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The Missing Half of the Subduction Factory: Shipboard Results from the Izu Rear Arc, IODP Expedition 350 Cathy J

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The Missing Half of the Subduction Factory: Shipboard Results from the Izu Rear Arc, IODP Expedition 350 Cathy J INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2017.1292469 The missing half of the subduction factory: shipboard results from the Izu rear arc, IODP Expedition 350 Cathy J. Busbya, Yoshihiko Tamurab, Peter Blumc, Gilles Guèrind, Graham D. M. Andrewse, Abigail K. Barkerf, Julien L. R. Bergerg, Everton M. Bongioloh, Manuela Bordigai, Susan M. DeBarij, James B. Gillk,CedricHamelinl, Jihui Jiam, Eleanor H. Johnn, Ann-Sophie Jonaso, Martin Jutzelerp, Myriam A. C. Karsq, Zachary A. Kitar, Kevin Konrads, Susan H. Mahonyt, Michelangelo Martiniu, Takashi Miyazakib, Robert J. Musgravev, Debora B. Nascimentoh, Alexander R. L. Nicholsw, Julia M. Ribeirox, Tomoki Satob, Julie C. Schindlbecky, Axel K. Schmittz, Susanne M. Straubaa, Maryline J. Mleneck-Vautraversab and Alexandra Yang Yangac aDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; bResearch and Development Center for Ocean Drilling Science, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan; cInternational Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; dLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA; eDepartment of Geology & Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; fInstitute of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; gGéosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire de Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; hDepartamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; iDepartment of Earth Science, Paleobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; jDepartment of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA; kEarth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; lCentre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; mDepartment of Urban Management, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; nSchool of Geography, Earth Science and Environment, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji; oDepartment of Organic Geochemistry, Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany; pSchool of Physical Sciences and Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; qCenter for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan; rDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; sCollege of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; tDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; uInstituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, D.F., Mexico; vSchool of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; wDepartment of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; xDepartment of Earth Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; yGEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, z aa Germany; Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Geochemistry Division, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA; abGodwin Laboratory for Paleoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; acGuangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY IODP Expedition 350 was the first to be drilled in the rear part of the Izu-Bonin, although several Received 4 February 2017 sites had been drilled in the arc axis to fore-arc region; the scientific objective was to understand the Accepted 4 February 2017 evolution of the Izu rear arc, by drilling a deep-water volcaniclastic section with a long temporal KEYWORDS record (Site U1437). The Izu rear arc is dominated by a series of basaltic to dacitic seamount chains International Ocean up to ~100-km long roughly perpendicular to the arc front. Dredge samples from these are Discovery Program; geochemically distinct from arc front rocks, and drilling was undertaken to understand this arc Izu-Bonin-Marianas arc; asymmetry. Site U1437 lies in an ~20-km-wide basin between two rear arc seamount chains, ~90-km island arcs; magmatic arcs; west of the arc front, and was drilled to 1804 m below the sea floor (mbsf) with excellent recovery. rear arc; Japanese volcanoes We expected to drill a volcaniclastic apron, but the section is much more mud-rich than expected (~60%), and the remaining fraction of the section is much finer-grained than predicted from its position within the Izu arc, composed half of ashes/tuffs, and half of lapilli tuffs of fine grain size (clasts <3 cm). Volcanic blocks (>6.4 cm) are only sparsely scattered through the lowermost 25% of the section, and only one igneous unit was encountered, a rhyolite peperite intrusion at ~1390 mbsf. The lowest biostratigaphic datum is at 867 mbsf (~6.5 Ma), the lowest palaeomagnetic datum is at ~1300 mbsf (~9 Ma), and the rhyolite peperite at ~1390 mbsf has yielded a U–Pb zircon concordia intercept