BffiLIOGRAPHY INDEX Bibliography

Writings of Marx and Engels A word of explanation seems appropriate regarding the various editions of Marx and Engels' writings that have been used in the foregoing book and that are listed below. Of the various collected editions, the most complete is the forty• odd-volume Werke published in East . This set has become standard for serious scholarship in the Western world, and I have cited it throughout for those writings that are not available in English. An earlier undertaking started in the 1920s, the Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), was even more comprehensive and scholarly but was never finished. In this earlier set, each writing of the masters was published in its original language; thus I have used it rather than the Werke for Engels' essays that first appeared in the English press, as well as for a few minor items left out of the Werke. (A comprehensive bibliography of all Marx's writings and most of Engels' may be found in Maximilien Rubel, Bibliographie des oeuvres de [: Riviere, 1956], together with its Supplement published in 1960.) The only significant writings for our period that remain un• published at this date are Marx's excerpt notebooks, which I have examined at the lnternationaal lnstituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis in Amsterdam. They have proven useful mainly in a negative way-for example, by showing Marx's lack of interest in the Babouvist-Blanquist tradition, etc. For the English-speaking world, there is now in preparation a full-scale translation of the Werke, to be published in the by International Publishers under the title Collected Works. At the present time, however, only the more important writings of Marx and Engels are available in English, and they are scattered in numerous editions and collections. I have made an effort to use the most standard editions, except where there are more recent translations of greater merit.

GERMAN EvmoNs Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich. Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe. Edited by D. Ryazanoff. 11 vols. , , Moscow: Marx-Engels-Lenin lnstitut, 1927-35. Cited as MEGA. ---. Werke. 39 volumes with a supplemental volume in two parts. Berlin: Dietz, 1956-68. Cited as Werke.

ENGLISH EvmoNs Engels, Friedrich. The Condition of the Working Class in England. Translated and edited by W. 0. Henderson and W. H. Chaloner. Stanford: Stanford, 1968. [345] [346] BmLIOGRAPHY ---. Engels: Selected Writings. Edited by W. 0. Henderson. : Penguin, 1967. ---. The German Revolutions: The Peasant War in Germany and Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Edited by Leonard Krieger. : Chi• cago, 1967. Marx, Karl. The Communist Trial. Translated and edited by Rodney Livingstone. New York: International, 1971. ---. Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of Right.' Translated and edited by Joseph O'Malley. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1970. ---. "The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature." Translated by Norman D. Livergood, in his Activity in Marx's Philos• ophy. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1967. ---. Early Writings. Translated and edited by T. B. Bottomore. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964. ---. The Poverty of Philosophy. Edited by C. P. Dutt and V. Chattopadhyaya. New York: International, n.d. ---. Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society. Translated and edited by Loyd D. Easton and Kurt H. Guddat. Garden City: Doubleday, 1967. Cited as Writings. Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich. Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy. Edited by Lewis S. Feuer. Garden City: Doubleday, Anchor Books, 1959. ---. . Edited by D. Ryazanoff. New York: Interna• tional, 1930. ---. . Moscow: Progress, 1964. ---. The Holy Family. Translated by R. Dixon. Moscow: Foreign Languages, 1956. --.On Religion. Moscow: Foreign Languages, 1957. ---. The Revolution of 1848-49: Articles from the "Neue ." Translated by S. Ryazanskaya. New York: International, 1972. ---. The Russian Menace to . Edited by Paul W. Blackstock and Bert F. Hoselitz. Glencoe: Free Press, 1952. ---. Selected Correspondence: 1846-1895. Translated by Dona Torr. New York: International, 1942. --. Selected Works. 2 vols. Moscow: Foreign Languages, 1951. ---. Writings on the . Edited by Hal Draper. New York: Month- ly Review, 1971. Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich; and Lenin, V. I. and Anarcho-Syndical• ism. New York: International, 1972. Stroik, Dirk J., ed. Birth of the Communist Manifesto. New York: International, 1971. (Contains translation of June and October drafts and other related doc• uments.)

Other Primary Sources Andreas, Bert. Griindungsdokumente des Bundes der Kommunisten (]uni his Sep• tember 1847). Hamburg: Hauswedell, 1969. Blumenberg, Werner. ''Zur Geschichte des Bundes der Kommunisten: Die Aus- BIBLIOGRAPHY (347) sagen des Peter Gerhardt Roser." International Review of Social History 9 ( 1964) :81-122. Draper, Hal. "Joseph Weydemeyer's 'Dictatorship of the .'" Labor His• tory 3 (1962):20S-17. Feuerbach, Ludwig. The Essence of Christianity. Translated by George Eliot. New York: Harper, 1957. Freymond, Jacques, ed. La Premiere Intemationale: Recueil de documents •••• 2 vols. Geneva: Droz, 1962. Gerth, Hans, ed. The First International: Minutes of the Hague Congress .••• Madison: Wisconsin, 1958. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Hegers Philosophy of Right. Translated and edited by T. M. Knox. Oxford: Clarendon, 1962. Hess, Moses. Brie/wechsel. Edited by Edmund Silbemer. The Hague: Mouton, 1959. Institute of -Leninism (Moscow). Documents of the First International: The General Council .•. Minutes. 5 vols. Moscow: Progress, [1964]. Institut fiir Marxismus-Leninismus (Berlin). Der Bund der Kommunisten: Doku• mente und Materialien. Vol. 1: 1836-1849. Berlin: Dietz, 1970. Citi!d as Bund Dokumente. Maximoff, G. P., ed. The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism. Glencoe: Free Press, 1953. Nicolaievsky, Boris. "Toward a History of 'The ' 1847-1852.'' International Review of Social History 1 ( 1956) :234-52. Schieder, Wolfgang. "Der Bund der Kommunisten im Sommer 1850: Drei Doku• mente aus dem Marx-Engels Nachlass.'' International Review of Social H~ tory 13 (1968):29-57. Wermuth, Karl, and Stieber, Wilhelm. Die Communisten-Verschwiirungen des 19. ]ahrhunderts. 2 vols. 1853-54. Reprint (2 vols. in 1). Hildesheim: Olms, 1969.

Secondary Litef'ature For the sake of handy reference, the following list is arranged in simple alpha• betical order. Readers interested in a particular topic may consult the footnotes in the foregoing text at the point where the topic is first seriously introduced. There I have tried to comment on, or at least list, the more significant literature on each particular topic dealt with in the work.

