THE WEBB BULLETIN Samuel Blachley Webb
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'Deprived of Their Liberty'
'DEPRIVED OF THEIR LIBERTY': ENEMY PRISONERS AND THE CULTURE OF WAR IN REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA, 1775-1783 by Trenton Cole Jones A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland June, 2014 © 2014 Trenton Cole Jones All Rights Reserved Abstract Deprived of Their Liberty explores Americans' changing conceptions of legitimate wartime violence by analyzing how the revolutionaries treated their captured enemies, and by asking what their treatment can tell us about the American Revolution more broadly. I suggest that at the commencement of conflict, the revolutionary leadership sought to contain the violence of war according to the prevailing customs of warfare in Europe. These rules of war—or to phrase it differently, the cultural norms of war— emphasized restricting the violence of war to the battlefield and treating enemy prisoners humanely. Only six years later, however, captured British soldiers and seamen, as well as civilian loyalists, languished on board noisome prison ships in Massachusetts and New York, in the lead mines of Connecticut, the jails of Pennsylvania, and the camps of Virginia and Maryland, where they were deprived of their liberty and often their lives by the very government purporting to defend those inalienable rights. My dissertation explores this curious, and heretofore largely unrecognized, transformation in the revolutionaries' conduct of war by looking at the experience of captivity in American hands. Throughout the dissertation, I suggest three principal factors to account for the escalation of violence during the war. From the onset of hostilities, the revolutionaries encountered an obstinate enemy that denied them the status of legitimate combatants, labeling them as rebels and traitors. -
14-W 1St Vice Governor Dr. Linda Zaneski in This Issue
2020-2021 Issue #3#4 Profile of a Leader: 14-W 1st Vice Governor Dr. Linda Zaneski In this issue: We are Lions, Choi, Alexander 2 ID Edwards' Message 3 Feature Article 4-7 Lionesses of the Year 8 Council Meeting #4 Action Item Recap 9 2021-2022 Council of Governors 10 2021-2022 Committee Appointments 11 CC Wagner's Message 12 GAT PID Gregg's Message 13 GM Coordinator Wilbur's Message 14 Pride Boosters, Funds' Distribution, Correction 15 Keeping it in the Family 16 As you read through this publication, note Save the Date 17 Leader Dogs Coordinator Remic's Article 18 the innovative ways Lions served during 2020-2021 Melvin Jones Fellows 19 the COVID-19 pandemic. Note, too, how LCIF Coordinators' Article 20 Important Message, Broom Sale Ad 21 the Leos are doing great things! We are Northeast PA Lions Service Foundation 22-23 Lions, WE SERVE! Enjoy the relaxation of How PA's Lions and Leos Serve 24-37 Memorials 38 restrictions, be yet innovative and let's Remembering Deceased Lions 39-43 get moving. Where there's a need, there's Certificate of Sales Tax Exemption 44 Beacon Lodge Form, Sir Speedy Ad 45 a LION! Send articles and photos to the Editor at the address shown below. The PRIDE accepts no responsibility for unsolicited material, or for the opinions expressed or coincidental names used by authors of articles. The PRIDE is published quarterly (Jan., Feb., Mar.), (Apr., May, June), (July, Aug., Sept.), (Oct., Nov., Dec.) DEADLINES for ARTICLES: Feb. 15, May 15, Aug. -
Eventsquad Rankings — 2021 Week #8, May 17
USTFCCCA NCAA Division II Outdoor Track & Field All data provided by TFRRS.org as of 5/21/21 8:56 AM ET #EventSquad Rankings — 2021 Week #8, May 17 Men's 100 Meters 1 Texas A&M-Commerce 41.75 8 Lenoir-Rhyne 42.47 LW: 1 Lone Star average 10.44 LW: 15 ▲ 7 SAC average 10.62 NCAA DII Prov,5 J.T SMITH 10.33c(10.30A) (1.6) Lone Star OutdoorNCAA DII Champio Prov,15 Marlin DAVIS 10.44w (2.6) Liberty Twilight Qualifer NCAA DII Prov,9 Delan EDWIN 10.38w (2.2) David NobleNCAA Relays DII Prov,42 Jacob WADSWORTH 10.55 (1.6) Mount Olive First Chance & NCAA DII Prov,29 Malcolm WOODS 10.51w (2.2) David Noble Relays 93 Royce TURNER JR 10.69 (1.5) Mount Olive First Chance & NCAA DII Prov,34 Andre