Beyond the Backlash: Muslim and Middle Eastern Immigrants' Experiences in America, Ten Years Post-9/11 Gregory J

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Beyond the Backlash: Muslim and Middle Eastern Immigrants' Experiences in America, Ten Years Post-9/11 Gregory J University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1-1-2012 Beyond the Backlash: Muslim and Middle Eastern Immigrants' Experiences in America, Ten Years Post-9/11 Gregory J. Mills University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Sociology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Mills, Gregory J., "Beyond the Backlash: Muslim and Middle Eastern Immigrants' Experiences in America, Ten Years Post-9/11" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4166 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Beyond the Backlash: Muslim and Middle Eastern Immigrants’ Experiences in America, Ten Years Post-9/11 by Gregory J. Mills A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Sociology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Elizabeth Aranda, Ph.D. James C. Cavendish, Ph.D. Will Tyson, Ph.D. Date of Approval: June 1, 2012 Keywords: Immigration, Assimilation, Discrimination, Gender, Ethnic Identity, Islamophobia Copyright © 2012, Gregory J. Mills DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my wife, Laura, whose support and patience with me has truly been unrelenting. I also want to dedicate this to the Muslim and Middle Eastern communities of the Tampa Bay area, of whom so many were willing to share with me their incredible stories. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to acknowledge first and foremost the chair of my committee, Dr. Elizabeth Aranda, whose advice and direction throughout this journey has been monumental. This thesis would not be possible without your guidance. I also want to acknowledge the other members of my committee, Drs. Jim Cavendish and Will Tyson, whose thoughtful remarks also greatly improved this thesis. My fellow cohort members, Skyler, Janine, and Adam, provided a brilliant sounding board for conceptual and analytical ideas and also the occasional diversion, which at times is just as necessary. Thanks for the memories; I hope there are many more to come. Lastly, I want to acknowledge my family, whose love and support have always gone far beyond words. Thanks for the constant encouragement, much-needed visits to sunny Florida, and always making home a welcome place to be—all which have led me to the point I am at today. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Historical Contexts and Current Trends ........................................................................ 4 Early Immigrant Trends and Social Consequences ............................................................ 4 Immigration Reform, Conflict, and Identity Crisis ............................................................. 9 Islamophobia in Post-9/11 America .................................................................................. 15 Discrimination in Public Places ............................................................................ 15 Discrimination in the Workplace .......................................................................... 17 Discrimination in Schools ..................................................................................... 19 Post 9/11 Ethnic and Religious Identity Trends ............................................................... 20 Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 29 Research Design ................................................................................................................ 29 Sample Description and Participant Recruitment ............................................................. 30 Insider vs. Outsider Status ................................................................................................ 33 Data Analysis .....................................................................................................................36 Chapter 4: Immigrants’ Perceptions of Islamophobia in America: Cultural Hostility and Experiences of Discrimination ...................................................................................................... 39 Muslim Men ...................................................................................................................... 41 Essam .................................................................................................................... 41 Mahir ..................................................................................................................... 44 Siraj ....................................................................................................................... 45 Shamil ....................................................................................................................48 Muslim Women ................................................................................................................ 51 Sabah and Walidah ............................................................................................... 52 Abida, Bahaar, and Taja ........................................................................................ 54 Non-Muslim Middle Easterners ........................................................................................ 61 Chapter 5: Negotiating Post-9/11 America: Patterns of Identity Construction and Religious Individualism among Muslims ..................................................................................... 67 Muslim First ...................................................................................................................... 69 On an Individualized, Progressive Islam .......................................................................... 72 i Iranian vs. Persian ............................................................................................................. 80 Chapter 6: Conclusion................................................................................................................... 