DEPARTMENT OF ICHTHYOLOGY Rhodes University, Grahamstown

ICHTHYOLOGICAL BULLETIN No. 26

ISSUED OCTOBER, 1962

The Rare “Furred-Tongue” uraspis (Gunther) from South , and other new records from there

by

J. L. B. SMITH

Research Professor and South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Fellow in Ichthyology

Illustrations by Margaret M. Smith

(Published by the Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The main funds covering numerous extensive expeditions in the Western Indian , on which much of this work is based, were provided by the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, who also made a special grant for the publication of this Bulletin. We are grateful to Rhodes University for a special grant to cover postages on type specimens.

We acknowledge also extensive facilities and assistance received in the Western from the authorities of Mozambique, Tanganyika, Kenya, Zanzibar, Pemba, and all islands (excepting French terri­ tories) there, also from numerous private persons and collectors.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. R. Liversidge, M.Sc., of Port Elizabeth, for the specimen of Uraspis and for a photograph of the live . Special thanks are due to Dr. W . I. Follett, California Academy of Sciences, and to Dr. W. Klausewitz, Frankfurt, for the loan of valuable types. To Dr. A. W right, of Durban, we are indebted for many valuable specimens. ft The Rare "FURRED-TONGUE" (Gunther), from South Africa, and other new records from there

(W ith Plates 73 and 74) by J. L. B. SMITH Research Professor and South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Fellow in Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.

The strong westerly Indian Ocean sub-Equatorial Current washes the tip of and strikes Africa at about Cape Delgado. Here it divides, the southerly branch, a powerful stream, known as the Mozambique current, flows southwards along the of East Africa, its effects distinct as far as the Cape of Good Hope. One result of this warm current is that tropical are carried further south than almost anywhere else in the world, and species commonly occurring only in low latitudes are constantly being found surprisingly far south. During early 1962 the flow of the Mozambique current was unusually strong and temperatures far above normal have been recorded along the South African coast to and beyond Algoa . W ith this there have been numerous discoveries there of tropical species not before found south of Mozambique. Below are described the most outstanding.

FAMILY .

During the past century at odd mostly long intervals there have appeared records and descrip­ tions of certain rather small Carangid , characterised by edentate white furred tongue and inside of mouth, and sometimes by the unusual armature of the straight part of the . These have almost always been single specimens, most rather small. Until recently records have been from the western north Atlantic (5), (1), (1), Western Pacific (5), (3), (2). In 1961 W illiams reported 3 small specimens from equatorial East Africa, the first from the western Indian Ocean. Recently a specimen has been found at Algoa Bay, the first from South Africa, fortunately still alive, and of particular interest as being the smallest ever described. These fishes fall in the Uraspis Bleeker, 1855.*

Uraspis Bleeker, 1855. The Furred-Tongues. (Plate 73). T ype Uraspis B leeker, 1855 (E. In die s) = uraspis Gunther, 1860 (new name, carangoides homonym in Caranx). In most respects similar to Caranx Lacepede 1802, differing in the absence of teeth from palate and tongue, in having a thick white membrane on tongue, roof and floor of mouth (the rest dark), and in the different nature of the armature of the straight part of the lateral line, the scutes sometimes more or less ankylosed, the lateral spinose projection of each with age more keel-like than in Caranx and with the apices sometimes directed forwards. Snout rather blunt. A sharp median predorsal ridge to snout. In each jaw irregularly curved sharp stout or slender caniniform teeth, usually biserial or triserial in juveniles, uniserial with age, palate and tongue edentate. Two dorsal fins, the first of 6-8 feeble spines, front 2 anal spines mostly obsolete at relatively early stage. Pectoral short in the young, longer with age, pelvics may be elongate in young, shorter with age. Breast naked. These fishes plainly undergo considerable changes with growth and as they are widespread in the but nowhere more than occasional rarities, most specimens found have been named as new, the latest, juveniles from East Africa described by W illiams 1961, 66. Although these East African specimens agree in all determinable characters of any importance with the diagnosis of U.carangoides Blkr, 1855 ( = U.uraspis Gunther, 1860) W illiam s describes them as new. He has taken a great deal of trouble to give a detailed and critical' analysis on the basis of a world review, but his references to literature are in an unusual form in­ convenient to others. He had apparently not known of the Australian specimens, for otherwise, apart from their identity with uraspis Gnthr, he could scarcely have failed to see that his own speci­ mens are identical with Caranx hullianus McCulloch, 1909 from Australia (Sydney), thoroughly described and well figured from a specimen 112mm length (PI 73, C). Scute counts as quoted by W illiams 1961 are rather variable, but that is probably due to different methods of counting. The number of protruding spines is always lower than the total of individual scutes of all sizes taken from the origin of the straight part of the L.l. to its end on the tail. *S ee Note p. 508 505 PLATE 73