Adams, Henry P. Karl Man in His Earlier Writings. 1940. Reprint. New York: Russell and Russell, 1965. Akademiia Obshchestvennykh Nauk (Moscow). Aw der Geschichte des KJJmpfes von Man und Engels filr die proletarische Partei. Berlin: Dietz, 1961. Althusser, Louis. For Man. Translated by Ben Brewster. New York: Pantheon, 1969. Andreas, Bert. Le Manifeste Communiste de Man et Engels: Histoire et Bibli• ographie 1848-1918. Milan: Feltrinelli, 1963. Aptheker, Herbert, ed. Marxism and DemocrCfCV: A Symposium. New York: Hu• manities, 1965. [ 348) BIBLIOGRAPHY Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958. Ash, William F. Marxism and Moral Concepts. New York: , 1964. Avineri, Shlomo. "Marx and Jewish Emancipation." Journal of the History of Ideas 25 ( 1964) :445-50. ---. "Marx and the Intellectuals." journal of the History of Ideas 28 (1967): 269-78. ---. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1968. ---, ed. Marx's . New York: Lieber-Atherton, 1973. Barion, Jakob. Hegel und die marxistische Staatslehre. Bonn: Bouvier, 1963. Bartel, Horst, and Schmidt, Walter. "Zur Entwicklung der Aulfassungen von Marx und Engels tiber die proletarische Partei." In Marxismus und deutsche Arbeit• erbewegung, edited by Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 7-101. Berlin: Dietz, 1970. Becker, Gerhard. Karl Marx und in Koln, 1848-1849: Zur Ge• schichte des Kolner Arbeitervereins. Berlin: Rutten und Loening, 1963. Berger, Martin Edgar. "War, Armies, and Revolution: Friedrich Engels' Military Thought." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1969. Berlin, Isaiah. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford, 1963. Blumenberg, Werner. Portrait of Marx: An Illustrated Biography. Translated by Douglas Scott. New York: Herder and Herder, 1972. Bockmuhl, Klaus Erich. Leiblichkeit und Gesellschaft: Studien zur Religionskritik und Anthropologie im Friihwerk von Ludwig Feuerbach und Karl Marx. GOt• tingen: Vanderhoeck und Ruprecht, 1961. Bollnow, Hermann. "Engels Aulfassung von Revolution ..." In Marxismusstudien, edited by Iring Fetscher, 1:77-144. Tiibingen: Mohr, 1954. Brazill, William J. The Young Hegelians. New Haven: Yale, 1970. Bruhat, Jean. "La revolution fram;aise et Ia formation de Ia pensee de Marx." La pensee socialiste devant la Revolution frartfaise, edited by the Societe des Etudes Robespierristes, pp. 125-70. Paris: Clavreuil, 1966. Cadogan, Peter. "Harney and Engels." International Review of Social History 10 ( 1965) :66-104. Carmichael, John. Karl Marx: The Passionate Logician. New York: Scribners, 1967. Chang, Sherman. The Marxian Theory of the State. Philadelphia: Spencer, 1931. Cole, G. D. H. A History of Socialist Thought. 5 vols. in 7. New York: StMartin's, 1953-60. Cornu, Auguste. Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels: Leur vie et leur oeuvre. 3 vols. Paris: Presses Universitaires, 1955-62. ---. Karl Marx et la revolution de 1848. Paris: Presses Universitaires, 1948. Dommanget, Maurice. Les idees politiques et sociales d' Auguste Blanqui. Paris: Riviere, 1957. Dowe, Dieter. Aktion und Organisation: Arbeiterbewegung, sozialistische und kom• munistische Bewegung in der preussischen Rheinprovinz, 1820-1852. Han• nover: Literatur und Zeitgeschichte, 1970. BmuoGRAPHY [ 349] Draper, Hal. "Marx and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat." Etudes de Marxologie, edited by Maximilien Rubel, 6:5-73. Paris: Institut de Science Economique Appliquee, 1962. Abridged version in New Politics 1, no. 4 (Summer 1962): 91-104. ---. "The Principle of Self-Emancipation in Marx and Engels." In The Socialist Register 1971, edited by Ralph Miliband and John Saville. London: Merlin, 1971. ---. The Two Souls of Socialism. New York: Independent Socialist Clubs, 1966. Dunayevskaya, Raya. Marxism and Freedom ... from 1776 until Today. New York: Bookman, 1958. Dupre, Louis K. The Philosophical Foundations of Marxism. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1966. Fetscher, Iring. Marx and Marxism. Translated by John Hargraves. New York: Herder and Herder, 1971. Feuer, Lewis S. Marx and the Intellectuals: A Set of Post-Ideological Essays. Garden City: Doubleday, Anchor Books, 1969. Forder, Herwig, Marx und Engels am Vorabend der Revolution: Die Ausarbeitung der politischen Richtlinien fur die deutschen Kommunisten (1846-1848). Ber• lin: Akademie, 1960. ---, and Hundt, Martin. "Zur Vorgeschichte von Engels' Arbeit 'Grundsatze des Kommunismus.' " Beitriige zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung 12 (1970):60--85. Friedrich, Carl J. "The Unique Character of Totalitarian Society." In Totalitarian- ism, edited by Carl J. Friedrich, pp. 47-60. Cambridge: Harvard, 1954. Fromm, Erich. Marx's Concept of Man. 1'\ew York: Ungar, 1961. ---, ed. Socialist Humanism. Garden City: Doubleday, 1965. Garaudy, Roger. Karl Marx: The Evolution af his Thought. New York: Interna• tional, 1967. Grunberg, Carl. "Die Londoner Kommunistische Zeitschrift und andere Urkunden aus den Jahren 1847-1848." Archiv fiir die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung 9 (1921):249--341. Hamerow, Theodore S. Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815-1871. Princeton: Princeton, 1958. Hammen, Oscar J. "Marx and the Agrarian Question." American Historical Review 77 (1972):679-704. --. The Red '48ers: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. New York: Scribners, 1969. Harrington, Michael. Socialism. New York: Saturday Review, 1972. Hertz-Eichenrode, Dieter. "Karl Marx iiber das Bauerntum und die Biindnisfrage." International Review of Social History 11 (1966):382-402. Hillmann, Gunther. Marx und Hegel: Von der Spekulation zur Dialektik. Frank• furt a/M: Europaische Verlagsanstalt, 1966. Hofmann, Werner. "Die Auffassung von der sozialistischen Revolution und der Diktatur des bei Marx und Engels und in der kommunistischen Bewegung der Gegenwart." In Marxismus in unserer Zeit: Beitriige zum zeit• geni:issischen Marxismus, pp. 137-53. Frankfurt a/M: Marxistische Blatter, 1968. [ 350) BIBLIOGRAPHY Hook, Sidney. From Hegel to Marx. