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Symboly Republiky Symbols of the Czech Republic SYMBOLY REPUBLIKY SYMBOLS OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC PAvel sedláček © Úřad vlády České republiky, Praha 2008 Vydáno ve spolupráci s Národním archivem, Národním muzeem, Archivem Poslanecké sněmovny Parlamentu ČR a Kanceláří prezidenta republiky © Office of the Government of the Czech Republic, Prague 2008 Published in association with the National Archives, the National Museum, the Archive of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic, and the Office of the President of the Republic ISBN 978-80-87041-29-1 ficiální státní symbolika Čes- he official state symbols of the ké republiky je definována ve Czech Republic are defined 14. článku Ústavy z roku 1992. in Article 14 of the Constitu- Zahrnuje velký a malý státní tion from 1992. They comprise znak, státní barvy, státní vlajku, a great and small state coat of Ovlajku prezidenta republiky, státní pečeť Tarms, the state colours, the state flag, the a státní hymnu. Plní především funkce flag of the President of the Republic, the identifikační a reprezentativní. Svým state seal and the national anthem. They způsobem však také přibližuje jednotlivé primarily serve the purposes of identi- etapy z více než tisíciletých dějin státu, fication and representation. Yet to some jehož počátky sahají do 9. století na Mora- degree they also shed light on individual vu, kde došlo k přijetí křesťanství spoje- stages in the history – more than a thou- ného s užíváním písma, a který se dnes sand years old – of a state whose origins jmenuje Česká republika. Připomíná his- can be traced back to the 9th century torickou kontinuitu, návaznost součas- in Moravia, where the people were con- 3 nosti na úsilí desítek generací předků. verted to Christianity in a move associ- Z hlediska vývoje lze minulost české ated with the use of the written word, státní symboliky rozdělit do čtyř obdo- and which we now know as the Czech bí, přičemž mezníky, které je od sebe Republic. These symbols recall historical oddělují, se ne vždy shodují s mezníky continuity, the bond between the present politických dějin. Zásadní politické změ- and the efforts of dozens of generations ny často nacházely vyjádření v symbo- of our forebears. lické oblasti až s určitým zpožděním. Do From the aspect of evolvement, the his- začátku 20. století šlo vlastně především tory of Czech state symbols can be split o symboliku vládnoucího panovníka, into four periods; the milestones which která plnila prakticky stejné funkce separate these periods are not always jako nyní symboly republiky. Z nejstar- consistent with landmarks in the coun- šího období se bezprostřední spojitost try’s political history. It often took some s dneškem neuchovala, ale právě tehdy time for fundamental political change to vznikly během 12. století v západokřes- be reflected in symbols. Until the start ťanském civilizačním okruhu znaky of the 20th century, the symbolism was odpovídající pravidlům heraldiky. Znaky generally that of the governing ruler, se staly základem všech státních symbolů and played virtually the same role as the s výjimkou hymny. Druhé období začalo official state symbols do today. Although nástupem krále Přemysla Otakara II. na the direct link with the oldest period český trůn v roce 1253. Tím okamžikem has been long severed, it was then, in the převzal vlastně automaticky roli znaku 12th century, that arms consistent with českého krále stříbrný korunovaný dvou- the rules of heraldry first came to light ocasý lev na červeném štítu, později pod- in western Christian civilization. It was le okolností doplňovaný dynastickými these arms that paved the way for all the erby a heraldickým vyjádřením ostatních state symbols except the anthem. The sec- královských a císařských titulů tehdej- ond period began when Přemysl Otakar ších panovníků. Třetí období zahájil II assumed the Bohemian throne in 1253. reskript císařovny Marie Terezie z 29. lis- It was then that the silver, crowned, two- topadu 1752. Z právního hlediska ustano- tailed lion on a red shield (subsequently complemented with the various dynastic coats-of-arms and heraldic manifesta- tions of other royal and imperial titles of later sovereigns) automatically became the heraldic emblem of the King of Bohemia. The third period began with Empress Maria Theresia’s rescript of 29 November 1752, legally establishing a uniform sovereign coat of arms com- mon to both the Austrian and Bohemian Lands. This de facto spelled the end of specifically Czech symbols at state level. In the evolvement of state symbol- ism, October 1918 marked the begin- 4 ning of a period which has continued to the present day. The crucial change was directly attributable to an upheaval in political history prompted by the successful international and domestic revolt against Austria-Hungary during the First World War. The Czechoslovak provisional government in exile, headed by T. G. Masaryk, officially notified its appointment on 14 October after the ratification of the force of the Treaty; two days later, through a manifesto of Emperor Charles I, Austria-Hungary tried to garner the