A - D . Uraspis uraspis (Gnthr). A. 56mm (Algoa Bay). B. Same, alive. (Photo: R. Liversidge), C. 112mm. After McCulloch (Australia). D. Type of U.reversa J. E. & W. 315mm (Hawaii). E. U. helvola (Forster) 235mm (Red Sea). Type of Caranx micropterus Ruppell, 1835. The overall systematic picture involving the various stadia from the Indo-Pacific is complicated by comparable specimens from the Atlantic, all so far identified as Uraspis Heidi Fowler, 1938. These agree in almost every respect w ith uraspis Gunther, 1860, and while Williams maintains his w akiyai 1961 as distinct from Heidi Fowler, the data leaves only the following distinction, quoted from W illiams 1961, 83:

“ (a) Dark cross bands on body do not reach on to second dorsal and anal fins Heidi (A tla n tic ) (b) Dark cross bands on body reach on to the second dorsal and anal fins w akiyai (Indo-Pac).”

This is a slender and scarcely tenable basis for differentiation at specific level in Carangid fishes where banding is a common juvenile phase and lost at highly variable stages in growth. After an exhaustive study of descriptions, including the Australian specimen, of the data compiled by W illiams, of my own specimen and of one of the types of Uraspis reversa Jordan, Evermann & W akiya, 1927 from Hawaii (kindly lent by Dr. W . I. Follett), it does not seem possible to distinguish clearly b e tw e e n uraspis Gunther, 1860, hullianus McCulloch, 1909, Heidi Fowler, 1938 and w akiyai W illiams, 1961.

None of the characters on which different species have been based, i.a. uniserial or biserial teeth, antrorse or retrorse scute points, variation in fin and gillraker counts and lengths of pectoral and pelvics, appear to be singly of significance at specific level. They are accountable as develop­ mental change and to not unusual variability in Carangid fishes. W illiam s’ view that uraspis G u n th e r is inadequately defined because the type is missing is scarcely tenable. The original description w ith later material for reference amply defines the species. Caranx helvolus Forster, 1833 plainly falls in this genus. It was stated by the author to have been found at Ascension Island, Atlantic, but most investigators cast doubt on this, and it is signifi­ cant that all further comparable specimens have come from the Red Sea and Indo-Pacific.* W illiams 1961, 83 distinguishes helvola Forster, from Heidi Fowler, and w akiyai W illiams (which latter fall in uraspis Gnthr, as here defined):

(a) Teeth in jaws biserial, except that posteriorly in lower jaw may be uniserial. Majority of points of lateral line scutes directed anteriorly. D ark cross bands on b o d y ...... (uraspis) (b) Teeth in jaws uniserial. Points of lateral line scutes normal, i.e. directed posteriorly. No cross bands on body ...... Helvola" Unfortunately both the small S. African specimen and the 315mm Hawaiian fish described below cut clean across this differentiation for while the smaller has pleuriserial teeth, its scute points are lateral; and the larger has uniserial teeth but also antrorse scute points. By kindness of Dr. W. Klausewitz I have been able to examine the 235mm type of Caranx micropterus Ruppell, 1835 from the Red Sea. This is in excellent condition and is described and shown below. W hile clearly congeneric with the other specimens described here, it differs funda­ mentally, and agrees with the general diagnosis of helvola Forster. These two apparent forms are so closely related in almost all general features and meristic counts that were it not for the fact that differences show clearly from the earliest known stadia, the possibility of sexual dimorphism might be suspected. From available data the two appear to be distinguishable at all stadia as follows: A. Pelvic always longer than half length of pectoral. Some teeth distinctly and strongly curved. Some scute points antrorse w ith age ...... uraspis B. Pelvic shorter than half length of pectoral. Teeth erect, hardly recurved. Scute p o in ts re tro rs e ...... helvola