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor: Michigan, 1962. ---. Marx and the Marxists: The Ambiguous Legacy. Princeton: Van Nostrand, Anvil Books, 1955. Hyppolite, Jean. Studies on Marx and Hegel. Translated by John O'Neill. New York: Basic Books, 1969. Institut fiir Marxismus-Leninismus (Berlin). Ex Libris Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels: Schicksal und Verzeichnis einer Bibliothek. Berlin: Dietz, 1967. Jackson, J. Hampden. Marx, Proudhon, and European Socialism. New York: Mac• millan, 1958. Johnson, Christopher H. " and the Working Class before Marx: the Icarian Experience." American Historical Review 16 (1971):642-89. Johnstone, Monty. "Marx and Engels and the Concept of the Party." In The Socialist Register 1967, edited by Ralph Miliband and John Saville, pp. 121- 58. New York: Monthly Review, 1967. Kamenka, Eugene. The Ethical Foundations of Marxism. New York: Praeger, 1962. ---. Marxism and Ethics. New York: St. Martin's, 1969. Kandel, E. P., ed. Marx und Engels und die ersten proletarischen Revolutioniire. Translated from Russian by Richard Sperl. Berlin: Dietz, 1965. Karl Marx: Chronik seines Lebens in Einzeldaten. Edited by Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute. Moscow: Marx-Engels, 1934. Kautsky, Karl. The Dictatorship of the Proletariat. Translated by H. J. Stenning. 1919. Reprint. Ann Arbor: Michigan, 1964. Kowalsky, Werner. Vorgeschichte und Entstehung des Bundes der Gerechten. Ber- lin: Rutten und Loening, 1962. Kiinzli, Arnold. Karl Marx: Eine Psychographie. Vienna: Europa, 1966. Kupisch, Karl. Vom Pietismus zum Kommunismus. Berlin: Lettner, 1953. Landauer, Carl. European Socialism. 2 vols. Berkeley: California, 1959. Laski, Harold. Harold Laski on the Communist Manifesto. New York: Random House, 1967. Lichtheim, George. From Marx to Hegel. New York: Herder and Herder, 1971. ---.Marxism: An Historical and Critical Study. New York: Praeger, 1961. ---. The Origins of Socialism. New York: Praeger, 1969. ---. A Short . New York: Praeger, 1970. Lobkowicz, Nicholas, ed. Marx and the Western World. Notre Dame: Notre Dame, 1967. Lowith, Karl. From Hegel to Nietzsche: The Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Thought. Translated by David E. Green. New York: Holt, 1967. Lowy, Michael. La theorie de la revolution chez le jeune Marx. Paris: Maspero, 1970. McLellan, David. Karl Marx: His Life and Thought. New York: Harper, 1973. ---. Marx Before Marxism. New York: Harper, 1970. ---. The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx. New York: Praeger, 1969. Maihofer, Werner. "Recht und Staat im Denken des jungen Marx." In Karl Marx 1818-1968: Neue Studien zu Person und Lehre. Mainz: Hase und Koehler, 1968. Mandel, Ernest. The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx. Translated by Brian Pearce. New York: Monthly Review, 1971. BIBLIOGRAPHY (351] Mautner, Wilhelm. "Zur Geschichte des Begriffs 'Diktatur des Proletariats.' " Archiv fur die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung 12 (1926):280- 83. Mayer, Gustav. Friedrich Engels: Eine Biographie. 2 vols. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1934. Abridged edition in English translation: Friedrich Engels: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1936. Mayer, Henry. "Marx, Engels and the Politics of the Peasantry." Etudes de Marx• ologie, edited by Maximilien Rubel, 3:91-151. Paris: Institut de Science Eco• nomique Appliquee, 1960. Mayo, Henry B. Democracy and Marxism. New York: Oxford, 1955. Mehring, Franz. Karl Marx: The Story of His Life. Translated by Edward Fit• gerald. 1935. Reprint. Ann Arbor: Michigan, 1962. Mende, Georg. Karl Marx' Entwicklung vom revolutioniiren Demokraten zum Kom• munisten. 3rd ed. Berlin: Dietz, 1960. Meyer, Alfred G. Marxism: The Unity of Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Harvard, 1970. Meyer, Hermann. "Karl Marx und die deutsche Revolution von 1848." Historische Zeitschrift 172 (1951):517--34. Miliband, Ralph. "Marx and the State." In The Socialist Register 1965, edited by Ralph Miliband and John Saville, pp. 278-96. New York: Monthly Review, 1965. Miller, Susanne. Das Problem der Freiheit im Sozialismus. Frankfurt a/M: Eu• ropiiische Verlagsanstalt, 1964. Molnar, Erik. La politique d'alliances du marxisme (1848-1889). Budapest: Aka• demiai Kiad6, 1967. Monz, Heinz. Karl Marx und Trier. Trier: Neu, 1964. ---. "Die rechtsethischen und rechtspolitischen Anschauungen von Heinrich Marx." Archiv fiir Sozialgeschichte 8 (1968):261-83. Moore, Stanley. The Critique of Capitalist Democracy: An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. New York: Paine-Whitman, 1957. ---. Three Tactics: The Background in Marx. New York: Monthly Review, 1963. Miihlestein, Hans. "Marx and the Utopian ." Science and Society 12 (1948):113-29. Na'aman, Shlomo. "Zur Geschichte des Bundes der Kommunisten in Deutschland in der zweiten Phase seines Bestehens.'' Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte 5 (1965): 5--82. Nicolaievsky, Boris. "Who Is Distorting History?" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 105 (1961):209-36. --- and Maenchen-Helfen, Otto. Karl Marx: Man and Fighter. Translated by Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1936. Nova, Fritz. Frederick Engels: His Contributions to Political Theory. New York: Philosophical Library, 1967. Noyes, P. H. Organization and Revolution: Working-Class Associations in the German Revolution of 1848-1849. Prince.ton: Princeton, 1966. [352] BmLIOCRAPHY Obennann, Karl. Zur Geschichte des Bundes der Kommunisten 1849-52. Berlin: Dietz, 1955. ---. "Zur Geschichte des Kommunistischen Korrespondenzkomitees im Jahre 1846, insbesondere im Rheinland und in Westfalen." Beitriige zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung 4 (1962): 116-43. Papaioannou, Kostas. "Le parti totalitaire." Le Contrat social 10 (1966): 161-70, 236-45. Payne, Robert. Marx. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968. Plamenatz, John. German Marxism and Russian Communism. London: Longmans, Green, 1954. ---. Man and Society. 2 vols. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963. Popper, Karl R. The Open Society and its Enemies. Princeton: Princeton, 1950. Pranger, Robert J. "Marx and Political Theory." Review of Politics 30 (1968):191- 208. Rosenberg, Arthur. Democracy and Socialism: A Contribution to the Political His• tory of the Past 150 Years. Translated by George Rosen. London: Bell, 1939. Rossiter, Clinton. Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1963. Rubel, Maximilien. "Les Cahiers de lecture de Karl Marx." International Review of Social History 2 (1957) :392-420; 5 (1960) :39-76. ---. "Le concept de democratie chez Marx." Le Contrat social 6 (1962):214-20. Modified version in English in New Politics 1, no. 2 (Winter 1962):78-90. ---. Karl Marx: Essai de biographie intellectuelle. Paris: Riviere, 1957. ---. Marx-Chronik: Daten zu Leben und Werk. Munich: Hanser, 1968. ---. "Remarques sur le concept du parti proletarien chez Marx." Revue Fran- {:aise de Sociologie 2 (1961): 165-76. Sanderson, John. An Interpretation of the Political Ideas of Marx and Engels. New York: Ferhill, 1969. ---. "Marx and Engels on the State." Western Political Quarterly 16 (1963): 946-55. Schefold, Christoph. Die Rechtsphilosophie des fungen Marx von 1842. Munich: Beck, 1970. Schieder, Wolfgang. Anfiinge der deutschen Arbeiterhewegung: Die Auslandsver• eine im Jahrzehnt nach der Julirevolution von 1830. Stuttgart: Klett, 1963. Schmidt, Walter. "Der Bund der Kommunisten und die Versuche einer Zentrali• sierung der deutschen Arbeitervereine im April und Mai 1848." Zeitschrift fur Geschichtswissenschaft 9 (1961):577-614. Schraepler, Ernst. "Der Bund der Gerechten: Seine Tatigkeit in London 1840- 1847." Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte 2 (1962):5-29. ---. Handwerkerbunde und Arheitervereine, 1830-53. Berlin: deGruyter, 1972. Schuffenhauer, Werner. Feuerbach und der iunge Marx. Berlin: Wissenschaften, 1965. Schwartzschild, Leopold. Karl Marx: The Red Prussian. Translated by Margaret Wing. New York: Scribners, 1947. Silberner, Edmund. "Was Marx an Anti-Semite?" Historia Judaica 11 (1949):3-52. Skrzypczak, Henryk. Marx Engels Revolution. Berlin: Colloquium, 1968. BIBLIOGRAPHY [353) Sowell, Thomas. "Marx's 'Increasing Misery' Doctrine." American Economic Re• view 50 (1960):110-20. Spitzer, Alan. The Theories of Louis Auguste Blanqui. New York: Columbia, 1957. Talmon, J. L. The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy. New York: Praeger, 1960. ---. Political Messianism: The Romantic· Phase. New York: Praeger, 1960. Tucker, Robert C. The Marxian Revolutionary Idea. New York: Norton, 1969. ---. Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1961. Turetzki, W. A. Die Entwicklung der Anschauungen von Marx und Engels iiber den Staat. Berlin: VEB, 1956. Ulam, Adam B. The Unfinished Revolution: An Essay on the Sources of Influence of Marxism and Communism. New York: Random House, 1960. Ullrich, Horst. Der junge Engels. 2 vols. Berlin: VEB, 1961-66. Varain, Heinz Josef. "Die Entwicklung der Revolutionstheorie bei Karl Marx his zum Jahre 1844." Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 14 (1963):342- 59. Wolfe, Bertram D. Marxism: One Hundred Years in the Life of a Doctrine. New York: Dial, 1965. Index

Alienation: Feuerbach on, 56-57; and Engels and, 15, 16, 149, 170, young Marx on, 63, 67-71, 74, 77, 255, 263, 300, 302 90; young Engels on, 101 Blanqui, Louis Auguste: putative Anarchists: Marx and Engels on, influence on Marx and Engels, 9, 118--19, 154, 312-16, 317, 319; as 13-14, 46, 125, 133, 236, 339, 341; faction in IWA, 307-10; Marx's Marx and Engels' lack of contact "debate" with Bakunin, 320-28 with, 14, 171, 306; Marx and Engels Antiquity, classical: Marx on, 24--25, on, 14, 231, 251, 299, 302, 310-11, 47, 56, 60-61, 82--84, 279; Rousseau 312; compared to Lenin, 161-62, on, 53-54, 84; Hegel on, 54; 342. See also Blanquist secret dictatorship in, 286--88 societies Armed forces, Marx and Engels on: Blanquist secret societies: League of revolutionary, 121-22, 130, 138, 147, the Just and, 11, 152-61, 263; Marx 208--09, 224-26, 244, 315-16; of old and Engels and, before 1848, 90-91, order, 295-96, 331-32 112, 144; united front with, in 1850, Artisans: economic decline of, 138-39, 132, 230-31, 249-53, 257, 258, 150-51; role in League of the Just, 297-302, 305; Engels' critiques of, 150-58. See also Communist League, 244--45, 310-12, 330-31; Marx's tensions within critique of, 250-53; united front with, Atheism: young Marx and, 28, 58; in 1871, 30~10, 312-13 Feuerbach and, 56-57; young Engels Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, 10, 125n, and, 100-01, 122-23. See ~so 129,218,230,232,233 Christianity Bonaparte, Napoleon, 19, 21, 22, 98, Aufhebung (transcendence), 79--81, 99, 104n, 127 85, 130, 135 Bonapartism, theory of, 129 Avineri, Shlomo, 50, 79, 125 Born, Stephan, 221, 222, 278 Borne, Ludwig, 9~98, 100 Bourgeoisie. Revolution, bourgeois Babeuf, Gracchus: Talman's views on, See 4, 7-9; ideas of, 7-9, 259, 289, 290; Bourgeoisie, petty. See Petty bourgeoisie putative influence on Marx and Democratic Association, 171, Engels, 13-16, 46, 48, 133, 339, 342 191 Bakunin, Mikhail, 316, 317, 319, Buonarroti, Philippe, 9, 14--16, 133, 320-28. See also Anarchists 259, 339 Barthelemy, Emmanuel, 250, 257 Bureaucracy: Marx and, 42-44, 46, Bauer, Bruno, 28, 30, 68, 69n 64-66, 81, 125; Hegel on, 55; Engels on, 119-20, 295 Bauer, Heinrich: and League of the Burgers, Heinrich, 149, 150n, 271, 274 Just, 112, 152, 153, 155; and Communist League, 239, 242, 268, Burschenschaft movement, 29, 95-96 269, 270 Bebel, August, 317 Cabet, Etienne, 9, 119, 263 Blanc, Louis: ideas of, 10-11; Marx Carlyle, Thomas, 122-23, 253 [355] [356] INDEX