support of the American president Wilson by offering autonomy to those nations in the western half of the empire. T. G. Masaryk responded on 18 October with the promulgation Washingtonská deklarace vil zavedení jednotného panovnického of the Washington Declaration, pub- z roku 1918. Šestá strana znaku, společného pro rakouské i české lished in the American press, which konceptu, autograf T. G. Masaryka. / The 1918 země. Fakticky to znamenalo konec uží- expressly invoked the American Decla- Washington Declaration. Page vání specificky české symboliky na státní ration of Independence from 1776 and six of the draft, T. G. Masaryk’s autograph. úrovni. proclaimed that the new Czechoslovak V říjnu 1918 leží z hlediska vývoje state would be a republic. On the same státní symboliky začátek období, které day, President Wilson rejected the Astro- trvá dodnes. K rozhodující změně došlo -Hungarian offer of autonomy as derisory. v bezprostřední souvislosti s přelomem He declared that the further fate of the v politických dějinách, vyvolaným úspěš- empire would be left to the discretion ným zahraničním i domácím odbojem of its individual nations. When Austria- proti Rakousko-Uhersku během první Hungary accepted Wilson’s conditions on světové války. Exilová prozatímní česko- 28 October and, by means of an official První československý zákon z roku 1918. Přední strana konceptu, autograf A. Rašína. / The first Czechoslovak law from 1918. Front page of the draft, Alois Rašín’s autograph. 5 slovenská vláda v čele s T. G. Masarykem note from foreign minister Andrássy, po souhlasu mocností Dohody 14. října sought an armistice, the people of oficiálně oznámila své ustanovení a o dva Prague took this to mean capitulation. dny později se Rakousko-Uhersko pro- The National Committee proclaimed the střednictvím manifestu císaře Karla I. birth of a Czechoslovak state. Before the pokusilo nabídkou autonomie pro náro- day was out, the first Czechoslovak law dy západní poloviny říše získat podporu had entered into force – the Reception u prezidenta Spojených států amerických Act on the Assumption of Power and on Wilsona. T. G. Masaryk 18. října zareago- the Retention of the Force of Current val zveřejněním Washingtonské deklara- Law, which was drawn up by Alois Rašín. ce, publikované v americkém tisku, která The formation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 se výslovně odvolávala na americkou saw statehood removed from the realm of Deklaraci nezávislosti z roku 1776 a pro- theory back to the world of reality, in the klamovala, že nový československý stát process transforming the country from bude republikou. Téhož dne prezident a monarchy installed in the 9th century Wilson odmítl rakousko-uherskou nabíd- into a republic. ku zavedení autonomie jako již nedosta- Ústava Československé čující. Prohlásil, že další osud říše závisí republiky z roku 1920, na rozhodnutí jednotlivých národů. Když preambule. / 1920 Constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic, potom 28. října Rakousko-Uhersko akcep- preamble. tovalo Wilsonovy podmínky a nótou ministra zahraničí Andrássyho požádalo o příměří, lidé v Praze ji pochopili jako kapitulaci. Národní výbor proklamoval vznik československého státu. Ještě ten- týž den vstoupil v platnost první česko- slovenský zákon, tzv. recepční, o převzetí moci a ponechání dosavadního právního řádu v platnosti; sepsal jej Alois Rašín. Vytvoření Československa v roce 1918 vrátilo vlastní státnost z oblasti teorie 6 zpět do reality. Její forma se přeměnila z monarchie, která přetrvávala od 9. sto- letí, na republiku. VELKÝ STÁTNÍ ZNAK GREAT STATE COAT OF ARMS Po zavraždění posledního přemyslovské- The assassination of the last Přemyslide ho krále Václava III. v roce 1306 následo- King, Wenceslas III, in 1306 was followed val čtyřletý zápas o český trůn, v němž by a four-year struggle for the Bohemian zvítězil Jan Lucemburský. V prvních throne, in which John of Luxembourg letech vlády byl mladý král pod silným emerged victorious. In the first few years vlivem své manželky Elišky Přemyslovny of his reign, the young king was heav- a jeho symbolika důsledně navazovala na ily influenced by his wife, Elisabeth přemyslovské předchůdce. Po otevřeném Přemyslide, and his symbols were thor- konfliktu s královnou a jejími stoupenci oughly consistent with his Přemyslide však Jan Lucemburský v první polovině predecessors. However, after an open 20. let královskou symboliku demonstra- conflict with the queen and her support- tivně změnil. Na nové pečeti použil čtvr- ers, in the first half of the 1320s John of 7 cený štít, střídající českého lva v prvním Luxembourg demonstratively changed a čtvrtém poli se znakem Lucemburska the royal symbols, establishing a new ve druhém a třetím poli; vyjádřil tím svůj seal with a quartered shield, alternating silný vztah k Lucemburskému hrabství. the Bohemian lion in quarters 1 and 4 Přestože jeho nástupci na trůně zdůraz- with the Luxembourg arms in quarters ňování symbolu Lucemburska nepřevza- 2 and 3. He did this to express his strong li, obliba čtvrcených štítů v české heraldi- bond with the Duchy of Luxembourg; ce přetrvala.
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