SEPTEMBER 2004 University of Pittsburgh

PITTSBURGH ECONOMIC QUARTERLY

University Center for Social and Urban Research

INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Single Person Firms 2 City Employment Patterns 4 Recent Migration Destinations 7

RESEARCH IN INDUSTRY STUDIES by Frank Giarratani A new academic community is coalescing around the to stimulate interest in industry-based research here in idea that industry-based research can meet scholarly and Pittsburgh, and this led to the establishment of the Uni- practical objectives more effectively, if faculty members versity of Pittsburgh’s Center for Industry Studies are informed by direct, personal contact with people who (www.industrystudies.pitt.edu/), as well as two new re- work in the subject industry. The Alfred P. Sloan Foun- search centers at CMU — the Carnegie Mellon Electric- dation has been the catalyst for the creation of this new ity Industry Center and the Software Industry Center. community of scholars, and the foundation’s investments Collectively, this places Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with in Pittsburgh have been some of the most important in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as currently the two largest the community’s development. geographic concentrations of academic industry-based The Center for Industry Studies at the University of research coming out of the Sloan program. Pittsburgh, which was endowed by an anonymous gift to The key to our success is that faculty members build the university in 2001, is a direct outgrowth of the Sloan partnerships with industry. At a minimum, the partner- Steel Industry Center. From its beginning in the early ships involve direct access to people in their places of 1990’s, the Sloan Industry Centers’ program work and access to plants, where first-hand experience (www.industry.sloan.org) has targeted investments to- and primary data can be obtained. Some of the partner- ward excellence in academic research in order to pro- ships developed by Sloan Industry Centers go much fur- mote industry expertise in key academic research insti- ther and may involve advisory boards, financial support, tutions. There are now more than 20 Sloan Industry Cen- and contract research targeted to the needs of specific ters, but the Sloan Steel Industry Center was one of the companies. The research is often multi-disciplinary, and first. It was established in 1991 as a partnership by the always involves scholars who are willing to invest the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon Univer- substantial time that is required to truly understand the sity, through the joint leadership of Roger S. Ahlbrandt markets and institutions in which firms compete in par- (Pitt) and Richard Cyert (CMU). ticular industries — nationally and globally. The success of the Sloan Steel Industry Center helped Continued on page 3 Why Recent Hires Came to Pittsburgh by Susan B. Hansen The Pittsburgh region needs to en- University of Pittsburgh’s Susan B. Hires Came to Pittsburgh and How to courage more in-migration of young Hansen (Political Science Department) Attract More of Them,” was funded by and mid-career college graduates in and Leonard Huggins (Graduate the Richard King Mellon Foundation. order to meet the needs of local em- School of Public and International Af- The goal was to suggest policies that ployers for highly skilled workers, at- fairs) surveyed college graduates from might further encourage in-migration tract business, and boost tax revenues. outside the region in late 2002 to find by well-educated young and mid-ca- To find out why some of these people out what had attracted them to Pitts- reer professionals who did not have had recently taken jobs in Pittsburgh, burgh. The study, “Why Recent New previous ties to this region. Continued on page 6 PAGE 2 SEPTEMBER 2004 SINGLE PERSON FIRMS IN THE PITTSBURGH REGION by Christopher Briem An often uncounted, but impor- sional services decreased by more than region. Firms that have even one paid tant, sector of the regional economy is 10% between these years. employee are not counted in these sta- made up of one-person, non-employer, One-person businesses are mea- tistics. There are over 30,000 estab- business establishments. These micro- sured by the non-employer statistics lishments in the Pittsburgh region with enterprises do not have any paid em- program of the U.S. Census Bureau. between 1 to 4 employees and over ployees but account for 66% or These data summarize the number of 2,000 establishments with between 5- 116,299 of the 174,000+ business es- establishments and receipts of compa- 9 employees. tablishments in the Pittsburgh Metro- nies with no paid employees. These One-person businesses are an im- politan Region. Together these non- non-employers are typically self-em- portant indicator of entrepreneurial employer businesses accounted for ployed individuals or partnerships op- activity. Some small businesses will $4.8 billion of goods and services pro- erating businesses that they have not eventually grow into larger firms duced within the region in 2001. chosen to incorporate. To be included which will generate increased invest- Small business activity often re- in non-employer statistics, businesses ment and employment in the region. flects major trends in the overall must also have annual business re- Even firms that remain smaller than economy. Nationally, the non-em- ceipts of $1,000 or more ($1+ in con- average contribute to the overall busi- ployer educational services sector, struction industries.) and be subject to ness climate and competitiveness of which excludes most schools, colleges, federal income taxes. Not all self-em- the region through the goods and ser- and universities, showed the fastest ployed individuals are counted as non- vices they offer to other employers. growth in receipts, up 64% from $2.8 employers. Self-employed owners of What are the unique problems billion to $4.6 billion between 1997 incorporated businesses typically pay faced by small and one- person firms? and 2002. In the Pittsburgh region the themselves wages or salary, and would One-person firms must deal with many overall number of non-employer estab- not be included in non-employer sta- of the same challenges faced by all lishments has been stable in recent tistics. small businesses. Arranging for health years, though specific industries grew. Locally and nationally, one-person insurance and other benefits normally The fastest growth in regional non-em- businesses are dominated by establish- offered by larger firms is more diffi- ployer establishments was in educa- ments in real estate, construction, pro- cult for the self-employed. A small tional services, up 34% between 1997 fessional, scientific, and technical ser- business may also need greater support and 2001 to 2,383 establishments. Fi- vices, and retail trade industries. In from outside suppliers for goods and nance and insurance saw the largest the Pittsburgh region, average annual services that larger firms can produce growth in receipts, up 64% over the receipts range from over $81,000 per in-house. Streamlined access to fi- same period to $363 million. On the year in real estate to $13,000 in edu- nance and assistance with government other hand, the number of regional cational service establishments. regulation compliance are widely sited non-employer establishments in manu- Non-employer statistics do not as programs that promote small busi- facturing, wholesale trade and profes- cover all small business activity in the ness growth.