Uraspis uraspis (Gunther, 1860) (PI 7 3 ).

Uraspis carangoides B leeker, 1855, 4 1 8 (E. In d ie s). Caranx uraspis Gunther 1860, 444 (carangoides Bleeker, 1855 inadmissible, homonym in Caranx). Caranx hullianus McCulloch 1909, Rec. Austr. Mus. VII No 4, 319, PI 91 (Australia). Caranx uraspis W akiya 1924, 207, PI 3 1, fig 1 (Japan). Caranx helvolus (non Forster, 1833) Wakiya 1924, 206, PI 28, fig 4 (Japan). Caranx micropterus (non Ruppell, 1835) Wakiya, 1924, 206, PI 30, fig 2 (Japan). Uraspis reversa Jordan, Evermann & W akiya 1927, 658 (Hawaii). Uraspis riukiuensis Wakiya in Jordan, Evermann and Tanaka, 1927, 659 (Japan). Uraspis Heidi Fowler 1938(a), 150 (New Jersey). Uraspis wakiyai Williams 1961, 66,

* See Note p. 508 506 fig 1 (PI IV; no caption). (Zanzibar). Description of 56mm length specimen from Algoa Bay (34°S x 25°30’E), found alive in a tide pool, March 1962. Standard length 45mm: (PI 73, A, B): D V lll + I 28. A II+ 1 22. P 2,21. Scutes 32 (26 with points). 6+1 + 14 gillrakers, both sides. Depth 2.1, head 2.5 in body. Eye 2.5 in head, about equals flat interorbital and snout, 1.2 in postorbital. Predorsally a sharp median ridge that ends on hind part of flat interorbital, forming an apparent concavity in dorsal profile above mid eye. Nostrils typically ovoid, closely adjacent before eye, anterior with margin and flap. Opercular bones entire. Snout blunt, lower jaw projects slightly, mouth cleft horizontal, well below eye, maxilla to below hind edge of pupil. Sharp slender many strongly curved caniniform teeth in 2-3 irregular rows round the front and side of each jaw, in upper the inner series obsolete behind, in lower the outer obsolete behind, leaving the teeth more or less uniserial behind in hind part of each jaw. No other part of mouth dentate, but whole tongue with strongly papillose thick skin. Gillrakers slender, the five lower before the angle sub­ equal longest, almost equal eye, their apices clearly visible alongside tongue inside mouth.

Dorsal spines feeble, fin low, soft fin much higher, rays highest in front third, almost half body depth, graduated shorter behind. Base of soft fin 2.2 in body. Anal higher in front, about ½ body depth, front spines present but hidden, rays shorten rapidly hindwards. Pectoral broad, rounded, 1.4 in head, reaches well beyond start of straight part of L.l. Pelvics 1.25 times head, reach almost to end of anal. Caudal forked, lobes rounded. L.l. curve low, this part slightly shorter than rest. Scutes small but well developed, lateral keels all end in lateral to slightly retrorse blunt points. Breast and sides of chest naked. In life most of head greenish yellow, the body bars dark blue-black, extending on to fins, rest of body bright golden, also dorsal and anal fins. Caudal and pectoral light hyaline, pelvics black. Inside of mouth mostly light, not strikingly white. The live fish (PI 73, B) w as a striking bizarre object, the eyes strongly protruding.