Cavaignac, Louis-Eugene, 290, 291 of 1847, 159, 164, 265-67; as a Censorship. See Press, freedom of the vanguard party, 161-75; role in 1848 Chartism: young Engels and, 106, revolutions, 170-72; dissolution of 108-12 passim, 116-17, 141, 145; 1848,172-75,192,239,243, 268-69; Marx and Engels on, 136, 191, tensions within, 185-91, 239-42, 228-29, 314. See also Party, mass 256-57; revival of, 227, 239, 269-70; Chiliasm: as element in totalitarianism, schism of 1850, 254-57, 270-72; 3-4, 13, 337, 338-39; Hess and, 12; statute of 1848, 269-70; statute of Marx and, 12, 86, 92, 338; in 1851, 272; trial and dissolution of Judea-Christian tradition, 13, 92, 1852, 272-73. See also Party, 339; Engels and, 101, 338; among vanguard German artisans, 151-52 Communist Manifesto: earliest draft of, Christianity: and chiliasm, 13, 92, 339; 136-37, 187-88, 189; drawing up of, conversion of Marx's family to, 20; 187-90, 266-67; compromises Marx and, 24, 28, 47, 68-71; contained in, 189-91 Feuerbach and, 56-57; Engels and, Communists, twentieth-century: 94, 96, 98, 100. See also Church and interpretations of Marx and Engels, state, separation of 10, 49-50, 74-75, 130, 133, 147, Church and state, separation of: Marx 174-75, 236, 258, 284-85, 342. See and Engels on, 26-27, 42, 138, 312. also Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich See also Christianity Consciousness. See Self-education of the Circular, March. See March Circular masses Civil rights and liberties: Marx on, Constitution of 1793: drafting of, 6; 32-33, 71, 136, 173-74, 181, 235, Babouvists and, 7, 8, 9; Marx and 248, 296; Engels on, 96, 108, 119-20, Engels on, 72-74, 136. See also 248, 296, 312, 335-36. See alSfJ French Revolution of 1789-1795 Intolerance, political; Press, freedom Constitutional monarchy. See of the . See State, theories of Criticism, philosophical: Young Classless society. See Communism Hegelian concept of, 27-28; Marx Cologne Democratic Society, 192, 197, and Engels on, 27-28, 34-35, 44-45, 216,221,223,274-75 90, 279, 281, 283 Cologne Workers' Society: organized by Gottschalk, 173, 275; Marx's role in, Deism: H. Marx and, 18-19; young 192, 221, 222, 276-79; artisans in, Marx and, 24, 28. See also 197, 216, 27S.:..76; statutes and Christianity organization of, 275-76, 277-79 Democracy. See Civil rights and Communism: Marx dissociates self liberties; Republicanism; Universal from, 45; Marx's conversion to, 49-50, 51-53, 58-59, 74-75, 131; Democrats, "petty bourgeois." See Petty Marx's conception of, 74-84, 323-26; bourgeoisie Engels' conversion to, 104-05, 131; Deprofessionalization, 81-84, 121-22, Engels' conception of, 116-23. See 130, 325-26 also State, disappearance of Despised, League of the. See League of Communist Correspondence Committee the Despised of Brussels: founding of, by Marx Dictatorship: as element in totalitarian• and Engels, 148-50; merger with ism, 3, 9, 13, 287-88, 289-90; as League of the Just, 154-55, 157-59; putative ambition of Marx, 259-83 censure of Kriege, 157, 262-63; passim, 284; history of concept organization of, 261-62 285-90; Roman institution of, 286-87; Communist League: bifurcated roots of, Marx and Engels' early use of the 146-52; founding of, 157-59; statute word, 290-91 INDEX [357] -constituent: concept of, 28&--90; of Marx and Engels thereafter, Marx and Engels on, 291-97 182-83, 219, 228, 233, 253, 329 -educational: Babeuf on, S--9, 289--90; Education. See Intellectuals, role of; Weitling on, 11, 153, 155-56, Self-education of the masses 197-98; Marx and Engels on, Engels, Friedrich: for Engels' relation 197-98, 290, 296, 326-28, 341-42; to other persons, see name of person Lenin on, 341-42. See also concerned; for his relation to Intellectuals, role of organizations, see name of organiza• -of the allied majority classes, 232, tion; and for his ideas, see individual 233, 300 topics. Birth, 94; schooling, 94-95; -of the bourgeoisie, 231, 234, 300--01. apprenticeship in Barmen, 95-100; See also Revolution, bourgeois in Berlin, 100-04; first meetings with -of the proletariat: Locus 1a, 301; Marx, 105, 113; in Manchester, Locus 1b, 302 ( also 231 ) ; Locus 2, 105-13; return to Barmen, 113-16; 298 (also 249); Locus 3, 303; Locus in Brussels and Paris, 124, 148-49, 4, 304-05; Locus 5a, 312-13; Locus 154, 170-71, 191; during 1848 5b, 313-14; Locus 6, 314-15; Locus revolution, 172-73, 192-93, 203-05, 7, 310 (also 299); Locus 8, 31&--19; 223-27; in London, 227, 240, 249, Locus 9, 329; Locus 10, 331; Locus 257, 272-73, 279-80. See also Marx 11, 333; hearsay use of, 1871, and Engels contrasted 30&-09; hearsay use of, 1893, 335; Engels, Friedrich, Sr., 94, 105, 114, 124 functions of, 290, 295-97, 315-16, Enlightenment: as origin of totalitarian 321, 331-32; lack of educational democratic ideas, 4, 12n; H. Marx functions, 290, 296, 316, 326-28, and, 18, 20; Marx and, 20-21, 24, 45; 332; and "rule" of the proletariat, Young Hcgelians and, 29-30 290, 297, 304, 313-14; as compromise Equality before the law: young Marx slogan with the Blanquists, 297-302, on, 37; young Engels on, 98, 99. See 305-06, 308--09; as distinguished also Law from Blanquist conception, 299, Erfurt Program of 1891: Engels tries to 310-12, 319; temporary character influence, 328, 329-30; Engels' stressed, 302, 303, 305, 308, 313, 315, critique of, 332-34 