NORMAN 10.53 (1.7) David Noble Relays Jordan PAYNE 10.79 (1.9) Mount Olive First Chance & 2 West Texas A&M 41.83 9 Quincy (Ill.) 42.55 LW: 2 Lone Star average 10.46 LW: 8 ▼ 1 GLVC average 10.64 NCAA DII Auto,NCAA1 DIIBenjamin Prov, AZAMATI 9.97 (1.5) Texas RelaysNCAA DII Prov,23 Chadwick STEWART 10.49w (3.4) SBU Bearcat Invitational NCAA DII Prov,34 Desmond ARYEE 10.53c(10.50A) (0.5) Lone Star OutdoorNCAA DII Champio Prov,48 Antonio LAIDLER 10.56 (-0.3) J. Fred Duckett/Rice Twiligh NCAA DII Prov,42 Tyrin LEWIS 10.55 (1.8) Texas Relays Jemini ARCHER 10.73w (3.0) SBU Bearcat Invitational Jahmaal WILSON 10.78cw(10.75A) (2.7) Jo Meaker Classic & Multi Olaolu OLATUNNDE 10.77 (1.3) UCM Vernon Kennedy Invite 3 Emporia State 42.14 10 Lincoln (Mo.) 42.66 LW: 3 MIAA average 10.54 LW: 9 ▼ 1 MIAA average 10.66 NCAA DII Prov,10 Juwan JOHNSON 10.40w (3.1) MIAA OutdoorNCAA Championshi -
Rochambeau's Cavalry: Lauzun's Legion in Connecticut 1780-1781
Rochambeau's Cavalry: Lauzun's Legion in Connecticut 1780-1781 The Winter Quarters of Lauzun's Legion in Lebanon and its March Through the State in 1781 Rochambeau's Conferences in Hartford and Wethersfield Historical And Architectural Survey Project Historian: ROBERT A. SELIG, Ph.D. Project Director: MARY M. DONOHUE Sponsors: State of Connecticut JOHN G. ROWLAND Governor Connecticut Historical Commission JOHN W. SHANNAHAN Director and State Historic Preservation Officer DAWN MADDOX, Ph.D. Preservation Programs Supervisor Co-Sponsor: Inter Community Historic Resources Committee Hans DePold, Chairman 2000 Connecticut Historical Commission 59 South Prospect Street Hartford, CT 06106 Tel.: (860) 566-3005 Fax: (860) 566-5078 E-mail: [email protected] Inter Community Historic Resources Committee Hans DePold, Chairman 2 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 3. METHODOLOGY 6 3.1 Criteria for Selection: How Sites Were Chosen for Inclusion 8 3.2 The Form 9 3.3 Other Parts of the Survey Report 10 3.4 Recommendations for Phase III of the Rochambeau in Connecticut Project 11 4. The Conference at Hartford, September 18-22, 1780 14 5. The Conference at Wethersfield, May 19-26, 1781 21 6. The Volontaires Étrangers de Lauzun 27 6.1 A Brief History of the Volontaires 27 6.2 Winter Quarters in Lebanon, November 1, 1780, to June 21, 1781 30 6.3 Order and Organization of the March through Connecticut, June 21 to July 3, 1781 34 7. CONCLUSION 42 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 44 9. DOCUMENTS 10. MARKERS erected by the State of Connecticut in 1956 Commemorating the March of Infantry under the comte de Rochambeau and of Cavalry under the duc de Lauzun through Connecticut in 1780, 1781, and 1782 11. -
The Impact of Weather on Armies During the American War of Independence, 1775-1781 Jonathan T
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 The Force of Nature: The Impact of Weather on Armies during the American War of Independence, 1775-1781 Jonathan T. Engel Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE FORCE OF NATURE: THE IMPACT OF WEATHER ON ARMIES DURING THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1775-1781 By JONATHAN T. ENGEL A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2011 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Jonathan T. Engel defended on March 18, 2011. __________________________________ Sally Hadden Professor Directing Thesis __________________________________ Kristine Harper Committee Member __________________________________ James Jones Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii This thesis is dedicated to the glory of God, who made the world and all things in it, and whose word calms storms. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Colonies may fight for political independence, but no human being can be truly independent, and I have benefitted tremendously from the support and aid of many people. My advisor, Professor Sally Hadden, has helped me understand the mysteries of graduate school, guided me through the process of earning an M.A., and offered valuable feedback as I worked on this project. I likewise thank Professors Kristine Harper and James Jones for serving on my committee and sharing their comments and insights. -