85 References Cited ........................................................................................................................... 91 Appendices ...................................................................................................................................100 Appendix A: Letter to Group Leader for Email Listserv ................................................ 101 Appendix B: Interview Questions ................................................................................... 102 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of Sample .........................................................................38 iii ABSTRACT In this thesis, I explore the perceived character of Islamophobia in American society, and how Islamophobia is embedded in the everyday lived experiences and identity negotiations of a sample of Middle Eastern immigrants, ten years post-9/11. Data consist of 13 qualitative interviews with first-generation Middle Eastern immigrants, including Muslims, Christians, and those who claim no religion. Findings suggest that perceived discrimination and cultural hostility vary across both gender and religion. Women who cover with the hijab perceive far more discrimination and humiliating experiences than men or women who do not cover in the sample. Iranians also receive extremely poor treatment, especially from border patrol agents in airports, regardless of religion. Overarching themes of identity negotiation include: (1) a Muslim First identity; (2) the individualizing of the Muslim faith through modified religious practices and diverse social networks; and (3) negotiating the Iranian vs. Persian identity. I conclude that while overall trends of discrimination are perceived to be receding from their peaks in the 9/11 backlash; there is a real possibility for sustained hostility towards those who are visibly Muslim, particularly for women, which has implications for trends in identity negotiation. iv Chapter 1 Introduction In 1996, five years before the tragic events of 9/11, esteemed Harvard political scientist Samuel Huntington wrote in his national bestseller, The Clash of the Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order: The underlying problem for the West is not Islamic fundamentalism. It is Islam, a different civilization whose people are convinced of the superiority of their culture and are obsessed with the inferiority of their power. The problem for Islam is not the CIA or the U.S. Department of Defense. It is the West, a different civilization whose people are convinced of the universality of their culture and believe that their superior, if
Recommended publications
  • MONA News Connection, You May Submit Them Via E-Mail to [email protected]
    December 2017 All three ethnic commissions collaborated to put on the gala and for the first time, held a joint commission Building unity meeting where MAPAAC, CMEAA, and HLCOM and creating commission chairs presented their vision and mission to opportunity was Lt. Gov. Brian Calley and held a question and answer the theme of session. The meeting also gave the commissioners a the first annual chance to connect and brainstorm on issues in their New Americans respective communities. Appreciation Gala, which The Michigan International Talent Solutions (MITS) featured Gov. program also expanded its efforts to place New Rick Snyder as Americans in jobs across the state, by working with its keynote those in the private sector and helping them connect to speaker. Six New American business owners were New American talent. MITS will continue its growth as a given the New Americans Leadership award, program by bridging the gap between employers and presented by Gov. Snyder and the Chairpersons of New American talent. each Ethnic Commissions, Noel Garcia Jr. of HLCOM, Jamie Hsu of MAPAAC and Manal Saab As I reflect on 2017 and all the important things MONA of CMEAA. and its partners have achieved and collaborated on, I am confident that MONA will continue to successfully The awardees: were: Elizabeth Rosario of Grand serve its constituents. MONA will continue its Rapids Law Group, PLLC; Frank Venegas Jr. of commitment to collaboration and focus on expanding Ideal Group, Chain Sandhu of NYX, Inc., Ravinder partnerships across the state. MONA will continue “Ron” Shahani of Acro Service Corp.; Mary Shaya utilizing all resources to place New Americans in jobs of J&B Medical Supply and Mohamed Sohoubah of that help not only grow the Michigan economically but Biomed Specialty Pharmacy.
    [Show full text]
  • A Century of Armenians in America
    A Century of Armenians in America: Voices from New Scholarship The Armenian Center at Columbia University P.O.Box 4042 Grand Central Station New York, NY 10163-4042 www.columbiaarmeniancenter.org S a t u r d a y , O c t o b e r 9 , 2 0 0 4 Middle East and Middle Eastern American Center (MEMEAC) The Graduate Center City University of New York 365 Fifth Avenue at 34th Street New York, NY 10016-4309 Tel: 212-817-7570 Fax: 212-817-1565 Email: [email protected] web.gc.cuny.edu/memeac Presented by: The Armenian Center at Columbia University Hosted by: The Middle East and Middle Eastern American Center (MEMEAC), The Graduate Center, CUNY Baisley Powell Elebash Recital Hall The Graduate Center City University of New York P R O G R A M Restaurant: Artisanal Honorary Chairpersons: 2 Park Avenue at 32nd Street, between Madison and Park Avenues Robert Mirak French bistro, great cheese selection, $20 lunch special. Arpena Mesrobian Restaurant: Barbès 19-21 East 36 Street, between 5th and Madison Avenues Moroccan and French cuisine. 10:15: Welcome: Michael Haratunian Restaurant: Branzini Introduction: Anny Bakalian 299 Madison Avenue, at 41st Street Mediterranean cuisine. Restaurant: Cinque Terre 10:30-12:30: The Pioneers: Early Armenian Immigrants 22 East 38th Street, between Madison and Park Avenues to the United States Northern Italian cuisine. (1) Knarik Avakian, “The Emigration of the Armenians to Restaurant: Chenai Garden the U.S.A.: Evidence from the Archives of the Armenian 129 East 27th Street (in Little India) Patriarchate of Istanbul." South Indian vegetarian.