By kindness of Dr. W. I. Follett, I have been able to examine one of Jordan, Evermann & W akiya’s types, about 315mm length, 265mm std. length, labelled “ No 307, Type Uraspis reversa H a w a ii’ ’ . (PI 73, D). It is as follows: D V lll + l 29. A I 21. P 3,22. On L.l. 26 scute points visible from above, total scutes on straight part about 34. Gillrakers 7+1 + 14 on each side, five before angle longest, about 2/3 eye. Depth 2.4, head 3.4 in body. Eye 4.5 in head, 1.5 in interorbital and snout, 2 in postorbital, slightly more than preorbital depth. Adipose eyelids not over eye. Mouth oblique, lower jaw projects, front of lower jaw about level with lower margin of eye, maxilla to below front of pupil. In each jaw one irregular series of slender irregularly more or less curved sharp caniniform teeth, become smaller and irregularly biserial on hinder fourth of upper jaw, symphysis widely and rest of mouth, edentate. Inside mouth, tongue, front of lower jaw and most of palate w ith thick white skin, the rest dusky. set depressed, spines feeble, spinous fin plainly lower than soft, longest spine about 3.5 in head. Front soft rays highest, 5th about 2.4 in head, shorten behind, base of soft fin 2.2 in body. Anal rays higher in front, about 2.3 in head, base of fin 2.8 in body. Pectoral (out from body) 1.1 times head, reaches origin of straight part of L.l. Pelvics 1.4 in head, reach well beyond vent which is 1.5 times further from pelvic origin than anal. Caudal forked, peduncle slender, depressed, depth less than eye. Scales minute, breast before pelvics and triangular area each side quite naked. Front of L.l. a flat curve, ends about above anal origin, straight part 1.1 times length of curved part, scutes well developed, most with strong lateral keel, 12 from behind with clearly antrorse point, those in front with lateral apices rounded, the keels almost ankylosed. Whole fish as preserved uniform darkish.

There appears no valid reason to doubt that the above specimens are conspecific as juvenile and adult, as they intergrade via the adequate intermediate stadia that have been described. W aki­ ya’s data of his 1924 specimens agree well with J. E. & W akiya’s type now described.

Uraspis helvola (Forster, in C & V, 1833) (PI 73, E)*

Scomber helvolus Forster in C & V, 1833, 104. Caranx micropterus Ruppell 1835, 46, PI 13, fig 1 (Red Sea). Carangus helvolus Snyder 1902, 504 (Hawaii). Caranx helvolus Jordan & Evermann 1905, 196, PI 32 (Hawaii). Leucoglossa candens and L.albilinguis Jordan & Evermann and Tanaka 1927, 660-1 (Hawaii). Leucoglossa herklotsi Herre 1932, 151 (China). Uraspis pectoralis F o w ler 1938(b), 46, fig 17 (Philippines). Described from the type of Caranx micropterus Ruppell 1835, Red Sea, total length 235mm; Std. length 180mm. D V lll + l 27. A 11 +1 21. P 23. Gillrakers 5+1 + 14. Lateral line scutes total 30. Depth 2.4, head 2.9 in body. Eye 3.4 in head, 1.1 in inter­ orbital, about equals snout, almost twice preorbital depth. Predorsally a sharp median ridge to beyond nostrils. Nostrils adjacent, elongate ovoid, midway between eye and snout tip, anterior

* See Note p. 508 507 with low flap behind. Snout fairly blunt, lower jaw projects, mouth cleft oblique, in front above level of lower edge of eye, maxilla to before front of pupil. Small stout sharp little incurved teeth uniserial in each jaw, rest of mouth edentate. Inside mouth, front of lower jaw, whole of tongue, and most of palate with thick white furry membrane. Gillrakers moderately slender, those on middle of outer limb longest, almost half eye. Dorsal spines feeble, broken, longest probably not more than 2/3 eye, soft fin higher in front, about 1.5 times eye, hindmost rays about half eye, anal similar. One isolated spine before anal. Base of 2nd dorsal 2 in body. Pectoral falcate, 1.05 times head, apex to beyond origin of straight part of L.l. Pelvics short, 2.6 in pectoral, reach halfway to anal. Caudal deeply forked. Scutes well developed, ends of keels square cut mostly with retrorse point. Breast before pelvics and triangular area each side naked. L.l. curve low, curved part equals straight, to end at caudal base. As preserved uniform whitish, no sign of any marks. W illiams’ 1962, 87 quotation of “ Forster J. R. 1775. Descript, . . . . ’’ is n o t u n d e r­ standable. It is not listed in Sherborn. Is this perhaps confusion with Forskal 1775?