318-19, 331; equated with demands Ethics of revolution: Marx and Engels of Manifesto, 303-04, 313; as on, 111, 133-35, 142, 143-47, contrasted to anarchist program, 209--10; Mazzini on, 142-43. See also 30&-09, 31&--19, 320-21; equated Peaceful transition to communism; with democratic institutions, 314, Rioting; Terror 319, 331-32, 333-34; used to shock Ewerbeck, Hermann, 90-91, 149, 154, reformists, 31&--19, 331, 333; 175n abstinence from use of, 326-28; Executive branch of government: Marx factional nature of phrase, 334, 341 and Engels on, 41-44, 80-81, Diets, provincial, of : Marx on, 194-95, 317, 333. See also Armed 39, 40-41, 64; Hegel on, 55 forces; Bureaucracy; Dictatorship; Division of labor, transcendence of. See Separation of powers Deprofessionalization Doctors' Club. See Young Hegelians Fanaticism. See Intolerance, political; Draper, Hal, 285, 297, 302, 306 Totalitarian democracy Feuerbach, Ludwig: ideas of, 28, 35, Eccarius, Georg, 239, 242, 268, 269, 270 56-58, 70; Marx and, 46, 58, 59, Economic ideas: of the young Marx, 6&--71, 89; Engels and, 100--01 73-74, 75-77, 87-88; of the young Flacon, Ferdinand, 170, 263 Engels, 109--10, 114-15, 124; as Fourier, Charles, 9, 52, 119 developed in the Manifesto, 138-42; Fmnce, Marx and Engels' views on: [358] INDEX

before 1848, 126-27, 178--89, 191; : young Engels' views on, during 1848, 199, 215-16, 218; in 105-12, 115, 116-17, 122, 125; Marx 1849--1850, 230-35, 249--52, 290-91, and Engels on, 178, 191, 228-29. 300--{)2. See also French Revolution See also Chartism of 1789--1795; Paris Commune Greece. See Antiquity, classical Fraternal Democrats, 191 Frederick William III, King of Prussia, Hamilton, Thomas, 52, 67 19, 30, 98-99 Harney, Julian, 111, 141, 149, 178, 191, Frederick William IV, King of Prussia: 228,249,250,257,263 young Marx and, 30, 32, 40, 55, 136; Hegel, G. W. F.: influence at University young Engels and, 100-01; role in of Berlin, 26, 27-29; Marx and, 35, 1848 revolution, 193, 206-07, 223 44, 46, 50-51, 59--66, 75, 78, 81, 87; Freedom: as conceived by liberal and ideas of, 35, 44, 54-56, 64-65; totalitarian democrats, 4; Marx on, Feuerbach and, 58; Engels and, 100. 36-38,46,47,69, 74, 90,130, 318; See also Young Hegelians Engels on, 119--20, 130. See also Civil Heilberg, Louis, 149, 183 rights and liberties; Press, freedom Heine, Heinrich, 88, 96 of the Herwegh, Georg, 172 Freien, die. See Young Hegelians Hess, Moses: ideas of, 11-12, 106; Marx Freiligrath, Ferdinand, 95, 149, 282-83 and, 45, 51-5!~ Engels and, 105--06, Freistaat (free state), 317-19 113, 114, 119; role in Communist French Revolution of 1789--1795: as League, 175n, 183, 188; role in seedbed of totalitarian democracy, Communist Correspondence 4-9, 288-90; Marx and Engels on, Committee, 261, 263 62-63, 71-74, 116, 122, 136, 144, Hineinwachsen (growing into), 330, 146,195,200,203,213-14,224, 332, 333 293-95, 322. See also France Humanism: Marx and, 24, 35-36, 46, Friedrich, Carl J ., 1, 13, 287 58, 69, 74, 77, 89, 130-31; Feuerbach and, 56-57, 58; Engels and, 100--{)1, Cans, Eduard, 28-29, 37 122-23, 130-31 Gattungswesen ( species-essence ) : young Marx on, 36, 58, 63, 70-71; lmmiseration, theory of, 87-88, 110, Feuerbach's concept of, 56-57, 70; 140. See also Polarization, social young Engels on, 123 Intellectuals, role of: Marx and Engels Gemeinwesen (commonwealth), 42, 80 on, 88-92, 113-16, 123, 162-68, German Legion, 172 326-28. See also Party, vanguard; Germany, Marx and Engels' views on: Self-education of the masses before 1848, 47-48, 91, 99--100, International Working Men's Association 101--03, 128-29, 137-38, 176-85, (IWA), 279, 306-10 190-91; during 1848, 191-211; in Intolerance, political: as characteristic 1849--1850, 213, 216-27, 235-48; in of totalitarian democrats, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, later years, 328, 329-33. See also 337-38; Marx and Engels and, Prussia 156-57, 261-63, 335-36, 337-38. See Gigot, Philippe, 136, 149 also Civil rights and liberties Gotha Program of 1875: Marx and Engels' critiques of, 316-19, 328, Jewish emancipation: H. Marx and, 329-30 18-20; Marx and, 68-69; Engels and, Gottschalk, Andreas: and Communist 96,99 League, 173; and Cologne Workers' Judiciary: Marx and Engels on, 39, 82, Society, 192, 204, 221, 222, 275, 276, 99, 103, 108, 119--20, 292, 295. See 277; on permanent revolution, also Law; Separation of powers 219--20,246 Just, League of. See League of the Just INDEX [359] Kant, Immanuel, 23, 36, 38, 46 Marx, Karl: for Marx's relation to other Kautsky, Karl: on dictatorship of the persons, see name of person proletariat, 284, 285, 334; Engels concerned; for his relation to and, 329--30, 332 organizations, see name of organiza• Koppen, Karl Friedrich, 29--30 tion; and for his ideas, see individual Kriege, Hermann, 156, 157, 261, topics. Birth, 20; schooling, 23-24; 262-tl3, 338 university education, 25--31; betrothal and marriage, 25--26, 49; as editor of Lafargue, Paul, 306, 308 the Rheinische Zeitung, 30-46; first Lassalle, Ferdinand, 317, 319, 320. See meetings with Engels, 46, 105, 113; also Gotha Program of 1875 at Kreuznach, 49-51; in Paris, 49-50, Law: H. Marx on, 19; Marx on, 26, 77; in Brussels, 124, 148-49, 171-72, 3W4, 37-40, 46; Cans and Savigny 191; during 1848 revolution, 172-73, on, 28-29, 37 192-93, 203-10, 225--26, 273-74; League of the Despised, 153, 26~4 return to Paris in 1849, 226, 227, League of the Just: young Marx and, .230; in London, 227, 240, 249, 90-91; young Engels and, 112; 253-54, 257, 272-73, 279-80. See history of, 150, 15W6; merger with also Marx and Engels contrasted Communist Correspondence Marx and Engels contrasted: in Committee, 157-59; statutes and background and experiences, 17, 52, organization of, 264, 268 94-95, 100, 104, 124; in ideas, 26, Legislative branch of