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Knud Vilby Independent? Tanzania’s Challenges Since Uhuru A second-generation nation in a globalized world E & D VisiON PUBLisHING Ltd., TANZANIA NORdisKA AFRIKAINstitUtet, SWedeN Indexing terms: Political development Social change Governance Socialism Economic and social development Globalization Post-independence Tanzania Translation: Roger Leys Photos: Michael Bech, Jytte Bertelsen, Jesper Heldgaaard and Knud Vilby Cover photo: Jytte Bertelsen ISBN 9987-411-59-2 © The author and E & D Vision Publishing Ltd. P.O.Box 4460, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. E mail: [email protected] Printed in Mauritius by Book Printing Services, 2007 Published in Sweden by Nordiska Afrikainstitutet P.O. Box 7103, 71 47 Uppsala, Sweden. www.nai.uu.se ISBN 978-91-7106-590-2 Contents Preface ……………………………………………………………………………… 7 1. A new state full of hope ……………………………………… 11 2. An agricultural island whose only export is people …………………………………………………… 19 3. Here the new economy is booming ………………… 36 4. “If only people could die in a sustainable way” ……………………………………………………………………… 49 5. Dreams and fear ……..…………………………………………… 61 6. “We followed Nyerere without question” ………… 70 7. A socialist country without socialists …………… 83 8. “We prefer not to talk about agriculture” ……… 95 9. The failure of the school policy ………..……………… 112 10. Maybe the extended family is disappearing … 136 11. Corruption has become a quality of leadership ………………………………………………………… 145 12. Harmony continues, but conflicts are becoming sharper ……………………………………………… 158 13. “We’re still in harness!” …………………………………… 177 14. Socialists of the new times ……………………………… 187 15. The irrefutable and impossible challenge …… 198 Tanzania’s history ………………………………………………………… 206 List of persons ………………………………………………………………… 210 I have to keep on being hopeful for if, as a Christian, you lose hope then you are already dead. But the task is so formidable that it is next to impossible. We now live in a world where competition is incredibly hard and the rules are the same for everyone. Everybody has to run at the same speed and in the same direction: the young and the old, cripples and strong people, poor and rich, the illiterate and those with the very best education. The rule of the game today is that everybody has to compete. It’s a deeply unfair world based on enormous inequality in which people, whatever their conditions, have to compete in all fields. It’s a challenge that just not us but all mankind must face. The challenge deter- mines the fate of both the good and the bad. We all face it. Joseph Butiku, Director of the Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation in Dar es Salaam. For 25 years Joseph Butiku was Nyerere’s private secretary In 15–20 years will we have to fence off the whole area of the capital city to protect it against immigrants? If what is happening now continues then it will be incredibly difficult to put a brake on the flood of people from the rural areas to Dar es Salaam. Mwesiga Baregu, Professor of Political Science, University of Dar es Salaam Map of Tanzania UGANDA Lake Victoria Ukerewe Bukoba KENYA Musoma RWANDA Mwanza BURUNDI Arusha Moshi Shinyanga Tabora Tanga Kigoma Singida Zanzibar Lake Tanganyika Dodoma DEM. Morogoro DAR ES SALAAM REP. OF THE Sumbawanga CONGO Iringa INDIAN OCEAN Mbeya Lindi Lake N ZAMBIA yasa Mtwara Songea MALAWI MOZAMBIQUE Preface Africa has moved up the world’s agenda. This is the continent where pov- erty grows and the AIDS epidemic plays havoc. Here it seems impossi- ble to achieve the millennium goals of education, health, and fewer poor people. But after many years of declining foreign aid, aid to Africa is once again increasing. There is talk of better terms of trade for African countries and some of the debts are being cancelled. The realities lag be- hind the promises but something is happening. There’s a new focus on the continent. This book is not especially about aid, trade or goals. Based on the reflections of Africans themselves, the book is an attempt to describe the actual history and the enormous challenges facing one single country, Tanzania. What has it been like to live in a completely new, extremely poor state and what does it really mean to be independent? African states are formally states, yes, but this formal independence has only existed for two generations. These states were the newest and youngest states in the world until the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the formation of even younger states. The basic premises for these new states were awful. Social structures were extremely weak and there was massive poverty. After the preliminary euphoria there were countless problems to contend with. The politicians who were to meet the challenges were young and inexperienced. All po- litical systems are subject to the growing pains and the new African states were no