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Chapter 3 Japan’S Foreign Policy in Major Diplomatic Fields Chapter 3 Japan’S Foreign Policy in Major Diplomatic Fields CHAPTER 3 JAPAN’S FOREIGN POLICY IN MAJOR DIPLOMATIC FIELDS CHAPTER 3 JAPAN’S FOREIGN POLICY IN MAJOR DIPLOMATIC FIELDS A EFFORTS AIMED AT PEACE AND STABILITY IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY Overview policy and not becoming a military power that might Ensuring domestic and international security was the pose a threat to other countries. Japan’s defense capa- top priority issue for the Japanese Government bility has systematically been upgraded under the throughout 2003, as responding to threats to the peace National Defense Program Outline adopted in and security of the international community, including November 1995 and the Mid-Term Defense Program Japan, has become one of its major tasks. The interna- (FY2001–05) adopted in December 2000. In December tional community is fraught with many volatile factors 2003, when the Japanese Government decided to intro- such as threats of the outbreak of complex and diverse duce a Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) system with a regional conflicts, international terrorism and the prolif- view to making Japan’s defense capability suitable for eration of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and the new security environment that has emerged in recent their delivery means. The Asia-Pacific region is no years, the government indicated that it would formulate exception as there still exist unpredictable, uncertain a new National Defense Program Outline in advance by elements including the North Korean nuclear issue and the end of 2004 as a premise for the new Mid-Term terrorism in Southeast Asia in particular. Defense Program. Given this security environment, Japan intends to The safety and prosperity of Japan and Japanese continue, as it has so far, to embrace a security policy people are intertwined with the peace and stability of with the following three main pillars: (1) firmly main- the world. Hence, it is essential for the Japanese taining the Japan-US Security Arrangements; (2) Government to engage actively in diplomatic efforts at moderately building up Japan’s defense capability on an various levels and pursue the realization of the peace appropriate scale; and (3) pursuing diplomatic efforts to and prosperity of the international community. Japan ensure international peace and security. intends to continue to exercise an active role through the With regard to the Japan-US Security Arrangements, following efforts: bilateral and multilateral cooperation it is necessary for Japan to uphold its security under the to ensure regional stability; political and security forward deployment of the US Forces by firmly main- dialogue and cooperation toward building confidence taining the Japan-US Security Treaty. Japan intends to with other countries; the strengthening of arms control, solidify further its alliance with the United States (US). disarmament and the non-proliferation regime, efforts to In 2003, Japan established the Three Laws regarding address regional conflicts by means of conflict prevention Response to Armed Attacks for handling emergency and participation in United Nations (UN) Peacekeeping situations. Operations (PKO); the enhancement of regional stability Under the Constitution, Japan has moderately built up through support and cooperation in the economic devel- its defense capability in accordance with the fundamental opment of countries in the region; and efforts to prevent principles of maintaining an exclusively defense-oriented and eradicate international terrorism. 1 Japan-US Security Arrangements (a) Overview Since Japan is unable to respond to all the situations that Even after the end of the Cold War, uncertain and might threaten the country’s security solely with its own unstable factors such as regional conflicts due to defense capabilities, Japan must uphold its security complex and diverse causes, the proliferation of WMD under the deterrence provided by firmly maintaining the and missiles, still persist in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan-US Security Treaty and thereby securing the 136 A EFFORTS AIMED AT PEACE AND STABILITY IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY forward deployment of US Forces. From this perspec- Junichiro Koizumi and Minister for Foreign Affairs Yoriko tive, Japan must continue unremittingly with its efforts Kawaguchi, both sides shared the view that the basis for to further enhance the credibility of the Japan-US Japan-US relations could be found in the strong Japan-US Security Arrangements. As a part of such efforts, in Security Arrangements, and candid views were exchanged order to ensure the effectiveness of the new Guidelines on a broad range of issues regarding the international situa- for Japan-US Defense Cooperation, Japan has been tion including Iraq and North