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Home , Agalychnis callidryas, Alytidae, Amplexus, Atelopus certus, Brevicipitidae, Cruziohyla

The Biology of Agnes Scott College

Mark Mandica Executive Director The Foundation [email protected] 678 379 (8623) 6.1-2: Reproduction and

Bufonidae: certus Typical Amphibian Life Stages

Typical Amphibian Life Stages Typical Amphibian Life Stages Paedomorphic Amphibian Life Stages Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Mate Location How do amphibians find each other? Mate Location Breeding Seasons Mate Location

Activity for a species Is seasonally, temporally and hydrologically linked

Some tropical and mild temperate species have protracted breeding seasons, but most species reproduce within 1 - 8 weeks. Mate Location

Migrations Amphibians obligated to breed in ephemeral wetlands are migratory

Site fidelity: many species return to their natal pond each year

Only in the puddle to breed (50 weeks/yr underground) but need TWO intact and unobstructed habitats

Use yet unknown cues to find their pond and return to over-wintering site

Migrations generally not longer than 500m for / 1500m for

upland / brumation site What does a migration look like?

migratory route

vernal pool / breeding site Ambystoma maculatum | SPOTTED SALAMANDER

Ephemeral wetland breeding amphibians migrate to breeding sites.

In the northeast, that often means migrating en masse at near freezing temperatures

Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma jeffersonianum Amphibian Migrations vs Habitat Fragmentation (in an urban habitat)

Many OEWB amphibians travel the same route every year to and from the breeding site

If a road, or other obstruction is built between the two sites, the amphibian will be forced to cross it each year at least twice

upland / brumation site There is potential for very high road mortality during migrations

migratory route

road

vernal pool / breeding site Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum Henry Street. Amherst, MA

Ambystoma maculatum | SPOTTED SALAMANDER

Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma annulatum Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum | Ranidae: Lithobates sylvaticus : laevis Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus laevis Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus laevis Mate Location Calls and Choruses Frogs

The first vertebrates to vocalize on land

Hylidae: microcephalus Males communicate to females (and other males) through a series of auditory sounds.

The most prominent of which is the advertisement call.

Hylidae: cinerea Anatomy of a Frog Call Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates leucomelas Bufonidae: Anaxyrus fowleri : pipa Frog Chorus Hylidae: Pseudacris feriarum Hylidae: rabborum Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Mate Selection How do amphibians choose each other? Mate Selection

Leks & male territoriality Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates truncatus : Pyxicephhalus adspersus Bufonidae: Atelopus zeteki Bufonidae: Atelopus zeteki Mate Selection

Satellites & male deception Hylidae: Hyla cinerea Mate Selection

Sexual Selection Secondary Sexual Characteristics Mate Selection Primary Genitalia and Organs for Reproduction Secondary Morphological differences between the sexes that are not directly involved in reproduction male female

Typical salamander cloaca cirri

Plethodontidae: Eurycea cirrigera nuptial pads

Salamandridae: Pleurodeles waltl nuptial pad

Salamandridae: Pleurodeles waltl mental gland

Plethodontidae: Plethodon shermani Plethodontidae: Plethodon shermani : Leptobrachium boringii Salamandridae: Triturus sp. Salamandridae: Triturus dobrogicus Salamandridae: Triturus dobrogicus Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum Hylidae: Litoria wilcoxi Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Courtship Are you going to buy me dinner first? Courtship

Salamandridae: Triturus vulgaris Courtship

Plethodontidae: Plethodon jordani Courtship

Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma talpoideum

‘wafting’

Salamandridae: Ichthyosaura alpestris Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Amplexus & Fertilization

Axillary/Lumbar Amplexus

Rhinophrynidae: Rhinophrynus dorsalis Axillary/Lumbar Amplexus

Scaphiopodidae: Scaphiopus couchii Axillary/Lumbar Amplexus Axillary/Lumbar Amplexus

Bufonidae: Atelopus certus Inguinal Amplexus

Bufonidae: Bufo bufo Inguinal Amplexus

Centrolenidae: Inguinal Amplexus

Centrolenidae: Cochranella euknemos Inguinal Amplexus

Phyllomedusidae: craspedopus Inguinal Amplexus

Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus ?? Amplexus Frog/Toad Amplexus Frog/Salamander Amplexus Frog/Salamander Amplexus Necroplexus: Frog/Dead Frog Amplexus Ranidae: Amplexus

Glued Amplexus

Brevicipitidae Glued Amplexus

Brevicipitidae Cephalic Amplexus

Dendrobatidae: Epipedobates anthonyi ?? Amplexus

Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus sp. phallodeum

Internal fertilization in Order: Gymnophiona Internal fertilization Spermatophore deposition and reception

Salamandridae: Ichthyosaura alpestris Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Egg Deposition Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum Bufonidae: Anaxyrus americanus Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus Ranidae: Lithobates sylvaticus Bufonidae: Rhinella marinus Proteidae: Necturus maculosus Ranidae: Lithobates clamitans Plethodontidae: Aneides aeneus : Hemiphractus fasciatus : Chiromantis sp. Rhacophoridae: Chiromantis xerampelina Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Egg Development Egg Development

Typical Amphibian Embryo Development Egg Development Order: Gymnophiona

Caecilian Embryonic Development

Stages in the development of the Ichthyophis glutinosus. A. Neurulation. B. Early organogenesis. C. Late development. Branchial arches are designated by roman numerals. Egg Development Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Egg Development

Parental Care

Eleuterodactylidae: coqui Dendrobatidae: Epipedobates tricolor : Alytes obstretricans Centrolenidae: Sachatamia albomaculata Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium valeroi Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium valeroi Plethhodontidae: Plethodon glutinosus Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Egg Development

Direct Development Oviparous

Oviparous caecilians can also lay their eggs terrestrially, which are direct developing, skipping the free- swimming larval stage and hatch into miniature versions of the adult form.

Chikila sp. Viviparous

Typhlonectes natans Herpele squalostoma

Viviparous caecilians can be aquatic or terrestrial. Viviparity is the most common condition and is considered apomorphic among the more derived caecilians. : Pristimantis gaigei Eleutherodactylidae: Pristimantis gaigei Pipidae: Pipa pipa Pipidae: Pipa pipa Pipidae: Pipa pipa Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca marsupiata Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca cornuta Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca cornuta Hemiphractidae: Hemiphractus sp. Hemiphractidae: ginesi Rhinodermatidae: darwinii Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Hatching Hatching

Typical Amphibian Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates tinctorius Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates tinctorius Hynobiidae: Hynobius sp. Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma mexicanum Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma maculatum Hatching

Leaf Frogs and Allies Centrolenidae: Cochhranella granulosa Centrolenidae: Cochhranella granulosa Phyllomedusidae: callidryas Phyllomedusidae: Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Larvae

Tadpole Anatomy Orton’s Types

A. Pipidae, Rhynophhrynidae B. C. , Discoglossidae, Ascaphidae, Leiopelmatidae D. All other frogs

Indirana semipalmata herrei sp. Pipidae: laevis Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Mate Location Mate Selection Courtship Amplexus & Fertilization Egg Deposition Egg Development Parental Care Hatching Larvae Metamorphosis Metamorphosis Amphibian metamorphosis is accompanied by spectacular changes in external morphology, such as limb development, craniofacial remodeling, gill degeneration, and tail resorption.

However, the internal changes that accompany metamorphosis, such as gut and immune system remodeling, are even more dramatic. Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus bhupathi

Hylidae: Phyllodytes sp. Centrolenidae: Cochhranella euknemos

Tune in next time for Anatomy & Physiology

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