government: 44, 93, 102-03; in their theories of Marx and Engels on, 37, 39-41, 78, the state, 66, 93, 108, 125--27 81-82, 107, 194-95, 333. See also Mazzini, Giuseppe, 100, 142-43, 146, Separation of powers 230 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: on the Messianism. See Chiliasm vanguard party, 161-62; on Militia. See Armed forces dictatorship of the proletariat, 284, Moll, Joseph: and the League of the 315, 334, 341-42; mentioned, 133, Just, 112, 155, 158, 187; and the 175, 176, 236, 282 Communist League, 173, 239, 240, Liberalism: of H. Marx, 18-22; of 268, 269; and the Cologne Workers' young Marx, 21-22, 23-25, 26-27; of Society, 197, 221, 275, 276; killed, Ludwig von Westphalen, 22-23; of 242 Young Hegelians, 27; Marx and Monarchy: young Marx on, 30-31, Engels on, 101, 134, 216. See also 63-64; Hegel on, 54-55; young Civil rights and liberties; Revolution, Engels on, 97-98, 101--02, 106--07. bourgeois See also Liberalism Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 327, 330 Moore, Stanley, 13, 133 Literary Casino Society of Trier, 19, Miilberger, Arthur, 312-14 20-21,22,23 Luning, Otto, 303--04 Napoleon. See Bonaparte Luxemburg, Rosa, 342 O'Connor, Feargus, 111, 136, 228 Marat, Jean Paul, 185n, 245, 289 Oriental despotism, theory of, 129 March Circular: drawing up of, 235--36, Owen, Robert, 10, 120, 165, 259 242-43; compromises contained in, 243-48 Paris Commune: Marx and Engels on, Marx, Hirschel/Heinrich: life, 18-20; 130, 307, 315--16, 317-18; as a influence on Marx, 18, 21-22, 25, dictatorship of the proletariat, 26-27, 45; ideas, 20-21 308-09, 330-32, 333-34. See also Marx, Jenny (nee von Westphalen), 25, France 49 Party: Marx and Engels' use of the [360] INDEX word, 163-64, 281-83; views on Petty bourgeoisie: Marx and Engels on one-party rule, 34, 47, 248, 332 economic decline of, 138-39; as -democracy within: Marx and Engels political allies, 182-83, 191-93, on, 159, 240, 261n, 267, 270-71; in 215-26, 232-35, 237-38, 243-44, Proudhon's societies, 260; in the 254-55, 274-75, 300-01; loss of Communist Correspondence confidence in, 226-27, 230, 235, Committee, 261-62; in the League of 237-38, 243-44, 258. See also the Despised, 263-64; in the League Revolution of the allied majority of the Just, 264; in the Communist classes League, 265-73; in the Cologne Plekhanov, Georgii, 334-35 Democratic Society, 274-75; in the Polarization, social: Marx and Engels Cologne Workers' Society, 275-79 on, 87-88, 109-10, 114-15, 138-42, -expulsion from: in the League of the 233 Despised, 264; in the League of the Polis. See Antiquity, classical Just, 264; in the Communist League, Popular sovereignty: Marx and Engels statute of 1847, 267; statute of 1848, on, 77-79, 99, 194 270; statute of 1851, 272; in the Praxis: Young Hegelian concept of, Cologne Workers' Society, 278; Marx 27-28; Marx on, 27-28, 34-36. See on, 271. See also "Purges" of also Criticism, philosophical Weitling and Kriege Press, freedom of the: Marx and, 31-35, -mass: Marx and Engels' efforts to 73, 136, 17~74, 181, 235, 240; create, in Germany, 16~64, 165, Engels and, 99, 102--03, 108 192, 221-22, 244, 278-79; Marx and Proletariat: Marx and Engels on Engels' advocacy of, 168, 252-53, emancipatory role of, 49-50, 86, 90, 282-83, 340. See also Chartism; 111-12, 126, 218. See also Dictator• Self-education of the masses ship of the proletariat; lmmiseration, -secrecy within: Marx and Engels on, theory of; Revolution of the 159, 169-70, 17~74, 231, 240-41, proletarian majority; Self-education 279, 283; artisans on, 160, 236, of the masses 239-40, 243, 270, 272n; Lenin on, Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph: Marx and 162; in the Communist League, 164, Engels and, 52, 118-19, 149, 318, 266-67, 270, 272; in the League of 326; private ambitions of, 259-60. the Despised, 263-64; in the League See also Anarchists of the Just, 264 Prussia: Marx and Engels' views on, -vanguard: as element in totalitarian• 32-33, 38-43, 63-66, 101-02, ism, 3, 9, 13; Communist League as, 125-27, 291-96. See also Germany 132, 147-48, 161-75; Lenin on, "Purges" of Weitling and Kriege, 161-62; Marx and Engels and, 156-57, 261-63 279-83, 339-40. See also Intellectuals, role of Republicanism: young Marx's Peaceful transition to communism: conversion to, 30-31, 42; young Marx and Engels on, 135, 144-45, Marx's critique of, 66-74, 80; young 258, 333 Engels' conversion to, 95, 99, 103n; Peasantry: Marx and Engels on young Engels' critique of, 117-18; economic decline of, 138-39, 233; as Marx and Engels' advocacy of, in political allies, 182-83, 225, 232-34, 1848-1850,137-38,196,211,214-17, 237-38, 255, 257-58, 300-01; on 223, 233, 234-35; in later years, 319, winning support of, 321-23. See also 333 Revolution of the allied majority Revolution: See also Ethics of classes Revolution; Rioting; Tactics of Permanent revolution. See Revolution, insurrection; Terror permanent -bourgeois: artisan hostility toward, INDEX [361] 151-52, 186--89; Marx and Engels' tions, 238, 256; on the schism of support of, in Germany, 176--81, 1850, 240, 241, 242, 256; as Cologne 190-91, 193-97, 210; on failure of, working-class leader, 271, 276 179, 210-11. See also Dictatorship of Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: Talmon on, 4, the bourgeoisie 5; ideas of, 5, 53-54, 288; H. Marx -minority: Babeuf on, 7--8; putatively and, 18; young Marx and, 40, 46-47, endorsed by Marx and Engels, 86, 52, 56, 68-70, 74, 82, 84; young 113, 176-77, 235-36, 340; Marx and Engels and, 99 Engels on, 112, 144, 156, 168-70, Ruge, Arnold, 30, 31, 42, 44, 45, 47-48, 180--81, 251-53, 254--55, 310-12; 49, 50, 113, 143 artisans on, 152, 158, 160, 240-42, Russia: Marx and Engels' views on, 246, 255; Weitling on, 153-54 214-15, 228, 258, 318, 322, 324, -of the proletarian majority ( Strategy 