NOTE

W hile this paper was in the press we received one by Dr. J. Cadenat, in Bulletin d’lnst. Franc. d’Afr. Noire, vol XXIV, series A, No 1, pp 270-282, dated January 1962 giving data of 13 specimens o f Uraspis, 172-397mm length, from the of West Africa (Senegal). He identifies all as heidi Fowler 1938, showing i.a. a photograph of a 397mm specimen, its caudal armature and its denti­ tio n , (as heidi Fowler). All the data of this 397mm fish however show that it can scarcely be other than identical with Caranx micropterus Ruppell, 1835 (i.e. helvola Forster) as described and illus­ trated above. Further, analysis of Cadenat’s data shows that on the basis of the differentiation proposed above, only one of his specimens, No 2, 172mm total length, is heidi Fowler, and that all the rest are helvola Forster, as here defined. Cadenat’s specimen No 2 has pelvic almost as long as pectoral and antrorse scute keel points, whereas all the remainder have pelvic less than half pectoral, and though Cadenat hardly mentions the nature of the scute keel points in his work, if the photo­ graph of the armature of No 12 is typical of the rest of his specimens those fall with helvola Forster, 1833. Cadenat’s data remove further concern about whether or not Forster’s type came from the Atlantic, for both species as here defined clearly have an almost global distribution. Cadenat hesi­ tates to accept the possibility of world wide distribution for a fish of this type, but other Carangoid fishes e.g. the small Naucrates ductor Linn, are known from all the major oceans. Of his specimens Cadenat 1962, 277 reports the sex of only 2, adults 392mm and 397mm both from Goree, one, 392mm, as a female, the other, 397mm, as a male. As both appear to be helvola Forster, the possi­ bility of sexual dimorphism suggested above probably falls away. The 278mm standard length speci­ men from Angola reported by Franca (1954 Ann. junta Invest. Ultramar IX, 2, 104, PI 1, fig 1) without specific identity appears from the data quoted by Cadenat 1962, 281, to be heidi F ow ler, as its pelvic is 1.63 in the pectoral. Uraspis cadenati Blache and Rossignol, 1961 (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1961, T 33, No 5, 497, fig) the holotype 166mm length, from 40 metres off the Gaboon mouth, is defined as distinct from heidi Fowler in having D Vll + ll 23 instead of D VII-VIII + I 28-31. No information is given about the nature of the scutes (in the figure they appear retrorse) but in all other respects, notably shape, gillraker count and pelvic almost as long as pectoral, cadenati appears to fall with heidi Fowler. Cadenat 1962, 275 reports the type of cadenati to have 25 rays in the 2nd dorsal, not 23 as stated by Blache & Rossignol.

Family Lutianidae

Macolor niger (Forskal, 1775) (PI 74). Sciaena niger Forskal 1775, 47 (Red Sea). Genyoroge nigra Lunel 1881, 270 (Mauritius). Genyoroge macolor Playfair 1866, 14 (Zanzibar). Macolor niger S m ith 1955(a), 886 (Aldabra). D X 13-14. A III 10-11. P 2,15-16. L.l. 50-53. Tr about 9/20. Gill­ rakers long and slender 35-40 + 60-70. First found in the Red Sea, known from the tropical parts of the Indian, West and Central Pacific oceans. W e found this species in East Africa only north of 16°S, always on reefs in 2-10 fathoms, nowhere more than an occasional capture. It was not known to the native line or net fisherman of that area, our specimens were all obtained by explosives. We found it to attain 750mm, any over 600mm were rare. An eating fish of superb quality, it under­ goes marked changes in shape and markings with growth. Recently Dr. A. W right of Durban cap­ tured a striking small fish close to a wharf at 25ft down. He kept it alive and photographed it in his aquarium. Unfortunately it died and was eaten by crabs at night. The photograph however makes it plain that it is an hitherto unknown early stage of Macolor niger (Forskal, 1775), a species not before found in South African seas, nor indeed as yet observed in Southern Mozambique. The changes which occur with growth are shown in PI 74.