age of (13.6 + 1.6/−1.7) Ma. Both arc front and rear arc sources contributed to the fine-grained (distal) tephras of the upper 1320 m, but the coarse-grained (proximal) volcani- clastics in the lowest 25% of the section are geochemically similar to the arc front, suggesting arc asymmetry is not recorded in rocks older than ~13 Ma. CONTACT Cathy J. Busby [email protected] Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group 2 C. J. BUSBY ET AL. Introduction considerations. This article focuses on Site U1437, which was cored at 1776 m below sea level (mbsl) to This article provides an overview of shipboard results from one of three closely related International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) expeditions carried out in sequence in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) arc system in 35° Fore-arc high/Shin-Kurose Ridge 2014 (Figure 1). It is meant to reach a wider audience N U1436 than the scientific ocean drilling community, by pre- Pacific plate senting shipboard results in a compact and accessible manner, focusing on geologic results that will be of U1437 interest to those working in magmatic arcs on conti- 30° nents as well as those in the sea. More sophisticated arc Izu geochemical results will be reported in future papers, Amami Shikoku EXP 352 using shore-based techniques; this article focuses on Plateau Basin Sofugan Tectonic Line geologic observations, which will not change. We refer EXP 351 Daito Ridge Ridge Bonin those seeking much greater detail to the Proceedings of Ogasawara 25° the International Ocean Discovery Program, Expedition Oki-Daito Ridge Plateau Bonin arc Bonin 350; all of the figures presented here appear in that volume, along with hundreds more (Tamura et al. 2015a, 2015d). Expedition 350 was the first expedition to drill in the 20° Izu rear arc; all previous IODP/ODP sites were drilled in ge or near the Izu-Bonin arc front or fore-arc (Figure 2), Parece gh Vela ou ana Rid leading to an incomplete view of Izu arc magmatism. West Kyushu-Palau Ridge Basin i ar na Tr na Thus, the main objective of Expedition 350 was to Philippine arc Mariana t M aria Basin s ‘ ’ e reveal the history of the missing half of the subduction 15° M factory (Tamura et al. 2013). The second expedition W (351) focused on IBM arc origins by drilling west of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (Figure 1), where it was inferred that the foundation, origin, and early evolution of the IBM arc are recorded (Arculus et al. 2013, 2015). The 10° third expedition (352) examined the processes of sub- duction initiation, by drilling the outer IBM fore-arc Palau (Figure 1; Pearce et al. 2013; Reagan et al. 2015). Islands The goal of Expedition 350 was to core and log one 130°E 135° 140° 145° site on the Izu rear arc, Site U1437 (Figure 1). This site km was chosen to provide a temporal record of rear-arc 0500 magma compositions, ideally from Palaeogene to Neogene time, allowing comparison with the previously Figure 1. Tectonic setting of IBM arc (from Taylor 1992;Tamura drilled fore-arc magmatic record and determination of and Tatsumi 2002). The IBM arc-trench system forms the conver- gent margin between the Pacific and Philippine Sea plates. Shown across-arc geochemical variations throughout the his- here are bathymetric features of the eastern Philippine Sea, IBM arc tory of the arc system. In addition to drilling in the rear system, and Expedition 350 (Site U1436 in fore-arc and Site U1437 arc, Expedition 350 also drilled a 150 m deep geotech- in rear arc) and Expedition 351 and 352 site locations (EXP). Dashed nical hole in the fore-arc (Site U1436, Figure 1) for lines = wide-angle seismic profiles; the north–south seismic profiles potential deep drilling; this site was chosen partly on (along the present-day arc front and rear arc ~150 km west of the arc front) are shown in Figure 4. Lines of circles = conspicuous the basis of results gotten from ODP Site 792, which is north–south rows of long-wavelength magnetic anomalies, attrib- only 1.5 to the east of site U1436 (Tamura et al. 2015a). uted to loci of Oligocene magmatic centres by Yamazaki and Yuasa ODP Site 792 was drilled to 886 m below the sea floor (1998). Site U1436 is on the fore-arc anomaly (fore-arc high/Shin- (mbsf,) and the stratigraphy of its upper 150 m (Taylor Kurose Ridge); Site U1437 is on the rear-arc anomaly (Nishi-shichito and Fujioka et al. 1990) is very similar to that of Site Ridge). The boundary between the Izu arc and the Bonin arc lies at U1436. Core from these sites yielded a rich record of the Sofugan Tectonic Line, discussed further in Figure 4. Figure reprinted from Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery late Pleistocene explosive volcanism (Tamura et al. Program, Expedition 350 (Tamura et al. 2015a) with permission 2015c), but is not discussed further here, for space from IODP.
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