Pittsburgh Region Non-Employer Statistics 2001 1997 Growth 1997-2001 Establishment Receipts Establishments Receipts EstablishmentsReceipts Construction 15,228 697,555 15,550 643,059 -2.1% +8.5% Manufacturing 1,795 77,067 2,016 74,106 -11.0% +4.0% Wholesale trade 2,984 231,091 3,361 239,585 -11.2% -3.5% Retail trade 13,330 521,435 14,221 533,755 -6.3% -2.3% Transportation, warehousing 4,247 235,946 4,348 218,241 -2.3% +8.1% Information 1,614 39,870 1,233 38,221 +30.9% +4.3% Finance, insurance 5,663 363,042 5,271 219,078 +7.4% +65.7% Real estate, rental, leasing 11,402 919,825 9,784 650,896 +16.5% +41.3% Professional, scientific, technical services 18,420 637,923 20,755 597,817 -11.3% +6.7% Administrative, support 6,536 133,433 5,748 108,742 +13.7% +22.7% Educational services 2,383 30,318 1,817 22,493 +31.2% +34.8% Health care, social assistance 8,108 244,219 7,336 246,518 +10.5% -0.9% Arts, entertainment, recreation 5,636 100,917 5,018 86,178 +12.3% +17.1% Accommodation, food services 1,626 109,995 1,549 78,809 +5.0% +39.6% Other services 15,802 391,452 13,537 319,110 +16.7% +22.7% All Sectors 116,299 4,828,224 113,272 4,161,183 +2.7% +16.0% Source: State of the Cities Data System (SOCDS), Department of Housing and Urban Development PITTSBURGH ECONOMIC QUARTERLY PAGE 3