    [Show full text]
  • Whiteness As an Act of Belonging: White Turks Phenomenon in the Post 9/11 World
    WHITENESS AS AN ACT OF BELONGING: WHITE TURKS PHENOMENON IN THE POST 9/11 WORLD ILGIN YORUKOGLU Department of Social Sciences, Human Services and Criminal Justice The City University of New York [email protected] Abstract: Turks, along with other people of the Middle East, retain a claim to being “Cau- casian”. Technically white, Turks do not fit neatly into Western racial categories especially after 9/11, and with the increasing normalization of racist discourses in Western politics, their assumed religious and geographical identities categorise “secular” Turks along with their Muslim “others” and, crucially, suggest a “non-white” status. In this context, for Turks who explicitly refuse to be presented along with “Islamists”, “whiteness” becomes an act of belonging to “the West” (instead of the East, to “the civilised world” instead of the world of terrorism). The White Turks phenomenon does not only reveal the fluidity of racial categories, it also helps question the meaning of resistance and racial identification “from below”. In dealing with their insecurities with their place in the world, White Turks fall short of leading towards a radical democratic politics. Keywords: Whiteness, White Turks, Race, Turkish Culture, Post 9/11. INTRODUCTION: WHY STUDY WHITE TURKISHNESS Until recently, sociologists and social scientists have had very little to say about Whiteness as a distinct socio-cultural racial identity, typically problematizing only non-white status. The more recent studies of whiteness in the literature on race and ethnicity have moved us beyond a focus on racialised bodies to a broader understanding of the active role played by claims to whiteness in sustaining racism.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Culture, and Mental Health Among College Students of Middle Eastern Heritage Hasti Ashtiani Raveau Wayne State University
    Wayne State University Wayne State University Theses 1-1-2013 Ethnicity, Culture, And Mental Health Among College Students Of Middle Eastern Heritage Hasti Ashtiani Raveau Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_theses Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Raveau, Hasti Ashtiani, "Ethnicity, Culture, And Mental Health Among College Students Of Middle Eastern Heritage" (2013). Wayne State University Theses. Paper 312. This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. ETHNICITY, CULTURE, AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS OF MIDDLE EASTERN HERITAGE by HASTI ASHTIANI RAVEAU THESIS Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS 2013 MAJOR: PSYCHOLOGY (Clinical) Approved by: Rita J. Casey, Ph.D. ______________________________ Advisor Date COPYRIGHT BY HASTI ASHTIANI RAVEAU 2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge several people who have helped make this project possible. First, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Rita Casey for her continuous support and guidance. She has been an excellent role model, and her mentorship throughout the entire process has been instrumental. I would also like to thank my committee member: Dr. Emily Grekin and Dr. Jeffrey Kuentzel for their encouragement, support, and feedback. In addition, I would like to recognize all the help I received on this project from the undergraduate research assistants, Aya Muath, Shelley Quandt, Eric Gerbe, Katherine Neill, Karishma Kasad, and Elianna Lozoya.