334-36 I): Marx's initial vision of, 44-45, Rutenberg, Adolf, 29 84-92; Engels' initial vision of, 98, 101, 104, 111-12, 115; ethical Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de, 9, justification of, 133-35, 142-47; 22-23, 120 linked with universal suffrage, Schapper, Karl: and the League of the 135-38; linked with social polariza• Just, 112, 152, 153, 155, 263; ideas tion, 138-42; on immediate agenda of, 156, 157, 158, 160, 255; and the only for Britain, 178, 228-29, 258, Communist League, 173, 189, 239, 340 240, 268, 269; and the Cologne -of the allied majority classes ( Strategy Workers' Society, 197, 221, 275, 276; II): for France before 1848, 178-79, and the schism of 1850, 241, 242, 191; for Germany before 1848, 254--57, 270, 271, 272, 305 181--85, 189-91; for Germany during Schmidt, Conrad, 329 1848, 191-93, 197-98, 207-11, 212; Scientism: as disguising Marx and for France in 1849-1850, 215, Engels' moral commitment, 49-50, 232-35, 300-02; for Germany in 75, 116, 131, 142; and tolerance, 336, 1849-1850, 216-27, 237-38, 254-56, 338 257-58; in later years, 321-23 Secrecy. See Blanquist secret societies; -permanent: idea of, in Manifesto, Party, secrecy within 176-77; in protracted sense of Marx Self-education of the masses: Marx and and Engels, 178-85, 238, 245, 254, Engels on, 89-92, 110, 115-16, 255-56, 340; specific use of slogan, 165-68, 185, 229, 233-34, 254; as 185n, 200, 231, 238n, 245; as an related to proletarian dictatorship, · ambiguous compromise, 189-91, 290, 296, 324, 328, 341-42. See also 245-47, 249-50; Gottschalk and Intellectuals, role of; Party, mass Willich on, 219-20, 246, 249; parallel Separation of church and state. See to use of "dictatorship of the Church and state, separation of proletariat," 298 Separation of powers: Marx and Engels Rhenish District Committee of on, 39, 46, 103, 138, 292-94. See also Democrats, 192, 208, 220-22, 275 Executive branch of government; Rights. See Civil rights and liberties Judiciary; Legislative branch of Rioting: Marx and Engels' warnings government against, 203-05, 252 Slavic peoples, Engels on, 200-01 Robespierre, Maximilien, 6, 9, 32, 84, Social Democratic Party of Germany: 288 Engels on, 313-14; unified at Gotha, Rome. See Antiquity, classical 316-17; Marx and Engels' critiques Roser, Peter Gerhardt: on 1848 of the Gotha Program of 1875, dissolution of the Communist League, 317-19; Engels on the Edurt 173-74; on Marx's future expecta- Program of 1891, 328, 329-34 [362] INDEX

Social Democrats, twentieth-century: ship; Revolution, minority; Party, interpretations of Marx and Engels, vanguard; Terror 9-10, 80, 130, 133, 258 Totalitarianism: defined by Friedrich, Sovereignty. See Popular sovereignty 3; relation to totalitarian-democratic State, disappearance of: young Marx ideas, 4-9, 13, 285, 287, 289-90, on, 45, 79-84; young Engels on, 337-39 118-22; merger of two conceptions Trade unions: Marx and Engels on, of disappearance, 130; as contrasted 165-68 with anarchist program, 303, 308-09, Transformative method, 58, 59-00 313, 315, 317-19, 323, 324; Paris "True democracy": Marx on, 67, 74-84 Commune as example of, 317-18, True Socialism, 154, 262, 303 331-32. See also Communism State, theories of: young Marx's United States: Marx and Engels' views (parasite state), 37-38, 39, 44, 45, on, 33, 67-71, 7~77, 79n, 103, 59-74; Hegel's, 54-55, 59; young 119-21, 145 Engels' (class state), 108-09, Universal Society of Revolutionary 119-20; two theories distinguished, Communists, 249-50, 252, 257, 298 125-27; two theories merged, Universal suffrage: young Marx on, 73, 127-29; two theories and the classless 78-79, 85-86, 88, 135-38; young society, 130 Engels on, 107-08, 111, 11~17, Stein-Hardenberg reforms in Prussia, 120-21, 135-38; Marx and Engels' 19, 22, 23 advocacy of, in 1848-1850, 141-42, Stein, Lorenz von, 52, 87, 104 208, 217-18, 229, 233-34, 301; in Strategy. See Revolution; Tactics of later years, 324-25. See also insurrection Republicanism Strauss, David Friedrich, 28, 100 Suffrage, universal. See Universal Vaillant, Eduard, 307, 308, 309, 312, suffrage 313n Voden, Alexei, 328, 334-35, 338 Tactics of insurrection: Marx and Engels Volksstaat (people's state), 317-18, on, 224-26 320, 327 Talmon, J. L.: on totalitarias democracy, 4-9; on Marx, 4, 9, 12, War: Marx and Engels' views on, 86, 92, 337; views assessed, 9-13, 214-15, 227-28. See also Armed 337-42 forces Terror: as element in totalitarianism, 3, Weitling, Wilhelm: ideas of, 11, 9, 13; Robespierre on, 6; Babeuf on, 153-54, 155-56; young Marx and, 8; young Marx on, 32, 46; young 91; young Engels and, 105, 114, 121; Engels on, 145-46; Neue Rheinische and the League of the Just, 15W8 Zeitung passages on, 198-203, 248; passim, 186, 187; Brussels showdown March Circular on, 247-48; Willich with Marx, 15~7, 179, 261-62; on, 248; and the dictatorship of the Cologne showdown with Marx, proletariat, 296; and the Paris 197-98, 296 Commune, 312, 315-16; Classical Westphalen, Ludwig von, 22-23, 25 Marxism and, 340-41. See also Weydemeyer, Joseph, 149, 303, 304-05 Ethics of revolution; Rioting Willich, August von: Engels as adjutant Tolain, Henri, 307-08 to, 226; emergence in the Communist Totalitarian democracy: as defined by League, 240, 241, 242; influence on Talmon, 4; historical development of, the March Circular, 246, 248; on 4-10; evaluated as a concept, 9-13, permanent revolution, 246, 249, 340; 337-39; and, and the Universal Society of 132-33, 337-42. See also Dictator- Revolutionary Communists, 249, 298; INDEX [363] and the schism of 1850, 254, 256--57, Young Germany: Engels and, 96, 100 270, 271, 272, 305 Young Hegelians: ideas of, 27-31; Wolfe, Bertram D., 13, 199, 236 Marx and, 27-31, 34, 35, 36, 45-46; Wolff, Wilhelm, 149, 171, 187n, 223, Engels and, 100, 104 269 Wyttenbach, Hugo, 23, 25