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José Carlos Mariátegui Y El Socialismo De Nuestra América

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José Carlos Mariátegui Y El Socialismo De Nuestra América Mariátegui José Carlos Mariátegui y el socialismo de Nuestra América Miguel Mazzeo Abierto al debate ©Miguel Mazzeo. José Carlos Mariátegui y el socialismo de Nuestra América ©Fondo Editorial de la Asamblea Nacional “Willian Lara” Junta directiva Dip. Diosdado Cabello Rondón Presidente Dip. Darío Vivas Primer vicepresidente Dip. Blanca Eekhout Segunda vicepresidenta Fidel Vásquez Secretario Elvis Hidrobo Subsecretario Fondo Editorial de la Asamblea Nacional “Willian Lara” Presidente Farith Fraija Norwood Edición y corrección al cuidado de: Carlos Alberto Zambrano Rodríguez Juaníbal Reyes Sirley Rita Rodríguez Hernández Diseño y diagramación: Armando Rodríguez Hernández ISBN: 978-980-7603-16-4 Depósito Legal lf 38720133204093 biertoColección al debate A Esta colección es de máxima importancia para nuestro Fondo Editorial “Willian Lara” toda vez que representa el espacio preciso donde los distintos autores vuelcan sus posiciones sociales e ideológicas, así como sus fundadas y argumentadas apreciaciones respecto del camino revolucionario y socialista del siglo XXI por donde, felizmente, transita la Patria de Bolívar. En fin, un resquicio editorial donde se expone –de forma abierta– el pensamiento crítico en el que estamos sumidos para una mejor comprensión y entendimiento de la formación constante de nuestro pueblo en lo que corresponde a los saberes políticos, sociales, culturales y económicos; elementos que complementan y refuerzan la actual Batalla de Ideas tan necesaria para el nuevo ciudadano venezolano. No se transforma artificialmente a una sociedad. José Carlos Mariátegui Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana …una revolución continúa la tradición de un pueblo, en el sentido de que es una energía creadora de cosas e ideas que incorpora definitivamente en esa tradición, enriqueciéndola y acrecentándola. Pero la revolución trae siempre un orden nuevo, que habría sido imposible ayer. La revolución se hace con materiales históricos; pero, como diseño y como función, corresponde a necesidades y propósitos nuevos... José Carlos Mariátegui Temas de Nuestra América Índice Nota para la edición venezolana 15 Prólogo: Pequeño aviso para leer a Mazzeo, que lee a Mariátegui 19 Presentación 27 I 27 II 31 III 33 IV 39 V 41 VI 42 Introducción 47 Vigencia de Mariátegui 47 La hermenéutica mariateguiana: método y metáfora en Mariátegui 57 Sobre nuestro lugar hermenéutico 68 Un “centro de gravedad”: los “elementos de socialismo práctico” 78 Capítulo 1: Los trabajos y los días 95 Sobre los períodos del pensamiento mariateguiano 95 La “edad de piedra” 101 El descubrimiento de América (en Europa) 128 De regreso al Perú. Los años de intensa labor intelectual y organizativa 143 La realidad peruana 150 Polémica en dos frentes 163 Capítulo 2 Mariátegui en el marco de la tradición socialista y marxista de Nuestra América y Argentina 175 Contextos de una exégesis 175 “Superamericanismo” y “europeísmo” 180 Estratos de interpretaciones. A modo de síntesis general 188 de las principales visiones sobre Mariátegui 188 Mariátegui en Argentina 224 Capítulo 3 No violentar la realidad, artificios no: la noción de elementos de socialismo práctico. Algunos de sus significados e implicancias teóricas y políticas 257 Los elementos de socialismo práctico: definiciones básicas 257 El “comunismo incaico”: breve referencia histórica 263 El “comunismo incaico” como insumo simbólico de un programa político 280 Realidades violentadas 304 Bases para un socialismo no artificial 315 Capítulo 4 Sobre el carácter “relacional” de los elementos de socialismo práctico y sobre las bases empíricas objetivas e ideales del socialismo de Nuestra América 323 Principios de socialismo y anticapitalismo prácticos 323 El marxismo, la comunidad campesina y el “romanticismo revolucionario” de Mariátegui 336 Populismo ruso y marxismo: Mariátegui y la comunidad campesina 351 El socialismo “de aquí”: lo universal y lo particular 359 Ni calco ni copia 368 Capítulo 5 El “hallazgo” de un sujeto: sobre la reformulación de la alianza obrero-campesina 379 El marxismo y la cuestión campesina (una introducción) 379 Dos momentos y dos concepciones del campesinado en Mariátegui 396 La alianza obrero-campesina como materia del bloque histórico 404 Para una crítica del “etapismo” 409 Capítulo 6 Los elementos de socialismo práctico y el marxismo como “método” y “evangelio” 417 Hermenéutica del verbo 417 Unidad de teoría y práctica 423 El sujeto a la luz de los elementos de socialismo práctico 435 Sobre el carácter fundante de la praxis 438 El dogma como brújula y no como itinerario 443 Capítulo 7 Los elementos de socialismo práctico y la crítica al dirigismo y a las visiones partidocéntricas 447 La cuestión del poder en Mariátegui 447 El partido político según Mariátegui 463 El “Frente Único” 478 La política como actividad creadora 485 Conclusiones 491 Pensar a contracorriente 491 Realismo y utopía 493 Nexos 497 Apuesta y creación 499 Traducciones 507 La justa dimensión del internacionalismo 512 Realizar