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BOA6.1-2 Reproduction and Metamorphosis.Key The Biology of Amphibians Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica Executive Director The Amphibian Foundation [email protected] 678 379 TOAD (8623) 6.1-2: Reproduction and Metamorphosis Bufonidae: Atelopus certus Typical Amphibian Life Stages Typical Amphibian Life Stages Typical Amphibian Life Stages Paedomorphic Amphibian Life Stages Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Mate Location How do amphibians find each other? Mate Location Breeding Seasons Mate Location Activity for a species Is seasonally, temporally and hydrologically linked Some tropical and mild temperate species have protracted breeding seasons, but most species reproduce within 1 - 8 weeks. Mate Location Migrations Amphibians obligated to breed in ephemeral wetlands are migratory Site fidelity: many species return to their natal pond each year Only in the puddle to breed (50 weeks/yr underground) but need TWO intact and unobstructed habitats Use yet unknown cues to find their pond and return to over-wintering site Migrations generally not longer than 500m for salamanders / 1500m for frogs upland / brumation site What does a salamander migration look like? migratory route vernal pool / breeding site Ambystoma maculatum | SPOTTED SALAMANDER Ephemeral wetland breeding amphibians migrate to breeding sites. In the northeast, that often means migrating en masse at near freezing temperatures Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma jeffersonianum Amphibian Migrations vs Habitat Fragmentation (in an urban habitat) Many OEWB amphibians travel the same route every year to and from the breeding site If a road, or other obstruction is built between the two sites, the amphibian will be forced to cross it each year at least twice upland / brumation site There is potential for very high road mortality during migrations migratory route road vernal pool / breeding site Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum Henry Street. Amherst, MA Ambystoma maculatum | SPOTTED SALAMANDER Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma annulatum Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum | Ranidae: Lithobates sylvaticus Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus laevis Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus laevis Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus laevis Mate Location Frog Calls and Choruses Frogs The first vertebrates to vocalize on land Hylidae: Dendropsophus microcephalus Males communicate to females (and other males) through a series of auditory sounds. The most prominent of which is the advertisement call. Hylidae: Hyla cinerea Anatomy of a Frog Call Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates leucomelas Bufonidae: Anaxyrus fowleri Pipidae: Pipa pipa Frog Chorus Hylidae: Pseudacris feriarum Hylidae: Ecnomiohyla rabborum Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Mate Selection How do amphibians choose each other? Mate Selection Leks & male territoriality Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates truncatus Pyxicephalidae: Pyxicephhalus adspersus Bufonidae: Atelopus zeteki Bufonidae: Atelopus zeteki Mate Selection Satellites & male deception Hylidae: Hyla cinerea Mate Selection Sexual Selection Secondary Sexual Characteristics Mate Selection Primary Genitalia and Organs for Reproduction Secondary Morphological differences between the sexes that are not directly involved in reproduction male female Typical salamander cloaca cirri Plethodontidae: Eurycea cirrigera nuptial pads Salamandridae: Pleurodeles waltl nuptial pad Salamandridae: Pleurodeles waltl mental gland Plethodontidae: Plethodon shermani Plethodontidae: Plethodon shermani Megophryidae: Leptobrachium boringii Salamandridae: Triturus sp. Salamandridae: Triturus dobrogicus Salamandridae: Triturus dobrogicus Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum Hylidae: Litoria wilcoxi Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Courtship Are you going to buy me dinner first? Courtship Salamandridae: Triturus vulgaris Courtship Plethodontidae: Plethodon jordani Courtship Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma talpoideum ‘wafting’ Salamandridae: Ichthyosaura alpestris Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Amplexus & Fertilization Axillary/Lumbar Amplexus Rhinophrynidae: Rhinophrynus dorsalis Axillary/Lumbar Amplexus Scaphiopodidae: Scaphiopus couchii Axillary/Lumbar Amplexus Axillary/Lumbar Amplexus Bufonidae: Atelopus certus Inguinal Amplexus Bufonidae: Bufo bufo Inguinal Amplexus Centrolenidae: Inguinal Amplexus Centrolenidae: Cochranella euknemos Inguinal Amplexus Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus Inguinal Amplexus Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus ?? Amplexus Frog/Toad Amplexus Frog/Salamander Amplexus Frog/Salamander Amplexus Necroplexus: Frog/Dead Frog Amplexus Ranidae: Lithobates clamitans Newt Amplexus Glued Amplexus Brevicipitidae Glued Amplexus Brevicipitidae Cephalic Amplexus Dendrobatidae: Epipedobates anthonyi ?? Amplexus Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus sp. phallodeum Internal fertilization in caecilians Order: Gymnophiona Internal fertilization Spermatophore deposition and reception Salamandridae: Ichthyosaura alpestris Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Egg Deposition Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum Bufonidae: Anaxyrus americanus Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus Ranidae: Lithobates sylvaticus Bufonidae: Rhinella marinus Proteidae: Necturus maculosus Ranidae: Lithobates clamitans Plethodontidae: Aneides aeneus Hemiphractidae: Hemiphractus fasciatus Rhacophoridae: Chiromantis sp. Rhacophoridae: Chiromantis xerampelina Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Egg Development Egg Development Typical Amphibian Embryo Development Egg Development Order: Gymnophiona Caecilian Embryonic Development Stages in the development of the caecilian Ichthyophis glutinosus. A. Neurulation. B. Early organogenesis. C. Late development. Branchial arches are designated by roman numerals. Egg Development Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Egg Development Parental Care Eleuterodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus coqui Dendrobatidae: Epipedobates tricolor Alytidae: Alytes obstretricans Centrolenidae: Sachatamia albomaculata Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium valeroi Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium valeroi Plethhodontidae: Plethodon glutinosus Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Egg Development Direct Development Oviparous Oviparous caecilians can also lay their eggs terrestrially, which are direct developing, skipping the free- swimming larval stage and hatch into miniature versions of the adult form. Chikila sp. Viviparous Typhlonectes natans Herpele squalostoma Viviparous caecilians can be aquatic or terrestrial. Viviparity is the most common condition and is considered apomorphic among the more derived caecilians. Eleutherodactylidae: Pristimantis gaigei Eleutherodactylidae: Pristimantis gaigei Pipidae: Pipa pipa Pipidae: Pipa pipa Pipidae: Pipa pipa Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca marsupiata Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca cornuta Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca cornuta Hemiphractidae: Hemiphractus sp. Hemiphractidae: Stefania ginesi Rhinodermatidae: Rhinoderma darwinii Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Hatching Hatching Typical Amphibian Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates tinctorius Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates tinctorius Hynobiidae: Hynobius sp. Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma mexicanum Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum Hatching Leaf Frogs and Allies Centrolenidae: Cochhranella granulosa Centrolenidae: Cochhranella granulosa Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis callidryas Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis callidryas Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Larvae Tadpole Anatomy Orton’s Tadpole Types A. Pipidae, Rhynophhrynidae B. Microhylidae C. Bombinatoridae, Discoglossidae, Ascaphidae, Leiopelmatidae D. All other frogs Indirana semipalmata Micrixalus herrei Phyllodytes sp. Pipidae: Xenopus laevis Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Metamorphosis Amphibian metamorphosis is accompanied by spectacular changes in external morphology, such as limb development, craniofacial remodeling, gill degeneration, and tail resorption. However, the internal changes that accompany metamorphosis, such as gut and immune system remodeling, are even more dramatic. Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus bhupathi Hylidae: Phyllodytes sp. Centrolenidae: Cochhranella euknemos Tune in next time for Anatomy & Physiology [email protected] | 678 379 8623.
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