RESEARCH IN INDUSTRY STUDIES (cont’d) Continued from page 1 This approach works because it database.htm). glomeration in greenfield locations. takes advantage of the natural inclina- Our goal is to identify the most impor- The U.S. Regional Ferrous Scrap tion that faculty members have toward tant aspects of agglomeration econo- Model, Gene Gruver and Frank problem-solving. Scholars are driven mies for firm competitiveness in the Giarratani, Principal Investigators in their research when they are con- steel industry, especially as they relate Ferrous scrap markets are an im- fronted by interesting puzzles. The to product and process innovations. portant factor determining the competi- trick is to point them toward interest- In each of these projects, scholars tiveness of American steel producers. ing puzzles that address truly impor- rely on contacts with partners in indus- In order to better understand how tant problems. By visiting plants and try to help bring about research results. events, like changes in regional steel- building partnerships with industry, We use this approach when we lay the making capacity, can link to the price scholars are more likely to get their groundwork for new projects. In April of ferrous scrap, we developed a com- facts straight and more likely to be con- 2004, for example, the Center for In- puter-based model that solves for the fronted with problems that matter. In dustry Studies and the Katz Graduate structure of ferrous scrap prices, given fact, the historical basis for this ap- School of Business organized a work- the observed distribution of supply and proach to research and its success can shop on Globalization in the Steel In- demand across the continental United be traced back, at least, to British dustry. The goal of the workshop was States. Place-specific prices are gen- economist Alfred Marshall (1842- to help establish a research agenda that erated for 1,212 supply and 240 de- 1924), one of the most important eco- would engage scholars from around the mand regions, and the model also de- nomic theorists of all time. Marshall world. With financial support from the scribes detailed flows of ferrous scrap visited manufacturing plants over a 50- University Center for International across regional boundaries. Maps of year career precisely so that he could Studies and the International Business the solution clearly delineate price gra- get his facts straight and be pointed to Center, academic steel experts from dients that are highly characteristic of problems that affected the well being Asia, Europe, and North America came known geographic pricing patterns. of society. to Pittsburgh, where they learned from A brief description of projects at the Industry Clusters Related to Steel leading American and European steel Center for Industry Studies will help Minimills, Frank Giarratani, Gene executives how the industry views the to explain how this work is accom- Gruver, and Randall Jackson, Princi- problems and promise associated with plished. pal Investigators. this important phenomenon. The advent of slab casting in elec- The goal of research in the Center The Steel Plant Database, Frank tric arc furnace (EAF) steel mills re- for Industry Studies is excellence in Giarratani, Gene Gruver, and Carey sulted in a new wave of minimill con- scholarship and public service. Edu- Treado, Principal Investigators struction during the 1990s. In less than cation also is an important part of our The database compiled at the Cen- 10 years, 11 plants were constructed mission. Because our scholarship is ter for Industry Studies to support re- in the United States based on this new grounded in real world problems, the search on the steel industry is exten- technology. Some were built in estab- partnerships that we develop with in- sive, and it includes records related to lished steel industry agglomerations, dustry lead to research that also can all plants in the United States with raw but others were built in regions that had be effective in practical ways. In par- steel-making capacity from 1978 on- little or no prior steel-making activity ticular, our ongoing project related to ward. We track steel-making and cast- — known as greenfield locations. Our steel industry clusters may be espe- ing capacities by drawing data from research compares key characteristics cially relevant to steel industry special- industry sources, and the data can be of the inter-industry relationships that ists in Pittsburgh and to those inter- analyzed using relational database soft- developed around steel plants in ested in this region’s economic devel- ware. When questions about basic data greenfield locations with those of new opment. We will look forward to re- arise, we turn for help to industry part- slab manufacturers who located in es- porting our findings from this study in ners and consult with technology ex- tablished industry agglomerations. In a later issue of the Pittsburgh Eco- perts. The database is now a powerful this way, we bring new evidence to nomic Quarterly. tool for economic and geographic bear on: (1) the strategies adopted by analysis related to steel markets in the EAF steel plants for market entry; (2) For more information contact: United States, and public access to the Frank Giarratani, PhD the beneficial economic effects of co- data for Pennsylvania plants is avail- Director, Center for Industry Studies location by steel makers and related able free-of-charge via the internet Dept of Economics, 4926 WWPH facilities; and (3) the process of ag- (www.industrystudies.pitt.edu/ University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 PAGE 4 SEPTEMBER 2004 CITY OF PITTSBURGH EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS by Christopher Briem In recent decades, population dence of the worker. Many employ- than suburban jobs. The average job growth in suburban areas has greatly ment measures use Census data, which in the City paid 31.4% more than the outpaced that in central cities. Busi- count jobs by worker residence. Us- typical suburban job in 2001, an in- ness activity has also shifted to the sub- ing data developed by the U.S. Depart- crease from a 20.6% disparity in 1991. urbs. In many metropolitan areas, the ment of Housing and Urban Develop- The pattern of employment is sig- downtown central business district ment, a special extract of County Busi- nificantly different between the City (CBD) has long since ceased to be the ness Patterns data provides a break- and suburbs. Service industry jobs economic hub of the region. The na- down of employment based on the lo- make up over one-half of all jobs lo- tional trend is reflective of, but not cation of individual firm establish- cated in the City of Pittsburgh, com- identical to, changes within the Pitts- ments. This source also allows us to pared to just over one-third in the sub- burgh region. examine differences in average annual urbs. The City also has a much larger There are distinct differences be- pay between city and suburban jobs. proportion of jobs in the financial ser- tween the current patterns of economic The “suburbs” are defined as the met- vices industries compared to the sub- activity here compared to typical re- ropolitan area total less the equivalent urbs, 13% vs. 4%, respectively. Like- gions. In particular, the City of Pitts- data for the City of Pittsburgh. wise, suburban employment has a burgh has retained a large proportion Jobs located in the City of Pitts- greater percentage of jobs in manufac- of regional employment. Population burgh increased from 299,691 in 1992 turing, construction, retail and whole- has declined, but increasing levels of to 319,946 in 2001, an increase of sale trade industries. commuting into the city have translated 6.8%. Over the same period, jobs in The Pittsburgh region has histori- into a continued retention of jobs the suburbs increased by 12.1% to cally had an economic and population within the city. At the same time, the 718,695. base spread out along the rivers. The types of jobs located in the city have As is typical with many metropoli- concentration of population in associ- changed significantly compared to the tan areas, the jobs located in the cen- ated mill towns left the City with a rela- jobs that have emerged in the surround- tral city pay more than typical jobs tively smaller proportion of regional ing region. elsewhere in the region. In 2001, jobs population than was typical in many To compare job growth in the City located in the City of Pittsburgh paid large cities. With City boundaries of Pittsburgh and its suburbs, we can an average of $39,794 annually com- mostly unchanged in a century, measure the location of economic ac- pared to $30,284 for jobs elsewhere in coupled with residential suburbani- tivity by analyzing the location of jobs the Pittsburgh region. Annual pay for zation trends, the City accounted for by establishment rather than the resi- jobs in the City of Pittsburgh rose faster only 14% of regional population in

