Earthwork Manual • Erosion Control Manual This Book Should Be Kept by the Pipe Installation Inspector As a Reference Guide During the Performance of His Duties
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FY2016 Earthwork CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 THE ROLE OF AN INSPECTOR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 COMMUNICATIONS AND ATTITUDE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 QUALIFICATIONS OF THE INSPECTOR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 SAMPLING AND TESTING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 RECORDS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 INSPECTOR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 SUMMARY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 CHAPTER 2 PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 PLAN REVIEW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 PROPOSAL REVIEW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 PRELIMINARY PROJECT INSPECTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 MATERIALS AND CERTIFICATION REVIEW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 PRE-CONSTRUCTION MEETING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10 CHAPTER 3 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 FIELD DIARY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -12 EXTRA WORK AUTHORIZATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -14 FORCE ACCOUNT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -15 FORCE ACCOUNT SUMMARY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19 CHAPTER 4 HIGHWAY LAYOUT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -20 ROADWAY ELEMENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -20 TYPICAL GRADING SECTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -22 CHAPTER 5 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -24 SCRAPER - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -24 TRACK TYPE TRACTOR (BULLDOZER) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 MOTOR GRADER - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -26 FRONT END LOADER - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -27 BACKHOE (EXCAVATOR) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -27 WATER TRUCK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -28 DISK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -28 CHAPTER 6 PRELIMINARY WORK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -29 PIPE AND OTHER SALVAGEABLE MATERIALS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 ASPHALT SALVAGE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -30 NON-SALVAGEABLE MATERIAL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -30 STEEL BRIDGES AND SIMILAR STRUCTURES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -31 Earthwork -0 CHAPTER 7 EXCAVATION AND EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - -32 TOPSOIL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -32 CUT SECTIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -33 UNCLASSIFIED EXCAVATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -34 ROCK EXCAVATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -36 MUCK EXCAVATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -39 UNDERCUTTING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -39 BACKFILLING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -42 ADDITIONAL EXCAVATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42 TEMPORARY EASEMENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -42 BORROW MATERIAL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -43 OPTION BORROW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -43 DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS EXCAVATION AND WASTE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -49 EMBANKMENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -50 TYPES AND PLACEMENT OF EMBANKMENT MATERIAL - - - - - - - - - - - -51 EARTHWORK BALANCE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 HAUL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53 COMPACTION OF EMBANKMENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54 SURCHARGE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -56 DENSITY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -56 SPECIFIED DENSITY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -56 ORDINARY COMPACTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -56 MOISTURE CONTENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 57 PREWATERING (PRE-IRRIGATION) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -59 COMPACTION DEFICIENCIES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60 CHAPTER 8 CONSTRUCTION STAKES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -61 CONTROL POINTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -61 BENCHMARK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -61 HUB LINE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -62 RIGHT-OF-WAY STAKES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -63 REFERENCE POINTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -63 OFFSET STAKES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -64 SLOPE STAKES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -65 GRADE AND SLOPE CONTROL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -71 EQUIPMENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -71 GRADE CONTROL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -75 FILL SECTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -76 BLUE TOPS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 77 CHAPTER 9 FIELD TESTING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 79 MOISTURE TESTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -79 DENSITY TESTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82 STANDARD DENSITY SPECIFICATIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 84 -1 SDDOT CHAPTER 10 DRAINAGE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88 CHAPTER 11 FENCING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -89 REMOVAL OF EXISTING FENCE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 PLACEMENT OF RIGHT-OF-WAY-FENCE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 CHAPTER 12 FIELD LABORATORY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 CHAPTER 13 GLOSSARY OF TERMS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -94 CHAPTER 14 MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -98 CHAPTER 15 ANSWERS TO MANUAL’S PROBLEMS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 Earthwork -2 All figures cited in this manual are in the envelope at the back of the manual. Note Throughout this manual, reference is made to provisions of the South Dakota Standard Specifications for Roads and Bridges. For example, (120.3.A.) refers the reader to Section 120.3 paragraph A, Excavation in the specification book. Additional manuals that the earthwork inspector should be familiar with are: • Materials Manual • CMP Manual • Survey Manual • Pipe Installation Manual • Erosion Control Manual This book should be kept by the Earthwork Inspector as a reference guide during the performance of his duties. If, after participating in the course or during construction, you have ideas or suggestions for improving the course submit them for incorporation in future training courses. The Department of Transportation is grateful for and wishes to recognize the efforts of its employees who have made significant contributions to the improvement of this training manual. Those employees include: Matt Stone, Rapid City Harlen Brown, Winner Area (Retired) -2 SDDOT C HAPTER CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION THE ROLE OF AN INSPECTOR The construction of a sound earth roadbed is an essential part of highway construction. It provides the foundation for the base and surface courses. The Earthwork Inspector is given the responsibility of assuring that a sound earthwork foundation is constructed. Training Activity has provided this course to aid and assist the Earthwork Inspector in this task. This course contains important instructional material, procedures and policies that have been developed to maintain uniformity among Earthwork Inspectors. Earthwork involves all of the various construction activities that are needed to prepare a roadbed to its final sub grade elevation. A typical earthwork project will include: • Surveying •Erosion Control • Pipe Installation • Clearing and Grubbing • Excavation • Embankment Placement • Surfacing •Fencing This course will cover what you need to know, do and look for during the inspection of excavation and embankment placement. COMMUNICATIONS AND ATTITUDE Communication is one of the most important aspects of an inspector’s job. Communication is essential to ensure that the project is properly managed. The inspector helps the contractor anticipate problems and helps find ways to resolve them. The inspector is friendly but firm and impartial in making decisions when dealing with the contractor