    [Show full text]
  • European and Middle-Eastern Americans POSC 592.01/Ethnic Studies 592.01 Spring 2012 Joel Fetzer MR 2:00-3:50 P.M. RAC 157 AC
    European and Middle-Eastern Americans POSC 592.01/Ethnic Studies 592.01 Spring 2012 Joel Fetzer MR 2:00-3:50 p.m. RAC 157 AC 215 506-6250 Office Hours: MWR 4:00-5:00 [email protected] and by appointment http://seaver.pepperdine.edu/academics/ faculty/member.htm?facid=joel_fetzer Course Description: This course examines the history, society, politics, and cultural production of some of the major European- and Middle-Eastern-origin ethnic groups in the United States: the English, Irish, Dutch, French, Germans, Scandinavians, Italians, Russians, Poles, Jews, Arabs, and Armenians. Major topics include immigration history, ethnic politics and identity, ethnic prejudice and conflict, white supremacism, and institutions of cultural maintenance. Counts as a core course for the Ethnic Studies minor and an upper-division American politics course for the Political Science major. Prerequisites: None. Student Learning Outcomes: After successfully completing this course, a student should be able to: - explain the historical patterns of migration to the United States from Europe and the Middle East; - identify the cultural and political differences and similarities among the principal European and Middle-Eastern nationalities in the United States; and - detail how the social, political, and economic institutions in this country benefit certain ethnic groups to a greater or lesser extent. Requirements: Successful completion of this course will require attending class regularly and participating actively in class discussions (10% of grade), reporting orally on an interview with a European or Middle-Eastern American (10% of grade, pass/fail converts to rest of term grade if pass); reading the assigned texts, performing creditably on the midterm (25% of grade) and final (30% of grade) examinations, and completing a 10-12 page research paper (25% of grade).
    [Show full text]
  • Awad, Germine CV
    Germine H. Awad, Ph.D. September 2020 I. Biographical Information Professional Address: The University of Texas at Austin Educational Psychology Department 1 University Station D5800 Austin, TX 78712-1294 Phone: 512-471-0526 Fax: 512-471-1288 Email: [email protected] EDUCATION Ph.D. Southern Illinois University Carbondale: Applied Experimental Psychology Program, 2002-2005 Dissertation: Psychosocial and cultural predictors of test performance for African American college students. M.A. Southern Illinois University Carbondale: Applied Experimental Psychology Program, 1999-2002 Thesis: Affirmative action and diversity initiatives: The effect of framing on evaluations of African American applicants. B.S. John Carroll University (Cleveland, OH), 1995-1999 Major: Psychology Minor: English PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2015-present Associate Professor, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin 2007-2015 Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin 2007-present Courtesy Appointment, Center for Women and Gender Studies, Warfield Center for African and African American Studies, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Department of African and African Diaspora Studies 2006-2007 Visiting Assistant Professor, Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology and Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri- Columbia Awad 1 2004-2006 Research/Teaching Postdoctoral Fellowship, Center for Women’s Intercultural Leadership & Department of Psychology, St. Mary’s College, Notre Dame, IN 2005
    [Show full text]
  • Meleis, Afaf CV 2016.Pdf
    CURRICULUM VITAE Updated: March 2016 AFAF IBRAHIM MELEIS, PhD, DrPS (hon), FAAN Professor of Nursing and Sociology and Former Dean of Nursing CONTACT University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Claire M. Fagin Hall, Room 418 418 Curie Boulevard Philadelphia, PA 19104-4217 Tel: 215-746-5473 Email: [email protected] Blog: http://afafmeleis.blogspot.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/afafmeleis EDUCATION 1966-1968 University of California, Los Angeles (Sociology) PhD (1968) Dissertation: “Self-concept and family planning” 1964-1966 University of California, Los Angeles (Sociology) MA (1966) 1962-1964 University of California, Los Angeles (Nursing) MS (1964) 1957-1961 University of Alexandria, Egypt (Nursing) BS (1961) FACULTY POSITIONS 2015-present Honorary Visiting Professor School of Nursing, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia 2013-2017 Visiting Professor Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 2010-2014 Honorary Professor University of Hong Kong School of Nursing 2008-2014 Adjunct Professor University of Technology, Sydney 2002-present Professor School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania 2002-present Professor Sociology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania 2007-present Visiting Professor School of Nursing, College of Health and Science, University of Western Sydney 2002-2005 Adjunct Professor School of Nursing, College of Health and Science, University of Western Sydney 1980-2002 Professor School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco 1977-1980 Associate Professor School of Nursing,
