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The Role of Multiple Institutions in the Management of Micro Spring Forests in Ukerewe, Tanzania

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The Role of Multiple Institutions in the Management of Micro Spring Forests in Ukerewe, Tanzania The role of mulTiple insTiTuTions in The managemenT of micro spring foresTs in ukerewe, Tanzania Josiah zephania katani The role of multiple institutions in the management of micro spring forests in Ukerewe, Tanzania Josiah Zephania Katani Thesis committee Thesis supervisor: Prof.dr. L.E. Visser Professor of Rural Development Sociology Wageningen University Thesis co-supervisors: Dr. ir. K.F. Wiersum Associate Professor, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group Wageningen University Prof.dr. G.C. Kajembe Department of Forest Mensuration and Management Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro, Tanzania Other members: Prof.dr. F. Bongers Wageningen University Dr. J.F. Lund University of Copenhagen Dr. D. Foeken The African Studies Centre, Leiden Dr. M. Zwarteveen Wageningen University This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School CERES. The role of multiple institutions in the management of micro spring forests in Ukerewe, Tanzania Josiah Zephania Katani Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Doctorate Board to be defended in public on Tuesday 12 October 2010 at 11 a.m. in the Aula Josiah Zephania Katani The role of multiple institutions in the management of micro spring forests in Ukerewe, Tanzania. Thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL With references, with summaries in English, Dutch and Kiswahili ISBN 978-90-8585-679-5 This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Mary David, my children, Mhoja, Mayega and Doi and my parents, Zephania Mabula Katani and Agnes Andrea. Table of contents Acknowledgements xii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background information 1 1.2 Problem statement 2 1.3 Research objectives 4 1.4 Research questions 4 1.5 Relevance of the study 5 1.6 Organization of the thesis 6 Chapter 2 CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 8 2.1 Overview 8 2.2 Actor oriented approach 12 2.3 Social interface 12 2.4 The concept of institutions 14 2.5 Institutional bricolage 16 2.6 The concept of natural resource management 18 2.7 Legal pluralism 20 Legal pluralism and land rights 21 Legal pluralism and water rights 22 Legal pluralism and forest and tree tenure 24 2.8 Conceptual framework 25 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH OF THE STUDY 27 3.1 Study area 27 3.2 Research design 30 3.3 Selection of study location and respondents 32 3.4 Data collection 33 3.5 Characteristics of the respondents 37 3.6 Data analysis 40 Chapter 4 TENURE SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATION AND DYNAMICS 42 4.1 Overview 42 4.2 Tenure systems of land, water, forest and trees 42 Land tenure 43 Water rights 46 Forest land tenure 48 Tree tenure 50 4.3 Public administration and management of tenure systems 51 vii Land 52 Water 53 Forest land and Trees 54 4.4 Villagization and decentralization 55 Villagization and its impact on tenure systems and management of natural resources 55 Decentralization 57 4.5 Summary 58 Chapter 5 DYNAMICS IN WATER SOURCES MANAGEMENT AND THE PRESENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SOURCES IN MICRO SPRING FORESTS 60 5.1 Overview 60 5.2 The History of water sources management in micro spring forests 60 Traditional management of water sources 62 Types of development interventions 67 The church 67 The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) organization 70 The villagization programme 72 The Health through Sanitation and Water (HESAWA) Programme 73 Ukerewe District Council’ administrative formalization of HESAWA programme activities 82 Uhuru Torch Race 84 5.3 Physical characteristics of today’s water sources 85 Configuration and features of water sources 85 Water quality according to local knowledge and institutional qualification 86 Water quantity and seasonality 88 5.4 Summary 91 Chapter 6 DYNAMICS IN VEGETATION MANAGEMENT AND THE PRESENT CONDITION OF MICRO SPRING FORESTS 93 6.1 Overview 93 6.2 Changes in micro spring forest ownership and forest vegetation condition 93 Changes in micro spring forest ownership 93 Changes in forest vegetation condition 96 6.3 Dynamics in forest management 97 Traditional management of micro spring forest 97 Changes in the management of micro spring forests 100 6.4 The present forest condition 102 Land sizes of micro spring forests 102 Tree species composition 103 Stand parameters 104 viii 6.5 Discussion and summary 109 Discussion 109 Summary 111 Chapter 7 RESOURCE USE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN MICRO SPRING FORESTS 113 7.1 Overview 113 7.2 Organization of water and forest management 113 Ownership of water sources and micro spring forests 113 Control of access and use of water sources and micro spring forests 118 7.3 Use practices 124 7.4 Management practices 136 7.5 Summary 143 Chapter 8 SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSION AND FINAL DISCUSSION 146 8.1 Overview 146 8.2 Main research findings 146 The process of institutional bricolage and dynamics of tenure systems 147 Dynamics in water source and micro spring forest management 150 Resource use and management practices in micro spring forests 152 8.3 General discussion 152 Relevance of integrated natural resource management 154 Variability of process of institutional bricolage 155 What makes embedded institutions become effective in managing water and forest? 