Snow Hill, Agq 55. Black Compl.Cx.Ien . Sal F-Nmp L.Oyad At
3899 Record for Chester Pridgen. Date of Application Dec. 17, 1873. Born and raised in Greene County, N.C. Residence- Snow Hill, N. C. AgQ 55. Black compl.cx.ien . Sa l f-nmp l.oyad at farming. Wife is Jenny. Children are Baker, Dinah, bobby, Isaac, Wm., Dick, Amy, and Isabella Patterson. Remarks: "This is a portion of his bounty." Signature made with an (x). 3900 Record for John H. Gordon. Date of Application Dec. 14, 1873. Born and raised in New York City. Residence - lives with J. Moore. Age 17. White complexion. Occupation - clerks for J. Moore. Father is John S. Gordon. Mother is dead. One brother and one sister, J. D. Gordon, and Sarah J. Moore. Full signature made by the applicant. 3901 Record for John R. Simmons. Date of Application Dec. 18, 1873. Born at New Bern, N.C. Age 24. Black complexion. Father is Richard. Mother is Rachel. Brothers and sisters are Abram, Anthony, Mingo, Young, Cinyes, Buck Hill, and Dinah Dew. Full signature by the applicant. 3902 Record for George R. Ferguson. Date of Application Dec. 18, 1873. Age 16. White complexion. Occupation - works at the telegraphic office. Father is dead. Mother is Mary C. Ferguson. Full signature made by the applicant. 3903 Record for Paul Williams. Date of Application not given. See No. 3839. No further information or signature given. 3904 Record for Edward Havens. Date of Application not given. See No. 1765. No further information or signature given. 3905 Record for James Taylor. Date of Application Dec. 23, 1873. Born and raised in Onslow County, 8 miles from Swansboro. -
Forever Beginning 3
Forever Beginning 3 FOREVER BEGINNING by Stephen W. Barninger, 1966 [editor’s note: This paper was prepared for the Bicentennial Oratorical Contest for senior high youth sponsored by the Conference Historical Society in connection with the celebration of the Bicentennial of American Methodism held at the 1966 annual conference. The 1966 date uses the 1766 preaching of Philip Embury in New York as the start of Methodism in America, but it has since been established that Robert Strawbridge began the work a few years earlier in Maryland.] We can trace our American Methodist heritage back to the fall of 1735, when General James Oglethorpe, founder of the colony of Georgia, made known his need for a clergyman in his American settlement. John Wesley was the answer to this need. Thus, he sailed from Gravesend, England, in October of that same year. When John arrived in America in February of 1736, accompanied by his brother Charles, he made a very auspicious beginning. The people looked forward to the blessings of an ordained ministry, and Wesley had great anticipation of converting many Indians in the immediate area of the infant colony. But time proved this enthusiasm to be transitory, and within the period of one year John Wesley returned to England a discouraged and disheartened man, realizing that he didn’t possess the very gift that he had hoped to give. Yet when his successor George Whitefield came onto the American scene, he was led to make this statement: “The good John Wesley has done in America is inexpressible. His name is very precious among the people, and he has laid a foundation that I hope neither man nor devils will ever be able to shake.” And so one disheartened, weary and undone John Wesley struck the spark which strangely warmed the hearts of people now some ten million strong. -
S32364 William King
Southern Campaigns American Revolution Pension Statements & Rosters Pension Application of William King S32364 VA Transcribed and annotated by C. Leon Harris. Revised 12 Sep 2014. State of Virginia, Montgomery County Sct. On this 7th day of January 1833, personally appeared before the Justices of Montgomery county court now sitting, William King, a resident of this county and State aforesaid aged 77 or 78 years, who being first duly sworn according to law, doth on his oath make the following declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the act of Congress passed the 7th June 1832. That he entered the service of the United States