Korea. continuing with bilateral defense planning in case of an armed attack against Japan and mutual cooperation (b) Missile Defense planning in situations in areas surrounding Japan. The proliferation of WMD and ballistic missiles can be In addition, the Japan-US Security Arrangements, based pointed out as one of the most important changes in the on the Japan-US Security Treaty, function effectively as a security environment in addition to terrorism. Japan and basic framework not only to ensure the peace and pros- the US share the same recognition on the growing threat perity of Japan and the Far East region, but also to realize posed by the proliferation of ballistic missiles. Ballistic peace, stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region. Missile Defense (BMD) is an inherently defensive At the Japan-US Security Consultative Committee capacity to respond to attacks by ballistic missiles for (2+2 Meeting) held in Washington in December 2002, one which there would be no alternative, with the purpose of of the major points in the discussion was how to advance protecting lives and property of the people of Japan, and cooperation between Japan and the US in security in light its development is an important challenge for Japan’s of the changing international security environment, and defense policy, which is exclusively defense-oriented. both sides agreed to strengthen consultations concerning Based on this concept, Japan and the US have continued bilateral security. Based on this, close working level to conduct joint research on BMD technologies since consultations have been under way. Furthermore, when 1999. As a result of considerations within the govern- Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld of the US visited ment, the Japanese Government determined that BMD Japan in November 2003 and met with Prime Minister technologies are highly feasible and that a BMD system Japan-US Consultations on Security Issues (as of March 2004) Members and participants Name Subject Japan US Japan-US Security Consultations on issues that promote Minister for Foreign Affairs Secretary of State Consultative understanding between the Minister of State for Defense Secretary of Defense Committee (SCC) governments of Japan and the US Others (Before December 26, 1990, (2+2 Meeting) and contribute to the strengthening US Ambassador to Japan, of cooperative relations on security Commander in Chief of the issues, thereby serving as a Pacific Command) foundation for security. Japan-US Security Exchange of views on security issues (Not strictly established, but in recent years) Subcommittee in which both Japan and the US have Director-General, North American Affairs Assistant Secretary of State (SSC) interest. Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Assistant Secretary of Defense Director General, Bureau of Defense Others Policy, Defense Agency Others Japan-US Joint Consultation between the Director-General, North American Affairs Minister-Counselor, US Committee governments of Japan and the US on Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Embassy in Japan every issue which requires Director General, Defense Facilities Deputy Commander, US Forces consultation between the two Administration Agency Japan countries concerning the Others implementation of the Japan-US Status of Forces Agreement. 137 CHAPTER 3 JAPAN’S FOREIGN POLICY IN MAJOR DIPLOMATIC FIELDS BMD Architecture and Concept of Operation Detection and tracking by various sensors Midcourse phase (ground-based radar and Aegis destroyers) Upper-tier interception by Aegis destroyers (exo-atmosphere) Terminal phase Boost phase Lower-tier interception by Patriot PAC-3 (endo-atmosphere) JASDF Surface to Air Missile SM-3 (SAM) Units (upgrade of already existing Ballistic missile systems + acquisition of missiles) JASDF Aircraft Warning and Control Units Ground-based radar (upgrade and still under development) PAC-3 PAC-3 Protected area Command post Aegis destroyers Protected area JASDF JMSDF Maritime Units BADGE system (command, control Aegis destroyers and communications system) (upgrade of already existing ships + (upgrade of already existing acquisition of missiles) systems) BMD commander ASDF commander Source: Defense Agency. is appropriate for Japan’s exclusively defense-oriented their shared view that it is necessary to continue to make defense policy, and decided in December 2003 to serious efforts to resolve issues related to the stationing develop a BMD system. of US Forces in Japan, including efforts in order to promote “good neighbor” relations between US Forces (c) Various Issues concerning US Forces and local communities. Stationed in Japan In particular, the importance of reducing the burden To ensure the smooth and effective operation of the on the people of Okinawa, where about 75% of US Japan-US Security Arrangements, it is important that facilities and areas are concentrated,
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