Figure 1. Jobs Located in the City of Pittsburgh - 1991 - 2001

Source: State of the Cities Data System (SOCDS), Department of Housing and Urban Development PITTSBURGH ECONOMIC QUARTERLY PAGE 5

2000. But unlike many other metro areas, it has retained a relatively high City vs. Suburban Jobs by Industry - 2001 proportion of the region’s jobs. Though suburban employment growth Industry City of Pittsburgh Suburbs continues to outpace job growth in the City limits, jobs in the City have grown Agriculture 1,851 (0.6%) 3,347 (0.5%) over the past decade and held nearly Mining 494 (0.2%) * one-third of the region’s total jobs in 2001. Construction 7,926 (2.5%) 53,404 (7.4%) Most City jobs are held by subur- Manufacturing 21,520 (6.7%) 110,090 (15.3%) ban commuters. Census 2000 data show that the total number of City of Transportation, public utilities 16,997 (5.3%) * Pittsburgh residents actually employed Wholesale trade 16,719 (5.2%) 49,095 (6.8%) in the City stood at just over 110,000. Roughly 200,000 workers, holding Retail trade 38,587 (12.1%) 166,556 (23.2%) two-thirds of the City’s jobs, commute Finance, insurance, real estate 41,647 (13.0%) 32,237 (4.5%) into the City from elsewhere in the re- gion. Services 173,975 (54.4%) 240,539 (33.5%) Employment patterns in the City Other (includes suppressed data) 63,427 (8.8%) of Pittsburgh have influenced ongoing debate over the City budget crisis. The Total 319,946 718,695 City currently collects an annual Oc- cupational Privilege Tax ($10) for * Certain data suppressed due to confidentiality restrictions. each employee who works within the City limits, regardless of where they Source: State of the Cities Data System, Dept of Housing and Urban Development live. City residents also pay an earned income tax to both the City and School District. Various proposals, including the “Act 47” comprehensive report have recommended significant changes in both the tax rates and tax structure for the City.

Figure 2. Average Annual Pay - City vs. Suburban Jobs

Source: State of the Cities Data System (SOCDS), Department of Housing and Urban Development PAGE 6 SEPTEMBER 2004