508 Family Pomacentridae. Pomacentrus pulcherrimus Smith, 1960.

Smith 1960, 344, PI 28, A (21 °S northwards in E. Africa to Seychelles). Not before recorded from South Africa, this beautiful small fish has now been taken at Durban, several specimens from Dr. A . W r ig h t.

Chromis nigrurus Smith, 1960

Smith 1960, 325, PI 29, I (Inhaca, north over W . Ind. Ocean). Not before recorded from S. Africa, several from Durban, Dr. A. W right.

Family Labridae Halichoeres kawarin (Bleeker, 1852).

Smith 1949, 507, PI 55, fig 792a (Inhaca). Not before recorded from S. Africa, a small specimen has been found on the Bizana coast (32°S).

Family Apogonidae Archamia lineolata (C & V, 1828). Smith 1961(a), 379, PI 50, H (Red Sea). Previously not certainly found on the E. coast of Africa. Dr. A. W right has taken 3 specimens 65mm length, at Durban.

Family Acanthuridae Acanthurus lineatus (Linn, 1758)

Smith 1949, 240, PI 33, fig 610 (S. Mozamb). Not before found in S. Africa, Dr. A. W right has taken a juvenile in Durban harbour.

Family Tetrarogidae Taenionotus triacanthus Lacep, 1802 Smith 1955b, 26 (Inhaca); 1958, 171, PI 7, C; and 1961(b), 571, PI 109, fig 1032a (Inhaca, north­ wards in W. Ind. Ocean). Hitherto only one specimen from Inhaca and not before recorded from S. Africa, recently Dr. A. W right has taken a number of specimens to 65mm on the bottom in Durban Bay, which is remarkable as the species has been everywhere a rarity.

New records from Southern Mozambique Family Callyodontidae Bolbometopon muricatus (Val, 1839).

Smith 1956, 8, PI 42, H; and PI 45. A-D; and Smith 1959, 278, PI 42, H, and PI 45. A-D (14°S in E. Africa to Seychelles). This curious species, unmistakable in the grotesque adult stage, not before found south of 20°S in East Africa, has now been reported by Mr. G. S. Smith, of Johannesburg, who clearly saw a large adult underwater at Inhaca (26°S).

Callyodon apridentatus Smith, 1956 Smith 1956, 14, PI 44, F: and 1959, 270, PI 44, F (Kenya). This unmistakable species has been known from only few specimens, all large, (27-36ins) chiefly Malindi, Kenya (3°S). Mr. G. R. Haselau, of Cape Town, has recently sent a colour photograph of a large specimen captured by spear gun underwater off Bazaruto (22°S), a great extension of distribution.

Callyodon niger (Forskal, 1775) Smith 1956, 13, PI 43, C & G (14°S in E. Africa northwards). Previously not found south of 14°S in East Africa, this fish was unmistakably identified in an underwater film taken off Bazaruto (22°S).

Callyodon (Scarops) rubroviolacens (Bleeker, 1849).

Smith 1956, 11, PI 43, J: and 1959, 278, PI 43, J (14°S in E. Africa to Seychelles). Hitherto known only from purely tropical parts of W. Indian Ocean, unmistakably identified in an under­ water film off Bazaruto (22°S).

509 PLATE 74

Macolor niger (Forskal). A. 60mm (Durban). B. 240mm (Pinda). C. 700mm (Seychelles). LITERATURE LIST

BLEEKER 1855, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. VIII. PLAYFAIR 1866, Fish. Zanzibar.

CUV & VAL 1833, Hist. Nat. Poiss. IX RUPPELL 1835, Neue W irbel.

FORSKAL 1775, Descript. Anim. S M IT H 1949, Sea Fishes S.A.

