa g, looke t rathea d r e askancchampionth y b e f so conventional scholarship. His influence in breaking down the walls of prejudic stimulatinn i d ean g fruitful researc mann hi y directions swa one of his great achievements. Sayce was a pioneer rediscoverer of the ancient civilisatio e beeHittitesd th ha nf o no suppose wh , simple b do t y one of the small Syrian tribes referred to in the Old Testament. In his book, The Monuments of the Hittites, he established that this people had in ancient times controlle greada t empire likewise H . e rediscoveree dth Urartu civilisation of Armenia by deciphering the Lake Van inscriptions. d travelleha e H d into manwitg du h y d Schliemanlands.ha e H , n i n Greece. He had worked with Professor Maspero on the Nile. He was