Why Recent Hires Came to Pittsburgh (cont’d) Continued from page 1 Seventy-seven New Hires were lo- a job here. ticular employer. cated, comprised of a diverse group A “process” model was developed Many of these New Hires had the coming from all across the country, in- to research how subjects explored ca- “smoky city” image of Pittsburgh be- cluding the Sun Belt. The parameters reer options and weighed opportuni- fore coming here, but their current per- of this small sample are quite similar ties in Pittsburgh. Personal connections ceptions of the City were positive with in terms of age, sex, diversity, gradu- proved to be crucial in the recruiting respect to housing costs, amenities, ate vs. undergraduate degrees, and process, and many area employers family considerations, and opportuni- technological vs. non-technological were proactive in their efforts to re- ties for leisure activities. Nearly 60% fields to those found for subjects in the cruit. plan to stay in Pittsburgh. However, 2001 survey of over 2000 recent gradu- The major reason for taking the none of the minorities in the group ex- ates of the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh job was the chance to gain pect to be here three years from now, Carnegie Mellon University, and experience in a particular field. Fam- and they raised troubling questions Duquesne University (see Fall 2003 ily ties in this area for one’s “signifi- about the lack of diversity in the City. Pittsburgh Economic Quarterly). New cant other” were often important con- Major recommendations for attract- Hires were employed in a broad range siderations for New Hires, and a job ing and retaining more New Hires in- of occupations, were technologically for one’s spouse or partner was the sec- clude: savvy, and made extensive use of the ond most important reason given for For employers: Pay competitive Internet during their job searches. taking a job in Pittsburgh. Many of salaries, address gender disparities in Four factors persuaded these sub- these New Hires perceived significant salaries, provide on-site amenities and jects to consider a job in Pittsburgh: economic opportunities in the Pitts- a family-friendly workplace, offer ad- 1. Young professionals at a pivotal burgh region, as compared with their vancement opportunities, such as tu- point in life looking for the next previous location or position, but a few ition benefits, and put adequate re- step. did take a pay cut to come here. As in sources into recruiting and diversity 2. Transfer or relocation initiated the earlier study and a recent analysis efforts. or encouraged by their previous of recent area graduates working for For colleges and universities: employer. nonprofits, significant gender dispari- Keep tuition affordable and continue 3. Dissatisfaction with their previ- ties in salaries were found. to recruit actively outside Western ous job or location. As the table below shows, gaining Pennsylvania 4. Serendipity; an opportunity in experience and family/partner issues For public, private, and non- Pittsburgh presented itself to were more important for women; men profit groups concerned with eco- someone not actively looking for stressed salary and work with a par- nomic development: Use the Internet to stress Pittsburgh’s economic oppor- tunities and attractions for young Most Important Reason for Taking Job in Pittsburgh people, develop and advertise oppor- tunities for trailing spouses/partners, All Men Women and promote more local amenities at- Gain experience in this field 23.8% 11.5% 32.4% tractive to younger people (both men Partner/family issues 14.3% 11.5% 16.2% and women). Downplay the emphasis on professional sports and on Pitts- Work in field of study 12.7% 11.5% 13.5% burgh as a low-wage region. For all of us: Confront the on-go- Work with this company 9.5% 15.4% 5.4% ing racial problems in Pittsburgh with Salary, benefits 9.5% 15.4% 5.4% respect to hiring, housing markets, po- lice conduct, and cultural amenities for Location in SW PA 9.5% 11.5% 8.1% a diverse population. Provide more Advancement opportunities 7.9% 7.7% 8.1% leadership opportunities and recogni- tion for young professionals from mi- Unhappy with previous job 3.2% 3.8% 3.2% nority backgrounds. Transferred by company 3.2% 3.8% 2.7% Other 6.4% 7.7% 5.4% PITTSBURGH ECONOMIC QUARTERLY PAGE 7

Recent Migration Trends in Pittsburgh: July 1, 2002-July 1, 2003

Metropolitan Regions With Largest Net Migration Flows from the Pittsburgh Region

Metropolitan Region To Pittsburgh From Pittsburgh Net-Migrants 1) Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 273 635 -362 2) Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 271 631 -360 3) Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 1,008 1,364 -356 4) Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 687 994 -307 5) Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 957 1,256 -299 6) Columbus, OH 384 594 -210 7) Orlando, FL 111 300 -189 8) Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 69 247 -178 9) Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 428 598 -170 10) Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 170 335 -165 11) Raleigh-Cary, NC 92 242 -150 12) Baltimore-Towson, MD 350 487 -137 13) Sarasota-Bradenton-Venice, FL 78 200 -122 14) Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 320 434 -114 15) Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 377 489 -112 16) Jacksonville, FL 51 135 -84 17) Indianapolis, IN 26 109 -83 18) Lakeland, FL 22 93 -71 19) Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL 55 120 -65 20) San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 184 249 -65

Metropolitan Regions With Largest Number of In-Migration to the Pittsburgh Region

Metropolitan Region To Pittsburgh 1) Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 1,008 2) New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA 973 3) Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 957 4) Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 687 5) Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 574 6) Erie, PA 571 7) Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 470 8) Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 428 9) Columbus, OH 384 10) Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 377 11) Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH 363 12) Johnstown, PA 352 13) Baltimore-Towson, MD 350 14) Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 344 15) Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 320 16) Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH 305 17) Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 273 18) Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 271 19) San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 249 20) Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 227

Compiled from Internal Revenue (IRS) Service County to County Migration Data. Both in-migration and out-migration imputed from the total number of exemptions claimed on IRS tax filings. PAGE 8 SEPTEMBER2004

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