FOWLER 1938(a), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 9 0 SMITH 1955(a), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) VII

FOWLER 1938(b), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 85 SMITH 1955(b), Mem. Mus. Alv. Castro.

GUNTHER 1860, Cat. Fish. B.M. II SMITH 1956, Ichthyol. Bull. 1 HERRE 1932, Hong Kong Naturalist 3 SMITH 1959, Ichthyol. Bull. 16 JORDAN & EVERMANN 1905, Bull. U.S. Fish SMITH 1960, Ichthyol. Bull. 19 C om m . 23 SMITH 1961(a), Ichthyol. Bull. 22 JORDAN, EVERMANN & W AKIYA 1927. S M IT H 1 9 6 1 (b ), Sea Fishes S.A. 4 th Ed. JORDAN, EVERMANN & TANAKA 1927, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. (4), 16 SNYDER 1902, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 2 2

LACEPEDE 1802, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 3 W AKIYA 1924, Ann. Carneg. Mus. 15

LUNEL 1881, Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev, 27 W ILLIAMS 1961, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (13), 4

510 INDEX

Acanthuridae ...... 509 lineatus, Acanthurus ...... 509

Acanthurus lineatus ...... 509 lineolata, Archamia ...... 509

Apogonidae ...... 509 Lutianidae ...... 509 albilinguis, Leucoglossa ...... 507 macolor, Genyoroge ...... 509 apridentatus, Callyodon ...... 509 Macolor niger ...... 509

Archamia lineolata ...... 509 micropterus, Caranx ...... 506, 507, 508

Bolbometopon muricatus ...... 509 muricatus, Bolbometopon ...... 509 cadenati, Uraspis ...... 508 Naucrates ductor ...... 508

Callyodon apridentatus ...... 509 niger, Callyodon ...... 509

Callyodon niger ...... 509 nigra, Genyoroge ...... 509 509 Callyodon (Scarops) rubroviolaceus niger, Macolor ...... 509

Callyodontidae ...... 509 niger, Sciaena ...... 509 candens, Leucoglossa ...... 507 nigrurus, Chromis ...... 509 Carangidae ...... 505 pectoralis, Uraspis ...... 507 carangoides, Uraspis ...... 505, 506 Pomacentridae ...... 509 Carangus helvolus ...... 506, 507 Pomacentrus pulcherrimus ...... 509 Caranx ...... 505, 506 pulcherrimus, Pomacentrus ...... 509 Caranx helvolus ...... 506, 507 reversa, Uraspis ...... 506, 507 Caranx hullianus ...... 505, 506 riukiuensis, Uraspis ...... 507 Caranx micropterus ...... 506, 507, 508 rubroviolaceus, Callyodon (Scarops) ...... 509 Caranx uraspis ...... 505, 506 Sciaena niger ...... 509 Chromis nigrurus ... 509 Scomber helvolus ...... 507 ductor, Naucrates ... 508 Taenionotus triacanthus ...... 509 Genyoroge macolor 509 Tetrarogidae ...... 509 Genyoroge nigra ...... 509

Halichoeres kawarin 509 triacanthus, Taenionotus ...... 509

heidi, Uraspis ...... 506, 507, 508 Uraspis ...... 505

helvola, Uraspis ...... 506, 507, 508 Uraspis cadenati ...... 508

helvolus, Caranx, Carangus, Scomber ...... 506, 507 Uraspis carangoides ...... 505, 506

herklotsi, Leucoglossa ...... 507 uraspis, Caranx ...... 505, 506

hullianus, Caranx ...... 505,, 506 Uraspis heidi ...... 506, 507,508

kawarin, Halichoeres ...... 509 ...... 506, 507

Labridae ...... 509 Uraspis pectoralis ...... 507

Leucoglossa albilinguis ...... 507 Uraspis reversa ...... 506, 507

Leucoglossa candens ...... 507 Uraspis ruikiuensis ...... 507

Leucoglossa herklotsi ...... 507 Uraspis uraspis ...... 505, 506, 507