    [Show full text]
  • Antisemitism and Jewish Middle Eastern- Americans Theme: Identity
    Sample Lesson: Antisemitism and Jewish Middle Eastern- Americans Theme: Identity Disciplinary Area: Asian American and Pacific Islander Studies Ethnic Studies Values and Principles Alignment: 1, 3, 4, 6 Standards Alignment: CA HSS Analysis Skills (9–12): Chronological and Spatial Thinking 1; Historical Interpretation 1, 3, 4 CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.9-10.7 10.4 CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.11-12.7 CCSS.ELA- LITERACY.W.11-12.8 CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.11-12.9 Lesson Purpose and Overview: This lesson introduces students to antisemitism and its manifestations through the lens of Jewish Middle Eastern Americans, also known as Mizrahi and Sephardic Jews, whose contemporary history is defined by recent struggles as targets of discrimination, prejudice and hate crimes in the United States and globally. Students will analyze and research narratives, primary, and secondary sources about Mizrahi Jews. The source analysis contextualizes the experience of Jewish Middle Eastern Americans within the larger framework of systems of power (economic, political, social). Key Terms and Concepts: Mizrahi, antisemitism, indigeneity, ethnicity, prejudice, refugees, diaspora, immigration, intersectionality Lesson Objective (students will be able to...): 1 1. Develop an understanding of Jewish Middle Eastern Americans (who are also referred to as Arab Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Sephardic Jews, and Persian Jews) and differentiate the various identities, nationalities, and subethnicities that make up the Jewish American community. 2. Develop an understanding of contemporary antisemitism and identify how the Jewish Middle Eastern American community today is impacted by prejudice and discrimination against them, as intersectional refugees, immigrants, and racialized Jewish Americans. 3. Students will construct a visual, written, and oral summary of antisemitism in the United States using multiple written and digital texts.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle Eastern Americans and Social Welfare
    Victor Flores Issue Brief April 12, 2016 Middle Eastern Americans and Social Welfare Keywords: Middle Eastern Americans, Arab Americans, Social Welfare, Education, Refugees, Poverty, Immigration Key Points: Immigration from the Middle East has increased significantly in recent years. While the number of immigrants from all countries tripled from 1970 to 2000, the number of immigrants coming from the Middle East increased sevenfold. From 2010-2014 Middle Eastern immigrants ranked third among the fastest growing immigrant groups in America. Middle Eastern immigrants are likely to be more educated than the average American. On average have a median income higher than the average American population, but also a higher poverty rate. Background: People of Middle Eastern descent include those of Arab ancestry, some countries in the Caucus region, and North Africa. The vast majority of these people are of Arab or Jewish descent, and for this brief we will be focusing on those of Arab descent, which the U.S. Census Bureau defines as people of Algerian, Bahraini, Egyptian, Emirati, Iraqi, Jordanian, Kuwaiti, Lebanese, Libyan, Moroccan, Omani, Palestinian, Qatari, Saudi Arabian, Syrian, Tunisian, and Yemeni descent.(Asi, 2013) While the 2010 US Census gives an Arab American population of about 1.8 million, the Arab American institute, which has been designated by the US Census Bureau as the only Census information center for data on Arab-Americans, believes that that number dramatically undercounts the population and claims an Arab American population of 3.7 million in the United States. The institute believes that this is due to the fact that there is no separate ethnic category for Arab Americans on the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Identity and Stress Appraisal As Acculturative Stress Processes Among Armenian Americans