exception. As yet, these states have hardly emerged from these growing pains. Tanzania is one such state. Apart from the ravages of the AIDS epi- demic Tanzania has not experienced major catastrophes. But all the same Tanzania has had a large number of social and political growing pains and today, forty-six years after formal independence, Tanzania is still ex- tremely poor. For quite a number of years I have been involved in trying to describe developments in Tanzania, from independence in 1961 until the present, Dar es Salaam on the basis of Tanzanians’ own recollections. What I try to do is not to present yet another history of Tanzania. Nor is this a book about foreign aid, even though Tanzania has received a large share of Danish and Scandinavian aid. My ambition has been to present an account of how Tanzanians experienced these realities. This is not a book with a clear conclusion or moral. But hopefully this book can give an idea of the gigantic task that the new state faced and of the possibly greater challenges Tanzania faces today. The world has changed enormously since 1961 and it has not become easier to swim in. The chal- lenges facing a poor and worn down country in the globalized world of today are even greater and more difficult than they were in 1961. This book has always been my own project.B ut a journey to Tanzania in November 2003 was financed by a travel scholarship from AND IDA (the Danish International Development Assistance). A scholarship from the Danish Arts Foundation gave me the leisure time to carry out yet another trip in February 2005. There are many people I wish to thank for their support. I would particularly like to thank Steen Pedersen in Ukerewe and Jytte Bertelsen in Iringa as well as the Danish Embassy and (MS) Danish Association for International Cooperation (Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke) in Tanzania. All of them helped me with names and contacts that I otherwise would not have had. More than anybody else, however, I want to thank the very many Tanzanians from all spheres of life who gave me their time and shared their thoughts with me. It is my sincere hope that their reflections will benefit many other Tanzanians in their efforts to shape the future. The original publication of this book in Danish was supported by the International Forum of the Danish Labour Movement. This organization also works to make the debate on Africa more comprehensive and nu- anced. There is an increasing and more and more urgent need for this. The translation and the publication of the English version in Tanzania and Sweden is supported by a grant from the Danish Embassy in Dar es Salaam. I want to thank the Embassy for the grant and the Nordic Africa Institute and Karl Eric Ericson from NAI for working tirelessly to make the publication possible. Thank you also to the Tanzanian publisher E & D Limited and to the translators, Roger Leys and Marie Bille, for catching the tone of the book very precisely. Knud Vilby January 2007 10 A new state full of hope 1. 45 years of independence? This book is about one of the most peaceful countries in the world. This is a country where Presidents always leave office after peaceful elections when their period of office terminates though they can continue to con- sult from the sidelines. This is a country with competing political parties that can debate and criticize the government. This is a country that, in recent years, has brought inflation under control and which has a growth rate of 5–6 percent a year. This is a country that is completely open to foreign investment and which gives investors many opportunities for re- patriating their profits. This sounds like a real success story.A new state, and an African coun- try at that, which lives up to many of the donor countries well-intentioned and not so well-intentioned demands. Tanzania is a country that has fully accepted globalization and, economically, has become part of this global world. It’s a country that’s moving forward. But this book is also a story about how hard the present and the future will be even for such a relatively successful poor country in Africa. It’s a story about problems that mount up and up. So maybe the pretty picture gets shattered and all-destructive conflicts emerge. This is also a story that tells us that when it is so extremely difficult for such a peaceful, democratic and in many ways successful country like Tanzania how much more difficult it will be for so many countries for whom the preconditions for development are even worse. Yet these coun- tries too have to enter the global arena and fight the fight of all against all, just as Joseph Butiku describes in the previous quotation. One of the paradoxes that the Africa traveller has to explain is why he or she is so happy in Africa since, so often, there are far better reasons for being sad.
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