a Mariátegui 516 Bibliografía 525 Obras de José Carlos Mariátegui 525 Obras sobre José Carlos Mariátegui 527 Obras en general 544 Nota editorial para la edición Venezolana — {15} La Fundación Editorial de la Asamblea Nacional “Willian Lara” ha- ciéndose eco de uno de los principales objetivos de nuestra Revolución Socialista –en primer lugar del gigante eterno e invicto Presidente Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías, y del actual primer Presidente obrero y chavista, Nicolás Maduro Moros– como lo es el acercamiento al Poder Popular y al grueso de la población venezolana, entrega a los lectores esta impor- tante obra del compañero Miguel Mazzeo. Texto donde encontramos una grandiosa vertiente para aprender, informarnos y deducir todas las propuestas que introduce el autor para rechazar, con argumentos sóli- dos, la posición dominante del imperio norteño. Propuestas que están encaminadas a profundizar en uno de los temas que más han interesado a nuestra Revolución Bolivariana: redescubrir los pormenores arcaicos que propuso el Norte a fin de que estas tierras siguieran atadas a dic- támenes foráneos. Factor que contó en distintos momentos históricos con el apoyo de rectores de esta nación sureña y demás entreguistas que, durante largos años auparon el papel hegemónico de la potencia nortea- mericana y de las transnacionales de su cohorte. {16}Nota edtorial para la edición Venezolana Ante esa propulsión de la hegemonía, Mazzeo nos propone ir más allá dentro de nuestras realidades y, con una pluma irreverente, nos in- cita a profundizar en todas las instituciones nacionales y suramericanas que, en un papel de lucha contra-hegemónica, han nacido desde el Sur y el Caribe para contrarrestar los viejos esquemas foráneos que nos tuvie- ron dominados por más de 500 años. En consecuencia, un texto en el cual el lector sumergirá sus conoci- mientos y conseguirá novedosos y necesarios argumentos en la batalla actual de ideas, o mejor dicho, en la presente artillería del pensamiento que contrarresta, en mucho, las ideas imperantes e impuestas desde los grandes centros de poder mundiales. Sirvan las anteriores palabras para que, además de entregarle al lec- tor un texto con tema pertinente para la lucha que proseguimos tras la partida del inmortal arañero de Sabaneta, sigamos con uno de nues- tros principales objetivos en el Fondo Editorial “Willian Lara”: publi- car todo libro que enaltezca los valores patrios y ayude a visualizar las maneras de enfrentar las arremetidas del capitalismo en la tierra de los hijos de Bolívar. Sirvan también estas palabras para aclarar al lector: en la presente labor editorial se ha respetado, en todo lo posible, la palabra y expresión fidedigna del autor, incluso el inicial prólogo, con el objeto de que la obra permanezca íntegra en todas sus exposiciones y en la manera de expresarlas nuestro buen amigo y compatriota Miguel Mazzeo. Farith Fraija Norwood Febrero 2014 Prólogo: Pequeño aviso para leer a Mazzeo, que lee a Mariátegui — {19} Volver sobre la obra de un clásico siempre es un desafío que encierra grandes riesgos y posibilidades. Un autor es clásico si, además de ser un intérprete lúcido de su tiempo, sus percepciones trascienden lo epocal y continúan siendo productivas para entender las problemáticas del pre- sente, por eso suele ser recuperado una y otra vez, bajo las circunstancias que se renuevan en la historia. De ahí que el principal peligro resida en un retorno superfluo sobre lo vastamente transitado, sin demasiado aporte ni originalidad. A la vez, y como contracara, la mirada de los grandes pensadores puede ser una linterna poderosa para iluminar los dilemas del presente. Miguel Mazzeo ha tomado el riesgo de llevarnos a leer nuevamente a José Carlos Mariátegui, uno de los grandes teóricos y políticos de Nues- tra América, y ha logrado no solo sortear las trampas de la obviedad o la banalización a las que tienden siempre las revisitas, sino que nos ha abierto las compuertas para dejar fluir hacia el futuro las potentes intui- ciones y los anhelos del peruano. Su lectura mariateguiana, a partir de la noción de “elementos de socialismo práctico”, teje el lazo exacto entre lo dicho y lo actuado en su perspectiva histórica por el Amauta y aquello Prólogo {20}Pequeño aviso para leer a Mazzeo, que lee a Mariátegui que sedimenta como fermento para abonar el camino emancipatorio de las luchas populares del presente, que es lo que inquieta a Mazzeo y por eso consigue conmovernos especialmente con su aporte. Un rasgo central de este libro es que refiere a un hombre firmemente arraigado en su tiempo, con la mente y las entrañas, y está escrito por otro hombre comprometido a fondo con la militancia social y política de nuestros días. Mazzeo toma del peruano más que las palabras y la modalidad del ensayo como cauce propicio para unir rigurosidad inte- lectual y belleza, razonamiento mesurado y pasión sostenida. Toma la esencia del compromiso activo con el hacer transformador de su tiempo. Por eso es capaz de penetrar a fondo en el pensamiento de Mariátegui y traducirnos al traductor y traerlo a caminar con nosotros en la búsqueda de un horizonte de cambios radicales.
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