162 Danger of overlooking relevance of local institutions in modern water and forest management 163 Shortcomings of institutional approach to water and forest resources as CPRs 163 Use of a sector approach or an integrated approach 164 8.4 Reflection on scientific, policy and development relevance of the research findings 164 References 167 Appendices 177 Summary 189 Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) 193 Muhtasari (summary in Kiswahili) 197 Curriculum Vitae 201 Completed training and supervision plan 202 ix List of tables Table 3.1 The selected study cases of micro spring forests and their respective villages, wards and division 32 Table 3.2 Methods of data collection with respect to research objectives and phases of field research 35 Table 3.3 Characteristics and distributions of respondents 38 Table 5.1 Different institutions involved in water source management 62 Table 5.2 The names of people and clans that discovered the water sources with respect to year and motivation for discovery 63 Table 5.3 Rules, taboos and cultural beliefs in traditional management and use of water sources 65 Table 5.4 The year of intervention by HESAWA programme in study cases 77 Photo 5.4 Traditional water sources modified during HESAWA programme 78 Table 5.5 The HESAWA rules to guide the use and management of water sources 80 Table 5.6 Status of water tap, tank and pipe in different water sources 86 Table 5.7 Ranking of water quality criteria 87 Table 5.8 Water quantity in the tanks and the rates of water flow during the rain and dry seasons 89 Table 6.1 Ownership of forests during traditional management 93 Table 6.2 Ownership of forest with respect to ownership of water sources during the villagization period 95 Table 6.3 Population trends of Ukerewe District for seven periods 96 Table 6.4 Ideal types of regulations concerning traditional use and management of forest patches 98 Table 6.5 Land sizes of micro spring forests 103 Table 6.6 Number of tree species found in micro springs 103 Table 6.7 Tree species found in micro spring forests that are traditionally recognized to be good for water sources conservation 104 Table 6.8 Number of trees per hectare (N) and basal area per hectare (G) for the study cases 105 Table 6.9 The comparison of forest sizes, species composition and stand parameters of this study with other similar studies. 109 Table 7.1 Ownership of water sources 114 Table 7.2 The present ownership of micro spring forests 114 Table 7.3 Number of households using water sources 116 Table 7.4 The present social adherence of rules, taboos and beliefs in the management and use of water sources and forests 123 Table 7.5 The average amount of water fetched by household with respect to distance from water source and household size 127 Table 7.6 Factors affecting the use of the water sources 128 Table 7.7 Percentage of households with alternative water sources 130 Table 7.8 Trees harvested by villagers in the micro spring forests with their respective uses 134 x Table 7.9 Actors and their responsibilities in water sources and forests management 136 Table 7.10 Different land uses surrounding the micro spring forests 142 Table 8.1 The identified institutions involved in use and management of water and forests resources 156 Table 8.2 The differences of study cases based on institutional practices 159 List of figures Figure 2.1 Conceptual framework of institutional bricolage in water and forest use and management practices. 26 Figure 3.1 Location and map of Ukerewe District 27 Figure 3.2 Map of Ukerewe main Island and location of study sites 28 Figure 5.1 Trajectories of management development of different water sources 61 Figure 6.1 Distribution of number of trees per hectare by dbh classes 106 Figure 6.2 Dominant tree species in terms of basal area per hectare for each forest 108 Figure 7.1 Distribution of respondents with respect to different alternative water sources. 132 List of photos Photo 5.1 Modified Chemichemi water source, photo taken in 2008 68 Photo 5.2 Modified Anselm water source, photo taken in 2007 71 Photo 5.3 Mtaho 72 Photo 5.4 Traditional water sources modified during HESAWA programme 78 Photo 5.5 Rehabilitated Chemichemi water source by Uhuru Torch Race, photo taken in 2008 84 Photo 5.6 Protruding chalk rock at Nzuitaka
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