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A Historical and Archeological Synthesis of the Fishkill Supply Depot

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A Historical and Archeological Synthesis of the Fishkill Supply Depot A HISTORICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE FISHKILL SUPPLY DEPOT TOWN OF FISHKILL DUTCHESS COUNTY, NEW YORK Prepared for: Friends of the Fishkill Supply Depot P.O. Box 311 Fishkill, NY 12524 National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program 1201 Eye Street NW (2287) Washington, DC 20005 (Grant # GA-2287-14-003) Prepared by: Richard W. Hunter, Ph.D. James S. Lee, M.A. Redacted Copy This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior. MARCH 2016 ABSTRACT This report presents a synthesis of past historical and archeological research relating to the Fishkill Supply Depot, a key facility in the Hudson Highlands that supported the operations of the Continental Army and New York State militia throughout the Revolutionary War. This project was undertaken by Hunter Research, Inc. under contract to the Friends of the Fishkill Supply Depot and was funded by a grant from the National Park Service, American Battlefield Protection Program. The principal work tasks, carried out between January and October 2015, involved extensive archival and background research, landscape and military terrain analysis, several field visits, review of archeological reports and data, creation of a series of four presentation maps, and preparation of this technical report and public outreach materials (including one public presentation on October 25, 2015). The Fishkill Supply Depot Site was entered into the National Register of Historic Places on January 21, 1974. The site was judged significant for its role in the Revolutionary War, for the historic architecture of the Van Wyck Homestead, and for its archeological qualities. Archival and background research concentrated on identifying, characterizing and prioritizing the voluminous manuscripts, historic maps and other primary documentary materials that are available for study in a wide range of repositories and online. The gathering and analysis of historical information on Fishkill is a daunting task that is likely to continue far into the future and this report merely scratches the surface of available data. The archeological synthesis focused more specifically on the close to 50 different investigations that have taken place over the past half century in the immediate area of the Fishkill Supply Depot Site. These investigations were summarized with the goal of assessing the archeological sensitivity and potential information yield of the site in its current partially developed condition. An important result of this synthesis is the recognition that the Fishkill Supply Depot was a core location within a geographically much larger military supply hub that included important facilities in the village of Fishkill and Fishkill Landing, as well as a critical defensive position on the New York-Albany Post Road (Route 9) in Wiccopee Pass, along with several mills and numerous houses and farms that collectively, with the depot, supported the wartime effort. This larger hub generated, stored and distributed provisions, forage, equip- ment and munitions for fortifications and encampments throughout the region. Fishkill played an especially important role in supplying West Point and other fortified positions on the Hudson as well as the New Windsor Cantonment and the various winter encampments in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In addition to its supply function, the depot and broader hub served as an important muster point for militia and regular troops. The final chapter of this report offers recommendations for future archival and archeological research, local historic and archeological resource management, and historic interpretive measures in support of heritage tour- ism development. i TABLE OF CONTENTS page Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................. i Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .....................................................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................... ix 1. INTRODUCTION A. Project Background and Scope-of-Work ....................................................................................................1-1 B. Problem Statement and Research Goals .....................................................................................................1-5 C. Area of Study ..............................................................................................................................................1-6 2. HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS A. Historical Sources ......................................................................................................................................2-1 B. Historical Timeline ......................................................................................................................................2-2 C. Historic Cartography ...................................................................................................................................2-6 D. Military Engagements ...............................................................................................................................2-10 E. Officers and Artificers ...............................................................................................................................2-11 F. Supplies in the Depot .................................................................................................................................2-13 G. Post-Revolutionary War Land Use History ..............................................................................................2-15 3. MILITARY LANDSCAPE A. Topography of the Fishkill Area .................................................................................................................3-1 B. KOCOA Analysis ........................................................................................................................................3-2 C. Key Components of the Fishkill Military Supply Hub ..............................................................................3-4 4. ARCHEOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS A. Preamble .....................................................................................................................................................4-1 B. Van Wyck Homestead .................................................................................................................................4-2 C. Route I-84 Studies ......................................................................................................................................4-2 D. West Side of U.S. Route 9 (Dutchess Mall) ...............................................................................................4-3 E. East Side of U.S. Route 9 ...........................................................................................................................4-6 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Historical Research .....................................................................................................................................5-1 B. Archeological Potential ...............................................................................................................................5-2 C. Historic Preservation and Interpretation .....................................................................................................5-4 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ R-1 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) page APPENDICES A. List of Contacts ..........................................................................................................................................A-1 B. Manuscript Sources Pertaining to Individuals with a Fishkill Connection ............................................... B-1 C. Other Sources of Primary Archival Data for Fishkill ............................................................................... C-1 D. Annotated Historical Timeline ...................................................................................................................D-1 E. Revolutionary War-Era Maps ..................................................................................................................... E-1 F. Resumes .......................................................................................................................................................F-1 iv LIST OF FIGURES page 1.1. Location of the Fishkill Military Supply Hub .......................................................................................1-2 1.2. Aerial Photograph Showing the Limits of the Fishkill Supply Depot Site ...........................................1-3 2.1. Erskine, Robert, Draught of the road from Fishkill
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