under the following officers, and served as herein stated; viz. He enlisted in the county of Bedford, Virginia, about two years before Gates defeat [defeat of Gen. Horatio Gates, Battle of Camden SC, 16 Aug 1780], for a term of two months or upwards, at the lead mines [near Fort Chiswell] in the county of Wythe (Virginia) under the command of Colo. Charles Lynch Captain Robert Adams, and Lieutenant [Thomas] McReynolds, which term he fully served out. The ensuing Spring, is father Arra King was drafted in the county of Bedford, Virginia, by Captain Charles Watkins and Lieutenant Thomas Logwood for a term of three months, which tour this applicant undertook to perform in place of the said Arra King. At this time, and under the command of the above named officers, this applicant was marched towards Jamestown, (Virginia) which place the troops did not reach, having been met by an express, which stated that the enemy had left Jamestown, and that their aid was no longer necessary, at that place: Upon the reception of this inteligence, the company to which this applicant belonged, received a final discharge from Colonel James Callaway, after having served about one-half the term for which his father had been drafted. -
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences The
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of International Studies Department of American Studies The Aspirations and Ascent of George Washington in the Context of His Times: From His Early Years to the End of the Revolutionary War Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Author: Mgr. Stanislav Sýkora Supervisor: Prof. PhDr. Svatava Raková, CSc. Year: 2012 ABSTRACT George Washington’s relatively obscure beginnings did not preclude him from admiring and acquainting himself with chivalrous role models and genteel guidelines. Longing for recognition, Washington sought opportunities to serve his influential patrons to merit their further approbation. The dissertation sets Washington’s aspirations in the context of honor-based sociocultural milieu of his day and thus provides the reader with an insight into the conventional aspects of his ascent to the upper echelons of the colonial society of Virginia. At the time of the Revolution, Washington’s military reputation, leadership, and admirable character earned him a unanimous election to the chief command of the American armies. The complexity of Washington’s venture of accepting, exercising, and ultimately resigning the supreme military powers in relation to his reputation and sense of patriotic duty is thoroughly analyzed. Key words: George Washington, convention, ascent, ambition, patriotism, virtue iii I declare that I have worked on this dissertation independently, using the sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………… Author’s signature iv CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter One: The Early Influences 11 Chapter Two: “Honour and Glory” 42 Chapter Three: The Gentleman of Mount Vernon 113 Chapter Four: “It Surely Is the Duty of Every Man Who Has Abilities to Serve His Country” 123 Chapter Five: “My Plan Is to Secure a Good Deal of Land” 168 Chapter Six: “Certain I Am No Person in Virginia Takes More Pains to Make Their Tobo Fine than I Do” 184 Chapter Seven: “George Washington, Esq. -
The Cryptic Freemason Page 3
Volume 1, Issue 6 Winter, 2010 T HE CRYPTIC FREEMASON T HE ORIGIN OF THE CRYPTIC DEGREES J EREMY CROSS CREATES THE CRYPTIC RITE P ART 4 - BY RICHARD A. EPPLER, EDITOR As discussed in previous issues (Summer and Fall 2010) also fortified himself with a certificate of by 1811 the Royal Master Degree was being worked in New proficiency signed by the officers of the York City, and the Select Master Degree was being worked in General Grand Chapter. Baltimore, MD. Combining them into the Cryptic Rite was the work of one man - the degree peddler Jeremy Ladd Cross. Jeremy Ladd Cross next traveled South lecturing in New Jersey and Delaware and Jeremy Ladd Cross was born June 25, 1783 in Haverhill, coming to Baltimore, MD. While there he NH. He initially worked as a journeyman hatter until his received the Select Master Degree from lecturing business reached a sustaining level. He was raised a Philip P. Eckel, and with it the authority to communicate it to any Master Mason in St. John’s Lodge in Portsmouth, NH in group of nine Royal Arch Masons. 