    ETHNIC IDENTITY AND STRESS APPRAISAL AS ACCULTURATIVE STRESS PROCESSES AMONG ARMENIAN AMERICANS By Tsolak Michael Kirakosyan A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Psychology: Academic Research Committee Membership Dr. Maria I. Iturbide, Committee Chair Dr. Amber Gaffney, Committee Member Dr. Brandilynn Villarreal, Committee Member Dr. Christopher L. Aberson, Program Graduate Coordinator May 2020 Abstract ETHNIC IDENTITY AND STRESS APPRAISAL AS ACCULTURATIVE STRESS PROCESSES AMONG ARMENIAN AMERICANS Tsolak Michael Kirakosyan The current study examined the role of ethnic identity and stress appraisal as buffers of the relationship between acculturative stress and wellbeing in a national sample of Armenian American adults between eighteen and thirty-nine years old (N = 159; 62.89% women, 32.08% men; mean age = 25.59, SD = 5.30). Acculturative stress positively correlated with depressive symptoms, and negatively with self-esteem and positive stress appraisal. Stronger ethnic identity affirmation and belonging was related to less depressive symptoms, more positive stress appraisal, and greater self-esteem and life satisfaction. In hierarchical linear regression analyses, acculturative stress significantly predicted more depressive symptoms, though it was not predictive of self-esteem or life satisfaction. Two-way interaction effects were not detected between acculturative stress and either intervening variable (i.e., ethnic identity or stress appraisal). Furthermore, the two-way interaction between ethnic identity and stress appraisal did not significantly predict the link between acculturative stress and wellbeing, nor was the three-way interaction between the predictor and the intervening variables. The discussion reviews sociocultural characteristics of the study sample and the population as a whole that may have contributed to these results.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Culture, and Mental Health Among College Students of Middle Eastern Heritage Hasti Ashtiani Raveau Wayne State University
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Commons@Wayne State University Wayne State University Wayne State University Theses 1-1-2013 Ethnicity, Culture, And Mental Health Among College Students Of Middle Eastern Heritage Hasti Ashtiani Raveau Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_theses Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Raveau, Hasti Ashtiani, "Ethnicity, Culture, And Mental Health Among College Students Of Middle Eastern Heritage" (2013). Wayne State University Theses. Paper 312. This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. ETHNICITY, CULTURE, AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS OF MIDDLE EASTERN HERITAGE by HASTI ASHTIANI RAVEAU THESIS Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS 2013 MAJOR: PSYCHOLOGY (Clinical) Approved by: Rita J. Casey, Ph.D. ______________________________ Advisor Date COPYRIGHT BY HASTI ASHTIANI RAVEAU 2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge several people who have helped make this project possible. First, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Rita Casey for her continuous support and guidance. She has been an excellent role model, and her mentorship throughout the entire process has been instrumental. I would also like to thank my committee member: Dr. Emily Grekin and Dr. Jeffrey Kuentzel for their encouragement, support, and feedback. In addition, I would like to recognize all the help I received on this project from the undergraduate research assistants, Aya Muath, Shelley Quandt, Eric Gerbe, Katherine Neill, Karishma Kasad, and Elianna Lozoya.
    [Show full text]
  • Mufdi Colostate 0053A 11227.Pdf
    DISSERTATION CONSTRUCTING THE COLLECTIVE EXPERIENCE OF BEING ARAB AMERICAN IN POST-9/11 AMERICA Submitted by Jamillah L. Mufdi School of Education In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2012 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: James Banning Ellyn Dickmann William Timpson Roe Bubar Copyright by Jamillah L. Mufdi 2012 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT CONSTRUCTING THE COLLECTIVE EXPERIENCE OF BEING ARAB AMERICAN IN POST-9/11 AMERICA The events of September 11, 2001 dramatically changed the lives of Arab Americans. Some lost loved ones in the attacks while others Arab Americans became targets of discrimination and differential treatment because they had names and faces similar to the hijackers or they shared the same religion. Arab Americans defended themselves against accusations of being sympathetic to the hijackers and experienced treatment that indicated Arab citizens were not completely American. Like all Americans, those of Arab descent experienced fear, anger and grief in response to the attacks. Unlike other Americans, Arab Americans experienced fear that blame for the attacks would be place on them and shame that other Arabs committed such atrocities. America came together after the attacks and united as a people. Unfortunately, this unification process seemed to exclude Arab and Muslim Americans. Reports of hate crimes, discrimination and differential treatment climbed sharply and public opinion of Arabs declined steadily. This study examined the experience of navigating post-9/11 America as an Arab American. Findings confirmed that Arab Americans experience differential treatment on a regular basis and that there are commonalities in how the othering occurs.
    [Show full text]