1807. He was an unlettered man. His knowledge even of English was very limited, his spelling and writing terrible. But Setting out for the South and West, he left a trail of visitations he had the talent of perfection in memorization and oral and lecturing in Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Mississippi, and presentation. This talent was soon recognized. On November Louisiana. By the Spring of 1817 he was back in Baltimore, where 1, 1813 he received a certificate from the Grand Lecturer of he was now empowered by Eckel to charter Councils of Select New Hampshire certifying his qualifications as a lecturer in Masters which he had informally organized, and which he might Masonic ritual. -
" Eight Bells" -Pam/Ing /..1 1F',I:,I."" Hom,'
" Eight Bells" -Pam/ing /..1 1f',I:,I."" Hom,' July 1930 The Lookout ~ The LOOKOUT VOL. XXI JULY, 1930 NO·7 PUBLISHED MO THLY ~ by Ihe SEAME "S CHURCH IN TIT UTE of EW YORK The roungefl War Hero at 25 SOUTH ST., NEW YORK, N. Y. (l'fEPHE~ WILLIAM HAR als, including the Medal ;'dili Telephone Bowlinll: Green 2710 EDMUND L. BAYLIES #J VEY, who at the age of taire, the Croix de Guerre and President thirteen served in the fron t-li ne the Cross of the Russian Order C. G. • nCHALIS Firat "ice· President trenches, and who has of St. George. FRANK T. WARBURTON Secretary-Treasurer the distinction of be He enlisted with THO~IAS ROBERTS Assistant Treasurer ing offici all y recogn the 13th Battalion of ized as t he youngest the Royal High Subscriplion Rain One Dollar Annually, Postpaid soldier of the allied landers of Canada in Single Copies, Ten Cenu armies during the 1914 and served until Add,u, all <Df7I".. ,nication, 10 orld War, was a re 1919 with the 3rd ARCHIBALD R. MANSFIELD, D. D. Superintendent cent guest at the In Brigade, I st Division, or )'IARJORIE DENT CANDEE titute. 1st Contingent com £elitor. The Lookout For several years manded by Lieuten tephen has been fol ent Colonel F. O. \"\. lowing the sea in the Loomis, C. l.G. and En/~r~d OJ ucond dau capacity of steward D.S.C. mailer July 8, 1925. 01 ,,',v.; and has traveled three Following the war, York. N. Y., 1I7Idrr tht a(t of March 3, 1879. -
Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places James P
..-----m]1 1-------- Technical information on comprehensive planning, survey of cultural resources, and registration in ·NATIONALthe National Register of REGISTER·Historic Places. BULLETIN U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Interagency Resources Division Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places James P. Delgado and A National Park Service Maritime Task Force* INTRODUCTION For over two hundred years, the United States relied on ships as connective links of a nation. Vessels crossing the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific Oceans, and our inland waters made fundamen tal contributions to colonial settle ment, development of trade, exploration, national defense, and territorial expansion. Unfortunately, we have lost much of this maritime tradition, and most historic vessels have gone to watery graves or have been scrapped by shipbreakers. Many vessels, once renowned or common, now can only be ap preciated in print, on film, on can vas, or in museums. To recognize those cultural resources important in America's past and to encourage their preser vation, Congress expanded the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. Among the ranks of prop erties listed in the National Register are vessels, as well as buildings and structures, such as canals, drydocks, shipyards, and lighthouses that survive to docu ment the Nation's maritime heritage. Yet to date, the National Register has not been fully utilized for listing maritime resources, par ticularly historic vessels. Star of India, The National Register of Historic Places is an important tool FIGURE 1: built in 1863, is now berthed at the San Diego Maritime Museum. for maritime preservation.